Sample Copy. Not For Distribution.4 ds lkFk dgrh ^ekb Qknj use bt ykbV ysf VusaV vuie frokjh* ysfdu...

Sample Copy. Not For Distribution.

i

**** vkse cktisbZ dks lizse HksaV ****


ii

Publishing-in-support-of,

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING

RZ 94, Sector - 6, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110075

Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh - 495001

Website: www.educreation.in __________________________________________________

© Copyright, Author

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer.

ISBN: 978-1-5457-0735-7

Price: ` 185.00

The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the author and do not represent the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of Educreation.

Printed in India


iii

(12

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)

www.educreation.in


iv


v

इस स इ स स स अगर स स ए स ग ग इस स र अ और र A


vi


1

bErgku ¼,d ukjh dk½

W

Jh j?kqukFk feJk th ds ?kj esa

'kknh dk ekgksy gS lHkh

rS;kfj;ksa esa e'k:Q gSA feJk

th cM+s [kq'k gS fd fcfV;k

vukfedk dk fj'rk muds

cpiu ds fe= jk?kosUnz frokjh

ds gksugkj csVs vuqie ls gks

jgk FkkA og ikfjokfjd lEcU/kksa ds pyrs ,d nwljs dks

tkurs Fks ij eaxuh dh j'e ds ckn nksuksa dkQh djhc

vk x;s Fks nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks I;kj ds cU/ku esa ca/k

pqds FksA 'kknh esa vkB fnu ckdh Fks vukfedk dh vk[kksa

esa vuqie gh vuqie Fkk vkSj vuqie ds fnyksa fnekx ij

vukfedk NkbZ FkhA gj fnu [kqf'k;ksa dh lkSxkr Fkk

ysfdu ,d fnu ,slk rwQku vk;k fd lc dqN mtM+

x;k vpkud ,u0Mh0, iwus ls Qksu vk;k fd ¶ykbZV

ysf¶VusaV vuqie dk yM+kdw foeku nq?kZVuk xzLr gks x;k

[kcj lqurs gh vukfedk csgks'k gks xbZ] ln~ek cnkZ'r

ugha dj ldhA vuqie dh yk'k VqdM+ksa esa feyh nksuksa

ifjokjksa ij nq[kksa dk igkM VwV iM+kA gks'k vkus ij

gkWfLiVy esa vukfedk ikxyksa dh rjg ph[kus fpYYkkus

yxh feJk th le>k cq>k ds csVh dks ?kj ys vk;s vkrs


2

gh vklqvksa esa Mwch vukfedk us [kqn dks dejs esa cUn

dj fy;k nwljs fnu dejs ls ckgj fudyh rks firkth

ds gks'k mM+ x;s ftl csVh ds gkFk ihys djds Mksyh esa

fcBkus dk vjeku mez Hkj ikyk mls lQsn lkM+h esa

ns[k feJk th O;kdqy gks mBs vkSj csVh dks xys yxkdj

[kwc jks;s fQj le>k;k fd tc 'kknh gh ugha gqbZ fo/kok

gksus dk D;k vkSfpR; gSA vukfedk firk th ls utjsa

ugha feyk ldh cgqr tksj nsus ij crk;k eaxuh ds

nkSjku vuqie ds ftn djus ij efUnj esa Hkxoku ds

lkeus og ifr iRuh cu pqds FksA ,d yM+dh tc fdlh

dks ifr eku ds djok pkSFk dj ozr j[k ys fQj fdlh

vkSj ds ckjs esa lkspuk Hkh iki gSA csVh dh ckrsa firk ds

xys u mrjh ij os ;s lkspdj pqi jgs fd le; ds

lkFk lc Bhd gks tk;sxkA ij ,sl dqN ugha gqvk ,d

fnu vukfedk csgks'k gksdj fxj iM+h rc MkWDVj f'k[kk

jk; us vukfedk ds izssxusUV gksus dh iq"Vh dh [kcj

feJk th ds fy, nq[k dk lkxj vkSj vukfedk ds fy,

pqukSrh cu xbZA dgrs gSa fpUrk fprk leku gksrh gS rks

feJk th dks lksprs&lksprs jkr esa vpkud yDok ekj

x;k vkSj iwjk 'kjhj dh laosnu'khyrk 'kwU; gks x;hA

vukfedk fcYdqy vdsyh iM+ xbZ] lekt esa dq¡okjh ek¡

cuus dh pqukSrh] firk dh ns[kHkky rFkk vkB lky ds

NksVs HkkbZ ;'k dh ns[kHkky bruh ftEesnkfj;k¡ ,d iqq:"k

ugha mBk ldrk rks vukfedk dh fnekxh gkyr dks

flQZ vglkl fd;k tk ldrk gS 'kCnksa esa fijks;k ugha

tk ldrk ys[kd mlds gkSalys vkSj fgEer dks lyke

djrk gSA blh chp vukfedk us vuqie ds ekrk&firk


3

dks lp crk;k ij mUgksaus vukfedk dks eugw'k ekudj

'kknh dh lPPkkbZ ls bUdkj dj fn;k rks cPps dks

viukus dk iz'u gh ugha mBrkA og efUnj xbZ rks ftl

if.Mr us 'kknh djkbZ Fkh] mldh eR̀;q gks pqdh Fkh rks

vc Hkxoku th xokgh ns ugha ldrs fygktk vukfedk

'kknh dks lkfcr ugha dj ldh] Hkxoku dks cqjk Hkyk

dgds ?kj vkdj ds QwV&QwV dj jksus yxh] vpkud

vg'kkl gksrk gS fd vuqie vukfedk ds ekFks dks pwers

gq, dgrk gS dksbZ lkFk ns ;k u ns eSa ges'kk rqEgkjs lkFk

gw¡ rHkh vuqie dh QksVks fxjus ls vukfedk dh uhan

[kqy tkrh gS vkSj mls vkRek dk vg'kkl gksrk gS

ftlls mls vkRe cy feyrk gSA /khjs&/khjs yksxksa ds

rkus o Hkn~ns etkd lqurs&lqurs vkB ekg gks pqds Fks

lkjs fj'rsnkjksa vkSj iM+ksfl;ksa us ukrk rksM+ fy;k Fkk rks

;'k ds lkFk vdsys gh vukfedk fcuk;d gkWfLiVy

igq¡ph vkSj ,d yM+dh dks tUe fn;k yM+dh dh vk¡[ksa

vuqie dh rjg gYdh uhyh Fkh vc vukfedk dk fj'rk

lklas ys jgk Fkk uUgha lh tku dh eqLdku ds lkeus

lkjs nq[k nnZ Qhds iM+ pqds FksA csVh fd fgEer vkSj

lPpkbZ rFkk lekt dh dqjhfr;ksa ls fojks/k dk lkgl

ns[k feJk th dks viuh csVh ij ukt Fkk ij lekt ds

Bsdsnkjksa dks dksbZ gennhZ ugha FkhA

iwue ds pk¡n dh rjg NksVh fcfV;k f'kfo frokjh

cM+h gksus yxh vukfedk mls lhus ls yxkdj j[krh

vkSj vPNs laLdkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk lgh xyr dh f'k{kk

Hkh nsrhA Ldwy rFkk vkl&ikl f'kfo ls dksbZ iwNrk fd

mls ikik dkSu gS rks og rksryh tqcku esa vdM+ ds xoZ


4

ds lkFk dgrh ^ekbZ Qknj use bt ¶ykbV ysf¶VusaV

vuqie frokjh* ysfdu cPpksa dks vius ikik dh xksn esa

[ksyrs ns[k og mnkl gksdj ek¡ dh xksn esa vk tkrh ij

ek¡ ls dqN u dgrh D;ksafd ek¡ dks jksrk ugha ns[k

ldrh fQj pkgs ikik dh r'ohj ls vdsys esa ?k.Vksa

cr;krhA lk¡oys jax dh eueksgd Nfo okyh f'kfo ,d

gksugkj yM+dh FkhA i<+kbZ esa gesa'kk vCcy jgrh ij

mldk Hkh thou ek¡ dh rjg pqukSrh iw.kZ jgkA og Hkh

QkbZVj ikbZysV cuds vius ikik dk liuk iwjk djuk

pkgrh FkhA blfy, mlus ,u0lh0lh vYQk xzsM&lh

lfVZfQdsV fd;k vksSj Mk;jsDV ,u0Mh0, esa lysDV gks

xbZ vc f'koh ds vjekuksa dks ia[k yx x;s Fks mldk

/;ku ges'kk vius y{; ij jgrk blh chp Vªsfuax ds

nkSjku tc igyh ckj yM+kdw foeku mM+kus dk volj

feyk f'koh vkleku ij Fkh vkSj tehu ij feJk th o

vukfedk ds lkeus bfrgkl nkSgjk;k tk jgk Fkk mudh

lkalsa Fke xbZ FkhaA m/kj jksekafpr f'koh foeku lapkyu

ds nkSjku rduhdh [kjkch ds pyrs fu;a=.k [kks cSBh oks

?kcjk xbZ ij rHkh mldk gkFk vpkud yhoj 6 ij

vkSj fQj yhoj 2 ij gjdr djrk gS ns[krs gh ns[krs

ek= rhu lsds.M esa rhu gtkj fQV dh Å¡pkbZ ls

foeku okil juos ij vk tkrk gS f'koh dks xeZ lk;k

,g'kkl gksrk gS vkSj foeku dks laHkky ysrh gS ij

foeku dh dykckft;k¡ ns[k feJk th dh fny dh

/kM+du :d tkrh gSA f'koh dks bl lkgl iw.kZ dk;Z ds

fy, iq:Ldr̀ fd;k tkrk gSA


5

vukfedk dks vc f'koh dh 'kknh dh fpUrk lrkus yxh

ij f'koh us cpiu ls gh vius ek¡ ds izfr iq:"kksa dh

cRrehft;k¡ cnkZ'kr dh Fkha rFkk mlds eu esa iq:"k

tkfr ds fy, lEeku ugha Fkk vkSj fQj Hkkjrh; ok;q

lsuk esa 'kknh 'kqnk efgykvksa dks QkbZVj ikbZysV dk

ekSdk ugha fn;k tkrk bl fy, nl lky 'kknh u djds

ns'k dh lsok djus dk f'koh us iz.k fy;k FkkA /khjs&/khjs

lc lkekU; gks x;k Fkk ij rHkh f'koh dks phu dh lsuk

}kjk ?kqliSB dh tckch dk;Zokgh dk vkns'k gqvkA iwuk

,;j csl ls yM+kdw foeku ysds ¶ykbZV ysf¶VusaV f'koh

phuh lsuk dks tokc nsus vkleku esa mM+h vkSj mlds

fy, xoZ dh ckr Fkh dqN egkiq:"k xUnh jktuhfr esa

fyIr fj'or ysds ns'k dks ywVrs jgrs gSa rFkk lsuk dks

l'kDr vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh cukus dh ctk;s ekSt eLrh esa

e'k:Q jgrs gSa ;s muds fy, 'keZ dh ckr gS fd ns'k

dh csVh nq'euksa dks /kwy pVk jgh gS vkSj og Mhaxsa ekj

jgs Fks clA

tc f'koh phu dk ,d foeku ekj fxjkrh gS rks

Hkkjrh; efgyk,¡ vius ifr;ksa dks rkuk ekjrh gSa vkSj

ns'k Hkj ds yksx f'koh dh ohjrk dh rkjhQ djrs ugha

Fkdrs ij ,d ek¡ ds fny ij D;k xqtj jgh Fkh ;g

dksbZ vkSj ugha le> ldrk igys ifr [kks;k fQj firk

dh ekSr vkSj vc csVh Hkh ekSr ls vk¡[k fepkSyh [ksy

jgh FkhA vdsys f'koh us pkj ?k.Vs esa 12 yM+kdw foeku

ekj fxjk;s m/kj vUrZjk"Vªh; ncko rFkk :l dk Hkkjr

dk lkFk nsus ls phu ?kcjk x;k vkSj ;q) fojke dh

?kks"k.kk dj nhA


6

b/kj fnYyh esa jk"Vªifr }kjk f'koh dks ohjrk pØ rFkk

vfrfof'k"V lsok esMy ls lEekfur fd;k x;k lHkh

if=dkvksa vkSj v[kckjksa ds ek/;e ls f'koh vkSj

vukfedk dk thou la?k"kZ lekt ds lkeus vk;kA dHkh

ftl fcu C;kgh ek¡ vukfedk dks yksx rkus ekjrs

mldh csclh dks euksjatu dk lkeku le>rs Fks og

vkt Hkkjr rFkk fo'o esa lkgl o vkRecy dk izsj.kk

lzksr cu pqdh Fkh ij bu lcls mldh mtM+h ftUnxh

dk xe rks de ugha gks ldrk FkkA

nl lky ns'k dh lsok ds ckn f'koh us lsuk dh

ukSdjh ls R;kx i= nsdj ek¡ dh [kq'kh ds fy, ,d

xjhc le>nkj LokoyEch v/;kid ;qod eukst

cktis;h ls 'kknh dj yh vkSj ek¡ dh lsok djds firk

dh ;knksa ds lgkjs [kq'k jgus yxhA

W


7

ckcqy ¼,d vfo'oLuh;dFkk½

W

15 tuojh 1980] lqcg 5 cts

vykeZ ctrs gh jfo fd'ku

jkst dh rjg vkdka{kk dks

txkus dh dksf'k'k djus yxs]

vkSj oks FkksM+h nsj vkSj djrs

gq, yxHkx lk<+s N% cts mBhA

fQj nksuksa us ukLrk fd;k rFkk

fjpk vkSj fuf[ky dks ck;!

ck;! dgdj viuss&vius dke ij fudy iM+sA jkLrs esa

,d ?kaVs ckn jfo dks ;kn vk;k fd ,d t:jh Qkby

og ?kj ij gh Hkwy vk;s gSa ftls ysus dks okil jfo ?kj

x;k] rHkh mls tksj&tksj ls t'u eukus dh vkokt

vkbZ /;ku ls pqi&pki lquk rks fuf[ky vkSj _pk nks

yksxksa ds lkFk ge I;kyk gksdj tks ckrsa dj jgs Fks

lqudj jfo ds iSjksa rys tehu ugha jghA dksbZ vugksuh

u gks tk;s bl fy, fcuk lkeus vk;s jfo ncs ik¡o

okil gM+cM+h eas xkM+h ls vkdka{kk ds Ldwy HkkxkA ?kM+h

esa 9%10 ct jgs FksA vkSj 10%30 ij rhl fdyksehVj nwj

Mh-ih-,l- uSuhrky Ldwy esa csVh dk vigj.k gksus okyk

FkkA xkM+h 110 fdeh- dh jQrkj esa Fkh vkSj jfo ds ekFks

ij ilhuk Fkk mls fdlh vugksuh dk Mj yxk Fkk ;fg


8

ugha vkt mls rhu ekg iwoZ viuh iRuh nhIrh dh ekSr

dk jkt Hkh le> vk;k blfy, fnekx vLroLr Fkk

fQj FkksM+h nsj esa mlus [kqn dks lEHkkyk rks iqfyl vkSj

Ldwy Qksu djus yxk ij ns[kk rks Qksu dh fle [kjkc

Fkh le>rs nsj uk yxh fd fuf[ky dh dkfjLrkuh gksxh

rkfd enn ds lkjs jkLrs cUn gks tk;saaA oDr ls lkFk

cSpsuh c<+ jgh Fkh bl lksp esa vpkud lkeus ls cl

vksojVsd djds vkbZ jfo cky&cky cps mldh vk¡[kksa

ds lkeus iy Hkj ds fy, va/ksjk Nk x;k vpkud mls

fQj gks'k vk;k rks fQj Hkkxk tSls&rSls 10%40 ij Ldwy

igaqpk ij rc rd nsj gks pqdh Fkh fizaliy us crk;k fd

10%30 ij gh vkdka{kk ds pkpk fuf[ky ls ckr gqbZ firk

dk ,sDlhMsaV dh tkudkjh ds ckn pkpk ds dgus ij

Mªkboj larks"k vkdka{kk dks ys x;k jfo vkSj ?kcjk x;k

og lc Iyku igys gh lqu pqdk Fkk rks mls lc irk

Fkk oks fQj xkM+h ls vkdka{kk dk ihNk djus yxk xkM+h

dh jQrkj vkSj VªkfQd dh fdls ijokg Fkh fny dh

?kM+dusa [kqn dks lqukbZ ns jgh Fkh vk[ksa vkdka{kk dh

[kkst esa Fkh cSpsuh ls gky cqjk Fkk m/kj jksrh fcy[krh

5 lky dh vkdka{kk us tSlh gh vius ikik dh xkM+h

ns[kh oks ph[k iM+h iy Hkj dks jfo dh utj Hkh ml

ij iM+h fQj tku ij [ksydj jfo us xkM+h

vigj.kdrkZvksa dh xkM+h ds vkxs jksd nh xkM+h :drs

gh cnek'kksa us jfo ij xksfy;k¡ pyk nh ij ml dqN u

gqvk jfo us nks cnek'kksa dks mUgha dh fjokYoj ls ekj

fn;k ckdh Hkkx x, ikik ls xys yxds vkdka{kk [kwc

jksbZ jfo dh tku esa tku vkbZA csVh dks lqjf{kr ikdj


9

nksuksa ?kj okil vkus yxs rks jfo us vkdka{kk dks lc

lp crk;k fd 3 ekg iwoZ mldh eEeh Nr ls fxjh

ugha Fkha mUgsa /kDdk fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj mls [kqn[kq'kh

dk uke fn;k x;k Fkk ;g lkjk fd;k /kjk mlds pkpk

fuf[ky dk FkkA vkt Hkh oks csVh dks ekjdj lkjh

tk;tkn vdsyk ysuk pkgrk Fkk ij le; jgrs jfo us

lc lqu fy;kA ckrsa djrs&djrs jfo mlh pkSjkgs ij vk

x;k tgk¡ oks cky&cky cl ls cpk Fkk ogk¡ dkQh yksx

tek Fks ij og utjvankt djds ?kj vk;k rks ;gk¡ Hkh

HkhM+ tek Fkh fuf[ky vkSj fjpk QwV&QwVdj ds jks jgs

Fks rHkh vkdka{kk dks ns[k lc lUu jg x;s rc bLisDVj

v'kksd jkBkSj us mls crk;k fd ,d ,DlhMsUV esa mlds

ikik dh ekSr gks xbZ gSA vkdka{kk us ikik dh MsM ckWMh

ns[kh fQj lkFk esa vk, ikik dks iyV ds ns[kk rks oks

vks>y gks pqds Fks oks ?kcjk xbZ csgks'k gksdj fxj iM+hA

bLisDVj dks vkdka{kk us C;ku fn;k rks mlus cPps ds

fnekx ij cqjk vlj le> ds fo'okl ugha fd;k ij

rQrh'k ds nkSjku ckr lkeus vkbZ fd cl ls jfo dk

,DlhMsUV 10%00 cts gqvk iksLVekVZe fjiksVZ lcwr Fkh

vkSj Ldwy fizUliy us jfo ds vkus dk le; 10%40

crk;k Fkk bl lp ij fdlh dks ;dhu ugha gqvk ij

dksVZ us vkdka{kk ds C;ku vkSj vfo'oluh; lp ds

vk/kkj ij fuf[ky vkSj fjpk dks fgjklr esa ysds tk¡p

ds vkns'k fn;sA ysfdu 15 fnu esa gh iSls ds ysunsu

vkSj i;kZIr lcwr u feyus ls vkjksfi;ksa dks tekur

fey xbZA ekrk&firk ds gR;kjksa dh thr ls vkdka{kk

cgqr nq%[kh gks xbZ vkSj ikik dh rlohj ls ckrsa


10

djrs&djrs jksds lks xbZ jkr esa mls liuk vk;k fd

dSls mldh ek¡ nhIrh dks Nr ls Qsadk x;k Fkk mlesa

vkdka{kk dks Nqi ds eksckbZy ls lkjh okjnkr dh r'ohjsa

ysrk gqvk Mªkboj larks"k Hkh fn[kkA mBrs gh vkdka{k us

;g ckr cqvkth dks crkbZ rc dkty vkdka{kk ds lkFk

bLisDVj jkBkSj ls feyh 'kd ds vk/kkj ij nfo'k esa

larks"k dks idM+ ds Fkkus esa [kkfrjnkjh dh xbZ rks rksrs

dh rjg lc cksyus yxk ftlds vk/kkj ij mldk

eksckby tIr fd;k x;k ij mlus dcwy fd;k ds nhIrh

eMZj dk ohfM;ks mlus :0 50]000 fuf[ky ls ysdj

fMyhV dj fn;k Fkk iqfyl ds fjlpZ lSy esa eSeksjh

dkMZ Hkstk rks fjdksok lks¶Vos;j ls fM~~yhV ohfM;ks

fjdoj dj fy;k x;k ftls lcwr eku ds fuf[ky] fjpk

vkSj mlds HkkbZ rFkk MªkbZoj larks"k dks mejdSn dh

ltk feyh ij vkdka{kk dks ek¡&cki rks fey ugha ldrs

mls mudh deh rk mez eglwl gksrh jgsxhA

vkdka{kk tc Hkh ijs'kku gksrh ikik dh rLohj ls

ckrsa djrh blh rjg le; chrrk x;k vkSj oks ?kM+h Hkh

vk xbZ ftldk gj yM+dh ds thou esa lcls T;knk

egRo gksrk gS cqvk dkty us ,d lkW¶Vos;j bathfu;j

yM+ds vfHk"ksd ls 'kknh r; dj nh vkdka{kk vkSj

vfHk"ksd dh utnhfd;k¡ 25 vDVwoj 2012 dks 'kgukbZ

ds laxhr esa ca/k xbZ dU;knku ds oDr csVh fcuk ckcqy

ds dSls Mksyh cSBs vkdka{kk jks&jks ds cslq/k gks xbZ rHkh

vpkud HkhM+ esa ls ,d ;qod mBdj cksyk esa dU;knku

d:axk mldh vkokt jax Max ns[k lc nax jg x;s

dkty dks dqN vglkl gqvk rks ;qod dks idM+ ds


11

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Sample Copy. Not For Distribution.4 ds lkFk dgrh ^ekb Qknj use bt ykbV ysf VusaV vuie frokjh* ysfdu...

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