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Television Viewing Among
Adolescent Students
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ii
Publishing-in-support-of,
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Printed in India
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Television Viewing
Among Adolescent
Students
Dr. Syed Noor ul Amin
EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)
www.educreation.in
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. Syed Noor-ul-Amin earned
his degrees of M.A, B.Ed and
M.Phil in Education from
University of Kashmir (J&K). He
received his P.hD. degree from the
same University in the aforesaid
discipline. Besides that he has
qualified the University grants
commission‟s National Eligibility Test for Assistant
Professor (UGC, NET) in Education. He has been
working as Assistant Professor (Contractual) in the
Department of Education, University of Kashmir and has
been actively engaged in research, teaching and
extension work for last seven years. He has also
contributed as a resource person to delivering the
lectures in IGNOU, Distance Education and in different
Collages of the state. He contributed numerous research
papers in the area of ICT in education published in the
reputed National and International Journals with
impressive citation Index. He has participated in many
national level seminars and educational conferences
orginised by different agencies. His areas of
specialization are: Educational Technology, Information
and communication Technology (ICT) in Education,
Educational Sociology and Educational Psychology. He
is deeply involved in the promotion of education and
currently engaged in his academic pursuits.
*****
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ABOUT THE BOOK
Television has a uniqueness that is shared by no other
communication media, and its impact on student‟s
behavior is similarly unique. Today one can watch
television via the internet, by means of mobile phones
and with the help of little pocket TV sets. It is
everywhere and for everyone. Television viewing is a
major activity and influence on adolescent students. The
duration of the television viewing among students is
prime concern which influences the viewers on their
study habits and academic accomplishment.
This book is the product of a comprehensive study
which offers empirical analysis of the extent of influence
of television watching among the heavy and low
television viewers. Besides detailed growth of television
and its impact on student viewers, present publication
provide the detailed data and makes scientific analysis of
television watching among the adolescent students
having different socio-economic status and explores the
their study habits and academic achievement in concern
to their television watching. It also narrates the way in
which the television watching will become a highly
beneficial for the students and devise the ways and
means to make proper use of these devices for learning
situation. This book is very informative, useful and
stimulating. It provides a comprehensive synthesis of
major issues and practices related to television watching
among students.
This book will be of immense use and prove it most
dependable, authentic and useful source of reference for
students, teachers, researchers, academicians and
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all concerned in the field of modern media and
educational practices. Moreover, the policy makers of
electronic media may find the book of special interest
too.
*****
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viii
PREFACE
Television is the electronic carpet that transports
millions of persons each day to for away places. It is the
twentieth century creations of the technological
revolution that has been transforming much of the world.
Television, although relatively is a new medium, have
already made their impression on world civilization very
strikingly. When it began to make its appearance on the
world media since some sixty years ago, people were not
only skeptical about it, but were also jealous and unkind
and even hostile. Over a short span of time, however, it
has emerged as a remarkable medium of communication,
entertainment and education. It needs to be mentioned
that it has found its space in all countries of the world
and has transformed our planet into a „gigantic electronic
village.‟ In the present century not everyone had at least
one TV set at home, now almost every average family
has at least two TV sets.
The perforation of cable and satellite TV channels
has penetrated in all corners of the world cutting across
demographic and geographic barriers. On this respect
TV has enabled a level of playing opportunity and has
become homogenizes of socio-economic differences. It
is generally believed that Television has become a very
powerful medium and its contact can mold the taste,
learning and total lifestyle of the people. In recent years
increased attention has been focused on the impact of
television on the children and adolescents. Television
viewing maintained its dominant position among
adolescents because they are more impressionable than
adults. Although the introduction of computers and the
Internet has drastically altered home access to media
entertainment, television continues to persuade
adolescents to devote substantial portions of their time to
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its programming. It is now readily apparent that
television can have a profound impact on adolescent‟s
development and behaviour. A very critical point about
watching television is that it affects how they learn and
study. What sorts of impressions are carried out by
adolescent while viewing TV? What are the preferences
of children about TV programmes? Besides, what study
habits these children adopt and how they prepare for
their studies & examination? Do TV viewing pattern
influence the academic performance of the students or
otherwise? These questions motivated the investigator to
peep into the existing scenario of adolescents TV
watching. It is against this background that it is
imperative to find out the extant of influence of
television watching for longer and shorter duration upon
the adolescent student viewers under the present scenario
of cable and satellite television.
Research study is unlike any other academic
activities, needs constant encouragement, support and
inspiration to sustain. In the course of this research work
I have had the opportunity and privilege to benefit from
the help, support and constructive comments of many
wonderful people. Foremost, I would like to place my
deep debt of respect and gratitude to my teacher, mentor
and guide, Prof .Mohammad Iqbal Mattoo, for his
benevolent abilities, scholarly, dynamic and sincere
guidance.
I acknowledge my deepest gratitude to my parents
for their unflagging love, moral, spiritual, and
sympathetic support. Without whose support and
blessings this cumbersome and uphill task would not
have been possible. I am thankful to my brother Syed
Murtaza and my beloved sister Tabasum for their love
and encouragement. Besides thanks are reserved to
Sunhir Quyoom for his love and support and inspired me
during my study.
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I wish to express my thanks to all the Principals,
teachers, students and other staff members of various
High and Higher Secondary Schools of District Srinagar
for cooperating and providing the necessary data
relevant to the present study.
Last but not least, I wish to avail myself of this
opportunity to express a sense of gratitude, love and
thanks to my wife Aqsa Amin who remains with me
from dawn to dusk and through thick and thin during my
research period.
Dr. Syed Noor-ul-Amin
*****
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CONTENTS
Sr. Description Page
1 INTRODUCTION 1
i Significance of the Study 14
ii Objectives and Hypotheses of the Study 31
iii Operational Definitions of Variables
32
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 39
3 DESIGN OF THE STUDY 72
i Sample Size and Coverage 74
ii Selection and Description of Tools 74
iii Statistical Treatment
89
4 ANALYSIS NTERPRETATION AND
DISCUSSION
90
i Review of Hypotheses 125
5 KEY FINDINGS 128
i Suggestions for Future Research 133
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 135
*****
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TELEVISION VIEWING AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS
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INTRODUCING THE STUDY
It is reliable so true that technology is embedded in our
culture and that we are immersed and dependent on it, as
well. Technology changes so rapidly and has such a
pervasive impact that it is actually determining our
culture. Children and adolescents are considered to be
the prime users and beneficiaries. Administrators and
educators need to keep pace with life outside the
classroom in order to integrate and access the wonderful
learning opportunities-the Internet, the cell phones, the
pod casting and even the social networking sites.
Teachers need to invite students to learn by using what
they know about the best teaching gadgets.
Technology has found its way into every aspect of
our culture in the present scenario. It's in medicine, in
social work and not even more than to be in our
education system. Teachers are frequently being
emboldened to take technology classes so that their
students can benefit from their knowledge. In Education,
technology plays very indispensable role in the
classrooms, in assistive technology products and
software that is brought into the school. So what exactly
is the role of technology in Education? What is it doing
for our students and children? Or is it doing anything?
Let's take a closer look.
There has been substantial evidence around the
world that technology has become one of the most
significant and vivifying components to the success of a
child's education. Here are some of the pompous facts
that technology helps children of today. Technology has
proved to help students in reading, writing and
arithmetic. Each year teachers are instructed and
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Dr. Syed Noor ul Amin
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challenged to meet AYP's (Adequate Yearly Progress)
under the “No Child left Behind Act” of 2001. Not only
does technology benefit students in the education
system, it also benefits the educator for their
professional requirements. There are so many fortuitous
opportunities for teachers to learn and to acquire new
skills over the internet, keep up with credentials and in
return help them to improve their teaching abilities.
Technology, more unequivocally with the assistive
technology specially needs students and the students
with disabilities have able to achieve in areas and ways
that would not have been possible. Technology creates
individualized learning environments for students and
infact can play a major role in special needs. Technology
has also made it possible for those who didn't finish
college or high school education to get back into things
without having to even leave the comfort of their own
home. It has also made compatible to continue
education; those who wants to reach a little higher and
gain more knowledge in something new or old.
Technology brings the learning right to our students;
wherever they may be. Lastly, but certainly not the
lastly, technology has served students well because it has
provided them with the skill and knowledge they need to
enter the workforce. It is becoming increasingly difficult
for teachers to reach every child in the classroom. Class
sizes keep getting larger, but teachers remain still one of
the humblest paid salary jobs. Yet the need is still there
to teach and prepare the children for the future; the need
to prepare them for the "real" world and the real world
today is a world full of technology. So if we don't
provided technology in our education system, then when
will students have a chance to get familiar with it? How
will they train themselves for the "real" world?
Technology is making it possible for teachers to reach
more students, allowing students the time they need to
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TELEVISION VIEWING AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS
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succeed and providing our future workforce with
competent, knowledgeable employees.
In the world of mass media, the television is surely
one of the top one. It is an amazing window on the
world. At the flick of a button, you can travel from the
North Pole to Serengeti, watch men walking on the
Moon, see athletes breaking records, or listen to world
leaders making historic speeches. Television has
transformed entertainment and education. Television
plays an important role in every-day life of the average
citizen, in all parts of the world. It's the usual scene
when you see a person sitting in front of the TV set
eating something and living in the world of soap operas
or movies. Children, parents, their grandparents and
everyone watch TV every day. Television is really a
indispensable invention that keeps us in touch with every
part of the world, giving us the latest news and
entertaining us the whole day round. It also educates and
raises our cultural level giving a great amount of useful
information on ethnic, scientific, social, political and
economic aspects of life. It also contains thousands
"trash" programmes, shows and movies that it is very
hard to choose something really interesting and useful.
Television (often abbreviated as TV) is a widely
used telecommunication medium for transmitting and
receiving moving images, either monochromatic ("black
and white") or color, usually accompanied by sound.
"Television" may also refer specifically to a television
set, television programming or television transmission.
The word is derived from mixed Latin and Greek roots,
meaning "far sight" - Greek tele (τῆλε), far, and Latin
visio, sight (from video, vis- to see, or to view in the first
person). A standard television set comprehends
electronic circuits, including those for receiving and
decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device
which lacks a tuner is properly called a monitor, rather
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Dr. Syed Noor ul Amin
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than a television. A television system may use different
technical standards such as digital television (DTV) and
high-definition television (HDTV). HDTV costs more
than normal TV but is becoming more available. The
development of the television occurred over a number of
years and a sizeable number of countries are using a
wide application of sciences, including electricity,
mechanical engineering, electromagnetism, sound
technology, and electrochemistry. No single person
invented the television; instead, it is a compilation of
inventions perfected by fierce competition. Chemicals
that are conductors of electricity were among the first
discoveries leading to the TV. Baron Berzelius of
Sweden isolated selenium in 1817 and Louis May of
Great Britain, in 1873 discovered that the element is a
strong electrical conductor. Sir William Crookes devised
cathode ray tube in 1878, but these discoveries took
many years to merge into the common ground of
television. Paul Nipkow of Germany best owed the first
crude television in 1884. His mechanical system applied
a scanning disk with small holes to pick up image
fragments and imprint them on a light-sensitive selenium
tube. A receiver reassembled the picture. In 1888, W.
Hallwachs applied photoelectric cells in cameras;
cathode rays were demonstrated as devices for
reassembling the image at the receiver by Boris Rosing
of Russia and A. A. Campbell-Swinton of Great Britain,
both working independently in 1907. Countless radio
pioneers including Thomas Edison devised methods of
broadcasting television signals. John Logie Baird of
Scotland and Charles F. Jenkins of the United States
designed the first true television sets in the 1920s by
combining Nipkow's mechanical scanning disk with
vacuum-tube amplifiers and photoelectric cells. The
1920s were the critical decade in television development
since a number of major corporations including General
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TELEVISION VIEWING AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS
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Electric (GE), the Radio Corporation of America (RCA),
Westinghouse, and American Telephone & Telegraph
(AT&T) began serious television research. Philo T.
Farnsworth and Allen B. Dumont, both Americans,
developed a pickup tube that became the home television
receiver by 1939. The Columbia Broadcasting System
(CBS) had entered the colour TV fray and battled with
RCA to perfect color television, initially with
mechanical methods until an all-electronic colour system
could be developed. Rival broadcasts appeared
throughout the 1940s although progress was slowed by
both World War II and the Korean War. The first CBS
color broadcast on June 25, 1951, featured Ed Sullivan
and other stars of the network. Commercial color
television broadcasts were underway in the United States
by 1954.
During sixties none the less television services
spread like a wildfire and its utility caught attention of
the world .Since it first became commercially available
from the late 1930s, the television set has become a
prosaic household communications device in homes and
institutions. Since the 1970s, video recordings on VCR
tapes and later, digital playback systems such as DVDs,
have enabled the television to be used for viewing
recorded as well as broadcast material. Television is now
delivered in a variety of ways: “over the air” by
terrestrial radio waves (traditional broadcast TV); along
coaxial cables (cable TV); reflected off satellites held in
geo-stationary Earth orbit (direct broadcast satellite, or
DBS, TV); recorded on magnetic tape and played in
videocassette recorders (VCRs); and recorded optically
on digital video discs (DVDs). Although other forms
such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) are in use, the
most prosaic usage of the medium is for broadcast
television, which was modeled on the existing radio
broadcasting systems developed in the 1920s, and uses
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Dr. Syed Noor ul Amin
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high powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast
the television signal to individual TV receivers. The
technical standards for modern television, both
monochrome (black-and-white) and colour, took birth in
the middle of the 20th century. Television is the
electrical transmission and reception of transient visual
images, and is probably the first invention by committee,
in the sense of resulting from the effort of hundreds of
individuals widely separated in time and space, all
prompted by the urge to produce a system of 'seeing over
the horizon'. World‟s first regular public service of
television in 1936, an entertainer sang: 'The air has eyes
that scan us from the skies. And ears that listen from the
blue. So you needn't roam‟. Improvements have been
made continuously since that time, and today television
technology is in the midst of considerable change. Much
attention is being focused on enhancing the picture
resolution and on changing the dimensions of the
television receiver to show wide-screen pictures. In
addition, the transmission of digitally encoded television
signals is being instituted, with the ultimate goal of
providing interactive service and possibly broadcasting
multiple programs in the channel space now occupied by
one program.
Since the beginning, there have been mixed
reactions to television and it was E.B. White who wrote
"I believe that television is going to be the test of the
modern world, and in this new opportunity to see beyond
the range of our own vision, we shall discover either a
new and unbearable disturbance of the general peace or a
saving radiance in the sky. We shall stand or fall by
television, of that I am sure." Ever since the first
television station licensed in 1941, our lives have been
affected by the presence of television. However, this
effect is not for the negative as it is used from simple
means of entertainment to a widely used, invaluable,
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TELEVISION VIEWING AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS
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source of information. It is also an excellent aid in
preparing children for schools and assisting in educating
children after they have begun schools. Television has
become the fastest media, reporting on today's event, as
opposed to yesterday's events written about in a news
paper. Since there is not an area in this country, or an
area in the world that does not receive a television
signal, this, along with the fact only 2% of the
population does not have a television, ensure that this is
an extremely assessable media. Society has taken
advantage of this by broadcasting the day‟s news and
information, regardless of which part of the world it took
place in, over television signal so that 98% of the society
can view it and become informed.
Nowadays it would be considered myth any nation
without the television. It is the most widespread way of
getting information and entertainment. The most
extraordinary fact about television was the transmission
of the motion pictures that gained a great audience for
television. Moreover, television gives us the accessibility
to see the distant lands and foreign countries, to hear the
opinion and the speeches of smart people, and to listen
to the music of your favourite bands. It allows us to
watch your favourite team playing an important game.
The special feature of television is also in the fact that it
transmits the exact and natural emotions that make
people believe in what is happening. Television is so
popular nowadays that it needs some reconstructions.
That is why; today one can watch television via the
internet, by means of mobile phones and with the help of
little pocket TV sets. It is everywhere and for everyone.
Television is the most powerful medium at present.
“Television is the electronic carpet that transports
millions of persons each day to faraway places. It is the
twentieth century creations of the technological
revolution that has been transforming much of the
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Dr. Syed Noor ul Amin
8
world‟. Television, although relatively is a new medium,
have already made their impression on the world
civilization very strikingly. It has been aptly mentioned
that television is bouncing its signal of space satellites
and using oceanic cables to transmit live telecast to and
from peoples that world over. Television can represent
the world in no time. This main organ of the mass media
has made dissemination of news of information, of
comments of entertainment possible on a scale
unprecedented in human history. A distinguished media
expert, Narayana Menon has observed: “The spoken
word was rehabilitated with its full force or nearly full
force and just as the supremacy of sound was being
accepted as the key factor in communication”.
Television overtakes it, the visual elements asserting it
again. All this once lie time.
Television today is a household word, when it
began to make its appearance on the world media since
some sixty years ago, people were not only skeptical
about it, but were also jealous and unkind and even
hostile. Over a short span of time, however, it has
emerged as a remarkable medium of communication,
entertainment and education. It needs to be mentioned
that it has found its space in all countries of the world
and has transformed our planet into a „gigantic electronic
village‟ bringing various people and continents closer
(Bushan, 1992). The 20th century is the century of
globalization and technological development that gave a
chance to the particular spread of television. In the
present century not everyone had at least one TV set at
home, now almost every average family has at least two
TV sets. Television had been one of the nineteenth
century's confident predictions of the twentieth century,
but it still took many decades of the new century to
reach fruition and only in the second half of that century
has become a global phenomenon. The world indeed
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TELEVISION VIEWING AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS
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'passed in review', but television led to a kind of
secondary environment of images in which we all now
have to live. As the twentieth century ends television is
itself undergoing a technological and institutional
transmutation, so thorough as to baffle or confound its
own surviving pioneers and founders. Between the
1950s and the 1990s television was organized as a
regulated and essentially national medium dependent on
the scarce resource of electromagnetic frequencies. At
the end of the era it is becoming a medium of
abundance, with hundreds of satellite and cable channels
becoming available in every home; these new sources of
images, passing through new technologies and produced
by a new generation of remarkably cheap miniaturized
equipment, are emerging from jurisdictions outside the
receiving countries. Television is becoming, at its roots,
international, prolific, regulated lightly if at all.
Television once provided the concentrated essence of a
nationally authorized culture; now it is inextricably part
of an international industry, increasingly beyond the
daily control of the governments who have formal
jurisdiction over it. The inventors of television from the
1890s until the 1950s thought of it as an additional
means for delivering information and entertainment, as
an extension of telephone, radio, theatre, cinema; but it
has now gathered to itself a range of functions beyond
the entertaining and informing of audiences. What the
inventors never quite realized was that television would
become normative, that so much of what we see on the
screen would contrive to suggest how things ought or
ought not to be. We see a programme containing a
depiction of family life and we learn to read it as a guide
or as a barometer of a standard; we see a school and
derive an impression of the expected behaviour of
teachers and pupils. Television has come to delineate for
us the boundaries of transgression; beneath the most
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Dr. Syed Noor ul Amin
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routine or trivial entertainment the medium operates as a
subtle instructor, with the complicity of the audience. It
offers a continuous flowing river of experience from
which we have come to draw much of the substance of
our identities. Many have tried but no one yet has
succeeded in distilling the essence of the nature of its
influence, but much passes between us and television
that shapes and alters us. That is why television, almost
since its inception, has been the location of so many
vivid controversies. It may be difficult to trace the
ideological influence of a single programme but no one
denies that television amplifies the processes of change
in fashion and ideas. Every means of public
communication goes through a series of phases and is
eventually superseded.
Television has imposed its own ways upon
everyone in society who needs to communicate
something to an audience. Our most influential images
of authority today derive ultimately from television,
usually from television fiction; from this we register at
various levels of our minds the status of police, cabinet
ministers, international organizations, heads of state; we
learn to judge the relative measures of respect we offer
to soldiers, priests, business leaders. Television images
contain an implication of typicality and somehow
suggest the point of justice of balance, between the
myriad of opinions latent in our minds. The television
image is held at a point of pressure between innumerable
institutions of regulation, of the market place, of
expressed and inchoate opinion and it has thus come to
govern the senses and the conscience, to offer an
ordering of things, even to exaggerate the chaos and
order lessness of things.
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TELEVISION VIEWING AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS
11
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