sample PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW EXAM NOTES
Transcript of sample PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW EXAM NOTES
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PUBLICINTERNATIONALLAWEXAMNOTESPUBLICINTERNATIONALLAWEXAMNOTES...................................................................................................................1
NATURE,DEVELOPMENT&STRUCTUREOFINTERNATIONALLAW(wk01)..................................................3
NatureOfInternationalLaw:................................................................................................................................................3
TheEnforcementProblem.....................................................................................................................................................3
Positivism......................................................................................................................................................................................3
IntroductiontotheUnitedNations.....................................................................................................................................4
InternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ).....................................................................................................................................6
Fivemethodsofconferral(indepth).................................................................................................................................6
InternationalLawCommission............................................................................................................................................9
SOURCESOFINTERNATIONALLAW(WK02).................................................................................................................11
StatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice................................................................................................................11
Formal&MaterialSources..................................................................................................................................................11
Treaties........................................................................................................................................................................................12
Custom.........................................................................................................................................................................................15
ElementsOfCIL........................................................................................................................................................................16
1.STATEPRACTICE(objectiveelement)......................................................................................................................16
2.OPINIOJURIS(subjectiveelement).............................................................................................................................19
UNGeneralAssemblyResolutionsandCustom.........................................................................................................20
THELAWOFTREATIES(Wk03&Wk04).........................................................................................................................23
ElementsofaTreaty..............................................................................................................................................................23
ExclusionsfromVCLT............................................................................................................................................................25
ConclusionofTreaties...........................................................................................................................................................25
ConsenttobeBound..............................................................................................................................................................25
Ratification.................................................................................................................................................................................26
EntryintoForce.......................................................................................................................................................................26
Reservations..............................................................................................................................................................................26
Incompatibilitywithobjectandpurpose...........................................................................................................................28
Article21-Legaleffectsofreservationsandofobjectionstoreservations.......................................28
Article22-Withdrawalofreservationsandofobjectionstoreservations.......................................29
Article23-Procedureregardingreservations...................................................................................................29
InvalidityofTreaties..............................................................................................................................................................30
Termination...............................................................................................................................................................................31
THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINTERNATIONAL&MUNICIPALLAW.............................................................33
MonismvDualism...................................................................................................................................................................33
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CustomaryInternationalLawInMunicipalLaw.......................................................................................................36
CustomInMunicipalLaw(AustralianApproach).....................................................................................................37
CustomConflictingwithStatute(AustralianApproach)........................................................................................38
CustomaryCrimesinMunicipalLaw..............................................................................................................................39
CustomaryCrimesinMunicipalLaw(AustralianApproach)...............................................................................40
TreatiesinMunicipalLaw...................................................................................................................................................41
‘Hard’TransformationTreatyApproachinAustralia.............................................................................................42
Treaties:LegitimateExpectation?.....................................................................................................................................42
PERSONALITY,STATEHOODANDRECOGNITION........................................................................................................43
TITLETOTERRITORY................................................................................................................................................................53
EssenceofTitle.........................................................................................................................................................................53
TransmissionofTitle.............................................................................................................................................................53
ModesofAcquisition..............................................................................................................................................................53
OtherRegions............................................................................................................................................................................55
STATEJURISDICTION.................................................................................................................................................................58
ConcurrentJurisdiction........................................................................................................................................................58
JurisdictionalLimits...............................................................................................................................................................58
CivilJurisdiction.......................................................................................................................................................................58
CriminalJurisdiction..............................................................................................................................................................59
Territoriality..............................................................................................................................................................................60
Nationality..................................................................................................................................................................................61
PassivePersonality.................................................................................................................................................................61
Protective/SecurityPrinciple............................................................................................................................................62
Universality................................................................................................................................................................................63
Piracy............................................................................................................................................................................................64
Genocide......................................................................................................................................................................................64
Torture.........................................................................................................................................................................................64
WarCrimes.................................................................................................................................................................................65
CrimesAgainstHumanity....................................................................................................................................................65
ProsecuteorExtradite..........................................................................................................................................................65
IMMUNITYFROMJURISDICTION..........................................................................................................................................66
STATERESPONSIBILITY...........................................................................................................................................................81
CharacterandBasisofStateResponsibility................................................................................................................81
Attribution..................................................................................................................................................................................82
Breach...........................................................................................................................................................................................85
CircumstancesPrecludingWrongfulness.....................................................................................................................85
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Consequences............................................................................................................................................................................86
Invocation...................................................................................................................................................................................87
USEOFFORCE...............................................................................................................................................................................88
NATURE,DEVELOPMENT&STRUCTUREOFINTERNATIONALLAW(wk01)NatureOfInternationalLaw:Internationallawisasystemofrules,principlesandconceptsthatgovernsrelationsamongstatesand,increasinglyinternationalorganizations,individuals,andotheractorsinworldpolitics.InternationallawhasgrownandexpandedatarapidratesinceWorldWarIItoencompassadiverserangeofissuesandtopics,includingthepreservationoftheenvironment,therighttouseforceagainstanotherstate,territorialrightsinAntarctica,andtherightsofchildren.Thereusnownoaspectofworldpoliticsthatcanbefullyunderstoodwithoutsomeknowledgeofinternationallaw,andanawarenessofhowitoperates.–Scott,InternationalLawinWorldPolitics,2004.
- InternationallawistraditionallydefinedasthesystemoflawgoverningrelationsbetweenStates(Oppenheim,InternationalLaw:atreatise(1sted,1905)3.
- Traditionallyonlystateswereconsideredsubjectsofinternationallaw,thisischangingnow.- Naturalpersonswerethesubjectsofmunicipallaw(domestic)- Privateinternationallawdealswithinternationalmattersarisingindomesticcornet(eg;
foreignmarriage;contract)
TheEnforcementProblem- sometheoristsclaimaproblemwiththeperceptionofinternationallaw’slegitimacyisthelack
ofeffectiveenforcementmechanisms:Ø theinternationalorder…hasnotyetmademuchprogressintheenforcementof
internationalrightsandobligationsgenerally,orofinternationallawassuch.Itnowfrownsonself-help,without,however,asyethavingputanythinginitsplace.(Harris,CasesandMaterials(2010))
- howevertherearecountervailingarguments:Ø “almostallnationsobservealmostallprinciplesofinternationallawandalmostalltheir
obligationsalmostallthetime”:LouisHenkin,HowNationsBehave1979)Ø “therecordprovesthatthereisa‘lawhabit’ininternationalrelations.Itisnotimmaterial
toaddthattheinstancesinwhichjudgmentsofinternationaltribunalshavebeenfloutedaresorarethattheheadline-readermaywellplacethemintheman-bites-dogcategory.”(Harris,CasesandMaterials,2010).
Positivism- by1700peoplewerestartingtoarguethatlawwas‘positive’i.eman-made.;consequently,law
andjusticewerenotthesamething,andlawsmightvaryfromtimetotimeandplacetoplace,accordingtothewhimofthelegislator.
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- Positivismwasthereforeanempiricalmethodbasedonascertainingobjective,man-maderulesasthesourcesofthelaw(treaties,custom,etc).
- AnattempttocombinenaturalismandpositivismwasmadebytheSwisswriterEmerichdeVattel…heemphasizedtheinherentrightswhichstatesderivedfromnaturallaw,butsaidthattheywereaccountableonlytotheirownconsciencesfortheobservanceofthedutiesimposedbynaturallaw,unlesstheyhadexpresslyagreedtotreatthosedutiesaspartofpositivelaw.(PeterMalanczuk,ModernIntroductiontoInternationalLaw(1997)17)
IntroductiontotheUnitedNations
- Background&FormationafterWWIØ USPresidentWoodrowWilson’sFourteenPointsdelivered8January1918:
• “14.Ageneralassociationofnationsmustbeformedunderspecificcovenantsforthepurposeofaffordingmutualguaranteesofpoliticalindependenceandterritorialintegritytogreatandsmallstatesalike.”
Ø ParisPeaceConference:TreatyofVersaillescontainedCovenantoftheLeagueofNations- Structure
Ø Secretariat;Council;Assembly;PermanentCourtofInternationalJustice;InternationalLabourOrganisation;otherorganisationscreatedbyCovenant
- DissolutionØ Ceasedtofunctionin1938asWWIIescalated,butcontinueddejureuntil1945
Establishment
Ø declarationbyunitednations1.01.1942Ø 21Augustto7October1944:WashingtonConversationsonInternationalpeaceand
Securityorganisation;delegatesconcludedasetofProposalsfortheEstablishmentofaGeneralInternationalOrganization;effectivedraftoftheUNCharter
Ø UNChartersigned26June1945Ø UNcomesintobeingon24October1945,whentheUNCharterisratified
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GeneralAssembly
- UNCharterChapterIVØ Article9:“GeneralAssemblyshallconsistofallMembersoftheUnitedNations”Ø Article10:“maydiscussanyquestionsormatterswithinthescopeofthepresentCharter
orrelatingtothepowersandfunctionsofanyorgansprovidedforinthepresentCharter,and,exceptasprovidedinArticle12,maymakerecommendationstotheMembersoftheUnitedNationsortotheSecurityCouncil”
Ø Article12:“WhiletheSecurityCouncilisexercisinginrespectofanydisputeorsituationthefunctionsassignedtoitinthepresentCharter,theGeneralAssemblyshallnotmakeanyrecommendationwithregardtothatdisputeorsituationunlesstheSecurityCouncilsorequests.”
Ø Article18:“EachmemberoftheGeneralAssemblyshallhaveonevote…DecisionsoftheGeneralAssemblyonimportantquestionsshallbemadebyatwo-thirdsmajority…Thesequestionsshallinclude:recommendationswithrespecttothemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity,theelectionofthenon-permanentmembersoftheSecurityCouncil…theadmissionofnewMembersoftotheUnitedNations…expulsionofMembers…andbudgetaryquestions.”
SecurityCouncil- UNCharterChapterV
Ø Article23:membershipconsistsof15states:5permanent,10temporaryØ Article24:InordertoensurepromptandeffectiveactionbytheUnitedNations,its
membersconferontheSecurityCouncilprimarilyresponsibilityforthemaintenanceofInternationalpeaceandsecurity”
Ø Article25:ThemembersoftheUNagreetoacceptandcarryoutthedecisionsoftheSecurityCouncil
Ø Article27:EachmemberoftheSCshallhaveonevote…decisionsonproceduralmattersshallbemadebyanaffirmativevoteofninemembers…decisionsonallothermatters