Samenvatting Ontwerpen Van Leersituatie ISD Model and TenSteps 2ed. OVL

7/23/2019 Samenvatting Ontwerpen Van Leersituatie ISD Model and TenSteps 2ed. OVL

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Mfuwmfw

Yhe`g fo Kfmtgmts

Hmh`ysgs(egjfgotg, ifg`drfgp, kfmtgxt & ifcgam)...................................................................................... ;

Fmtwgrpgm vf`dgms 9K/AI & [thp 8 @ggrthngm............................................................................................ ?

JK4 Hrtang` Lfmhssgm (522:) - Amstruktafmh` igsadm hs igsadm prfe`gc sf`vamd-hm atgrhtavg prfkgss ....... 88

JK9 Hrtang` Kjrastgmsgm & Fsdutjfrpg (5229) - Jfw If Amstruktafmh`-Igsadm Rrhktatafmgrs Chng

Amstruktafmh`-[trhtgdy Igkasafms ............................................................................................................... 8;

JK4 Hrtang` Hmirgws & Dffisfm (81:2) - H kfcphrhtavg hmh`ysas fo cfig`s fo amstruktafmh` igsadm ..... 89

[tgp 8 Fmtwgrpgm vhm `ggrthngm .................................................................................................................. 84

[thp 5> Fmtwanng`gm vhm Hssgsscgmt Amstrucgmtgm.................................................................................. 52

\gò dgstuuri `grgm .................................................................................................................................... 55

Rrftfkf` skfrgm vhm pfrtofàf ............................................................................................................... 5;Fmigrstgumamd gm egdg`gaiamd am zgò dgstuuri `grgm ........................................................................... 5;

JK? Hrtang` [hìgm, Rhhs gm Cgrramefgr, Rgrsfmhàsgi hihptavg thsn sg`gktafm .................................... 59

JK? Jffoistun Nakngm> \gòdgstuurig nhppgrs......................................................................................... 5:

Yfgtsgm, cggtamstrucgmtgm vffr gvhùhtag (JK7) ................................................................................... ;2

JK9 Hrtang` [hi`gr< _ffreal oggiehkn< jgt fmtwanng`gm vhm stuigmt vgrcfdgm am kfcp`gxg egffrigàmd.

.................................................................................................................................................................. ;8

[thp ;, _f`dfrig egph`gm vhm `ggrthngm..................................................................................................... ;1

Yhhnn`hssgm gm stuigmtfmigrstgumamd................................................................................................ ;1

Igg`thhn sgqugmtagramd vhm `ggrthngm................................................................................................ 92

Fmtwgrpgm vhm fmigrstgumgmig gm prfkgiurg`g amofrchtag ...................................................................... 98

J4, [tgp 9< Igsadm [uppfrtavg Amofrchtafm .......................................................................................... 98

J:, [tgp 7< Hmh`yzg Kfdmatavg Uu`gs ...................................................................................................... 99

J1, [tgp ?< Hmh`yzg Cgmth` Cfig`s ...................................................................................................... 97

J82, [tgp 4< Igsadm Rrfkgiurh` Amofrchtafm ........................................................................................ 94

J88, [tgp :< Hmh`yzg Kfdmatavg Uu`gs .................................................................................................... 91

J85, [tgp 1< Hmh`yzg Rrgrgquasatg Nmfw`gidg ...................................................................................... 72

J8;, [tgp 82< Igsadm Rhrt-Yhsn Rrhktakg ................................................................................................... 75

Fgogm atgcs ........................................................................................................................................... 75

_f`dfrig vhm igg`thhnfgogmamd ............................................................................................................ 75

Rrfkgiurg`g amofrchtag vffr igg`thhn fgogmamd ................................................................................... 75

Fvgr `grgm (fvgr`ghrmamd) ...................................................................................................................... 7;

Igg`thhnfgogmamd am ig trhamamdse`huwirun ......................................................................................... 7;Gvhùhtag ........................................................................................................................................................ 79


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JK7 Hrtang` Narnphtrakn< Ygkjmaqugs ofr gvhùhtamd trhamamd prfdrhcs .................................................... 77

JK7 Hrtang` Ta`àhcs gt h` (5288)- Jfw if amstruktafmh` igsadmgrs gvhùhtg ........................................... 74

Acp`gcgmthtag............................................................................................................................................... 7:

Egdrappgm ...................................................................................................................................................... ?2


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Mfuwmfw

Hmh`ysgs(egjfgotg, ifg`drfgp, kfmtgxt & ifcgam)

Egjfgotg hmh`ysg (wg`ng vhhriadjgai ig `grgmig hhm jgt gamig cfgt egjggrsgm)

Chhn iuaigàln wg`ng amofrchtagerfmmgm gm ihthvgrzhcgàmdscgtjfigm lg dgeruant.8) As jgt ggm amstruktagprfe`ggc6

5) Tag jggot ig egjfgotg6 (amiavaiu fo ig frdhmashtag h`s dgjgg`6);) Tht as jgt dht tussgm wht ig ifg`drfgp h` nhm gm ig aigh`g prgsthtag/egjggrsamd fo uatvfgr69) _frc ggm kfmkùsag fvgr ig spgkaoakhtags whhrhhm ggm trhamamd cfgt vfìfgm vhmuat jgt

pgrspgktago vhm ig n`hmt, frdhmashtag gtk.

Ifg`drfgp hmh`ysg (egphh` wht ig vffrngmmas vhm ig `grgmig as)

Chhn fmigrskjgai tussgm h`dgcgmg gm spgkaoagng ngmcgrngm.8) _ffr wag as ig amstruktag egifgì6 Egskjralo ig hktug`g oumktag gm jgt oumktagprfoag` vhm ig

cgigwgrngrs, wht zalm ig vgrhmtwffrigàlnjgigm, oumktag, ifg`stg`àmdgm. Cgt wag jggot jalkfmthkt6

5) Tht zalm ig h`dgcgmg ngmcgrngm vhm igzg ifg`drfgp6;) Tht as jgt egdam mavghu vhm igzg ifg`drfgp6

9) Tg`ng `ggrstal`gm zalm tg jgrngmmgm am ig ifg`drfgp6

Jfg zat jgt cgt kfdmatago/cgthkfdmatago mavghu6 Tht fmterggnt gr6

Jfg `hmd as ig wgrngrvhramd6

Jfg as ig cftavhtag, httatuig, sfkah`g amtgrhktag, wggrehhrjgai, hoogktago/gcftafmgg`6

_grtg` agts fvgr ig `ggrstal`gm. @grgm iffr igmngm6 Fo `grgm iffr ifgm gm gxpgracgmtgrgm6

_frc ggm kfmkùsag fvgr ig ifg`drfgp hmh`ysg. _grskja` tussgm oumktag gm oumktagprfoag`6 Thhr cfgt

rgngmamd cgg dgjfuigm wfrigm6

Kfmtgxt hmh`ysg

Cgt wg`ng ohktfrgm uat ig fcdgvamd cfgt rgngmamd wfrigm dgjfuigm fciht zg jgt fmtwgrp gm jgt

fmtvhmdt vhm ig amstruktag nummgm egmv`fgigm6

Amstruktagkfmtgxt (cgsfmavghu)8) Dggo ggm egskjralvamd vhm ig (oysagng) p`gn whhram ig amstruktag wfrit egskjrgvgm.

(Hkkfccfihtafm, gquapcgmt, sghtamd, skjgiu`g, chtgrah`s ku`turg, usg fo lhrdfmgtk)5) \alm gr mfd hmigrg egpgrngmig hspgktgm tg fmigrskjgaigm6;) Uhhip`ggd ifkucgmtgm fvgr frdhmashtag (lhhrp`hm) amtgrvagw gm fesgrvggr ig frdhmashtag

Yrhmsogrkfmtgxt (chkrfmavghu)

8) Dggo ggm egskjralvamd vhm ig (prfogssafmg`g) kfmtgxt> whmmggr gm whhr dhht ig grgmig ig

vhhriadjgai tfgphssgm6

5) Uhhip`ggd jgt wgrnvgì (hùcma, fpirhkjtdgvgr)


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Ifcgam hmh`ysg

Ig ifcgamhmh`ysg dggot iuaigàlnjgai fvgr wg`ng fmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag ig kursastgm mfiad jgeegm

vffr jgt uatvfgrgm vhm ig kfcp`gxg vhhriadjgai.

Hmh`ysg vhm ig fmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag (`ggrpramkapg as g`hefrhtag)

Fp ehsas vhm egsthhmig amofrchtag, thhnuatvfgramd (jhrifp mhigmngm) fo hssfkahtagthngm.

_hhriadjgigm jarhrkjag

Ig vhhriadjgigmjarhrkjag egsthht uat magt-rfutamgchtadg hspgktgm.

8. Ofkus lg h``ggm fp iag sthppgm/vhhriadjgigm/kfcpfmgmtgm iag igg`mgcgrs mfd magtegjggrsgm. Dggo magt h``g sue-sue-sue sthppgm wggr h`s lg iag magt am lg `gssgmsgragegjhmig`t. Ig dhp zat tussgm ig kfcp`gxg vhhriadjgai gm ig juaiadg ngmmas/numig.

5. Eammgm ig jarhrkjag as jgt zf iht ggm vgrtakh`g rg`htag ggm prgrgquasatg

(vhhriadjgigm hdgr am jarhrkjag chngm jfdgr addgmig vhhriadjgigm cfdgàln)rg`htag wggr dggot. Thhrfc cfgt ggrst jgt fmigrstg hhmdg`ggri wfrigm gm phs `htgr

jgt efvgmàddgmig6 Rrfeggr iat tg rg`htgrgm hhm ig ifcgamhmh`ysg (cgmthh` cfig`),dgsprgnngm cgt frdhmashtag, egjfgotg igg`mgcgrs m (magt camst eg`hmdraln) hhm igtjgfrag fvgr lu`àg vhhriadjgai.

;. Ggm jfrazfmth`g rg`htag jfuit am iht gr ggm tgcpfrh`g (ig vhhriadjgai àmns wfritggrst dgihhm) rg`htag as tussgm igg`vhhriadjgigm. _grhmtwffrig fp igzgòig walzg.

Ig kfdmatagvg strhtgdaggm ig cgmth`g cfig``gmjgeegm ggm wgigrngradg rg`htag

[ystgchtak Hpprfhkj tf Rrfe`gcsf`vamd ([HR) [thp 7< Jfg ifg lg.. (wg`ng hktags6)

Agigrg [RH rakjt zakj fp m igg`vhhriadjgai vhm ig vhhriadjgigmjarhrkjag.

8. ggrstg sthp as fc iuaigàln tg egskjralvgm wg`ng kfdmatagvg strhtgdagm vhm ig magtrfutamgchtadg hspgktgm vhm ig kfcp`gxg vhhriadjgai gr zalm. Jgt dhht jagreal fc igstrhtgdaskjg ngmmas iag mfiad as fc ig fmegngmig hspgktgm vhm thhn uat tg vfgrgm.Ggm [HR as h`tali jgurastaskj gm dggot dggm dhrhmtag vffr ig fp`fssamd.

5. Egphh` vffr ig [HR fo gr ggm vhstg vf`dfrig (àmghar) fo dggm vhstg vf`dfrig as (mfm-àmghar). Eal dggm vhstg vf`dfrig dgeruan ggm o`fwkjhrt.

;. Egphh` pgr ohsg ig vuastrgdg`s iag ig kursast am ig dfgig rakjtamd nhm walzgm. \agrakjtàlmgm vffr vuastrgdg`s fp e`z. 849. Ofrcu`ggr ig vuastrgdg`s h`s sthtgcgmts fo h`srakjtamddgvgmig vrhdgm.

9. Egdammgrs vf`dgm vhhn ggm tfp-ifwm (igptj-oarst) egmhigramd, gxpgrts vf`dgm ggmtfp-ifwm (erghitj-oarst) egmhigramd. Iffr caiig` vhm pgrofrchmkg-kfmtrhams num lg

egdammgrs iwamdgm tft ggm egphhìg egmhigramd. Chhn jagram ggm nguzg.

Cgmth`g cfig` [thp ?< Tht as(wht cfgt ig ifg`drfgp wgtgm6)

Cgmth`g cfig``gm chngm igg` uat vhm kfdmatagvg skjgchs (shcgmjhmdgmi dgjgg` vhm

ngmmas). Ggm cgmthh` cfig` dggot ggm vgrggmvfuiadig wggrdhvg vhm ig wgrngàlnjgai vhmggm spgkaoagn ifcgam hhm. Ygvgms dggot iat jgt nhigr hhm whhram dgwgrnt cfgt wfrigm.Jgt zfrdt vffr fvgrzakjt gm struktuur, dggot hhm wg`ng ngmmas hhm efi nfct gm jfg igzg

ngmmas cgt g`nhhr shcgmjhmdt.

8. Ig Ygm-[tgps vgrfmigrstg`t ggm wgigrngradg rg`htag tussgm ig cgmth`g cfig``gm gmig kfdmatagvg strhtgdagm.

5. Egphh` ig struktuur vhm jgt cgmth`g cfig` wg`ng mfiad as. (kfmkgptugg`-wht as iat6@alnt fp fo igg` vhm), (struktuur cfig`, jfg as iat dgchhnt6 Yali fo ruactg), (Khushh`cfig`jfg wgrnt jgt6 Igtgrcamhtag fo kfrrg`htag)


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;. Tht egtgngmgm ig fmigràmd rg`htags6 Chhn iat iuaigàln gm vgrhmtwffri whhr lg igamofrchtag vhmihhm jget.

9. Egphh` fo jgt cgmthh` cfig` jarhrkjaskj dgfrigmig as. Fo iht jgt ggm mfm-jarhrkjaskj cfig` whhr ig rg`htags magt dg`hegì zalm am ggm kfmkgpt chp.

7. \gd agts fvgr ig amtutagvg cgmth`g cfig``gm, igzg zalm zggr cfgaàln tg vgrhmigrgm.

Mggc lg iag cgg fo magt6

Hmh`ysg vhm ig prfkgiurg`g amofrchtag (h`dfratcaskj, stg` rgdg`s vhst)

Rrfkgiurg`g amofrchtag wfrit dgeruant fc am sthht tg zalm fc ig jgrjhhìg hspgktgm uat tg vfgrgm

vhm ggm kfcp`gxg thhn.

Hmh`ysg vhm ig kfdmatagvg rgdg`s [thp :< egngmig hspgktgm eal maguwg thngm

Ig hmh`ysg vhm ig rgdg`s egphh`t jfg jgrjh`gmig hspgktgm vhm ggm thhn uatdgvfgricfgtgm wfrigm gm vfrcgm ig amput vffr ig hmh`ysg vhm ig prg-rgquasatg ngmmas gm

gvgmtugg` ig ehsas vffr jgt fmtwgrpgm vhm igg`thhn fgogmamdgm.

- Ig kfdmatagvg rgdg`s vf`dgm ggm h`dfratcg gm `gait h`tali tft jgt ifg`.- H``g vgrsags vhm ig thhn wfrigm fcdgzgt am AO-YJGM rgdg`s.

8. Ggm zakjtehrg thhnhmh`ysg nhm dgeruant wfrigm eal fesgrvggrehrg ngmmas5. Ggm kfdmatagvg thhnhmh`ysg as nrhkjtadgr, igzg wfrit fmigrvgriggì am ggm

Ugdg`-dgehsggrig zfmigr vhstg vf`dfrig -= chhn ggm sgt vhm rgdg`s Amofrchtag-prfkgssamd hmh`ysg whhr ggm taligàlng frigmamd am zat -=

o`fwkjhrt;. Tg`ng typaskjg ofutgm wfrigm gr dgchhnt6 Ig rgdg`s jg`pgm jagreal.

Ig hmh`ysg vhm ig prg-rgquasatg ngmmas[thp 1< ngmmas fc ig rgdg`s tfg tg phssgm fo fc

prfkgiurg`g sthppgm kfrrgkt uat tg vfgrgm.- Gr egsthht ggm uma-iargktafmg`g rg`htag< prg-rgquasatg ngmmas chhnt jgt cfdgàln fc igrgdg`s kfrrgkt uat tg vfgrgm.

- Tg`ng typaskjg ofutgm wfrigm gr dgchhnt6 Rrgsgmtggr fmdgwgmst ig amofrchtag gmstacu`ggr rgo`gktag. Dggo amofrchtag fvgr ig ofutgm.

8. Rrg-rgquasatg ngmmas as fmigr tg vgrig`gm am kfmkgptgm, p`hmmgm gm pramkapgs.

R`hmmgm zalm rg`htags vhm 5 fo cggr kfmkgptgm am tali fo ruactg_frc ggm skrapt< wht cfgt lg ifgm6

Rramkapgs zalm rg`htags vhm 5 fo cggr kfmkgptgm am ffrzhhn-dgvf`d fo ggmmhtuuràln prfkgs. Jfg as jgt dgrg`htggri hhm agts hmigrs6 Tg`ng uat`gd fovffrspg`àmd cfgt lg ifgm6 Dggot uat`gd whhrfc lg ggm egphhìg rgdg`s

fo prfkgiurg cfgt vf`dgm. Kfmkgptgm zalm ogatgm/mhcgm gm egsthhm uat caiig`gm, felgktgm gm

p`hhtlgs. Jgt dhht fc ggm egskjralvamd, k`hssaoakhtag vhm felgktgm,dgegurtgmassgm cgt dgcggmskjhppgàlng nhrhntgrastagngm.

5. Egphh` wht mfiad as fc ig rgdg`s fo prfkgiurg dfgi uat tg vfgrgm, wg`ngkfmkgptgm, p`hmmgm gm pramkapgs cfgt ig kursast wgtgm eal g`ng rgdg`6

;. Tg`ng ogatgm cfgtgm am ig kfmkgptgm uatdg`gdi wfrigm6 Chhn ggm oghturgàst. Ggm vffrstg`/ogat egsthht uat ggm prgiakhht/rg`htag gm camstgms 8

hrducgmt. E`z. 5929. Tg`ng p`hhtlgs nummgm egtgr dgtffmi ihm fcskjrgvgm wfrigm6

[tfp magt tg vrfgd cgt uat`gd, dh 8 fo 5 `gvg`s vgrigr am jgt jarhrkjaskj

prfkgs.


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Jfuit rgngmamd cgt ig ifg`drfgp amtgrprgthtag gm vgrskja` vhmegtgngmas vhm kfmkgptgm nhm gaigm tft casvgrsthmigm.

Rrfe`ggcigoamatag h`s kfmkùsag uat ig hmh`ysgs

Dggo iuaigàln hhm wht ig kfcp`gxg vhhriadjgai as gm wht ig ifg`drfgp h` wg`/magt nhm

Fmtwgrpgm vf`dgms 9K/AI & [thp 8 @ggrthngm

Cgrramefgr gm Narskjmgr< Jffoistun 8 t/c 9

_ffrig`gm Fmigràddgmig hhmmhcg, iffr wht wfrit jgt cggst dg`ggri6- Amtgrhktag cgt pggrs (:8%)- Efgngm fvgr AI (78%) Iakn & Khrgy, Yjg systgchtak igsadm fo amstruktafm- Amtgrmgt (9:%) H[YI & A[RA- Rrfogssafmh` Lfurmh`s (9:%) Rgrofrchmkg Acprfvgcgmt & Yrhamamd Chdhzamg

JK4 Hrtang` Hmirgws & Dffisfm (81:2) - H kfcphrhtavg hmh`ysas fo cfig`s fo

amstruktafmh` igsadm

Tht as systgchtaskj6 H``gs egmv`fgit g`nhhr fo ggm prfkgiurgg` p`hm vhm `fssg sthppgm am ggm egphhìg

vf`dfrig6

_hàihtag vhm ggm cfig` egtrgot ig oat tussgm ifg`gm vhm ig amstruktag & ig kfmtgxt vhm jgt `grgm

G`gcgmtgm vhm ggm cfig` zalmTg`ng kratgrah gaigm tft ggm hkkgptheg`g fp`fssamd6, k.) [fùtafm> Tg`ng sthppgm cfgtgm dgzgt wfrigm

mhhr jgt ifg`6, i.) Jgt amiuktago prfkgs vhm ig `grgmig fc ggm fp`fssamd tg vamigm vffr ig fpirhkjt.


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Yypgm ggrthngm

Ig kfmvgmtafmg`g thhneagit h``ggm ggm h.) davgm sthtg gm ggm e.) hkkgptheg`g fp`fssamd chhr dggm

fmigrstgumamd fo igg` vhm ig fp`fssamd. Ig grgmig cfgt zgòsthmiad ig dfgig fp`fssamd vamigm.

Watdgwgrnt vffreggìeagit wg` fmigrstgumamd h,e gm k am ig vfrc vhm ig vf`dgmig typg `ggrthngm Duaihmkgeal jgt prfe`ggc-fp`fs prfkgs zalm ig ohsgm ([HR) iag ggm

gxpgrt iffr`ffpt egju`pzhhc. Gm nhm dgdgvgm wfrigm am ig vfrc vhm [khoofìamd tgkjmagngm vgr`gmdt jgt

egrgan vhm ig `grgmig> ig thhn zfu hmigrs magt vfèrhkjt nummgm wfrigm> jg`pt ig `grgmig amiagm mfiad.

Gxpgrtasg rgvgrsh` googkt< Googktagvg amstruktagcgtjfig vffr egdammgrs nummgm jum googktavatgat vgràgzgmvffr cggr grvhrgm grgmigm.


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Nrhkjtadg egmhigramd vhm skhoofìamd< kfcp`gtafm strhtgdag(egstuiggr ggrst ggm khsus, ihhrmh wgrn lghhm ggm kfcp`gtafm thhn cgt ggm vf``giadg fp`fssamd, h`s hhtstg ggm kfmvgmtafmg`g thhn zfmigr

fp`fssamd.

_hraheaàtgattgm egjfgvg vhm amiuktago grgm (kfmstrugrgm vhm dgmgragng kfdmatagvg skjgchs jfg ggm

prfe`ggc am ggm ifcgam egmhigri cfgt wfrigm, jfg jgt ifcgam dgfrdhmasggri as dgehsggri fpkfmkrgtg grvhramdgm.) gm as ig cggst hhmegvf`gm cgtjfig fc trhmsogr tg egrgangm. [ffrtgm Fmtwanng`gm vhm Hssgsscgmt Amstrucgmtgm

Aigmtaoakhtag, ofrcu`gramd gm k`hssaoakhtag vhm prgsthtag ifg`stg`àmdgm-= hssgsscgmt amstrucgmt

[thppgm jagreal sgkfmi-frigr skhoofìamd

\gò dgstuuri `grgm

[gò-iargktgi ggrvhhriadjgigmcgt egju`p vhm sgkfmi frigr skhoofìamd (homgcgm vhm ig fmigrstgumamdam ggm prfkgs vhm skhoofìamd) vhm Hihptago `grgm mhhr Fm-igchmi `grgm gm vhm R`hmmgi amofrchtafmprfvasafm mhhr Ugsfurkg ehsgi ghrmamd, vhm fmdgvrhhdig amofrchtag prgsgmtgrgm mhhr dgvrhhdi

amofrchtag prgsgmtgrgm.

\gò dgstuuri `grgm as ggm cgtjfig fc hihptago `grgm am tg vfgrgm. Am ggm igrdgàln systggc zalmstuigmtgm zgò vgrhmtwffrigàln vffr jgt


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Mfuwmfw

Framtgrgm fp `ggrcfdgàlnjgigm R`hmmgm vhm jum gadgm `ggrthngm Rrfkgs egwhngm Hhmphssgm gm egffrig`gm vhm jum gadgm prgsthtags

[g`gktgrgm vhm ggrthngm.

Ta`t ig stuigmt amsthht zalm fp ggm igrdgàlng chmagr tg `grgm, iagmt jgt ig vf`dgmig vhhriadjgigm tg

egzattgm. Nummgm< framtgrgm, p`hmmgm, prfkgs egwhngm, hhmphssgm gm gvhùgrgm.

Gr egsthhm irag mavghus am zgò dgstuuri `grgm (vhm hhd mhhr jffd) iat as dgchnngàln tg acp`gcgmtgrgm fcihtjgt dhht fc ggm rfutamg vhhriadjgai iag magt jfgot tg wfrigm hhmdgphst, vhhn amiavaiugg` dgihhm

iagmt tg wfrigm, vhhn fmigrstgumamd nhm nraldgm vhm kfcputgrprfdrhcchs.

[tuigmtgm jgeegm kfmtrf`g fvgr ig fmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag> rakjt zakj fp jgt fp`fssamdgm vhmprfe`gcgm. Ig stuigmt egphhì zgò vhm wg`ng erfmmgm jgt dgeruan chhnt, iat iagmt wg` h`tali

egskjanehhr tg zalm. Iat as cfgaàlngr tg acp`gcgmtgrgm fciht jgt wg`àkjt mffizhngàln as fc ig`ggramjfui hhm tg phssgm gm drfgpgm vhm stuigmtgm dgvfrci cfgtgm wfrigm fciht ifkgmtgm

vhhn ggm kgmtrh`g rf` vgrvu``gm am jgt hhm`gvgrgm vhm fmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag.

[tuigmtgm nummgm jum gadgm `ggrthngm nagzgm> `ggrthngm iagmgm zf tg nummgm wfrigmdgsg`gktggri iht< gr jgt ggm cfgaàlnjgaisdrhhi jggot, fptach`g fmigrstgumamd gm egdg`gaiamd

nhm eagigm gm dgmfgd vhraheaàtgat eagit fc tg fgogmgm.

Rrftfkf` skfrgm vhm pfrtofàf

[thmihhrigm vffr dgwgmst dgirhd vfrcgm ggm fmigrigg` vhm ig prgsthtag ifg`gm iag kfrrgspfmigrgmcgt h``g hhm tg grgm vhhriadjgigm iag shcgm ig kfcp`gxg vhhriadjgai fo kfcpgtgmtag vfrct. Igzgsthmihhrigm eàlvgm jgtzgòig dgiurgmig jgt jg`g prfdrhcch. H``ggm ig cfgaàlnjgai gm ig `ggrthngm gmig chtg vhm fmigrstgumamd gm egdg`gaiamd vgrhmigrgm dgiurgmig ig amstruktag. Fvgr jgt h`dgcggmwfrigm sthmihhrigm cggr rg`gvhmt h`s ig stuigmtgm vgrigr am jgt prfdrhcch zattgm. Dgigtha``ggrigegffrigàmdgm wfrigm h``ggm egpgrnt tft ig mfd hhm tg grgm vhhriadjgigm (fo mfd tg vgregtgmvhhriadjgigm). Fpgm vrhdgm gm cu`tap`g-kjfakg vrhdgm nummgm dgeruant wfrigm fc tg egffrig`gm fo ggmstuigmt ggm khsus fo uatdgwgrnt vffreggì egdralpgm. [atuhtafmg`g egffrigàmd tfgtsgm egskjralvgm wgrndgrg`htggrig satuhtags gm vrhdgm ig stuigmt tg nagzgm wg`ng hktags tg nagzgm. H``g vfrcgm vhmegffrigàmdgm jgeegm h``gchh` jum gadgm vffr gm mhig`gm. Egffrigàmdscgtjfigm cgt ggm jfdgegtrfuwehhrjgai jgeegm, fvgr jgt h`dgcggm, ggm rg`htagvg `hdg gxtgrmg vhàiatgat gm hmigrsfc. Ihhrfcrakjt Ygm [tgps zakj fc ggm cax vhm vgrskja``gmig egffrigàmd cgtjfigm (gm egffrig`hhrs). _grtakh`gegffrigàmd amiakggrt ig chtg whhrhhm gr as vfìhhm hhm sthmihhris vffr ggm egphhì hspgkt vhmprgstgrgm gm egffriggì vgrskja``gmig `ggrthngm cgt vgrskja``gmig egffrigàmdscgtjfigm. Jfrazfmth`g

egffrigàmd amiakggrt ig chtg whhram gr as vfìhhm hhm sthmihhrigm vffr ig dgjg`g prgsthtag.

Fmigrstgumamd gm egdg`gaiamd am zgò dgstuuri `grgm

Gr zalm twgg chmagrgm fc fmigrstgumamd gm egdg`gaiamd hhm tg eagigm iffr tg nagzgm vffr igzgcgtjfig fmtwanngì ig stuigmt ffn zgòsturgmig vhhriadjgigm gm jggot ggm pfsatago googkt fp igcftavhtag fc tg `grgm. Hhm ig hmigrg nhmt nhm tg wgamad kfmtrf`g gm tgvgg` vraljgai am nguzg`gaigm tft strgss, jfdg cgmth`g eg`hstamd gm igcftavhtag. [tuigmtgm wgtgm vhhn mfd magt jfg igluastg strhtgdagm tg dgeruangm. Gr iagmt ius sprhng tg zalm vhm ggm eh`hms tussgm tg wgamad gm tg

vgg`.

Ig stuigmt hivasgrgm fvgr ig tg nagzgm `ggrthngm> h` zalm ig nguzg cfdgàlnjgigm egpgrnt eàlotjgt cfgaàln fc ig luastg `ggrthngm tg nagzgm. Iffr igzgòig egdg`gaiamd gm fmigrstgumamd hhm tg


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Mfuwmfw

eagigm, chhr stggis camigr am igtha` gm orgqugmtag fmtwanng`t ig stuigmt zgò sturgmigvhhriadjgigm. Jagr nhm ggm fmigrskjgai dgchhnt wfrigm tussgm< prfkgiurg`g hivagscfig``gm(dgvgm ggmiuaiad hivags fvgr jfg agts tg dgeruangm) gm strhtgdaskj hivagscfig``gm (jg`pgmgxpàkagt fc ig luastg kfdmatagvg strhtgdagm tfg tg phssgm vffr jgt egffrig`gm vhm jum gadgm

prgstgrgm).

JK? Hrtang` [hìgm, Rhhs gm Cgrramefgr, Rgrsfmhàsgi hihptavg thsn sg`gktafm

Yjg jypftjgsas tjht pgrsfmhàsgi hihptavg thsn sg`gktafm ghis tf cfrg gooakagmt trhamamd tjhm mfm-hihptavg thsn sg`gktafm whs phrtah``y kfmoarcgi.Jfwgvgr, tjg jypftjgsas tjht hihptavg thsn sg`gktafm ehsgi fm pgrsfmhàsgi gooakagmky `ghis tf cfrggooakagmt trhamamd tjhm hihptavg thsn sg`gktafm ehsgi fm pgrsfmhàzgi prgogrgmkg whs mft suppfrtgi.

Wat ggm tjgfrgtaskjg vgrdgàlnamd e`ggn iht ig fp`gaiamd vffr kfcp`gxg kfdmatagvg vhhriadjgigm zakjfp irag eg`hmdralng chmagrgm dgiurgmig ig `hhtstg irag igkgmmah jgeegm fmtwanngì.

8. Ig ggrstg vgrhmigramd egtgngmt ggm vgrskjuavamd vhm ig ofkus vhm magt-hihptagvgmhhrhihptagvg cgtjfigm. Jfgwg` egaig cgtjfigm rgngmamd jfuigm cgt eg`hmdralng vffrngmmas

eal ig fmtwanngàmd vhm ig trhamamdsphrtmgr, nummgm h``ggm ig mfm-hihptagvg egmhigramdgmegph`gmi zalm vffr ig vf`dfrig vhm ig `ggrthngm vffr hhmvhmd vhm ig trhamamd. Ig hihptagvgegmhigramdgm jgeegm ig cfdgàlnjgai fc taligms ig trhamamd hhmphssamdgm tg chngm am igthhnsgqugmtgramd.

5. Ig twggig fmigrskjgaiamd wggrspagdg`t ig fmtwanngàmd vhm ig fp`gaiamdscgtjfigm vhmigg`thngm (phrt thsn) mhhr dgjg`g-thngm (wjf`g thsn ).Rhrt-thsn cgtjfigm nummgm muttad zalmvffr ggm kfcp`gxg thhn, whhreal ig kursast am jgt egdam vhm ig trhamamd magt am sthht as fcigzg am zalm dgjgg` uat tg vfgrgm. Tjf`g-thsn cgtjfigm zalm cggr dgskjant h`s fmigrig`gm vhmggm thhn stgrn cgt g`nhhr vgrefmigm zalm whhriffr jgt grd cfgaàln as fc egtgngmasvf``gfmigrig`gm tg igoamargm fc tg trhamgm.

;. Ig igrig walzadamd dggot ggm vgrskjuavamd vhm ig drfgpsdgehsggrig cgtjfigmmhhr

pgrsffmàlng cgtjfigm. Thhr drfgpsdgehsggrig trhamamdgm zggr eruanehhr nummgm zalm am


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Mfuwmfw

tgrcgm vhm ig tfgdgwgzgm tali gm caiig`gm, stg`t ig amdgwanngìg hhri vhm kfcp`gxgkfdmatagvg vhhriadjgigm hmigrg gasgm vffr g`ng amiavaiug`g stuigmt.

Ig pgrsffmàlng hihptagvg wjf`g-thsn sg`gktag wfrit dgzagm h`s jgt cggst stgrn dgrg`htggri hhm igvgrjffdig trhamamdsgooakamtag.

Iffr caiig` vhm ggm kfcputgr vamit ggm systggc-dgkfmtrf`ggrig thhn sg`gktagp`hhts, wht ig

trhamgrs ig cfdgàlnjgai dggot fc ig kfcp`gxatgat vhm ig `ggrthngm taligms ig trhamamdsohsgm hhm tgphssgm. Jgt stuigmtgmcfig` jfuit ig ngmmas ehsas vhm ig `ggràmd eal gm upihtg ig ngmmas ehsas h`s ig`ggràmd prfdrgssag efgnt iffr ig ggrthngm.

@ggràmd dgkfmtrf`ggrig sg`gktag eagit ggm hmigrg vfrc vhm pgrsffmàlng hihptagvg thhnsg`gktag,fciht jgt ig stuigmt kfmtrf`g dggot fvgr wg`ng `ggrthngm zg jagrmh wa``gm uatvfgrgm. Ig cggstgstuiags am jgt vgì vhm kfcputgr-dgehsggrig trhamamdgm fpgrhtafmhàsgrgm iat fp twgg chmagrgm \gòdgstuurig nhppgrs

Am jgt nhppgrsvhn cfgtgm vgrskja``gmig nhpvhhriadjgigm amdgzgt wfrigm fc hhm ig vgrskja``gmigwgmsgm vhm ig n`hmt tg vfìfgm. Mhhst nhpvhhriadjgigm, zh` ggm nhpstgr ffn fvgr vfìfgmig sfkah`g gmkfccumakhtagvg vhhriadjgigm cfgtgm egskjanngm. _grigr cfgtgm ffn jhhr kfccgrka`g gmhicamastrhtagvg vhhriadjgigm wfrigm fmtwanngì. Fc igzg ngmmas, vhhriadjgigm gm httatuigs vgrigr tg

fmtwanng`gm gm fp pga` tg jfuigm, as jgt ffn eg`hmdraln iht ig nhpstgr egskjant fvgr dfgigzgòsturamdsvhhriadjgigm.

Am jgt caiigèhhr egrfgpsfmigrwals wfrit jgt fmigrwals stggis cggr vfrcdgdgvgm vf`dgms igpramkapgs vhm jgt kfcpgtgmtagdgrakjt fmigrwals. Mhhst ig hhmihkjt vffr amtgdrhtag vhm ngmmasvhhriadjgigm gm httatuigs, as gr ffn hhmihkjt vffr ig amiavaiug`g `ggràmd gm wfrit jgt fmigrwalsstggis cggr vrhhddgstuuri.

Jgt fmigrwalsprfdrhcch vhm ig nhppgrsfp`gaiamd am Jggr`gm ngmcgrnt zakj iffr ig vraljgai iag ig`ggràmdgm nraldgm fc jum gadgm ggrrfutg uat tg zgttgm. Mhtuurdgtrfuwjgai, fmigrstgumamd gmwhmmggr gxhcgm ifgm chd zgò dgnfzgm wfrigm.

Jgt fmtwgrpprfe`ggc egtrgot jgt chngm vhm ggm o`gxaeg` vrhhddgstuuri fmigrwalsprfdrhcchwhhreal ig `ggràmdgm fmigrstgumi wfrigm eal jgt sturgm vhm jum gadgm `ggrprfkgs. Iat jfuit am iht

gmgrzalis jgt fmigrwalsprfdrhcch o`gxaeg` dgmfgd cfgt zalm, zfiht ggràmdgm zgò ggrthngm nummgmnagzgm gm zf jum amiavaiug`g `ggrrfutg nummgm uatzgttgm fc jum phnvhhriadjgigm tg fmtwanng`gm.Hmigrzalis cfgt jgt fmigrwalsprfdrhcch ggràmdgm vfìfgmig fmigrstgumamd eagigm eal ig amzgt gmfmtwanngàmd vhm jum zgòsturamdsvhhriadjgigm.

Am ggm vrhhddgstuurig ggrfcdgvamdiffr`ffpt ig ggràmd ggm kykàskj prfkgs vhm thhnsg`gktag (zagoaduur) Ig `ggràmd sg`gktggrt ggm `ggrthhn, vfgrt igzg uat, egffrigg`t ig prgsthtag fp igzg `ggrthhn gmnagst fp ehsas vhm igzg egffrigàmd ggm maguwg `ggrthhn. ([WE< sg`gktgrgm, uatvfgrgm, egffrig`gm)

Ig zgòsturamdsvhhriadjgigm vhm ggm ggràmd iag amstrffct am jgt vrhhddgstuuri fmigrwals zalm vhhnmfd fmvfìfgmig fmtwanngì fc igzg kykùs zgòsthmiad tg iffr`fpgm, fciht zal vffrh` ifkgmt-dgstuuri fmigrwals jggot dgjhi. \al zh` ihhrfc fmigrstgumi cfgtgm wfrigm eal ig fmtwanngàmd vhmig vf`dgmig irag ehsh`g zgòsturamdsvhhriadjgigm< jgt zgò egffrig`gm vhm ig thhnprgsthtag, jgtofrcu`grgm vhm vgregtgrpumtgm gm jgt sg`gktgrgm vhm `ggrthngm. Ygr fmigrstgumamd vhm igzgzgòsturamdsvhhriadjgigm as jgt eg`hmdraln iht tgmcamstg ig vf`dgmig irag g`gcgmtgm hhmwgzad zalm amjgt fmigrwalsfmtwgrp (zag oaduur)< tgm ggrstg ggm vgrzhcgàmd `ggrthngm iag dgcgthihtggrizalm(i.w.z. ggrthngm egvhttgm egskjralvamdgm vhm ig `ggrthhn, jgt kfcpàxatgatsmavghu, vgrgastg

vffrngmmas, mhtuurdgtrfuwjgai ). Ygm twggig iht ig `ggràmd dgeruan nhm chngm vhm ggmdgstrukturggri iadathh` fmtwanngàmdspfrtofàfgm tgm igrig iht ig `ggràmd rgdg`chtad hivagsfmtvhmdtfvgr jgt vgregtgrgm vhm jhhr zgòsturamdsvhhriadjgigm gm zgòegffrigàmdsvhhriadjgigm.


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Mfuwmfw

Igzg g`gcgmtgm wgrigm h`s vf`dt vgrwgrnt am jgt fmigrwalsprfdrhcch. @ggràmdgm nraldgm ealhhmvhmd vhm ig fp`gaiamd ggm amdgefmigm sthpg` `ggrthngm, dgdrfgpggri mhhr thhnn`hssg. Wat iat`ggrthngmefgn sg`gktggrt ig `ggràmd g`ng prhntaln`gs ggm `ggrthhn iag zal wa` uatvfgrgm. Mhiht zg ig`ggrthhn jgeegm uatdgvfgri, egffrigg`t ig `ggràmd jhhr prgsthtag gm ofrcu`ggrt g fp ehsas vhm ggmhmh`ysg vhm ig prgsthtag jhhr vgregtgrpumtgm. Fp ehsas vhm ig vgregtgrpumtgm dggot ig `ggràmd ffn

am jgt fmtwanngàmdspfrtofàf hhm jfg zal jhhr prgsthtag dhht vgregtgrgm gm cgt wg`ng `ggrthhn zal iatdhhm ifgm. Ig `ggràmd vfgrt igzg `ggrthhn mfd taligms igzgòig `gs uat fo taligms ggm vf`dgmig `gs. Mhjgt uatvfgrgm vhm ig `ggrthhn wfrit jgt prfkgs vhm egffrig`gm, hmh`ysgrgm, vgregtgrpumtgmofrcu`grgm gm p`hmmgm wggr jgrjhhì. Ggmchh` pgr twgg wgngm egsprggnt ig cgmtfr ig amjfui vhmjgt fmtwanngàmdspfrtofàf cgt ig `ggràmd. Ig `ggràmd nraldt ihm oggiehkn fp jgt zgò egffrig`gm vhmjhhr prgsthtag jgt ofrcu`grgm vhm vgregtgrpumtgm gm jgt chngm vhm thhnsg`gktags.

Ig `ggrthngm wfrigm cgt cgthihth vgrzhcgì am ggm `ggrthngmefgn. Ig cgthihth vhm ig `ggrthngmamofrcggrt ig `ggràmd fvgr wg`ng vhhriadjgai dgfgogmi wfrit cgt ig `ggrthhn gm dggot igkfcp`gxatgat, ig fmigrstgumamd gm ig chtg vhm mhtuurdgtrfuwjgai vhm ig ggrthhn hhm. Efvgmiagmwfrit amofrchtag dgdgvgm fvgr ig vffrngmmas iag ig `ggràmd iagmt tg jgeegm vffr ig `ggrthhn.

Fc ggràmdgm tg fmigrstgumgm eal jgt fmtwanng`gm vhm jum ehsh`g zgòsturamdsvhhriadjgigm, wgri

ggm [ystgchtaskj Yhhn Gvhùhtag gm R`hmmamdsRfrtofàf ([YGRR) fmtwanngì. [YGRR as ggm iadathh`fmàmg fmtwanngàmdspfrtofàf cgt irag oumktafmhàtgatgm< jgt egffrig`gm vhm ig prgsthtag fp`ggrthngm gm ofrcu`grgm vhm `ggrifg`gm, jgt sg`gktgrgm vhm maguwg `ggrthngm gm jgt eagigm vhmvgrskja``gmig fvgrzakjtgm vhm ig egffriggìg ggrthngm.

Mhiht ig `ggràmd ggm `ggrthhn jggot uatdgvfgri, egffrigg`t zal jhhr prgsthtag fp ig vhhriadjgigm gmigg`vhhriadjgigm iag am ig `ggrthhn hhm efi nwhcgm iffr ggm nguzg tg chngm uat ig(igg`)vhhriadjgigm am jgt cgmu am [YGRR.

Ig prgsthtagifg`gm egsthhm uat kratgrah, whhrigm gm httatuigm. Ig kratgrah jgeegm cgt mhcgegtrgnnamd fp ig rgkurrgmtg vhhriadjgigm. Ig whhrigm gm httatuigm zalm dgrakjt fp ig mfm-rgkurrgmtg vhhriadjgigm.

Mhhst jgt tgrudeànngm, eànt ig `ggràmd ffn vffruat am [YGRR. Iat ifgt zal iffr ggmchh` pgr wggn ggm

thhnsg`gktag tg chngm. Ig ggràmd sg`gktggrt ggm vhhriadjgai gm spgkaoakggrt wg`ng spgkaoagng


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Mfuwmfw

prgsthtagifg`gm zal wa` vgregtgrgm taligms jgt uatvfgrgm vhm ig `ggrthhn gm wg`ng chtg vhmfmigrstgumamd gm mhtuurdgtrfuwjgai zal wgmst.

Ggm stgrn pumtam iat fmtwgrp as jgt hhmvhmngàln vgg` gm dg`gaigàln camigr fmigrstgumamd eagigm (jgtskhoofìamd pramkapg)

Ggm hmigr stgrn pumt as jgt fmtwanngàmdspfrtfàf [YGRR. Iat eagit struktuur eal zgòegffrigàmd. Iht

dgegurt iffr jgt prgsgmtgrgm vhm rg`gvhmtg prgsthtagifg`gm vffr g`ng vhhriadjgai iag ig ggràmd waègffrig`gm. Jgt dgeruan vhm jgt fmtwanngàmdspfrtofàf vffr ofrchtago hssgsscgmt fmigrstgumt igzgòsturamdsvhhriadjgigm vhm ggràmdgm, fciht jgt zfrdt vffr ggm cfcgmt vhm egwustwfriamd vhmig gadgm prgsthtag gm vffrh` vhm ig vgregtgrpumtgm whhrhhm dgwgrnt cfgt wfrigm. Jgt amvu``gm vhmjgt fmtwanngàmdspfrtofàf vrhhdt vhm ig `ggràmd fc magt h``ggm fvgr ig prgsthtag fp ig zfluastuatdgvfgrig `ggrthhn mh tg igmngm, chhr ffn fvgr jfg zg nhm wgrngm hhm vgregtgramd vhm iagprgsthtag. Fp jgt `hmdgrg tgrcalm eagit jgt amzakjt am phtrfmgm am ig fmtwanngàmd vhm ig prgsthtag.

Ggm camigr stgrn pumtam iat fmtwgrp as iht ig mhtuurdgtrfuwjgai vhm ig thngm magt h`tali tgwhhrefrdgm vh`t. Jfgwg` ig fp`gaiamd drftgmigg`s kfcpgtgmtagdgrakjt whs vfrcdgdgvgm, e`gngm iggxhcgms mfd vf`dgms jgt systggc vhm igg`nwhàoakhtags tg zalm fmtwfrpgm. Iat rgsu`tggrig amegrgngmgmi dgirhd eal ig `ggràmdgm. \al kfmkgmtrggrigm zakj taligms ig prhntaln`gssgm h``ggm mfd fp

ig tgkjmagn gm magt cggr fp ig dgjg`g thhn. _grigr e`ggn iht jgt fpskjralvgm vhm dgihkjtgm gmvgregtgrpumtgm vffr ggràmdgm fmdgwffm whs gm ihhrfc mfd cfgaàln.

Yfgtsgm, cggtamstrucgmtgm vffr gvhùhtag (JK7)

Yfgtsvfrcgm ngmmas Yfgtsvfrcgm vhhriadjgigm Yfgtsvfrcgm httatuig

Felgktagvg tfgts

(jgrngmmamd)Eruanehhr eammgm Ygm [tgps!Iargktg vhhriadjgaistfgts Egffrigàmdgm taligms amstruktag

Cu`tap`g Kjfakg Dgirhd egffrig`gm fp ehsas vhmsystgchtaskjg fesgrvhtagàlstgm

Hssgsscgmt iffr systgchtaskjg

fesgrvhtag

Thhr-fmwhhr Amiargkt `htgm skfrgm fp vhhriadjgigm _rhdgmàlstgm

\fgngm vhm phssgmig phrgm Rggr-hssgsscgmt Amtgrvagws

Dgkfmstruggri hmtwffri(rgprfiuktag) ;?2 oggiehkn

Fpgm vrhhd Hutjgmtagng tfgtsgm

Nfrt gsshy Rfrtofàf vhm dg`gvgrig prgsthtags

@hmd gsshy _aigfsFpdhvg (kfdmatago prfe`ggcfp`fssgm) Rrgsgmthtags

Khsus

Kfcpgtgmtag (kfcp`gxg thhn) Egtrfuwehhrjgai _hàiatgat

(ngmmas, vhhriadjgai, httatuig)Rgrofrchmkg hssgsscgmt

CgtjfigmYgst - jgrtgst

_hàiatgat< cggt ig tfgts wht as

egifgì fc tg tfgtsgm6

Nwhàtgatszfrd Rhrh``g``g vgrsags Ywgg eg`hmdralnstg vfrcgm Fp ehsas vhmffrigg` gxpgrts.

Hutjgmtagng tfgtsifgt ggmhmigr egrfgp fpegtrfuwehhrjgai gm vhàiatgat Hhmihkjtspumtgm

Kfmtgmt vhàiaty> Ggm cggrsystgchtaskjg kfmtrf`g fp ehsasvhm ggm tfgtschtrals.

_fìfgmig vrhdgm

[thmihhriuatvfgramd

G`ng igg`mgcgr igzgòig vffrwhhrigm

Ggm felgktagvg walzg vhm egffrig`gm


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Mfuwmfw

[thppgm fc kfcpgtgmtag tg egffrig`gm8.Gvhùhtafm fo fesgrvgi pgrofrchmkg, yagìamd hm fesgrvgi skfrg.

5.Dgmgrhàzhtafm fo tjg fesgrvgi skfrg tf tjg gxpgktgi skfrg fvgr tjg tgst fr hssgsscgmt ifcham.

;.Gxtrhpf`htafm orfc tjg tgst ifcham tf tjg Nmfw`gidg [na``s Luidgcgmt (N[L) ifcham.

9.Gxtrhpf`htafm orfc tjg N[L ifcham tf tjg prhktakg ifcham.7.Igkasafm hefut rghiamgss ofr prhktakg.

Kfmoarchtagvg gvhùhtag (zag an trhmsogr6)As jgt rgsu`thht vffr ggm `hmdgrg tgrcalm zfh`s dgwgmst6 Jggot jgt googkt euatgm jgt iargktg dgeagi fo

mavghu vhm ig amtgrvgmtag6 (trhmsogr)

Ifg`< egphàmd vhm ig kfmtamutgat vhm ig fpergmdst

Mh ig acp`gcgmthtag

_grdgàlnehrg cgtjfigm vhm tfgtsamd dgrakjt fp kfcpgtgmtags, vhhriadjgigm, rf`- fo thhnvgrvu`àmd

Nwhàtgatszfrd, prfkgs vhm vffrtiurgmig hhmphssamd

_ffreggìgm ggm dgigtha``ggrig uat`gd fo vgrhmtwffriamd vhm jgt kalogr> ggm egskjralvamd vhm ignwhàtgat vhm wgrn, zfmigr kalogr> fo, hhmcfgiadamd fo hmigrg hoogktago kfccgmthhr> iahdmfsgs vhmzwhnng nhmtgm> gm suddgstags vffr jfg spgkaoagng dgergngm eal tg wfmgm gm jgt wgrn h`s dgjgg`

vgrstgrngm.

Oggiehkn as am sthht fc ggm vgrskja` eammgm jgt `grgm tg chngm, chhr ig egskjanehhrstg`àmd vhmoggiehkn `gai magt hutfchtaskj tft vgregtgramd. Ig rg`htag tussgm zalm vfrc, ig tacamd gm googktavatgat askfcp`gx gm vhraheg`. Gr egsthht ggm krukahh` vgrskja` tussgm ig googktgm vhm `fo vhm ig stuigmt zgò h`s ggmpgrsffm (gdf-amvf`vamd oggiehkn) gm `fo iag dgrakjt as fp jfg dfgi ggm thhn as vf`tffai (thsn-amvf`vamd).

Oggiehkn am jfdgr fmigrwalsOggiehkn sthht kgmtrhh` am ig fmtwanngàmd vhm googktago grgm, dgigg`tgàln fciht hssgsscgmt

prfkgiurgs ggm jffoirf` spg`gm am jgt vfrcgm vhm `ggrdgirhd gm oggiehkn nhm iat prfkgs hhmzagmàlnvgrsmg``gm. Oggiehkn cfgt ig stuigmt jg`pgm fc cggr fvgr jgt `ggrifg` tg egdralpgm, cggr fvgr jumgadgm prgsthtag am rg`htag tft iht ifg` gm cggr fvgr ig chmagrgm whhriffr zg jgt dht tussgm ig juaiadg

sthtus gm ig dgwgmstg sthtus nummgm vgrn`gamgm. Ofrchtago hssgsscgmt gm oggiehkn cfgtgm igstuigmtgm ihhrfc am sthht stg``gm fc zgòrgdu`grgmig `grgmigm tg wfrigm. Ig wgmsgàlnjgai vhmoggiehkn nhm magt wfrigm dgskjgaigm vhm ig prhntaskjg `fdastagn vhm jgt eagigm vhm oggiehkn.Googktavatgat gm gooakamtag zalm kfmsthmtg zfrdgm, whhriffr oggiehkn magt h``ggm dgskjant cfgt zalm, chhrffn wfri dgefigm eammgm ig egskjanehrg erfmmgm. Ig vgrwhkjtamd as iht stuigmtgm wamst egjh`gm iffrcaiig` vhm oggiehkn am ggm chtg iag gvgmrgiad as cgt ig cfgatg iag gr am wfrit dgstfpt fc oggiehkn tgprfiukgrgm. Am iat hrtang` àdt ig ofkus fp oggiehkn h`s kfccumakhtag. Ig mhirun fp jfg stuigmtgmoggiehkn fmtvhmdgm gm amtgrprgtgrgm am p`hhts vhm jfg ifkgmtgm wa``gm iht ig oggiehkn wfrithhmdgmfcgm, as kfmsastgmt cgt ig ergigrg vgrskjuavamd mhhr stuigmt-kgmtrgi `grgm. Am iat hrtang` as jgtvgrtrgnpumt vhm juaiad fmigrzfgn ig vffrhodhhmig stg`àmd ihtfmdghkjt ig mavghus vhm cftavhtag fctg `grgmstuigmtgm oggiehkn magt nummgm fczgttgm am hktags vffr egtgramd zfmigr vfìfgmig wgrngmig

ngmmas vhm oumihcgmtg`g kfmkgptgm. Ifkgmtgm iag oggiehkn iuaigàln shcgmstg``gm egjggrsgm gm chngmwgrngmig ngmmas iag igzg kfmkgptgm fchrct. \g mgcgm ffn hhm iht stuigmtgm fp zm camst higquhht

uatdgrust zalm. Yftiht ig ggrst vgrgastg ngmmas as dgigmtaoakggri gm hhmdgsprfngm, zalm ig vffrspg`àmdgm

vffr zgòs ig cggst drfmiadg oggiehkn amjgrgmt dgàcatggri.

Uganwalitg gm tgrcamf`fdagIg hssgsscgmtthngm iag am iat hrtang` ggm spgkaoagng amtgrgssg jgeegm vgrgasgm vhm stuigmtgm fc

jfdgrg kfdmatagvg vhhriadjgigm fo vfrcgm vhm prfogssafmg`g egnwhhcjgai tg igcfmstrgrgm. Rrgsthtag asjagr typaskj egffriggì iffr jgt dgeruan vhm thngm iag uatdgergaig kfcp`gxg hmtwffrigm vgrgasgm iagegtrgnnamd jgeegm fp ig hmh`ysg, symtjgsg, krghtavatgat, gvhùhtag fo nrataskj igmngm. \u`ng hmtwffrigmzalm dgeruangàln am ggm ergig vhrahtag vhm iaskapàmgs, vgìgm gm egrfgpgm fp pfstumavgrsatharg mavghus gm

fp mavghus whhr cgmsgm dggm drhhi jgeegm, ealvffreggì th`gm, dgzfmijgai.

Ig thhnspgkaoakhtags nummgm wfrigm egs`ftgm iffr ig ifkgmt fo ig egffrig`hhr, fo iffr tgfmigrjhmig`gm cgt stuigmtgm. Am iat hrtang` wfrit hhmdgmfcgm ihtwhmmggr ig spgkaoakhtags zalmdgofrchàsggrizg ig fmtwgrpphrhcgtgrs amstg``gm whhreammgm stuigmtgm wfrigm vgrwhkjt fc jumhmtwffrigm tg kfmstrugrgm. Am iag chtg zalm ig spgkaoakhtags egifgì fc gttgràln dgmtgrprgtggri tgwfrigm. Ig hssgssfr nhm ig `ggrnrhkjt zalm, chhr ffn ggm tutfr, hssastgmt fo ggm hmigr dgnwhàoakggripgrsffm. Ffrigg` gm egffrigàmd wfrigm h`s symfmagcgm dgeruant. Oggiehkn wfrit dgmfcgm fc h``gkfccumakhtag vhm ggm ifkgmt mhhr ggm stuigmt tg fcvhttgm dgvf`di iffr ig egffrigàmd vhm ig rghktagvhm ggm stuigmt. Iat nhm am h``g sffrtgm vfrcgm, zfh`s fp phpagr fo àvg. Ggm hssgsscgmt wfrit hodgs`ftgmwhmmggr ig ifkgmt ig rghktags jggot dgvhùggri, ig stuigmt hivags jggot dgdgvgm fvgr ig uatnfcstgmgm rg`gvhmtg amofrchtag hhm ig stuigmtgm jggot hhmdgefigm gm hhm ig amstatutag. Igzg

hssgsscgmtvf`dfrig as ggm wali vgrsprgaig prhntaln am jfdgr fmigrwals.


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OggiofrwhriIg twgg eg`hmdralnstg amstrucgmtgm vffr jgt sturgm vhm stuigrgm rakjtamd jgt prfiukgrgm vhm jgt

vgrgastg wgrn zalm ig hssgsscgmt-thhn-spgkaoakhtags gm (am vgg` dgvh``gm) amofrchtag fvgr jfg jgt wgrnwfrit egffriggì. Jgt hktug`g fmtwgrp eàlot fpzgttgàln fpgm. Gr jfgvgm dggm hssucptags tg wfrigmdgchhnt fvgr jfg ig amofrchtag cfgt wfrigm dgkfccumakggri. H``g sffrtgm kfccumakhtag zalm dgrakjt

fp ig tfgnfcst> oggiofrwhri. Iat fmigrwgrp wfrit vgrigr magt am jgt hrtang` egsprfngm.

Oggiehkn

Ig ggrstg vhm ig twgg ergig oumktags vhm oggiehkn as jgt vgrtg``gm fvgr ig tgnfrtnfcamdgm, jfg igzg zakj vffrigigm gm jum mhtuur> jgtvgrtg``gm wht jum wgrn zfu jgeegm vgregtgri> gm jgt hhmwalzgm wht zg ig vf`dgmig nggr nummgm ifgmwhmmggr zg ggm dgrg`htggri typg vhm hmtwffri vf`tffagm. Oggiehkn cfgt kfmstruktago gmfmigrstgumgmizalm. Ig jfgvgg`jgai oggiehkn vffr egphhì wgrn jhmdt igg`s ho vhm ig chtg whhram jgtwgrn wfrit dghkjt jgt cgg tg rgiigm. Thmmggr ggm n`gam hhmth` tgnfrtnfcamdgm am spgkaoagng `fkhtags ignwhàtgat vhm jgt wgrn wgzgmàln vgrjffdi h`s igzg whrgm ealdgwffmi, ihm nhm ig ifkgmt ggm hhmzagmàln

igtha` eagigm. _ffr wgrn vhm gkjtg jfdg nwhàtgat, chd gr magt vgg` wfrigm dgzgdi.

Ifkgmtgm iag uatdgergaig skjraotgàlng oggiehkn vgrzfrdgm vamigm iat vhhn amtgmsago gm kfdmatagovgg`gasgmi. \g egstgigm vgg` tali hhm ig prgkasag vhm jgt vgrwffrigm, fciht jgt `htgr h`s iaskrgtgkfccumakhtag sthht. Fciht ig kfccumakhtag hsymkjrfmg as, cfgt ig ifkgmt hmtakapgrgm jfg ig stuigmtdhht rghdgrgm fp ig amjfui gm ig tffm vhm ig oggiehkn, wht fc ggm eg`hmdralng hoogktagvg dhvg vhm igifkgmt vrhhdt. Fmdghkjt ig chmagr whhrfp oggiehkn wfrit dgprfiukggri gm dgkfccumakggri, fmihmnsjgt egpgrntg googkt iht oggiehkn sfcs jggot, eàlvgm dgwgtgmsvf``g grhrgm ggm hhmzagmàlng amsphmmamd

amvgstgrgm am jgt eagigm vhm oggiehkn hhm jum stuigmtgm.

Jgt vgrtg``gm vhm oggiofrwhri gm oggiehknOggiofrwhri gm oggiehkn ig`gm ggm eg`hmdralng nhrhntgrastagn< h`s ggmrakjtamds egrakjtgm vhm ig

ifkgmt mhhr ig stuigmt, zg dhhm gssgmtagg` fvgr jgt vgrtg``gm, fo h`s fpgmehhrchnamd. Fmihmns ig vg`gcfgatg iag ig ifkgmtgm gr am stgngm fc ig fpgmehhrchnamd vf``giad, felgktago gm prgkags tg chngm,

egdralpgm vg`g stuigmtgm jgt magt fp ig luastg walzg, zg zalm magt tfgdgrust fc ig vgrn`hramdgm dfgi tgigkfigrgm. Gr cfgt ggm hhmvu``gmig hhmihkjt zalm vffr wht stuigmtgm vhm ig oggiehkn chngm, am p`hhtsvhm h``ggm ig kfcpfsatag. _hmuat jgt stuigmtgm pgrspgktago rgprgsgmtggrt iat ggm mhirun fp zakjtehhrjgai(mhhr ig stuigmt) am p`hhts vhm fpgmehhrchnamd (iffr ig ifkgmt). Jfg nhm ig satuhtag vffr ig stuigmtwfrigm vgregtgri6 Iag ig`gm iag spgkaoagn cgt tg chngm jgeegm cgt stgrng nhmtgm, zwhnng nhmtgm gm amjgt ealzfmigr ig egdg`gaiamd vffr jgt vgregtgrgm vhm tfgnfcstad wgrn zalm cggr ihm h``ggm `gaiamdgm vhmamofrchtag. \g zalm vgrn`hrgmi gm iaihktaskj. Jfg `grgm cgmsgm vhm vgrn`hrgmig tgnst (ffn wgègtgngmasvf` vgrehh` grgm)6

Ig oggiehkn vgrwalst mhhr jgt wgrn vhm ig stuigmt, iag dgàlngàln tfgdhmngàln as vffr zfwgìfkgmt h`s stuigmt, whhriffr nhm wfrigm dgihkjt iht ig prfkgssgm vhm jgt amtgrprgtgrgm gm `grgm vhm

ggm stuigmt ggmvfuiad zfuigm zalm. _ffr igzg hhmmhcg cfgt gr dgngngm wfrigm mhhr ig kfmtgxt whhramifkgmtgm oggiehkn shcgmstg``gm gm stuigmtgm jgt amtgrprgtgrgm gm gr vhm grgm. Ig ifkgmt nalnt iffr


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cggr fo camigr felgktagvg fdgm mhhr jgt wgrn, egffrig`gmi h`s ggm gxtgrmg fesgrvggrigr. Ig ifkgmtnhm egphhìg vgrfmigrstg`àmdgm chngm fvgr jfg ig stuigmt jgt jggot egifgì, iag magt pgr sg n`fppgmIat jggot ggm amv`fgi fp jfg oggiehkn as dgvfrci gm egdg`gaiamd wfrit dgdgvgm. Hmigrg ohktfrgm h`s taligm ig drffttg vhm ig n`hs nummgm ffn cggspg`gm.

[tuigmtgm zagm camstgms irag amtgrprgthtagvg uatihdamdgm fmigr fdgm am jgt prfegrgm fc tgprfoatgrgm vhm oggiehkn gm fc lg tg vgreamigm am amtg`àdgmtg dgsprgnngmfvgr nwhàtgat gm zalm igtgrcamhmtgm. Irag n`hssgm vhm kfmkgptgm zalm dgigmtaoakggri h`s eg`hmdraln am jgtfmtwanng`gm vhm egffrigàmdsgxpgrtasg< thhn mhnfcamd (thsn kfcpàhmkg), nwhàtgat gm kratgrah. Igvf`dfrig as magt tfgvh`àd, chhr egifgì fc strukturg`g prfdrgssag tg acpàkgrgm. H``grggrst cfgt jgt wgrnggm iuaigàlng pfdamd zalm fc ig thhn spgkaoakhtags tg eghmtwffrigm vffriht ig nwhàtgat nhm wfrigmegffriggì> gr nhm ihm ggm egffrigàmd wfrigm dgchhnt fvgr ig nwhàtgat> gm jgt ffrigg` nhm wfrigmuatdg`gdi fo vgrhmtwffri cgt egtrgnnamd tft fpvh``gmig kratgrah. H``g irag ig g`gcgmtgm zalm krukahh` am

jgt egffrig`gm vhm kfcp`gxg wgrngm vhm stuigmtgm fvgr vgrskja``gmig iaskapàmgs.

8. Yhsn kfcpàhmkg_hhn vfìfgm ig prfiuktgm vhm stuigmtgm magt hhm ig ehsas spgkaoakhtags iag vffrho fpdgstgì zalm iffr ig

ifkgmt. \g prfiukgrgm agts hmigrs, agts iht dgrg`htggri nhm zalm hhm ig fpirhkjt, chhr mhhst ig fradamg`gthhn dralpt. Iat prfe`ggc wfrit h`dgcgmg grngmi. Egwals nhm wfrigm dgvfmigm am ig vg`g erfmmgm vhmhivags vffr stuigmtgm iag vgrskjalmgm fp wgesatgs vhm jfdgr fmigrwals whhr daisgm sthhm vffrstuiagvhhriadjgigm gm hssgsscgmts gm am jhmiefgngm. Egm gr zgngr vhm iht lg ig dgstgìg vrhhd eàlot

eghmtwffrigm gm magt eghmtwffri wht lal igmnt iht ig vrhhd stg`t. Jgt eghmtwffrigm vhm ig vrhhd as ignumst vhm jgt chngm vhm ggm hmtwffri iht ggm gxkg``gmtg rghktag as fp ig prfkgswffrigm am ig vrhhd h`svgrdgàln, kfmtrhst, `hht zagm. Iat as magt jgg` eg`hmdraln vhmuat jgt hrtang`, chhr an ihkjt< casskjagm

jgeegm wg gr wht hhm vffr ig tfgts>-).

Fc jgt vfradg prfe`ggc hhm tg phnngm, as jgt kfmkgpt thsn kfcpàhmkg dgmtrfiukggri. Gr wfrit

vhm stuigmtgm nratagn dgvrhhdi, whhreal nratagn (rgo`gktag)ggm vfrc vhm rghktag as iag vgrskja``gmi as vhm

ig uat`gd> jgt egtrgnt ggm stuigmt eal jgt gvhùgrgm vhm agts gm eal jgt uatirunngm vhm ggm wg`fvgrwfdgmffrigg` jagrfvgr. Jgt as agts hmigrs ihm nratagn fo nrataskj igmngm. Fc nratagn tg fmtwanng`gm cfgt ggm


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stuigmt ggm sthplg tgrud mgcgm vhm ig amjfui, rg`gvhmtg oumktags gm kfmiatags fvgrwgdgm, jgt egwalsegffrig`gm fp drfmi vhm jum ffrigg` gm tft s`ft jgt rgsu`thht vhm ggm gvhùhtago fvgr`gd am wffrigmuatirunngm. Ggm nratagn jggot ggm igoamatagvg struktuur, iat as whhrfc jgt ggm fmigrskjgaigm n`hssg vhmprfiuktag vfrct.

Yhsn kfcpàhmkg vgrwalst mhhr ig kfmdrugmtag tussgm jgt typg vhm rghktag zfh`s egphhì am ig thhnspgkaoakhtags gm jgt typg rghktag iag ihhiwgrngàln as amdgiagmi iffr ig stuigmt. H`s ig spgkaoakhtags fcggm kratagn vrhdgm - ggm stuigmt iag ihm fc uat`gd vrhhdt, ggm kfceamhtag vhm symfpsas gm vgrcfgigms, foagts hmigrsas iat h``gchh` magt vf`dgms ig vfrc vhm ig struktuur iag wfrit vgrwhkjt. Ig prfiuktag nhmihhrfc magt wfrigm dgk`hssaoakggri h`s ggm ài vhm ig n`hssg vhm ig rghktag iag as vgrgast. \alm nwhàtgat h`sggm kratagn nhm ihhrfc magt wfrigm egffriggì. Thhrig dgvgm hhm jgt wgrn iht dggm nratagn as jggot irag

mgdhtagvg googktgm Ugadgùtj & [tgam

81:;).

_f`dfrig vhm ggrthngm

- Homgcgmig sturamd (Gxpgrtasg rgvgrsh` googkt)- Howassgàmd- Chxach`g kfmtgxtuh` amtgrogrgmkg

_f`dfrig vhm igg`thngm8. [gdcgmthtag> Ig prfkgiurg am n`gamgrg stunngm ig`gm (fp ehsas vhm vf`dfrig/tali).5. _grsacpg`gm> Jgt fpig`gm vhm ig prfkgiurg am ig`gm vhm ggmvfuiad mhhr cfgaàln.;. Fmigrvgrig`gm/Orhktafmgrgm> Jgt fpig`gm vhm ig prfkgiurg am vgrskja``gmig oumktags.

Yhhnn`hssgmzalm egskjralvamdgm vhm ggm khtgdfrag ggrthngm cgt igzgòig kfcp`gxatgat gm iag ggm egrfgpifgm fp ggm egtgngmasvf``g dgmtgdrggrig vgrzhcgàmd shcgmdgstgìg vhhriadjgigm.

; wjf`g-thsn cgtjfigm fp ig vf`dfrig tg egph`gm vhm thhnn`hssgm>8) _grggmvfuiadgm vhm ig fcsthmiadjgigm> h``g igg`vhhriadjgigm wfrigm tgdgàln hhmdg`ggri,

gkjtgr ig kfmiatags whhram igzg iagmgm tg wfrigm dgeruant wassg`gm gm ig cfgaàlnjgai wfrit`hmdzhhc fpdgefuwi.h) Tg`ng ohktfrgm gm/fo fcsthmiadjgigm nummgm ig kfcp`gxg vhhriadjgai vgrggmvfuiadgm6

(Igmn hhm hdgrg gasgm, tgkjmagn, kfmstruktag, wgmsgm, euidgt gtk.) _fgd igzg ihm tfg gm

mggc zg wgd fo chhn zg strgmdgr am vf`dgmig `ggrthngm.

5) Mhirunngàln chmapu`htag>vhmho jgt egdam wgrngm stuigmtgm cgt jg`g thngm, chhr agigrg nggrwfrigm hmigrg igg`vhhriadjgigm egmhirunt. Jagriffr as ig stuigmt amsthht fc zakj tg ofkussgmfp egphhìg hspgktgm zfmigr ihhreal jgt dgjgg` uat jgt ffd tg vgràgzgm. Iffr agigrg nggr igmhirun tg `gddgm fp hmigrg igg`vhhriadjgigm/thngm zu``gm gr kfdmatagvg skjgchs fmtsthhm iag

amsthht zalm fc ig vgrskja``gmig igg`thngm tg kfriamgrgm. Am tgdgmstg`àmd tft vgrggmvfuiadgmvhm ig fcsthmiadjgigmwfrit ig stuigmt dgàln dgkfmorfmtggri cgt ig dgjg`g kfcp`gxatgat vhm

ig thhn. Ihhrfc as igzg cgtjfig camigr dgskjant vffr jgt ofrcu`grgm vhm vrfgdg thhnn`hssgmvffr kfcp`gxg thngm.

;) Ngmmasvffruatdhmd>`ggrthngm eammgm ggm zgòig thhnn`hssg zalm cgt g`nhhr vgrdgàlnehhr fcihtigzg dgeruan chngm vhm ig zgòig ngmmas fc ig `ggrthhn tg nummgm uatvfgrgm. Cfgaàlngrg thngmvgrgasgm cggr gm cfgaàlngrg ngmmas. Jgt hmh`ysgrgm vhm kfdmatagvg vffruatdhmd as ggm cgtjfig.Ggm hmh`ysg vhm cgmth`g cfig``gm `hht zagm jfg jgt ifcgam whhreammgm dg`ggri iagmt tg wfrigas dgfrdhmasggri. Igzg cfig``gm nummgm dfgi cgt g`nhhr wfrigm dgkfceamggri. Nhm h``ggmtfgdgphst wfrigm whmmggr ggm iagptg ngmmas- gm thhnhmh`ysg uatdgvfgri as

Yhhnn`hssgm gm stuigmtfmigrstgumamd

Mhhr chtg ig stuigmtgm kfcpgtgmtgr wfrigm cfgt jgt fmigrstgumgm gm sturgm homgcgm. Gr iagmgmvfìfgmig ggrthngm tg wfrigm hhmdgefigm vffr agigrg thhnn`hssg fc zgngr tg zalm iht gr vfìfgmigdgfgogmi as zfiht ig stuigmt egnwhhc as am ig thhn vffriht gr vgrigr dgdhhm wfrit mhhr ggm mhigrg


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thhnn`hssg cgt cfgaàlngr `ggrthngm. Ggm iuaigàlng spgkaoakhtag vhm thhnn`hssgm as grd egju`pzhhc vffrjgt vamigm vhm tfgphssgàlng rgh` àog thngm iag ig ehsas vfrcgm ffr ig `ggrthngm. @ggrthngm eammgm m

thhnn`hssg zalm dgàln hhm g`nhhr gm vgrskja``gm magt vhm g`nhhr am cfgaàlnjgai.

Igg`thhn sgqugmtagramd vhm `ggrthngm

_ffr ig cggstg trhamamdsprfdrhcchs wgrnt jgt hhmeagigm vhm dgjg`g thngm am ggm egphhìg vf`dfrig

jgt egst. Gr zalm gkjtgr satuhtags tg egigmngm whhreal iat magt cfdgàln as fciht gr dggm vgrsacpgìgthhnn`hssgm tg egigmngm zalm. _ffregrgaiamd fp ig ggrstg `ggrthhn zfu ihm h` dhuw gmng`g ihdgm am egs`hdmgcgm. Gmng`g vffreggìgm vhm igrdgàlng satuhtags zalm< fmigrwalsprfdrhcchs vffr hrtsgm, pa`ftgm gm

hivfkhtgm. H``ggm am ggm igrdgàlng satuhtag chd gr dgeruan wfrigm dgchhnt vhm igg`thhn sgqugmtagramd

tgr hhmvu`àmd fp dgjg`g thhn sgqugmtagramd.

Igg`thhn sgqugmtagramd rakjt zakj fp jgt egph`gm vhm ig vf`dfrig whhram fmigrig`gm vhmigg`vhhriadjgigm egjhmigì zu``gm wfrigm am ig amstruktag. Ggm drfft vffrigg` vhm igzg cgtjfig as ihtjgt ig thhncfgaàlnjgai stgrn nhm ifgm vgrcamigrgm. Ggm mhigg` as iht jgt amtgrdrhtag vhm ngmmas gm

vhhriadjgigm egpgrnt gm ig kfriamhtag vhm ig hhmdg`ggrig igg`vhhriadjgigm egpgrnt.

Jgt kùstgrgm vhm vhhriadjgigm am ig`gm< Gr wfrigm ggm hhmth` vhhriadjgaiskùstgrs dgvfrci. Igzg

kùstgrs egsthhm uat egtgngmasvf``g cgt g`nhhr vgrefmigm vhhriadjgigm. Camigr vhhriadjgaiskùstgrs zalm


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egtgr fciht jgt egtgrg cfdgàlnjgigm krggrt fc tg nfcgm tft amtgrdrhtag vhm ngmmas, vhhriadjgigm gm

jfuiamd.

Cfdgàlnjgigm vhm igg`thhn sgqugmtagramd zalm< _ffruat nfppg`gm> ig fmigrig`gm wfrigm fp ggm zgòig chmagr hhmdgefigm h`s iat zakj am ig

mfrch`g gkjtgsatuhtagzfu vffrifgm. Iat nhm zfmigr smgguweh`googkt (H-E-K), chhr ffn cgtsmgguweh`googkt (H-HE-HEK).

Hkjtgruat nfppg`gm> ig `hhtstg vhhriadjgai jgt ggrst hhmeagigm. (Khe- Eh-H)Ffn jagr wfrit magt igdgjg`g thhn egfgogmi. Hkjtgruat nfppg`gm nhm ffn cgt smgguweh` googkt, jagreal wfrit jgtggrigr dg`ggrig cggdgmfcgm am ig maguwg fgogmamd. (Khe- EKh-HEK).

Rramkapgs vhm igg`thhn sgqugmtagramd< Jgt hhmeagigm cgt smgguweh`googkt nfst cggr tali, chhr zh` egtgrg rgsu`thtgm fp`gvgrgm fciht

jgt cggr cfdgàlnjgigm eagit vffr amtgrdrhtag gm jgt grgm kfriamgrgm vhm vgrskja``gmigvhhriadjgaiskùstgrs.

Hkjtgruat nfppg`gm wfrit h`s googktagvgr dgzagm fciht jgt ig `grgmig h` vhmho jgt egdam vhm igtrhamamd vffreggìgm gm cfig``gm nraldt hhmdgefigm iag nummgm jg`pgm tft jgt nfcgm vhm ggm

fp`fssamd. (Iat n`fpt vffr sgqugmtagramd vhm ggrthngm, chhr magt vffr sgqugmtagramd vhm fgogm

atgcs am ggm igg`thhn fgogmamd).

Dgjg`g igg` vs. igg`thhn sgqugmtagramd

Am dgjg`g igg` sgqugmtagramd as gr sprhng vhm thhnn`hssgm iag ggm fpefuw ngmmgm vhm chnngàln mhhrcfgaàln. Igg`thhn sgqugmtagramd ihhram tgdgm fmtwanng`t ggm vf`dfrig vhm chnngàln mhhr cfgaàln vhmfmigrig`gm fo vhhriadjgaiskùstgrs. Ggm drfft vffrigg` vhm dgjg`g igg` sgqugmtagramd as iht ig stuigmt h`smg` ig cfdgàlnjgai nraldt fc ig thhn am zalm dgjgg` uat tg vfgrgm gm ihhrcgg amtgdrhtag gm kfriamhtag tgegvfrigrgm. _grigr as jgt cfdgàln fc fvgr tg skjhng`gm vhm dgjg`g ig`gm mhhr dgjg`g thngm `htgr am jgttrhamamdsprfdrhcch.

Tjf`g thsn< ig kfcp`gxg vhhriadjgai (h``g ngrm vhhriadjgigm ) nfcgm stggis hhm efi

Tjf`g Rhrt


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H``g amstruktagcgtjfigm iag zalm dgrakjt fp jgt hhm`gvgrgm vhm fmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag rakjtgm zakj fpkfdmatagvg skjgchvfrcamd iffrcaiig` vhm g`hefrhtag. Iat wa` zgddgm iht maguwg ngmmas wfrit dgtrhkjt tgnfppg`gm hhm egsthhmig ngmmas fc zf ig ngmmasfvgrirhkjt tg vgrdrftgm/vgrstgrngm.

Jgt hhmeagigm vhm [HRs gm ifcgam cfig``gm

[tuigmtgm jgeegm egjfgotg hhm amofrchtag fc dfgi hhm prfe`ggcfp`fssgmig ggrthngm tg wgrngm. Igzgamofrchtag vfrct ig erud tussgm wht ig stuigmtgm h` wgtgm gm wht zg zfuigm cfgtgm wgtgm.Fmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag as magt dgnfppgì hhm amiavaiug`g `ggrthngm, chhr hhm thhnn`hssgm h`s dgjgg`.Iat fciht cgt ig amofrchtag ig cfdgàlnjgai egsthht fc h``g `ggrthngm am igzgòig thhnn`hssgm uat tgvfgrgm. Fmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag fmigrskjgai twgg sffrtgm ngmmas, mhcgàln (Jfg ifg lg agts6) iag stg``gm ig stuigmt amsthht ig thhn uat tg vfgrgm gmprfe`gcgm fp ggm systgchtaskjg chmagr fp tg `fssgm. Ggm kfdmatagvg strhtgdag nhm wfrigmdghmh`ysggri h`s ggm [ystgchtak Hpprfhkj tf Rrfe`gcsf`vamd([HR). Jagram wfrit egskjrgvgmwg`ng ohsgm ggm gxpgrt iffr`ffpt tgrwal` ig thhn sukkgsvf` wfrit uatdgvfgri.

Cgmth`g cfig``gm> (Tht as agts6) jagriffr wfrit egrgigmgrgm eammgm ggm thhnifcgam cfdgàln.

Cgmth`g cfig``gm fvgr jfg ggm thhnifcgam as dgfrdhmasggri zalm h``ggm egju`pzhhc h`s ig stuigmt igluastg kfdmatagvg strhtgdagm nhm tfgphssgm. Gm kfdmatagvg strhtgdagm zalm h``ggm egju`pzhhc h`s igstuigmt egskjant fvgr ig luastg cgmth`g cfig``gm vhm jgt ifcgam. Fo tg wg` ig ggm nhm magt zfmigr ighmigr!

[HRs iagmgm tg wfrigm hhmdgefigm fp ig `fdaskjg vf`dfrig, eg`hmdraln ihhreal as iht gr wfrit

hhmdgdgvgm whhrfc hktags am ggm egphhìg vf`dfrig p`hhtsvamigm.

Eammgm ggm ifcgam cfig` nhm gr fmigrskjgai dgchhnt wfrigm am ggm kfmkgptugg` cfig`, ggmstrukturgg` cfig` gm khushh` cfig`.

Kfmkgptug`g cfig``gm `htgm zagm jfg iamdgm am ig wgrgì zalm dgfrdhmasggri, jagreal spgkaoakgrgm wht igrg`gvhmtg g`gcgmtgm am jgt ifcgam zalm gvgmh`s ig rg`htag tussgm ig g`gcgmtgm. Am ggm ifcgamcfig`wfrit ig vrhhd wht as iat6 vhm ig stuigmt eghmtwffri.

Jgt prgsgmtgrgm vhm [HRs nhm fp vgrskja``gmig cgtjfigm

Egskjralo ggm egphhì egdrap am jffoi gadgmskjhppgm fo ngmcgrngm> Rrgsgmtggr ggm h`dgcgmgr egdrap fo rhhcwgrn vffr dgàlnsffrtadg egdrappgm> _grdgàln dgàlnsffrtadg egdrappgm cgt g`nhhr.

[trukturg`g cfig``gm egskjralvgm jfg felgktgm, dgegurtgmassgm fo hktavatgatgm vffr jgt egrgangm vhmegphhìg ifg`gm fo googktgm cgt g`nhhr vgrefmigm zalm am tali gm ruactg. Igzg cfig``gm eghmtwffrigmig vrhhd jfg as iat dgfrdhmasggri6 Igrdgàlng cfig``gm wfrigm ffn wg` skrapts (vgrefmigm am tali) fo

tgcp`htgs (vgrefmigm am ruactg) dgmfgci.

Cgtjfigm vffr jgt prgsgmtgrgm vhm strukturg`g cfig``gm zalm< Wat`gddgm vhm ig g`gcgmtgm am tali fo ruactg> Jgrfrigmgm vhm g`gcgmtgm gm uatnfcstgm vffrspg``gm.

Khush`g cfig``gm ofkussgm fp jfg felgktgm, dgegurtgmassgm fo hktavatgatgm g`nhhr egmv`fgigm gm jg`pgmig stuigmt prfkgssgm tg amtgrprgtgrgm, tg vgrn`hrgm gm vffrspg`àmdgm fp tg stg``gm. Jagrcgg wfrit igvrhhd jfg wgrnt jgt6 eghmtwffri. Ig sacpg`stg vfrc vhm ggm khushh` cfig` wfrit ggm pramkapg

dgmfgci (e.v. ig wgt vhm vrhhd gm hhmefi).

Cgtjfigm vffr jgt prgsgmtgrgm vhm khush`g cfig``gm zalm< _ffrspg``gm vhm ggm tfgnfcstadg satuhtag>


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Wat`gddgm vhm ggm egphhìg dhmd vhm zhngm.

A`ùstrhtag vhm [HRs gm ifcgamcfig``gm

_f`dgms Ygm stgps nummgm [HRs fo ifcgam cfig``gm mffat wfrigm hhmdgefigm zfmigr igzg tg vffrzagm

vhm rg`gvhmtg vffreggìgm. Iat sthmipumt as eg`hmdraln fciht kfdmatagvg strhtgdagm gm cgmth`gcfig``gm magt h``gm h`dgcgmg, hestrhktg ngmmas rgprgsgmtgrgm iffr [HRs gm ifcgam cfig``gm, chhr ffn

kfmkrgtg vffreggìgm iag igzg ngmmas egmhirunngm.

Amstruktagchtgrahh`, vffreggìgm gm khsg stuiags zalm gxtgrmg tgdgmpf`gm vhm amtgrmg ngmmas gm s`hhm zfggm erud tussgm fmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag gm `ggrthngm. [HRs wfrigm dg`ùstrggri cgt vffreggìgm

gm ifcgam cfig``gm iffr khsgstuiags. Egaig zalm eg`hmdraln vffr stuigmtgm fp agigr mavghu, vhm egdammgrtft gxpgrt.

_ffreggìgm gm khsgstuiags nummgm wfrigm dgzagm h`s ggrthngm cgt chxach`g fmigrstgumamd._ffreggìgm gddgm ig vgrefrdgm cgmth`g prfkgssgm e`fft iht ggm gxpgrt dgeruant fc jgt prfe`ggc fptg fssgm. \g `htgm zagm jfg igmnprfkgssgm wfrigm dgkfmtrf`ggri fc zf ifg`gm tg nummgm egrgangm.

Rrgsgmthtag strhtgdagmGgm eg`hmdralng vrhhd as jfg spgkaoagn vffreggìgm gm khsgstuiags cfgtgm zalm am kfceamhtag cgth`dgcgmg [HRs gm ifcgamcfig``gm. Gr nummgm irag prgsgmthtagstrhtgdagm wfrigm fmigrskjgaigm wgrnt iffrcaiig` vhm h`dgcgmg, hestrhktg amofrchtag dgprgsgmtggri am[HRs gm ifcgamcfig``gm mhhr ggm kfmkrgtg wggrdhvg vhm amofrchtag (vffreggìgm gm

khsgstuiags). Egdammgrs nummgm cfgatg jgeegm cgt igzg strhtgdag fc h`dgcgmg ngmmas tgegdralpgm. Ygvgms wfrigm stuigmtgm magt dgcftavggri tft g`hefrhtag. Igzg strhtgdag nhm jgtegstg dgeruant wfrigm h`s gr wgamad tali egskjanehhr as, ig stuigmtgm h` wht grvhramd jgeegm amjgt ifcgam gm ggm iagpgr egdrap vhm ig chtgrag magt mffizhngàln as.

5. Amiuktagvg strhtgdag> kfmkrgtg vffreggìgm gm khsg stuiags iagmgm h`s spramdp`hn mhhr cggrhestrhktg amofrchtag ([HRs gm ifcgamcfig``gm). Fmigrzfgnscgtjfigm wfrigm dgeruant fc ig

stuigmt zgò egtgngmasvf``g rg`htags tg kfmstrugrgm iffr dgeruan tg chngm vhm wht ig stuigmt h`wggt gm ig vffreggìgm iag jal vffrdg`gdi nraldt. Igzg strhtgdag nfst cggr tali fciht, fc tgnfcgm tft ggm h`dgcggm egdrap, vhhn cggrigrg vffreggìgm mfiad zalm (iat am tgdgmstg`àmd tftigiuktagvg strhtgdag). Igzg strhtgdag wgrnt gkjtgr jgg` dfgi vffr stuigmtgm cgt wgamadvffrngmmas.

;. Fmtignngmi `grgm> Eal zfwg` igiuktagvg h`s amiuktagvg strhtgdag nfct gr ggm pumt whhreal igh`dgcgmg, hestrhktg ngmmas egngmi wfrit dgchhnt hhm ig stuigmt. Eal ggm egdg`gaigmivgrngmmgmig strhtgdag as iat magt jgt dgvh`. Ig stuigmtgm iagmgm fmhojhmngàln vhm g`nhhr tgegph`gm wht ig h`dgcgmg amofrchtag as gm wht ig egtgngmasvf``g rg`htags zalm iag am igvffreggìgm/khsgstuiags wfrigm hhmdgefigm. Igzg strhtgdag as cfgaàln gm talisamtgmsago fcihtig stuigmt magt fp vffrjhmi wggt wht jgt cfgt fmtignngm. Gkjtgr jggot ig stuigmt dfgi

fmtwanngìg ngmmas gm vhhriadjgigm eammgm iht ifcgam, ihm ifgt igzg strhtgdag ihhr ggm stgrnegrfgp fp fc tg dgeruangm fc zf ngmmas tg g`hefrgrgm. \f ifgmig nhm ihm ffn ggm iagp egdrapvhm jgt ifcgam fmtwanng`gm. @gaigmig vrhdgm nummgm wg` dgeruant wfrigm fc tg nfcgm tft igh`dgcgmg amofrchtag. Cgt mhcg vffr [HRs zalm gr vgg` vffreggìgm mfiad fc tg stuigmt ig

rg`gvhmtg rgdg`s tg htgm fmtignngm.

H`dgcggm dgìt iht jgt stg``gm vhm `gaigmig vrhdgm grd eg`hmdraln as eal jgt hhmeagigm vhmfmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag fc zf vffrngmmas tg hktavgrgm, cgt mhcg h`s jgt dhht fc maguwg gm/focfgaàlng amofrchtag. Ggm hmigrg egmhigramd whhr rgngmamd cgg dgjfuigm nhm wfrigm as ig kfdmatagvgo`gxaeaàtgattjgfrag, iht zgdt iht ggm egdrap dgnfppgì as cgt hmigrg egdrappgm gm igzg vgrskja``gmigrg`htags cgt g`nhhr jgeegm. \f as jgt cfdgàln fc m egdrap vhmuat vgrskja``gmig sthmipumtgm tg

egnalngm. Jagriffr wfrit jgt cfdgàln ig fmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag egtgr tg egdralpgm.


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Kfdmatagvg oggiehkn

Ggm eg`hmdraln igg` vhm fmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag vffr ig stuigmtgm as jgt dgvgm vhm oggiehkn fp igdg`gvgrig prgsthtag. Ig oggiehkn rakjt zakj fp jgt prfe`ggcfp`fssgmi prfkgs gm jg`pt ig stuigmt fckfdmatagvg skjgchs tg (jgr)kfmstrugrgm fc ig prgsthtag am ig tfgnfcst tg vgregtgrgm.

Kfdmatagvg oggiehkn stacu`ggrt ig stuigmt tg rgo`gktgrgm fp ig nwhàtgat vhm zfwg` jgt pgrsffmàlnprfe`ggcfp`fssamdprfkgs gm ig fp`fssamdgm iag zalm dgvfmigm zfiht googktagvgr cgmth`g cfig``gm gmkfdmatagvg strhtgdagm nummgm wfrigm fmtwanngì. Ig oumktag vhm kfdmatagvg oggiehkn as magt fc ofutgmzakjtehhr tg chngm, chhr rgo`gktag tgwggd tg ergmdgm am ig dgihkjtg vhm ig fmtvhmdgr. Iat sthht kgmtrhhèal ifue`g `ffp `grgm whhreal dgirhd wfrit hhmdgphst iffr caiig` vhm cfiaoakhtag vhm fmigràddgmig

strhtgdagm, cgmth`g cfig``gm, jfuiamd gm vgrwhmtg kratgrah.

Ugo`gktag am Ygm stgps sùat hhm eal ig kfdmatavg hpprgmtakgsjap `ghrmamdiht zgdt iht gr vffr kfcp`gx `grgmmagt zfagts egsthht h`s dfgi dgirhd. Kfdmatagvg oggiehkn wfrit dgdgvgm h`s ggm ggrthhn as vf`tffai.Cgtjfigm fc rgo`gktag tg prgsgmtgrgm zalm;. _frct ggm ehsas vffr ig fmtwanngàmd vhm ggm eg`hmdraln igg` vhm fmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag.


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Am igzg hmh`ysg zh` gr vgg` dgeruan dgchhnt wfrigm vhm jgt amtgrvagwgm gm fesgrvgrgm vhm gxpgrts amkfmkrgtg gkjtg satuhtags.

[HRs egskjralvgm ig sukkgsvf``g ohsg am jgt prfe`ggcfp`fssamdprfkgsgm ggm dgfrigmig sgt hhm ifg`gmiag egrgant cfgtgm wfrigm iffr ig stuigmt. [fccadg [HRs zalm fp ggm àmgharg chmagr dgfrdhmasggri gm

hmigrg fp ggm mfm-àmgharg chmagr.

Irag rgdg`s vffr jgt spgkaoakgrgm vhm ru`gs fo tjuce5. Ofrcu`ggr ig ru`gs fo tjuce zfihmad iht igzg vffr ig stuigmt egdralpehhr zalm gm chhn ngmehhr

iht zg jg`pgm ig rakjtamd vhm ig fp`fssamd tg egph`gm>;. Chhn ig tgnst zf spgkaoagn h`s cfdgàln as, chhr tgdgàln ffn h`dgcggm, zfiht ig ru`g fo tjuce

tfgphsehhr eàlot vffr h``g egmfiadig satuhtags.

Hmh`ysgrgm vhm amtutagvg kfdmatagvg strhtgdagm

[HRs zalm prfkgiurgs fvgr jfg gr dgjhmigì iagmt tg wfrigm. Gkjtgr as jgt ffn vhm eg`hmd tg hmh`ysgrgmjfg ig stuigmt cfcgmtgg` jhmig`t gm vhm wg`ng kfdmatagvg strhtgdagm jgt dgeruan chhnt.

Egdammgrs hmh`ysgrgm ggm prfe`ggc vhhn fp ig tfp ifwmi igptj oarstegmhigramd. Iht wa` zgddgm ihtzg jgt prfe`ggc fpig`gm am igg`prfe`gcgm iag hphrt wfrigm egmhigri gm fp`fst vffriht gr hhm ggmhmigr sue prfe`ggc wfrit egdfmmgm. \f wfrit jgt vffr ig stuigmt vral cfgaàln fc jgt fvgrzakjt tgegjfuigm.Gxpgrts hmh`ysgrgm ggm prfe`ggc vhhn fp ig tfp ifwm erghitj oarst egmhigramd . Jgt prfe`ggc wfritfpdgiggì am sue prfe`gcgm gm ig sue prfe`gcgm wggr am sue-sue prfe`gcgm gm iat mgt zf `hmd tftiht grggm fp`fssamd as.

Dgeruan chngm vhm [HRs fc egsàssamdgm tg mgcgm

Fmtwgrpgm vhm prfe`ggcfp`fssgmig egdg`gaiamd< Uu`gs fo tjuce nummgm h`s sthmipumtgm egskjrgvgmwfrigm fo h`s egdg`gaigmig vrhdgm. Jagreal nummgm gr egpgrnamdgm am ig uatvfgramd wfrigm fpdgstgì fctg vffrnfcgm iht ig stuigmt zakj cgt magt rg`gvhmtg zhngm dhht egzadjfuigm fo magt vgrigr nhm mhhr jgtvf`dgmig igg` vhm ig trhamamd vffriht jal sukkgsvf` ig thhn jggot vfèrhkjt.

Yhhnn`hssgm vgrigr igoamargm< Egsthhmig vf`dfrig vhm thhnn`hssgm nummgm wfrigm vgroalmi iffr dgeruantg chngm vhm [HRs.

Fmtwgrpgm vhm fmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag< [HRs vfrcgm ig ehsas vffr jgt fmtwanng`gm vhmfmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag iag dgrg`htggri as hhm kfdmatagvg strhtgdagm. Ygm ggrstg nummgm [HRs

gxpàkagt wfrigm dgprgsgmtggri hhm ig stuigmtgm, fciht jgt zgdt jfg jgt prfe`ggc iagmt tg wfrigm

fpdg`fst. Ygm twggig, [HRs nummgm iuaigàlng vffreggìgm zalm vffr kfmkrgtg tfgphssamdgm.

Fc cgt amtutagvg (egsthhmig) strhtgdagm fc tg dhhm zalm gr vgg` vffreggìgm mfiad am ggm egdg`gaigmifmtignngmig strhtgdag fc zf egsthhmig ngmmas egtgr tg nfppg`gm hhm maguwg ngmmas.

J1, [tgp ?< Hmh`yzg Cgmth` Cfig`s

Tht wal wgtgm egphhì wht wal zagm! Cgmth`g cfig``gm jg`pgm stuigmtgm thhnifcgamgm tg egdralpgm,iamdgm tg vgrn`hrgm gm tg vffrspg``gm. Ggm hmh`ysg vhm ggm cgmthh` cfig` rgprgsgmtggrt jfg ggmegphhì ifcgam as dgfrdhmasggri. Ggm cgmthh` cfig` spgkaoakggrt jfg gr am ggm egphhì ifcgamdgprgstggri cfgt wfrigm zfiht jgt prfe`ggcfp`fssamdprfkgs tgm dfgig nfct.


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[pgkaoakggr jgt ifcgam cfig`

Ggm ifcgamcfig` wfrit dgigoamaggri h`s ggm uatdgergaig egskjralvamd jfg ig wgrgì as dgfrdhmasggri amggm spgkaoagn ifcgam whhriffr amtgrhktag vhm ogatgm gm kfmkgptgm nhm p`hhtsvamigm gm egtgngmasvf``grg`htags dg`gdi nummgm wfrigm.

_ffr jgt fmtwgrpgm vhm amstruktag nummgm cgmth`g cfig``gm wfrigm fcdgzgt mhhr ifcgam cfig``gm,iat h`s an Z vgrhmigr, wht dgegurt gr ihm cgt Q6 Nwhmtathtago cfig`> `gdt pramkagpgm gm wgttgm am ggm egphhì ifcgam uat.

Ifcgam cfig``gm vfrcgm ig ehsas vffr jgt fmtwgrp vhm fmigrstgumgmig amofrchtag dgrg`htggri hhmcgmth`g cfig``gm whhreal prfkgiurgs gm tfgphssamdgm wfrigm vgrggmvfuiadi. Igcfmstrhtags

iagmgm h`tali am ig dgjg`g kfmtgxt tg wfrigm dgdgvgm gm uat tg dhhm vhm dgjg`g thngm. _ffreggìgm> whhreal vffrngmmas wfrit vgrggmvfuiadi.

Rrgsgmthtag strhtgdagm

Rrfkgiurg`g amofrchtag iagmt hhmwgzad tg zalm am jgt wgrndgjgudgm h`s ig stuigmt egzad as cgt jgt

uatvfgrgm vhm ig thhn zfiht jgt nhm wfrigm fcdgzgt mhhr kfdmatagvg rgdg s gm zf ngmmas nhm wfrigmfpdgefuwi.

Irag prgsgmthtag strhtgdagm zalm ig prfkgiurg`g amofrchtag vgrskjalmt spfmthhm. Jgt as jagreal cfgaàln

fc am tg skjhttgm whmmggr ig stuigmt egjfgotg jggot hhm wg`ng LAY amofrchtag. Ig egdg`gaigriagmt ig dgjg`g tali ig dgjg`g thhn tg fesgrvgrgm vhm ggm amiavaiug`g stuigmt.

5. Dgvrhhdig prgsgmthtag> ig prfkgiurg`g amofrchtag vgrskjalmt whmmggr ig stuigmt ihhrfc vrhhdtgm as ig cggst googktagvg chmagr vhm ngmmasfpefuw. Ig amofrchtag iagmt h`tali am n`gamg ggmjgigmtg wfrigm hhmdg`gvgri gm vhmuat ggm hktago sthmipumt tg wfrigm dgerhkjt gm spàt httgmtafm

iagmt tg wfrigm vffrnfcgm.

;. Cgcfrasgrgm> ig stuigmt ggrt vffrho ig prfkgiurg`g amofrchtag vffriht jgt cgt ig ggrthhn hhmig s`hd dhht. Iffr ig amofrchtag am jgt `hmdg tgrcalm dgjgudgm fp tg s`hhm nhm jgt dgchnngàln amjgt wgrndgjgudgm wfrigm dgp`hhtst h`s ig satuhtag ihhrfc vrhhdt. Iat wfrit magt hhmegvf`gmiffr Ygm stgps fciht< cgcfrashtag jgt fmcfdgàln chhnt fc ggm rgdg` fo prfkgiurg vffr tgifgm gm vffrngmmas nhm magt wfrigm dgp`hhtst am jgt nhigr vhm dgjg`g `ggrthngm.

Kfrrgktagvg oggiehkn (Jgrngmmgm gm kfrradgrgm vhm ofutgm)

Jgt drfftstg vgrskja` cgt kfdmatagvg oggiehkn as iht kfrrgktagvg oggiehkn dggm rgo`gktag egffdi, chhrcaskfmkgptags e`fft`gdt gm vgregtgrt zfiht ig wgrnzhhcjgigm fp ggm googktagvgrg gm gooakamtgrgchmagr nummgm vgr`fpgm (samd`g ffp ghrmamd). Dfgi fmtwfrpgm oggiehkn dggot hhm whmmggr gr ggm ofutwhs gm whhrfc gr ggm ofut as dgchhnt. Ig oggiehkn nhm jgt egstg dgàln mh ig vgrnggrig sthp wfrigm

dgdgvgm. Iat hhmdgzagm jgt vffr ig stuigmt vhm eg`hmd as iht amofrchtag fvgr ig kfmiatags, whhram ig sthp


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as dgmfcgm, zakj mfd am jgt wgrndgjgudgm zattgm h`s oggiehkn wfrit dgdgvgm. H``ggm fp igzg chmagr nhmggm kfdmatagvg rgdg` kfrrgkt wfrigm hhmdg`ggri.

Rrfkgiurg`g amofrchtag am ig trhamamd e`huwirun

_ffr agigrg ggrthhn wfrit hphrtg prfkgiurg`g amofrchtag fpdgstgì. Camachh` wfrit LAY amofrchtagdgnfppgì hhm ig ggrstg `ggrthhn whhrvffr jgt mfiad as. LAY amofrchtag nhm wfrigm fpdgstgì vffr igtrhamamd, gkjtgr eal kfrrgktagvg oggiehkn as iat magt cfdgàln hhmdgzagm iat h``gchh` hojhmngàln as vhm jgtdgirhd vhm ig amiavaiug`g stuigmt. Ig prfkgiurg`g amofrchtag as magt h``ggm eal ig ggrstg rg`gvhmt `ggrthhnhhmwgzad, chhr ffn eal `ggrthngm grmh. Iat wfrit dgihhm cgt ggm prfkgs iht ohiamd dgmfgci wfrit. Igamofrchtag eàlot hhmwgzad h``ggm am ggm stggis n`gamgrg jfgvgg`jgai tftiht ig stuigmt jgt magt cggr mfiadjggot.

Gr nummgm egirgadamdgm vffr ggm luastg rgprgsgmthtag vhm prfkgiurg`g ngmmas zalm, ihhrfc< _gstad hhmihkjt fp egphhìg ngmmasg`gcgmtgm iag dgvfgàd zalm vffr caskfmkgptags. Chhn dgeruan vhm cggrigrg sffrtgm LAY iasp`hys. [tacu`ggr eal ig stuigmtgm iht ig kfrrgktg sthppgm vgrdg`gngm wfrigm cgt ig magt kfrrgktg

sthppgm. \frd grvffr iht am ig LAY amofrchtag as fpdgmfcgm jfg ofutgm jgrngmi nummgm wfrigm.

J88, [tgp :< Hmh`yzg Kfdmatavg Uu`gs

Kfdmatagvg rgdg`s cgt egngmig hspgktgm vhm maguwg thngm wfrigm h`s ihm rgdg`s dgmfgci gm

egskjralvgm jfg thngm fp ggm luastg chmagr nummgm wfrigm uatdgvfgri.

[pgkaoakggr h`s ihm rgdg`s gm prfkgiurgs

Hmh`ysg vhm kfdmatagvg rgdg`s ngmt irag ifg`gm rgdg` dgehsggrig vhhriadjgigm wfrigm h`talidghmh`ysggri h`sfo gr h` sprhng as vhm hutfchtaskjg prfkgssgm. Iat wfrit dgihhm fcihtamstruktagcgtjfigs vffr jgt fmtwgrpgm vhm prfkgiurg`g amofrchtag gm igg`thhn fgogmamd iagmgmtg wfrigm shcgmdgvfgdi. [hcgmvfgdamd as cfdgàln iffr gxpàkagt tfgphsehrg rgdg`s gmprfkgiurgs tg prgsgmtgrgm prgkags whmmggr ig stuigmtgm jgt mfiad jgeegm (h`s fmigrigg` vhm

LAR amofrchtag iasp`hys. Jgt fmtwgrpgm vhm igg`thhn fgogmamd> igg`thhn fgogmamd wfrit fmtwfrpgm vffr m fo

cggrigrg, fp rgdg`s dgehsggrig, vhhriadjgigm iag iagmgm tg wfrigm fmtwanngì fp ggm jffdmavghu vhm hutfchtascg.

[admh`grgm vhm ofutgm gm caskfmkgptags> ig hhmwgzadjgai vhm ofutgm fo caskfmkgptags nhmhhm`gaiamd zalm fc amstruktagcgtjfigm wg` fo magt tfg tg phssgm. Ygm ggrstg iagmgm ig stuigmtgmtg wfrigm dgrakjt fp ig rgdg`s fo prfkgiurgs whhrvhm egngmi as iht zg ofutgm fp`gvgrgm. Ygmtwggig iagmgm stuigmtgm dgstacu`ggri wfrigm fc luastg rgdg`s tg vgrdgàlngm cgt, jgttgdgmdgstgìg, ig ofutg rgdg`s.

J85, [tgp 1< Hmh`yzg Rrgrgquasatg Nmfw`gidg_ffrngmmas as ig ngmmas iag gadgmdgchhnt cfgt wfrigm fc amsthht tg zalm ggm prfe`ggc vhm ggmkfcp`gxg thhn tg nummgm fp`fssgm.

[pgkaoakggr kfmkgptgm, ogatgm gm oysagng cfig``gm

Kfmkgptug`g ngmmas nhm fp vgrskja``gmig mavghus wfrigm egskjrgvgm. _hm efvgm mhhr egmgigm sthhm Jgt fpig`gm vhm ig prfkgiurg am ig`gm vhm ggmvfuiad mhhr cfgaàln.?. Fmigrvgrig`gm/Orhktafmgrgm> Jgt fpig`gm vhm ig prfkgiurg am vgrskja``gmig oumktags.

Jgt drfgpgrgm am n`gamgrg stunngm dgegurt fciht gr ihm h``ggm hhm iht igg` dgwgrnt nhm wfrigm, iatdgeguri fp ggm `fdaskjg chmagr iag h``ggm am iag satuhtag wgrnt. @ggrthngm ihhram tgdgm nummgm jgt egstgwa``gngurad wfrigm hhmdgefigm zfiht gr ggm jfdg chtg vhm trhmsofrchtag nhm fmtsthhm.

Rrfkgiurg`g amofrchtag vffr igg`thhn fgogmamd

_agr tgkjmagngm whhrcgg fc tg dhhm cgt kfcp`gxg prfkgiurgs< Iggìfg`stg`àmd> _rhhd ig stuigmt ggm (sue) ifg` tg ofrcu`grgm hhm ig jhmi vhm ggm egphhìg

prfkgiurg fo rgdg`. Hhmihkjt ofkussgm> Ofkus ig hhmihkjt vhm ig stuigmt fp iag hspgktgm vhm ig prfkgiurg iag

cfgaàln fo dgvhhràln zalm.


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Cggrvfuiadg rgprgsgmthtag> chhn dgeruan vhm vgrskja``gmig prgsgmthtagtgkjmagngm vffr jgthhmeagigm vhm prfkgiurgs/rgdg`s.

Chtkjgm> _grdgàln luastg prfkgiurgs/rgdg`s cgt ofutagvg prfkgiurgs/rgdg`s.

Iffrcaiig` vhm vffrtiurgmig egdg`gaiamd gm dgàlng kfrrgktagvg oggiehkn, as jgt cfdgàln am

igg`thhnfgogmamd tg vf`dgm. Fciht jgt jagr dhht fc ggm vhhriadjgai as jgt dgchnngàln igzg tgrud tg`gaigm mhhr egphhìg prfkgiurgs fo rgdg`s.

Fvgr grgm (fvgr`ghrmamd)

Igg`thhn fgogmamd rakjt zakj fp jgt hutfchtasgrgm whhreal jgt dfgi uatvfgrgm vhm ig prfkgiurg ggmggrstg sthp as. Fvgr `grgm as mffizhngàln fc ig prfkgiurgs/rgdg`s tfg tg nummgm phssgm am h``g satuhtagswhhram iht wgmsgàln as. Jagrvffr zalm vgg` fgogmamdgm mfiad iag p`hhtsvamigm am ig gkjtg satuhtag/kfmtgxt.Jagrvffr zalm irag strhtgdagm iag ihhrvffr dgeruant nummgm wfrigm Ig vhhriadjgai wfrit iffr caiig` vhm igg`thhnfgogmamdhhmdg`ggri. _grvf`dgms p`hhtst ig trhamgr ig stuigmt am satuhtags fmigr ggm talisirun whhreal grdggm tali as fc mh tg igmngm gm ig stuigmt dgofrkggri wfrit fc ig rgdg`s tg hutfchtasgrgm. H`siht dgegurt, iagmt ig stuigmt ig vhhriadjgai uat tg vfgrgm am kfceamhtag cgt hmigrgvhhriadjgigm.

_grn`gamgm vhm sacu`htagtali> Iffr jgt vgrsmg``gm vhm sacu`htag tali (gm dhhm am ig gkjtg wgrgì`hmdzhcgr) nummgm gr cggr vhhriadjgigm am sacu`htag wfrigm dgfgogmi gm hhmdg`ggri. Iffrtgvgms ig tali tg vgrsmg``gm wfrit hutfchtasgramd dgstacu`ggri.

Fgogmamdgm vgriggì fvgr tali> Nfrtg pgrafigs vhm igg`thhnfgogmamdgm vgriggì fvgr ggm hmdgrgtalispgrafig `gvgrgm ggm egtgr `ggr rgsu`thht fp. Jgt jg`pt ihhreal h`s ig igg`thhn fgogmamdgmvgrefmigm zalm hhm ggrhktavatgatgm. Iat suddgrggrt iht igg`thhnfgogmamdgm jgt googktagost zalm h`szg dgkfceamggri wfrigm cgt dgjg`g hutjgmtagng ggrthngm.

Igg`thhnfgogmamd am ig trhamamdse`huwirun

Igg`thhnfgogmamd iagmt h`tali tg wfrigm hhmdgefigm am ggm vrukjtehrg kfdmatagvg kfmtgxt, wht wa`

zgddgm iht ig stuigmt amsthht cfgt zalm fc dgjg`g thngm hhm g`nhhr tg nummgm nfppg`gm gm tg amtgdrgrgm.Igg`thhn fgogmamd iagmt ius magt vffr dgjg`g thngm tg wfrigm hhmdgefigm.


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Gvhùhtag

Gvhùhtag as jgt fmtwgrpprfkgs as camigr zakjtehhr ihm am ig tjgfrag. Gvhùgrgm nhm vffrho, taligms, gm

hkjtgrho

Acp`gcgmthtag as ggm iymhcaskj prfkgs gm ig tfgtsamd cfgt hodgstgci zalm fp jgt ifg` vhm ig trhamamd

[ffrtgm gvhùhtag

- Ofrchtago (prfkgsdgrakjt)\alm wg fp ig dfgig wgd6- [ucchtago (rgsu`thht dgrakjt)As jgt dgùnt6 Nummgm wg iat iffrzgttgm6 Tht as ig fpergmdst6- Kfmoarchtago (wgrnt iat ffn6)Egnàlot jgt rgsu`thht6

Ofrchtagvg gvhùhtag am vgrskja``gmig fmtwgrp sthiah

Yaligms ig fmtwanngàmd nhm cgt egju`p vhm ggm try-fut 8-fp-8 cgt egju`p vhm fesgrvhtag fo ggm

amtgrvagw ggm ofrchtagvg gvhùhtag p`hhts vamigm

Yaligms jgt ggrstg kfmkgpt nhm cgt egju`p vhm ggm stgrntg-zwhntg hmh`ysg am ggm n`gamg drfgp ggm

vrhdgmàlst dgtfgtst wfrigm

Yaligms ig ggrstg vgrsag wfrit am ig hutjgmtagng satuhtag ig ihhiwgrngàlng acp`gcgmthtag cgt egju`pvhm ggm vrhdgmàlst/amtgrvagw dgtfgtst.

[ucchtagvg gvhùhtag

Thmmggr< Mh jgt fmtwgrpprfkgs, taligms ig acp`gcgmthtag

Ofkus vhm ig gvhùhtag

Googktavatgat vhm jgt fmtwgrpGooakamtag vhm jgt fmtwgrpGvhùhtag vhm ig (vffrtiurgmig) nfstgm

Httatuigs gm rghktags vhm ig dgeruangrs@hmdg tgrcalm googktgm vhm jgt fmtwgrp

Gvhùgrgm fp mavghu< ig `gvg`s vhm Narnphtrakn(U@DU)

8. Ughktag (cfgt `gun zalm)5. @grgm (wg`ng ngmmas, vhhriadjgigm gm httatuig zalm dg`ggri6);. Dgirhd (trhmsogr mhhr ig prhntaln)9. Ugsu`thht (wg`ng cggtehrg rgsu`thtgm / wht as ig fpergmdst am dgì UFA 3 mgttf wamst / nfstgm)


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Cfdgàlng eftsamd `gvg` 9 gm 7

[trgmdtjs gm wghnmgssgs cfig` Narnphtrakn[trgmdtjs

Dfgi tg egdralpgm

Tfrit fp h``gr`ga p`gnngm dgeruan vhm dgchhnt_frct dfgig ehsas vffr hmigrg gvhùhtagcfig``gm

Tghnmgssgs

Mfdh` ggmvfuiad

Khushh` vgrehmi tussgm ig mavghus as magt hhmdgtffmi

Eal `gvg` 8 gm 5 spgg`t eahs ggm rf`, iht jggot amv`fgi

_hhn wfrigm h``ggm `gvg` 8 gm 5 am frdhmashtag dgcp`gcgmtggri

Acpàkhtag< spgg`t trhmsogr wg` zfm drftg rf` am ig prhntaln6 (rg`gvhmt vffr 82 stgps)- Dggm stgrng wgtgmskjhppgàlng fmigrstgumamd.- Ggm fpirhkjtdgvgr igmnt vhhn magt hhm trhmsogr jfgwg` iat wg` eg`hmdraln as.

JK7 Hrtang` Narnphtrakn< Ygkjmaqugs ofr gvhùhtamd trhamamd prfdrhcs

Gr wfrit am hrtang` tgrud dgngngm mhhr ofur `gvg` cfig` fo gvhùhtafm ;4 lhhr dg`gigm dgpueàkggri iffrNarnphtrakn.

8. Ughktafm

Samenvatting Ontwerpen Van Leersituatie ISD Model and TenSteps 2ed. OVL

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