samecniero Sromebis krebuli - unigeo.edu.ge · la, rom daarsebula bankis tipis dawesebuleba,...

International Teaching University of Georgia saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso saswavlo universiteti

samecniero Sromebis

krebuli

tomi VII

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2016

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saredaqcio kolegia: mzia qaTamaZe

zaur jinjolava

marine SaqaraSvili

© samecniero krebuli, 2015

ISSN 1987-7994

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Dear Reader Georgia is facing an ambitious challenge to develop its educational system towards the Bologna process in the middle of the family of European countries. To stand this innovation process University Gorgasali becomes international. As the International University of Georgia we are making our degrees cognate across Europe thereby our graduates can apply for a job in a country of their choice.Supported by Institutions of the European Commission and together with our partners from England, Germany, Netherland and Switzerland our students can participate in student exchange programmes and our student service can be availed to find internship job in Georgia and foreign countries. With our Business Schools we will take part in national and international ranking systems and our innovative programmes fulfil both academic needs and industry orientation.So, our pedagogical approach focuses on the students learning needs and to ensure the transfer from theory to practice. We equip our students with the skills and knowledge they need to be successful on the job. It is our mission to enable our graduates to take on managerial and leadership positions in national and international companies, small business enterprises, or as independent management consultant or entrepreneur running their own business enterprises. See you soon at our University! Dr.h.c. Jovan Didier Rector

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saqarTvelo, rogorc sazRvao qveyana

iunona margalitaZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti asocirebuli profesori

Lasha Gabidzashvili

Master of Science in Finance, Maastricht University

sakvanZo sitybebi: saqarTvelo,sazRvao qveyana

saqarTvelo istoriulad sazRvao qveyanaa. qar-

Tvelebi (lazebi, Wanebi, kolxebi), uxsovari droidan dakavSirebulni iyvnen zRvasTan da naosnobasTan, rac mTavari ganmpirobebeli iyo ucxour civilizaciebTan komunikaciis, ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTo-

bebisaTvis. didia saqarTvelos istoriuli roli aRmosavle-

Tisa da dasavleTis, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis qveyne-

bis dakavSirebaSi. saqarTvelos aqtiuri sagareo-eko-

nomikuri (umTavresad savaWro) urTierToba hqonda ax-

lo aRmosavleTisa (irani, TurqeTi, arabeTis qveynebi) da ruseTis saxelmwifoebTan da maTi meSveobiT evro-

pisa da aziis qveynebTan. saqarTvelos geopolitikurma mdgomareobam ga-

napiroba misi aqtiurad CarTva istoriuli transkavka-

siuri koridoris ganviTarebaSi. sazRvargareTis qveynebTan saqarTvelos savaWro-

ekonomikur urTierTobas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. jer kidev Zv. w. VI saukunis Sua xanebidan berZnuli im-

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porti rion-yvirilas gziT kolxeTis Sida raionebsa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelosac aRwevda. Zv. welTaR-

ricxvis IV-III saukuneebSi warmoiSva didi savaWro-sat-

ranzito gza, romelic indoeTidan iwyeboda, Sua azii-

dan kaspiis zRvis gavliT sanaosno iyo, Semdeg md. mtkvriT, suramis uReltexiliT da md. fazisiT (amJ. md. rioni) amierkavkasiis teritoriaze gadioda, aRwev-

da Savi zRvis sanapiros q. fazisTan (amJ. q.foTi) da zRviT, mcire aziisa da xmelTaSua zRvispireTis qala-

qebs ukavSirdeboda. Zv. w. II saukunidan indoeTidan momavalma didma

savaWro gzam axali sawyisi miiRo. am gziT romis (Sem-

degSi bizantiis) imperiaSi maRalxarisxovani Cinuri abreSumis Setana daiwyes. es magistrali amieridan `ab-

reSumis did savaWro gzad~ iwodeboda. igi CineTSi iw-

yeboda da miemarTeboda dasavleTisaken. orive gza q. yaSgarSi (Sua aziaSi) iyrida Tavs, aqedan ki gzis samxre-Ti Sto CrdiloeT SuamdinareTis gavliT xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze mdebare q. antioqiaSi Cadioda. rac Seexeba gzis CrdiloeT ganStoebas, igi kaspiis zRvis, albaneTis (amJamad azerbaijanis), qarTlisa da egrisis gavliT Cadioda q. fazisSi (amJamad q. foTi).

savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierToba aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris adrindel qristianobamdel xana-

Sic (III-IV s.s.) viTardeboda. am da Semdgom periodebSi amierkavkasiaze gavliT ramdenime savaWro-satranzito gza arsebobda, romelTa meSveobiT bizantias Semoh-

qonda da sanacvlod ki gahqonda sxvadasxva saqoneli. XI-XII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos savaWro-ekonomi-

kuri urTierToba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda axlo aR-

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mosavleTis qveynebTan, romlebic am periodSi msof-

lio vaWrobis centrebi iyo. bazari da savaWro moednebi saqarTveloSi arse-

bobda X saukunidan. XII s-Si vaWroba ise ganviTarebu-

la, rom daarsebula bankis tipis dawesebuleba, romel-

sac im dros artals uwodebdnen. aRniSnuli saqoneli saqarTveloSic moixmareboda, udidesi nawili ki saz-Rvao transportiT xmelTaSua zRvis saxelmwifoebsa da evropaSi gadioda.

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, saqarTvelo savaWro-eko-

nomikuri urTierTobiT dakavSirebuli iyo TurqeTTa-

nac. am droisaTvis saqarTvelos sagareo-savaWro brunvas aqtiuri xasiaTi hqonda da savaWro balansic

dadebiTi iyo. amgvarad, zemoT aRniSnuli, Zalze mokle, mxolod

qronologiuri mimoxilvidanac naTlad Cans, rom sa-qarTvelo calkeul istoriul periodebSi misi saxel-

mwifoebrivi danawevrebis miuxedavadac ki, aqtiurad iyo CarTuli aRmosavleT-dsavleTisa da CrdiloeT-samxreTis qveynebTan savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTo-bebSi da rogorc damoukidebel da civilizebul qveya-

nas, Tavisi wvlili Sehqonda teritoriulad gancalka-

vebul saxelmwifoebs Soris savaWro-ekonomikuri kav-

Sirebis damyareba-ganviTarebis saqmeSi. dRes saqarTvelos, rogorc saerTaSoriso samar-

Tlis subieqts, rogorc damoukidebel da suverenul saxelmwifos, Tavisi istoriuli da geopolitikuri mdebareobis gamo, kvlav eZleva efeqturi Sansi aqtiu-rad CaerTos Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikur siv-

rceSi, CaerTos dRevandeli urTierTobebiT, masStabe-

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biTa da mravalgvari potenciuri SesaZleblobiT. saqarTvelos sazRvao derefniT meTvramete. mec-

xramete saukuneebSi aqtiurad sargeblobda iranic. mosalodnelia, Sesabamisi politikuri klimatis dad-

gomis SemTxvevaSi, kvlav dadges iranis mier saqarTve-

los satranzito gzis gamoyenebis sakiTxic, rac kidev ufro aamaRlebs saqarTvelos sazRvao portebis mniS-

vnelobas. saqarTvelo sazRvao karibWea amierkavkasiisaT-

vis, rasac saTanado dafaseba da gamoyeneba Wirdeba. sa-qarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareobis gamo SeuZlia gaxdes kavkasiis satransporto-logistikuri centri.

saqarTvelos bunebrivi mdebareoba da amierkavka-siaze gamavali satranzito gzebis sigrZe bunebrivi upiratesobebia Sua aziis satransporto derefnisaT-

vis, magram mas Sesabamisi gamoyeneba Wirdeba, rasac mniSvnelovnad transportis sxva saxeobebTan kompleq-

sSi, sazRvao portebis ganviTareba ganapirobebs. da-savleTi da zogadad msoflios ekonomika dainterese-

bulia satranzito gzebis diversifikaciiT, alterna-

tiuli satranzito gzebis arsebobiT im mizniT, raTa iyos Tavisufali konkurencia, aseve, politikuri kli-matis cvlilebam mniSvnelovnad ar imoqmedos ekonomi-

kis funqcionirebaze. aRniSnuli mizeziTac aqtualu-ria saqarTvelos Savi zRvis portebis ganviTarebis sa-

kiTxi. saqarTveloSi Savi zRvis portebis ganviTarebisa

da portebSi arsebuli problemebis mogvarebis Sem-

TxvevaSi, saqarTvelos, rogorc tranzituli regionis potenciali mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba.

kavkasia Tavisi geopolitikuri mdebareobiT da bunebrivi resursebis mravalferovnebiT msoflios

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unikaluri regionia. swored amitom am regions didi roli eniWeba centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis, ag-reTve amierkavkasiis qveynebTan evrokavSiris ekonomi-

kuri urTierTobis ganviTareba-gafarToebis mizniT. saqarTvelo, romelic erTian evraziul sivrceSi for-

mirebisaken iswrafvis, dedamiwis ori nawilis — evropi-sa da aziis damakavSirebeli arealis Tavisebur cen-

trad gvevlineba. kavkasiis regionisadmi dainteresebis konkretu-

li gamoxatulebaa evrokavSiris cnobili trasekas proeqti, romelic erTmaneTs daakavSirebs centralu-

ri aziis da mdinare dunais auzis qveynebs: rumineTi, ungreTi, xorvatia, avstria, serbeTi, germania, slova-

keTi, bulgareTi ukraina, moldova. evropa-aziis es satransporto-sakomunikacio de-

refani Tavisi mravali ganStoebis erT-erTi xaziT Cvens qveyanazec gaivlis. trasekas proeqtiT praqti-kulad saubaria istoriuli `abreSumis didi gzis~ sa-

qarTvelos ganStoebis modernizebul variantze. am ma-gistraliT moxdeba iseTi strategiuli mniSvnelobis tvirTebis gadazidva, rogoricaa: navTobi, bamba, mine-

raluri nedleuli da a.S. saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis iniciativa `axali

abreSumis gzis xelSekrulebis~ Sesaxeb, romelsac mxars uWers evrokavSiri, ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi iqneba sruliad axali etapi evraziis satransporto derefnis ganviTarebis, misi msoflio aRiarebisa da sa-

bolood damkvidrebis saqmeSi. amiT evraziuli marSru-ti sruliad axal transkontinentur kavSirs daudebs saTaves wynari okeanidan atlantis okeanemde.

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sakvanZo sityvebi: sazRvao portebi, geopoliti-

kuri mdgomareoba, transkavkasiuri koridori, civili-

zacia, tranzituli regioni, evrazia, areali, tran-

skontinenturi kavSiri.

anotacia

saqarTvelo istoriulad sazRvao qveyanaa. saqar-Tvelos geopolitikurma mdgomareobam ganapiroba mi-si aqtiurad CarTva istoriuli transkavkasiuri kori-

doris ganviTarebaSi. didia saqarTvelos istoriuli roli aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis qveynebis dakavSirebaSi.

saqarTvelo, romelic erTian evraziul sivrceSi formirebisaken iswrafvis, dedamiwis ori nawilis — ev-ropisa da aziis damakavSirebeli arealis Tavisebur centrad gvevlineba. `axali abreSumis gzis~ ganxor-cieleba iqneba sruliad axali etapi evraziis satran-

sporto derefnis ganviTarebis, misi msoflio aRiare-

bisa da sabolood damkvidrebis saqmeSi. amiT evraziu-li marSruti sruliad axal transkontinentur kavSirs daudebs saTaves wynari okeanidan atlantis okeanemde.

Summary

Georgia is historically maritime country. Geopolitical location of Georgia determined its active participation in Transcaucasian route development. The role of Georgia is big in connecting East to West and North to South.

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Georgia, which aspires to integrate into Eurasian economic area, positions itself as a center connecting East and West. Development of New Silk Road will be a new stage of development for Eurasian transport corridor. Its world acknowledgement and final justification. Thus Eurasian route will set stage for completely new transcontinental link from Pacific to Atlantic oceans.

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profesiuli gadawva

SaqaraSvili marine

Tsu, paTologiis departamenti, saswavlo universiteti `gorgasali~

asocirebuli profesori

eTeri SurRaia saq. Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri

dacvis saministros ssip samedicino saqmianobis saxelmwifo regulirebis saagentos farmacevtuli saqmianobis

departamentis inspeqtirebis sammarTvelos mTavari specialisti

vaSakiZe manana

saswavlo universiteti `gorgasali~ pedagogi

sakvanZo sityvebi: profesiuli gadawva, stresi, eqimi

rogorc cnobilia, samsaxuri 21-e saukuneSi adamia-

nis cxovrebis erT-erT umniSvnelosan nawils warmoad-gens vinaidan samsaxurzea damokidebuli misi cxovrebis done da civilizaciiT miRebuli sargeblis xarisxi.

xangrZlivi dakvirvebebisa da kvlevis Sedegad fsiqologebma da sociologebma daadgines, rom zogi-erTi profesiis adamianebs xSirad emarTebad fsiqiuri aSliloba — profesiuli gadawva. Tanamedrove monace-

mebiT, profesiuli gadawva aris fizikuri, emociuri da gonebrivi gamofitva, romelic xSirad vlindeba socialuri sferos profesiis warmomadgelebSi. ter-

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mini `burn out~ (emociuri gadawva) Semotanilia ameri-

keli fsiqiatris freidenbergis mier 1974 wels. pro-fesiuli gadawva ar aris Setanili amerikuli fsiqiat-riuli asociaciis gamocemuli mentaluri aSlilobe-bis diagnostikur da statistikur saxelmZRvaneloSi (DSM-Si), Tumca igi moxsenebulia daavadebebis da maT-Tan dakavSirebuli janmrTelobis problemebis saer-

TaSorisi klasifikatorSi (7). profesiuli gadawva ZiriTadad 3 komponentisgan

Sedgeba: 1. emociuri gamofitva — emociuri sicarielisa

da daRlilobis SegrZneba; 2. depersonalizacia — saku-Tari Sromisadmi da Sromis subieqtisadmi indiferen-

tuli da cinikuri damokidebuleba. 3. profesiuli miRwevebis reduqcia, momuSaves uviTardeba sakuTar profesiul sferoSi arakompetenturobis SegrZneba, warumateblobis gancda, negatiuri damokidebuleba samuSaos, kolegebis, klientebis mimarT, agresiuli gancdebi da ganzraxvebi, uguneboba da masTan dakavSi-

rebuli emociebi — cinizmi, pesimizmi, depresia, daur-

wmuneblobis da ususurobis gancdebi. profesiuli gadawvis dros momuSaveebi grZnoben

energiisa da motivaciis naklebobas, uimedobas da sa-

muSaos mitovebis survili aqvT. muSaoben Zalian bevrs da didxans, Tumca dro arasodes ar hyofniT.

profesiuli gadawvisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sim-

ptomebia: mudmivi daRlilobis gancda, fizikuri gamo-

fitulobisa da uenergiobis SegrZneba, autoagresiu-li gancdebi da ganzraxvebi profesiuli gadawvis dros SesaZloa Tavi iCinos sxvadasxva somaturma Civi-

lebma. aRniSnuli pirebi uCivian Tavis tkivils, Zilis

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darRvevas (moWarbebul Zilianobas an uZilobas), arte-

riuli wnevis cvalebadobas, tkivilebs gulmkerdisa da kuWis areSi. profesiuli gadawvis mizezebad xSirad saxeldeba iseTi mizezebi, romlebic menejerul prob-

lemebs warmoadgenen: orazrovani roluri molodine-

bi, gaumarTlebeli moTxovnebi, resursebis nakleboba (4, 5, 9), zedmetad didi datvirTva da droSi SezRudu-

loba. dadginda, rom emociuri gamofitvis pirveli da utyuari mizezi aris pirdapiri da uSualo muSaoba adamianebTan, rac damokidebulia profesiuli saqmia-

nobisas Secdomis daSvebis albaTobaze da sadac es ur-TierToba dakavSirebulia cudi informaciis miRebas-

Tan. unda aRiniSnos, rom samuSaos Sesrulebis dros rac ufro met adamianTan aqvs pirovnebas urTierToba miT ufro didia nervuli daZabulobis xarisxi da pro-

fesiuli gadawvis albaToba. profesiuli gadawva Zali-

an xSiria eqimebSi. eqimis profesia wlebis gamocdile-

bas da didi pasuxismgeblobas moiTxovs. eqimebs, sakma-

od daZabuli da gadatviTuli grafiki aqvT. am profe-

siam ar icis dro da adgili. samuSao dRe xSirad arare-

gularulia, Sesasrulebeli samuSao rTuli, maT pira-

di cxovrebisTvis naklebi dro rCebaT. eqimis profesi-

as axasiaTebs fsiqoemociuri datvirTva, teqnostresi, daZabuloba, samuSaos maRali tempi, fizikuri datvir-

Tva (mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi fexze dgoma), Ramis saa-

TebSi muSaoba, pasuxismgebloba ara marto sxvisi jan-

mrTelobis, adamianis sicocxlisa gamoc. amis garda

profesia, ganuwyvetliv swavlas, maRal profesiona-

lizms da gamocdilebas moiTxovs. gansakuTrebuli qronikuli stresis mdgomareobaSi muSaoba uwevT da yvelaze xSirad aReniSnebaT profesiuli gadawva sas-

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wrafo daxmarebis TanamSromlebs, reanimatologebs, saavadmyofoebis mimRebi ganyofilebebis eqimebs da fsiqiatrebs. amas adasturebs aSS-Si erT-erT kompaniis mier Catarebuli gamokiTxva, romlis mixedviTac pro-fesiuli `gadawvis~ niSnebs ganicdis janmrTelobis dacvis muSakTa 88 procenti. aseTi Sedegebi miiRes 3, 8 aTasi samedicino muSakis gamokiTxvis dros. yovelma meore gamokiTxulma aRiara, rom xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi grZnobs Tavs gaRizianebulad, daRli-

lad da mowyvetilad, daaxloebiT 40 procentma ki, rom ganicdis gulgrilobas samuSaosadmi. gamovlinda, rom yovel meoTxes aRelvebs profesiuli ukmarisobisa da daurwmuneblobis grZnoba. gamokiTxulTa umravleso-

ba TavianT negatiur emociebs ukavSirebda stress, sa-kariero winsvlisa da profesiuli ganviTarebis uqon-

lobas. medicinis muSakTa 57 procenti miuTiTebda ma-Ti problemebisadmi arasakmaris yuradRebaze xel-

mZRvanelobis mxridan. TiTqmis naxevars ki miaCnda, rom profesiuli gadawva dakavSirebulia maT mcire Semosa-

valTan. saqarTveloSi Catarda msgavsi gamokiTxva. ga-movkiTxvaSi miiRo monawileoba medicinis sferoSi mo-

muSave 50 adamianma. gamokiTxulTa 70 procentsi ganic-

dida profesiuli gadawvis niSnebs, stres da aseve uk-

mayofilobas anazRaurebiT. dadginda agreTve, rom eqimebi, romlebsac aReniSnebaT profesiuli gadawvis niSnebi naklebad produqtulebi arian. maTi saqmiano-bis efeqtianoba da samuSaos Sedegebi saSualo maCvene-

belze naklebia (3). meore mxriv, profesiuli gadawvis emociuri gadaRlis ganzomileba mWidrodaa dakavSi-

rebuli negatiur SedegebTan Tavad eqimisTvis. kerZod rogorc fizikur ise fsiqologiur janmrTelobasTan

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(6). jandacvis msoflio organizaciis monacemebiT, me-dikosebi gulis iSemiuri daavadebiT orjer ufro xSi-

rad iRupebian, vidre sxva specialobis adamianebi, rom-

lebic aseve gonebrivi samuSaoTi arian dakavebulni. qirurgebSi xSiria miokardiumis infarqti da Tavis tvinis sisxlZarRvebis paTologia. xSiria eqimebSi nev-

rasTenia, vegetosisxlZarRvovani distonia, hiperto-

nia, venebis varikozuli gaganiereba, radikuliti, os-

teoqondrozi da alergiuli daavadebebi (8). dadginda aqreTve, rom maTi mkurnaloba did sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom axalgaz-rda da maRali safexuris ganaTlebis mqone pirovne-bebs ufro xSirad uvlindebaT profesiuli gadawvis niSnebi. qalebs axasiaTebT profesiuli gadawva emoci-

uri gamofitvis, mamakacebs ki depersonalizaciisa da cinizmis aspeqtiT (6). avtorTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba, rom profesiuli gadawva ufro metad socialuri fe-

nomenia, vidre pirovnuli (6). miuxedavad amisa mkvle-varTa erTi nawili am problemis mizezs pirovnul (fsiqologiur) TaviseburebebSi xedaven. dadginda, rom profesiuli gadawvis risk-jgufs ganekuTvnebian adamianebi, romlebsac iseTi pirovnuli niSan-Tvisebe-bi axasiaTebT rogoricaa — dabali TviTSefaseba an ma-

Rali molodinebi, gadaWarbebuli pasuxismgebloba, konkurentuloba. dadginda agreTve, rom emociuri ga-daRla `gadamdebia~ da xSirad uaryofiTad aisaxeba organizaciis muSaobis efeqturobaze. eqimis profesi-is arCevis sakiTxi Zalian mniSvnelovani da aqtualu-

ria. mis profesionalizmze da pasuxismgeblobazea da-

mokidebuli ara marTo adamianis jamrTeloba, aramed sicocxlec. ar SeiZleba profesiis ojaxis moTxovni-

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lebiT, prestiJulobiT, materialuri mizezebiT an vinmes xaTriT arCeva. momavali profesiis arCevisas adamiani wyvets sakuTar momavals. arCeul saqmeSi unda gaTvaliswinebuli iyos damakmayofilebeli Sedegebis miRwevis, ganviTarebisa da winsvlis SesaZlebloba. mi-si profesiuli gadawvis acilebis mizniT didi mniSvne-

loba eniWeba prevenciuli zomebis Catarebas. profesi-is arCevis dros mniSvnelovania gaTvaliswinebuli iyos pirovnuli Taviseburebebi, unarebi, midrekilebe-

bi, Rirebulebebi, interesebi, swavlisadmi midrekile-

ba da maTi Sesatyvisoba arCeul profesiasTan. eqims unda hqondes adamianebTan urTierTobis, garSemom-

yofTan kontaqtis damyarebis, profesionalis da Sro-

mis bazris urTierTqmedebis saTanado Sefasebis, huma-

nurobisa da TanagrZnobis unari. gadawvis acilebis saukeTeso saSualebaa samuSaos mimarT SemoqmedebiTi midgoma — siaxlis Setana, sakuTari iniciativis ga-

movlena, Sromis dozireba da a.S.

literatura: 1. Петренко Е. А., Ульшина М. В. Синдром `Эмоционального

выгорания~ в профессиональной деятельной деятельности медицинских работников и препадавателей вуза // Личность, семья и общество: вопросы педагогики и психологии: сб. ст. по матер. XLI междунар. науч.-практ. конф. № 6(41). – Новосибирск: СибАК, 2014.

2. Таткина Е. Г. Синдром эмоционального выгорания медицин-ских работников как объект психологического исследо-вания// Вестник Том. гос. пед. ун-та. Сер. 11, Психология.– 2009. – Вып. 11. – С. 131–134. Freudenberger H. J. Staff burn-out // J. of Social Issues. 1994. Vol. 30. P. 159–165.

3. Halbesleben J.R.B, Buckley M.R. / Journal of Management 2004 30(6) 859-879

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4. Gritz, R.M., N.D. Theobold. 1996. `The Effects of School District Spending Priorities on Length of Stay in Teaching.~ Journal of Human Resources 31 (3) :477-512

5. Lortie, D. C. (1975). Schoolteacher: A sociological study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press;

6. C. Maslach, W.B. Schaufeli, M.P. Leiter Job burnout S.T. Fiske, D.L. Schacter, C. Zahn-Waxler (Eds.), Annual review of psychology, Vol. 52 (2001), pp. 397–422

7. Tye, B. B., and L. O'Brien. `Why Are Experienced Teachers Leaving the Profession?~Phi Delta Kappan 84 no. 1 (September 2002): 24–32.

8. http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/ 9. https://ejournals.lib.vt.edu/index.php/JCTE/article/view/646/69 10. http://icode.ge/2011/03/18/

Summary At the modern stage of the public development,usage of human

resources in high. As is well known,in the 21ST century a job for human life

represents one of the main part of their life,as much of the time a person spends at work and the standard of living depends on his/her Job.

As a result of long research and observation,psychologists and socialogists have found that in some professions people suffer from nervous disaster and emotional burnout.

According to modern data,professional burnout is the physical,emotional and mental exhaustion that occur in the sector of the social professions.Professional burnout often occur in doctors.

To avoid professional burnout great importance must be given to preventional activities.

When choosing a profession,we have to take into account person’s constitutional originality, his inclination and priorities, especially person’s activity, humanity, making contact with people and having ability of learning abtitute

18

RviZlis histologiuri da fiziologiuri

Taviseburebani da C hepatiti

m.arabuli saswavlo universiteti `gorgasali~,


sakvanZo sityvebi: C hepatiti,RviZlis histolo-giuri Taviseburebani

RviZli organizmSi yvelaze didi organo da yve-

laze didi jirkvalia. igi Sedgeba epiTelur parenqimi-

sagan da SemaerTebelqsovilovani stromisagan. mas gaaCnia unikaluri sisxlis mimoqceva, radgan igi er-

Tdroulad venuri da arteriuli sisxliT maragdeba: 1. venuri sisxli modis kuW-nawlavis traqtidan, Seicavs nawlavebSi Sewovil produqtebs da RviZlSi Sedis ka-

ris veniT; 2. arteriuli sisxli, romelic aucileblad sWirdeba RviZls ujredebs — hepatocitebs, moaqvs sis-

xlis mimoqcevis didi wridan RviZlis arterias. RviZ-

lis zomebi mis funqciur datvirTvis Sesabamisa. ro-

gorc histologiis saxelZRvaneloebSi miuTiTeben, igi 500-ze met funqcias asrulebs (1). RviZlis, rogorc jirkvlis, erT-erTi Taviseburebaa is, rom igi er-

Tdroulad asrulebs egzo- da endokrinuli funqcias. RviZli axdens Sewovili sakvebis gadamowmebas sisxlSi, ucxo nivTierebisa da wamlebis detoqsikacias, asru-lebs organizmSi sakvebis ZiriTad gamanawileblis rols, uzrunvelhyofs qsovilebsa da organoebs ener-

getikuli masaliT, da amcirebs sakvebi nivTierebebis donis meryeobas saWmlis miRebis Semdegs. RviZlis uj-

19

redeba — hepatocitebi aqtiurad monawileoben mra-

valricxovan metabolur funqcebSi: cilebis, cximebis, naxSirwylebis, hormonebisa da vitaminebis cvlaSi, am nivTierebebis urTierTgardaqmnaSi da sxv.

ai zogierTi maTgani: I. RviZlis roli naxSirwylebis cvlaSi. sisxlSi

glukozis mudmivi koncentraciis SenarCuneba xorci-

eldeba glikogenis daSlisa da sinTezis gziT. RviZlSi moxvedrili glukoza SeiZleba ramdenime gziT metabo-

lizirdes: glikogenad gardaqmna, acetil-CO-A miReba, saboloo daSla limonmJavis ciklSi da atf-is sinTezi, pentozofosfaturi gardaqmna, ribozo-5-f-is warmoq-

mna da sxva. II. RviZlis roli aminomJavebis cvlaSi: ami-

nomJavebis CarTva cilebis sinTezSi. RviZlSi sinTe-

zirdeba sisxlis cilebis ZiriTadi nawili: albuminebi – 100%, α-globulinebi – 75-90%, β-globulinebi, proT-

rombini, fibrinogeni; xdeba aminomJavebis daSla da de-

zaminireba. aminomJavebidan sinTezirdeba qolini, kre-

atinini, glutamini, hemi an nukleitidebi da sxva. III. RviZlis roli lipidur cvlaSi. aqac ramde-

nime gzaa: cximovani mJavebi iSlebian, SeiZleba keto-nur sxeulad gardaiqmnen da sisxliT periferiul qso-

vilebSi gadnawildes (gulis kunTis energetikuli moTxovnis 1/3 ketonuri sxeulebis saSualebiT ifare-

ba). cximovani mJavebidan miRebuli acetil-CO-A-s nawi-li ixarjeba qolesterinisa da naRvlis mJavebis bio-

sinTezSi. qolesterini gamoiyeneba steroidebisa da naRvlis mJavebis sinTezisaTvis. RviZlSi warmoqmneba sisxlis lipoproteidebi da transportirdebian sxva qsovilebSi.

20

IV. detoksikaciuri procesebi RviZlSi: RviZlSi moxvedrili ucxo nivTierebebi (qsenobi-

otikebi) gardaiqmnebian nakleb toqsikur nivTierebe-

bad. aq iSleba alkoholi, aseve bunibrivi cikluri na-

erTebic: steroiduli hormonebi, kateqolaminebi da sxva. xdeba amiakis gardaqmna Sardovanad.

V. RviZlis mniSvneloba pigmentur cvlaSi. he-moglobinis daSlis produqti biliverdinidan miiReba bilirubini – pigmenti, romelic naRvelTan erTad ga-

moiyofa. amitom mas naRvlis pigmenti ewodeba. VI. RviZli monawileobs limfis warmoqmnis pro-

cesSi, VII. eqskretoruli funqcia: RviZli gamohyofs

naRvels, dReSi 0.5-1 l. igi Seicavs naRvlis pigments (bilirubini), naRvlis mJavebs, marilebs, cilebs, qo-

lesterins da sxva 40-ze meti dasaxelebis naerTi. VIII. sxva metaboluri procesebi: RviZlSi mimdi-

nareobs cximebisa da naxSirwylebis urTierTgardaq-

mna, cilebidan naxSirwylebis miReba,monawileobs bio-

genuri aminebisa da vitaminebis, mikroelementebis cvlaSi, aseve, mikroelementebis deponirebaSi (1,7,8 ).

es aris im funqciebis arasruli CamonaTvali, rom-

lsac RviZli asrulebs Cvens organizmSi. aqedan gamom-

dinare, aseTi funqciuri datvirTvis gamo RviZls Ta-

viseburi da rTuli histologiuri Seneba aqvs. RviZlis Taviseburebebidan ganvixiloT ramdenime

momenti: mis morfologiur wyoba, sisxliT momarageba, fiziologiuri ganaxlebasa da apoptozebis mniSvneloba.

1. RviZli erTdroulad egzo- da endokrinuli funqciebs asrulebs. es funqciebi RviZlSi gamijnuli

21

ar aris. yoveli hepatociti erTdroulad asrulebs orive funqcias. eleqtronulmikroskopulad hepato-citebis citoplazmaSi mravali CanarTi da organelia gamovlenili. maTSi 1000-ze meti mitoqondriaa, rac am ujredebSi mraval, energodamokidebuli funqciis mim-

dinareobaze miuTiTebs. funqciidan gamomdinaare yo-veli hepatociti unda exebodes rogorc naRvlis sadi-

nars, ise sisxlis kapilars, raTa gamohyos rogorc eg-

zokrinuli aseve endokrinuli sekretic (2). 2. RviZls hyofdnen klasikur wilakebad, rom-

lebsac eqvskuTxedis forma aqvs. yoveli kuTxis wverSi

oTxi sadinaria anu portuli zonaa (karibWis zona), wi-lakis centrSi ki sakmaod farTo centraluri venaa moTavsebuli. adamianis RviZlSic karibWis zonisa da centraluri venis saSualebiT SeiZleba amovicnoT wi-

lakebi. adamianis RviZli Seicavs daaxloebiT 500 000 wilaks (1, 3). yvela dakisrebuli uamravi funqciis Se-sasruleblad RviZlis ujredebs — hepatocitebs esa-

Wiroeba sisxliT kargi momarageba. sisxli, romelic RviZlSi Sedis karis venisa da arteriis saSualebiT, gadadis sinusoidebSi, romelebic parenqimaSia moTav-

sebuli da ixsnebiana centralur venebSi. parenqima Sedgeba hepatocitebis rigebis — trabekulebigan, rom-lebic wilakis periferiidan centraluri venisken mie-

marTeba. aq ujredebi isea ganlagebuli, rom yoveli he-

patociti exeba sinusoids da naRvlis kapilarsac. aR-niSnuli modeliT venuri da arteriuli sisxli sinu-

soedebSi karipWis sistemasTan axlos ereva erTmaneTs. Sedegad, centraluri venis midamoebSi JangbadiTa da sakvebiT momaragebis problema iqmneba. amasTan cen-tralur venis kedelTan ujredebis kvebis da energe-

22

tikis problemebi ZiriTadi gamomtani sistemis advi-

lad dazianebas gamoiwvevda. es morfologiuradac un-

da gamoCeniliyo histologiur preparatebze. praqtika ki gvCvenebs, rom RviZli sakmaod kargad da xangrZli-

vad umklavdeba sxvadasxva arasasurvel Semotevebs, maT Soris C hepatitsac (4).

hepatocitebis sisxliT momaragebis ukeT warmo-

sadgenad Semotanili iqna acinusis cneba. RviZlis aci-nusebad dayofa ufro srulyofil warmodgenas gviq-

mnis misi sisxliT momaragebis Sesaxeb. arteriis toti, romelic gamodis portuli traqtidan, itoteba; Ti-

Toeuli toti kidev, Tavis mxriv, itoteba da sinuso-

ids mxolod mere uerTdeba. acinusis safuZvels swo-

red es warmoadgens. acinusis erT kuTxeSi portaluri traqtia, xolo sam kuTxeSi, mis garSemo, centraluri venebia. acinuss rombis forma aqvs. venamde midis arte-

riuli toti, aq parenqima yvelaze ukeT ikvebeba; amas I zona ewodeba. mis irgvliv II zonaa, Semdeg III, sadac yvelaze naklebi sisxli midis. am zonebSi sxvadasxvana-irad midis metaboluri procesebic da sxvdasxvanaira-

dac ziandebian (1,3). am faqts didi mniSvneloba aqvs vi-

rusis damazianebeli efeqtis gasarkvevad. 3. fiziologiuri Taviseburebebidan erT-erTi

mniSvnelovania RviZlis TviTganaxlebis procesi. rogorc viciT, ujredebis populaciebis umetesoba (nervuli da kardiomiocitebis garda) ganicdis ganax-

lebas. zogan es Rerovani ujredebis xarjze xdeba, mag., kanis epidermisi, sisxli; zogan sateliti ujredebis, mag., ganivzoliani kunTovani qsovili. RviZlis hepato-

citebi ki miekuTnebian e.w. mesame kategoriis ujre-

23

debs. es aris maRaldiferencirebuli ujredebi, rom-

lebsac SenarCunebuli aqvT proliferaciis unari: ma-Ti populaciis ganaxleba xdeba TviT maRaldiferenci-

rebuli hepatocitebis mitozuri gayofiT (1). normaSi yvela qsovilSi ujredTa dabereba da

kvdoma wonasworobaSia maT gamravlebasTan. ujredebis genetikurad daprogramirebul kvdomis anu apopto-

zis (`foTolcvena~) tempi regulirdeba genetikurad: organos zrdis procesSi ujredTa gamravleba sWar-

bobs, mere dgeba wonasworobis momenti. amis Sedegad janmrTeli organo inarCunebs Tavis zomebsac da fun-

qciebis Sesrulebis normalur donesac. aqedan gamom-

dinare, ujredebis kvdomis anu apoptozis temps Za-lian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba organos normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis. es gansakuTrebiT sayuradRe-

boa RviZlis SemTxvevaSi, sadac yvela ujredi yvela funqcias asrulebs. amitom hepatocitebis saerTo ra-odenobazea damokidebuli RviZlis funqciuri aqtivo-

bis efeqturoba (5). amitom, nebismieri dazianeba, ro-melsac SuZlia normasTan SedarebiT hepatocitebis raodenobis Semcireba, iwvevs RviZlis funqciis moS-

las. am mxriv mniSvnelovania virusul hepatitebi. yve-lasTvis cnobilia virusis moqmedebis meqanizmi: isini iWrebian maspinZel ujredSi, mis genomSi Caakereben sa-kuTar genetikur masalas (dnm an rnm) da dapyrobili ujredis xarjze mravldebian. maspinZeli ujredi ki kvdeba. virusul hepatitebs Soris C hepatits Cum da

verags uwodeben, radgan xangrZlivad, TiTqmis usim-ptomod Camaluli es virusi TandaTanobiT anadgurebs organos parenqimas da gvian amJRavnebs Tavis damazia-

24

nebel efeqts. C hepatits simZimis mixedviT, arc Tu

usafuZvlod, Sidssac ki adareben (6). organizmSi, ufro swored sisxlSi moxvedrili C

hepatitis virusi aRwevs ra RviZlSi, iwyebs hepatoci-

tebis dapyrobas, iq gamravlebas da Semdeg mezobel ujredebSi SeWras. virusdaqvemdebarebuli ujredebi, ra Tqma unda, mTlianad eTiSebian sakuTar saqmianobas da iRupebian. Sesabamisad hepatocitebis populacias TandaTanobiT akldeba wevrebi, organos mier Sesru-

lebuli muSaobac mcirdeba. aq rom funqciebi hqono-

daT danawilebuli ujredebs, maSin erTi romelime funqcia SesamCnevad daziandeboda da organizmis do-

neze moxdeboda misi swrafad dafiqsireba. magram RviZ-lis zemod aRniSnuli pirveli Taviseburebis gamo ga-

moTiSuli ujredis movaleobas sxvebi asruleben, da mxolod mniSvnelovani raodenobis ujredebis gamo-

TiSvis mere xdeba dazianeba organizmisTvis sagrZnobi. amas Tu davumatebT hepatocitebis im Tvisebas, rom maT SeuZliaT mitozuri gamravleba, da, Sesbamisad, av-

seben ricxobrivad populacias. cnobilia, rom C hepa-titis dros ujredTa daSlisa da ganaxlebis procesi

xangrZlivad mimdinareobs. ujredTa nawili wlebis ganmavlobaSi kvdeba, iSleba, paralelurad maTi nawili aRdgeba. swored am erTgvari dabalansebisa Tu kompen-

sirebis gamoa, rom xSirad daavadeba klinikurad arc ki vlindeba, RviZlis funqcia met-naklebad kompensire-

bulia. hepatiti wlobiT (zogjer 10-20 wlis ganmavlo-

baSic) mimdinareobs ise, rom adamianma amis Sesaxeb ara-

feri icis. magram dgeba dro, rodesac daSlasa da re-

generacias Soris wonasworoba irRveva. daSlili uj-

25

redebi im doneze veRar aRdgeba, rom es RviZlis fun-

qciaze ar aisaxos. aq, albaT stromis rolic unda ga-

viTvaliswinoT: SemaerTebeli qsovilisaTvis, zoga-

dad, damaxasiaTebelia reaqtiuli zrda da dazianebu-

li adgilebis amovseba. RviZlSi SemaerTebeli qsovili sakmaod Txeli da nazia, magram organos dazianebis dros aqtiurdeba da xdeba parenqimis fibrozuli qso-

viliT Canacvleba. es ki ara mxolod RviZlis, aramed mTeli organizmis mdgomareobaze uaryofiTad aisaxe-

ba. mofunqcie hepatocitebis raodenoba iklebs, Sesa-

bamisad, RviZli saTanadod veRar asrulebs Tavis fun-

qcias, qveiTdeba sisxlis gawmendis xarisxi, toqsinebiT gajerebuli sisxli ki mTel organizms wamlavs (9,10).

aq mniSvnelovania, agreTve, organos sisxliT mo-

maragebis Taviseburebac, misi acinusebad da zonebad dayofa. rogorc dasawyisSi avRniSneT, es zonebi meta-boluri procesebis intensivobiT gansxvavdebian er-

TmaneTisgan. Sesabamisad romeli zonidan daiwyo uj-

redebis virusuli gadagvareba, gavlenas iqoniebs daa-

vadebis qronikulad (latenturad) mimdinareobis xan-

grZliobaze. hepatitis ganviTarebis procesSi mniSvneloba

aqvs apoptozebs da mis tems. apoptozi populaciaSi ujredebis gegmazomieri mocilebaa, romelTa Canac-

vlebac isev am tipis ujredebis gamravlebiT xdeba. apoptozi Cveni imunosistemis nawilicaa: organizmi daprogramirebulad icilebs arasaWiro ujredebs da inarCunebs populaciis srulfasovnebas. RviZlis fun-qcionirebis SenarCunebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba apoptozis saSualebiT virusiT inficirebuli ujre-

debis swraf da droul mocilebasc eniWeba. janmrTel

26

organizmSi mkvdari ujredebi swrafad Cainacvleba mi-

tozis gziT warmoSobili axali ujredebiT, anu orga-

noebSi ujreduli homeostazi narCundeba, maSin roca mwvave dazianebis dros Warbi da/an xangrZlivi apopto-

zi RviZlis funqciis moSlis mizezi xdeba (5). samedici-

no literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom Warbi apoptozi aRiniSneba mwvave virusuli, alkoholuri hepatitebis, RviZlis qolestazuri daavadebis, vilsonis daavadebi-sa da `transplantanti maspinZlis winaaRmdeg~ daava-

debisTvis. meores mxriv, virus-inficirebuli hepato-citebis apoptozis deficiti mutirebuli genebis ma-tarebeli ujredebis mocilebis moSlasa da aseTi uj-

redebis usazRvro gamravlebas iwvevs, rac gamudmebu-li anTebis pirobebSi RviZlisa da naRvlsadeni siste-

mis simsivneebis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels. aqedan ga-

momdinare, organos romel zonaSi an romel qsovilur komponentSi xdeba apoptozis inhibireba Tu stimuli-

reba, RviZlis paTologiis sxvadasxva formis gamovle-

nis mizezi SeiZleba iyos (cirozis an simsivne). hepato-

celularuli karcinoma ki msoflioSi erT-erTi yve-

laze gavrcelebuli mzardi sixSiris simsivnia (5). amrigad, medicinis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani

tempebis miuxedavad, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi virusuli hepatitebi kvlav mZime da globalur problemad rCeba. jandacvis msoflio organizaciis monacemebiT viru-suli hepatitiT daavadebulTa raodenoba ganuxrelad matulobs da miliardze mets Seadgens. ufro metic, sxvadasxva saxis hepatitiT dedamiwis mosaxleobis TiTqmis mesamedi aris an odesme iyo inficirebuli. msoflioSi yovelwliurad am daavadebiT an misi gar-

TulebiT 2 mln-mde adamiani iRupeba. amitom nebismieri

27

detalis codna am sakiTxis garSemo, SeiZleba kidev er-

Ti iaraRi iyos am problemasTan brZolos saqmeSi.

literatura: 1. А.Хем, Д.Кормак – Гистология, I – V т., 1985 2. L.P. Gartner, J.L. Hiatt – Histology, 1997 3. m.arabuli, n.gordaZe — kerZo histologia, 2008 4. https://ici.ge/news/virusuli-hepatitebi---diagnostika--

mkurnaloba-da-sxva-saintereso-sakitxebi.html 5. g. sirbilaZe — apoptozis roli da misi modulacia

imunuri pasuxiT ganpirobebuli RviZlis msubuqi dazianebis dros, 2006

6. http://www.aversi.ge/main_jurnal.php?lang=geo&id=2497&cat_id=2

7. Физиология человека — под редакцией В.М.Покровского, Г.Ф.Коротько, 2001

8. n.aleqsiZe — normaluri da paTologiuri bioqimia —

2005 9. https://ici.ge/news/virusuli-hepatitebi---diagnostika--

mkurnaloba-da-sxva-saintereso-sakitxebi.html 10. http://medactiv.ru/ygastro/hepatology-0007.shtml

reziume

RviZlis histologiuri da fiziologiuri Tavisebu-rebani da C hepatiti


m.arabuli

RviZlis fiziologiuri da histologiuri Tavise-burebebis codnas didi mniSvneloba aqvs virusis dama-

28

zianebeli efeqtis gasarkvevad. yoveli hepatociti er-

Tdroulad 500-ze met funqcias asrulebs da maT saer-To raodenobazea damokidebuli RviZlis funqciuri aqtivobis efeqturoba. funqciuri datvirTvisa da ma-Raldiferencirebulobis miuxedavad hepatocitebs

SenarCunebuli aqvT proliferaciis unari. janmrTel organizmSi apoptozsa da hepatocitebis prolifera-cias Soris genetikurad kontrolirebadi wonasworo-

baa, riTac organoSi ujreduli homeostazi narCunde-

ba. nebismieri dazianeba, romelsac SeuZlia normasTan SedarebiT hepatocitebis raodenobis Semcireba, iw-

vevs RviZlis funqciis moSlas. am mxriv mniSvnelovania virusul hepatitebi, maT Soris C hepatitis virusi. sisxliT momaragebis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare

RviZli dayofilia zonebad, romlebic metaboluri procesebis intensivobiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTis-

gan. Sesabamisad, Tu romeli zonidan iwyeba virusuli dazianeba gavlenas iqoniebs daavadebis usimptomod mimdinareobis xangrZliobaze. paTogenezSi stromis rolic gasaTvaliswinebelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom RviZlSi SemaerTebeli qsovili sakmaod Txeli da na-

zia, organos dazianebis dros aqtiurdeba da xdeba pa-

renqimis fibrozuli qsoviliT Canacvleba. amitom Tu sad da romel qsovilur komponentSi xdeba apoptozis inhibireba Tu stimulireba RviZlis paTologiis sxva-

dasxva formis gamovlenis mizezi SeiZleba iyos. medicinis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani tempebis mi-

uxedavad, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi virusuli hepatite-bi kvlav mZime da globalur problemad rCeba. amitom nebismieri detalis codna am sakiTxis garSemo, SeiZle-ba kidev erTi iaraRi iyos am problemasTan brZolos saqmeSi.

29

Summary

Histological and physiological qualities of liver and Hepatitis C

M. Arabuli

Physiological and histological qualities of liver provide important information for uncovering damaging effects of a virus on the liver tissue. Each hepatocyte has over 500 functions and number of hepatocytes determine efficient functioning of a liver. Despite functional load and high degree of differentiation, hepatocytes maintain proliferation qualities. In a healthy body, proliferation of apoptosis and hepatocytes is balanced and this ensures hemostasis in the body. Damage that can lead to reduction of number of hepatocytes below the norm leads to liver dysfunction. Viral hepatitis, including hepatitis C can play that role. Based on the characteristic of blood supply, liver can be divided into zones that have different intensity of metabolic process. Therefore, depending on the initial location/zone of damage, the process might go asymptomatic for some period. Role of strom is also important in pathogenesis. Despite the fact that liver tissue is thin and fragile, in case of damage it reactivates and parenchymal tissue is replaced with fibrous tissue. Therefore, place and tissue where apoptosis will be inhibited or stimulated, determines which pathology will be exhibited in the liver. Despite rapid progress in the field of medicine, in XXI century viral hepatitis is still a major challenge at a global level. Therefore, enhancing knowledge on the issue provides contribution to fight the problem.

30

adaptacia

WiWinaZe konstantine

i. beritaSvilis eqsperimentuli biomedicinis centri, qcevisa da kognitiuri funqciebis laboratoria

WiWinaZe nodar

al. naTiSvilis morfologiis instituti

gaCeCilaZe ledi saswavlo universiteti gorgasali,


SaqaraSvili marine javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

saswavlo universiteti gorgasali, asocirebuli profesori

sakvanZo sityvebi: adaptacia, fiziologiuri da paTologiuri reaqciebi

adaptacias (laT. adapto — Segueba), iseve rogorc

nebismieri rTuli movlenis amsaxvel termins, mravali ganmarteba gaaCnia. adaptaciis garSemo literaturis analizi gviCvenebs, rom adaptacias uwodeben, rogorc evoluciur process, ise am procesis Sedegs. Tumca, zogierTi mkvlevari (mag. ix. Bowler, 2003; Patterson, 1999) mainc cdilobs ganasxvaos es ori cneba da adaptacias uwodebs Tavad Seguebis process, xolo terminiT `adaptaciuri Tvisebebi~ aRniSnavs am procesis fizi-kur Tu funqciur Sedegebs. SevniSnavT, rom adaptaciis zemoTmoyvanili, iseve rogorc, literaturaSi far-Tod gavrcelebuli sxva ganmartebebi, Sinaarsobrivad sakmaod axlos dgas erTmaneTTan (adaptaciis qarTul

31

sinonimad Cven xSirad gamoviyenebT termins — `Segue-ba~. Tumca, literaturaSi arsebobs mosazrebebi am terminTa Sinaarss Soris sxvaobis Sesaxeb). am defini-ciebis Tanaxmad, adaptacia universaluri procesia da yvela cocxali organizmisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. ufro metic, es termini xSirad gamoiyeneba aracocxa-li, pirvel rigSi — kibernetikuli, sistemebis dasaxa-siaTebladac ki. radganac, im faqtorTa raodenoba, romlebisadmic Segueba aris saWiro, Zalian bevria, ami-tom, maTdami adaptaciac sruliad gansxvavebuli meqa-nizmebiT unda xdebodes. Tumca, hans selies `zogad adaptaciuri sindromis~ koncefciidan moyolebuli, arsebobs warmodgena adaptaciaze, rogorc movlenaze, romelsac saerTo meqanizmebi gaaCnia.

cnobilia, rom cocxali materiis organizaciis mravali donis gamoyofaa SesaZlebeli: subatomuridan dawyebuli organizmuliT damTavrebuli. mTliani or-ganizmis doneze maRali — e.w. zeorganizmuli donis so-cialuri sistemebic sxvadasxvagvari arsebobs: jgufi-dan dawyebuli ekosferoTi damTavrebuli. mocemuli sakiTxis garSemo literaturaSi arsebuli mosazrebe-bis sumirebis Sedegad aucileblad migvaCnia cocxali sistemebis (adamianis CaTvliT) funqcionirebis Semde-gi ZiriTadi doneebis gamoyofa: 1) subujreduli, 2) ujreduli; 3) qsoviluri; 4) calkeuli organos; 5) or-ganoTa sistemis; 6) mTliani organizmis; 7) jgufuri (jogi, kolonia, tomi da a.S.); 8) populaciuri; 9) saxeo-bis; 10) biocenozuri; 11) ekosferuli.

radganac adaptacia organizmis funqcionirebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi komponentia, igive donee-bis gamoyofaa SesaZlebeli adaptaciasTan mimarTeba-Sic. meqanizmebis mixedviT adaptacia SeiZleba iyos qceviTi, fsiqologiuri, morfologiuri, fiziologi-uri, bioqimiuri. igi aseve SeiZleba iyos SeZenili da memkvidruli (genetikuri). literaturaSi agreTve

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gxvdeba adaptaciur meqanizmTa klasificireba Semdeg or tipad: 1) meqanizmebad, romlebic uSualod ar arian dakavSirebuli genTa eqspresiasTan. am meqanizmebs aqvT mxolod fenotipuri buneba. 2) adaptaciebad, rom-lebic genTa eqspresiiT arian ganpirobebuli. am jguf-Si Semaval meqanizmTa nawils fenotipuri buneba aqvs, xolo nawils ki genotipuri (Озернюк, Нечаев 2002). feno-tipur meqanizmebs (gamowveuls, rogorc genTa eqspre-siis cvlilebiT, ise maT gareSec), gansxvavebiT genoti-purisgan, Seqcevadi xasiaTi aqvT, realizdeba cxovre-bis erTi ciklis ganmavlobaSi da maTi funqcionireba regulirdeba garemo faqtorTa moqmedebiT.

nebismieri procesi (normaluri da paTologiu-ric), rogorc wesi, erTdroulad warmodgenilia mra-val aseT doneze. garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom ama Tu im faqtorisadmi(-ebisadmi) adaptacia SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva tipis meqanizmebis saSualebiT. Cven xazs vusvamT adaptaciuri reaqciis (sxvaTa Soris, organiz-mis nebismieri reaqciis) rTul xasiaTs. magaliTad, siTbosadmi adaptacia wminda fiziologiuri reaqciiT — vazodilataciiT, moiTxovs cvlilebebs ara marto fiziologiur doneze, aramed genetikur, ujredul da a.S. doneebzec. am TvalsazrisiT vazodilatacia kom-pleqsuri fenomenia. Tumca, rodesac, vTqvaT sicivi-sadmi adaptaciaze vsaubrobT, vgulisxmobT ara marto zemoTmoyvanil, aramed sxva reaqciebsac. zogierTi maTgani, msgavsad vazokonstriqciisa, fiziologiuri bunebisaa (magaliTad, kankali, ruxi cximis `mobiliza-cia~ da sxva), sxvebi qceviTia (magaliTad, miaxloveba siTbos wyarosTan, `Tbili~ tansacmlis Cacma da sxva), zogierTi fsiqologiuri xasiaTis (magaliTad, sakuTa-ri Tavis darwmuneba imaSi, rom arcTu ise civa, yurad-Rebis gadatana saqmeze da a.S.) da a.S. Tanac, yoveli maT-gani Tavad aris rTuli bunebisa da kompleqsuri xasia-Tis, radganac nebismieri reaqcia, qceva da ubralo ga-

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fiqrebac ki organizmSi garkveul procesebs efuZneba. Tuki arcTu ise civa, SesaZlebelia adaptaciur reaq-ciaTa am arsenalidan mxolod SezRuduli raodenoba iqnas gamoyenebuli, magram Tuki Zalian civa an indivi-dia sicivisadmi Zalian mgrZnobiare, maSin am adaptaci-ur reaqciaTa mTeli gama SeiZleba iyos CarTuli. ro-gorc davrwmundiT, adaptaciur reaqciebs ar gaaCniaT erTgvarovani struqtura. maSasadame, adaptaciur re-aqciebi gansxvavdebian ara marto organizaciis donis mixedviT (mag. dnm-fermenti-fiziologiuri reaqcia), aramed reaqciaTa tipologiiTac (mag. fiziologiuri, fsiqologiuri, qceviTi adaptacia). organizaciis ase-Ti doneTa ricxvi, sakmaod bevria iseve, rogorc reaq-ciaTa tipebisa.

adaptaciis ganxilvisas Cven vaxseneT fiziologi-uri, fsiqologiuri, qceviTi da a.S. adaptaciebi. miuxe-davad imisa, rom am terminebSi araferia axali da Sesa-bamis samecniero Tu saswavlo literaturaSi xSirad gxvdeba, mainc vTvliT, rom isini moiTxoven ufro de-talur ganmartebas. SevniSnavT, rom adaptaciuri reaq-ciebi mravali parametrebis mixedviT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. cnobilia, rom zogierTi adaptaciuri reaqcia genetikurad aris pirobadebuli da evoluciu-ri xasiaTi aqvs, xolo zogierTi reaqcia ki mxolod on-togenezuria da individis (individTa jgufis) moce-mul garemoSi adaptaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs mravali kriteri-umi, romelTa mixedviT SesaZlebelia dadgindes indi-vidis adaptirebis xarisxi, mainc sakmaod Zneli gasar-kvevia is, Tu ramdenad aris organizmis funqcionirebi-sa da qcevis cvlileba adaptaciis procesis Sedegi. xSirad aseTi daskvnis gakeTeba mxolod detaluri kvlevis Semdgomi (ing. post hoc) analizis Sedegad aris SesaZlebeli (Berry et al., 2002).

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adaptaciuri reaqciebis `CarTva~ organizmze moq-medi arasasurveli da damazianebeli faqtorebis moq-medebis Sedegs warmoadgens. anu qronologiurad, jer maTi damazianebeli moqmedeba vlindeba da Semdeg adap-taciuri reaqciebi iwyeben moqmedebas. radgan, es uka-naskneli sakmaod maleve `irTveba~, ise, rom organizmSi faqtiurad paralelurad mimdinareobs dazianebisa da am dazianebis sawinaaRmdgego adaptaciuri procesebi. sxvadasxva paTologiur procesebze dakvirvebam aCve-na, rom am ori komponentis (dazianeba da adaptaciis) garda SeiZleba gaCndes mesamec — dazianebis procesi, romelic Tavad adaptaciuri reaqciebis organizmze moqmedebiT aris ganpirobebuli. amis mizezs SeiZleba warmoadgendes, rogorc damcvelobiTi reagirebis ara-adeqvaturoba arsebuli safrTxis an pirveladi dazia-nebis sididesTan (amis magaliTs warmoadgens alergia), ise adaptaciuri procesis xangrZlivobis mkveTri zrda (magaliTisTvis, gulis kunTis hiperemiis damazi-anebeli moqmedebis moyvana SeiZleba). igive SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos agreTve sxva mizezebiTac.

adaptaciis zemoTmoyvanili definiciebidan ga-momdinareobs, rom normis pirobebSi garemo pirobebi-sadmi kargad Seguebul organizmSi mimdinare nebismie-ri procesi, evoluciis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli da mudmivad gameorebadi qceva, zogadad, organizmis ne-bismieri myari maxasiaTebeli — adaptur niSan-Tvisebas warmoadgens. garkveuli miaxloebiT, es marTlac asea. aRniSvnis Rirsia agreTve is faqti, rom garemo sakmaod cvalebadi sivrcea. ise, rom Zvelma adaptaciebma SeiZ-leba dakargon TavianTi adapturi buneba da saziano-dac ki gadaiqcnen. mag. sitkbosadmi siyvaruli, rome-lic Tavisi arsiT odesRac adapturi bunebis matarebe-li iyo (sakvebis tkbili gemo ganpirobebulia, ZiriTa-dad, glukoziT an fruqtoziT. isini ki advilad asaT-visebel da maRalkaloriul nivTierebebs warmoadge-

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nen, rac Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo Tanamedrove adamia-nis winaprebisaTvis), dRevandel pirobebSi — didi rao-denobiT sakonditro nawarmis xelmisawvdomobis gamo SeiZleba gaxdes mizezi mravali sxvadasxva daavadebisa da paTologiuri mdgomareobis gavrcelebisa (Утевская, Луценко 2008).

literatura:

1. Berry J.W., Poortinga Y.H., Segall M.H., Dasen P.R. (2002).

Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

2. Bowler P.J. (2003). Evolution: the history of an idea (3rd Ed). University of California Press.

3. Patterson C. (1999). Evolution. Natural History Museum, Lon-don.

4. Озернюк Н.Д., Нечаев С.К. Анализ механизмов адаптацион-ных процессов. Известия АН, Серия Биологическая. 2002. №4. С. 457-462.

5. Утевская О. М., Луценко Е. Л. Эволюционная психология в вопросах пола и тендера. Актуальні проблеми практичної психології. Збірник наукових праць. Частина 1. Херсон: ПП Вишемирський В.С., 2008. С. 389-396.

Summary

Adaptation, as a term reflecting any complex event/phenomenon, has many definitions. A literary analysis around adaptation shows that adaptation is called both an evolutionary process as well as the outcome/result of this process. According to the definition of adaptation, it is a universal process being peculiar to any living organism. Since the number of factors requiring adaptation is too many, adapting to them is to take place through completely different mechanisms.

The present article gives different definitions of adaptation and a general survey of its mechanisms.

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hepatitis virusebi

marine kalandariSvili

eqimi baqteriologi sakvanZo sityvebi: virusi, hepatiti hepatitis virusebi aSinebs sxvadasxva asakisa Tu

socialuri wris warmomadgenlebs. igi sakmao safrTxis Semcvlia. misi Tavidan acilebis mizniT, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa kargad vicnobdeT mis bunebasa da ga-momwvev mizezebs. RviZli adamianis organizmSi ZiriTa-di `gamwmendi~, icavs organizms sakvebis, medikamente-bis, alkoholis mavne zemoqmedebisagan. Sxamebis gauv-nebelyofa RviZlis umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa.

virusuli hepatiti mwvave infeqciuri daavadebaa, romelic farTodaa gavcelebuli mTel msoflioSi. xSirad gvxvdeba bavSvebSi da mozrdilebSi. misTvis da-maxasiaTebelia RviZlis parenqimis dazianeba da mra-valferovani klinikuri mimdinareoba. aqedan warmos-dgeba saxelwodeba hepatiti (hepar-RviZli). daavadebis infeqciuri bunebis Sesaxeb pirvelad azri gamoTqva s. botkinma, amitom am daavadebas botkinis daavadebasac uwodeben. termini `virusuli hepatiti~ aerTianebs ramdenime msgavs daavadebas, romlebic gansxvavdeba rigi etiologiuri, epidemiologiuri da klinikuri niSnebiT: virusuli hepatitis (infeqciuri hepatiti). virusebs aqvT gansxvavebuli agebuleba. virusi war-

modgenilia rnm-iT garsis gareSe, dnm-iT garsiT, C rnm-iT garsiT, defeqturi rnm-iT virusis garsis ga-moyenebiT, rnm-iT garsis gareSe. daavadeba SeiZleba mimdinareobdes mwvave, qronikuli, mZime da subklini-kuri formebiT. mZime garTulebebs miekuTvneba RviZ-lis parenqimis nekrozi, (RviZlis qvemwvave distrofia) da RviZlis cirozi. virusuli hepatitis antropono-

37

zuli infeqciaa: bunebriv pirobebSi avaddeba mxolod adamiani. mas Semdeg rac me-20 saukunis 70 ian wlebSi ga-moyves A da B hepatitis virusi cxadi gaxda kidev ram-denime saxeobis hepatitis virusis arseboba da maT uwodebdnen arc A da arc B hepatitis virusebs. gadam-wyveti nabiji aseTi hepatitis infeqciuri agentis ga-movlenaSi gadaidga 1968 wels, rodesac avadmyofTa sisxlSi aRmoaCines flavivirusebisTvis damaxasiaTe-beli rnm. am gamomwvevs uwodes C hepatitis virusi.

A hepatitis virusi (gamoyves fainstounma da sxva 1973-74w.)

virusi miekuTvneba palaikornaviridae-s ojaxs,

entervirus-is gvars, virusis diametria 27-32 nm, aqvs kuburi simetria, kafsidi Sedgeba 60 cilovani moleku-lisagan. virioni ar Seicavs lipidebs da naxSirwlebs.

genomi warmodgenilia erTZafiani `plus-Zafova-ni~ rnm-iT. virusi Seicavs 4 cilas, da cnobilia oTxive kafsidur cilasTan dakavSirebuli erTi virusspeci-fikuri antigeni. arsebobs virusis 2 serotipi, romle-bic ar iZlevian jvaredin imunitets.

virusi SedarebiT gamZlea, 600 C temperaturaze gacxelebas uZlebs 12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, magram 1000 C gacxeleba klavs 5 wuTSi -200 C gayinviT inaxeba wlo-biT. ultraiisferi gamosxiveba Rupavs 1 wuTSi, qlori 30 wuTSi. gamZlea eTerisa da detergintebisadmi.

virusi organizmSi xvdeba sakvebiT da wyliT, igi gamoiyofa ganavalTan erTad inkubaciur periodSi siy-viTlis gamovlinebamde 1-2 kviriT adre. amave dros vi-rusi vlindeba sisxlSic. RviZlis dazianebis gamovli-nebis (siyviTle) Semdeg virusis raodenoba ganavalsa da sisxlSi klebulobs.

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daavadeba iwyeba prodromuli periodiT, Tavis tkiviliT, sisustiT, damtvreulobis grZnobiT, zog-jer kataruli movlenebiT. SemdgomSi viTardeba mwva-ved temperaturis aweviT, zogjer SemcivnebiT tempe-raturis maqsimums aRwevs pirvel 2 dReSi. 4-5 dRis Sem-deg es movlenebi qreba, temperatura qveiTdeba da vi-Tardeba saWmlis momnelebeli traqtis daavadebebi-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebi. amave dros Sardi muqdeba da ganavali uferuldeba. araiSviaTad hepati-ti mimdinareobs usiyviTlod, ufro xSirad bavSvebSi. mTavrdeba sruli gamojanmrTelebiT. imuniteti mya-ria.

hepatiti miekuTvneba nawlavTa infeqciebs gada-cemis fekalur-oraluri meqanizmiT. infeqciis wyaros warmoadgenen rogorc klinikuri ise usimptomo for-miT avadmyofebi. virusebi gamoiyofa ganavalTan er-Tad inkubaciis periodis ukanasknel kviraSi. sisxlSi virusi gamovlindeba dasnebovnebidan ori kviris Sem-deg da qreba avadmyofobis pirvel dReebSi.

gadacemis ZiriTadi faqtorebia wyali, sakvebi produqtebi, sayofacxovrebo sagnebi. ufro xSirad avaddebian 4-15 wlis asakis bavSvebi. 50 wlis asakis ada-mianebSi antisxeulebi vlindeba 70-75% SemTxvevaSi.

laboratoriuli diagnostikisaTvis gamosakvlev masalas warmoadgens avadmyofis fekaluri gamonayofe-bi romlebSic (iem meTodiT) avlenen virusul nawila-kebs. gamoiyeneba agreTve serologiuri diagnostika.

B hepatitis virusi

(pirvelad gamoyves spirma da sxva 1970 w)

virusi miekuTvneba hepadnaviridae-s ojaxs. hepa-titis virusi (deinis nawilakebi) sferuli formisaa 42-45 nm diametriT. centrSi moTavsebulia orZafiani wri-uli dnm, romelic garsSemortymulia 2 nm sisqis mem-

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braniT. sruli agebulebis virionebTan erTad didi ra-odenobiT gvxvdeba mxolod garsis fragmentebisagan Semdgari nawilakebi.

virioni mgrZnobiarea eTeris da detergentebis mimarT. uCveuloa maTi gamZleoba maRali temperatu-ris moqmedebisadmi. uZleben 1000 C gacxelebas 1-2 wu-Ti, maTi gamZleoba matulobs Tu isini imyofebian sis-xlis SratSi. 10 wuTiani duRilis Semdeg virusis infeq-ciuri aqtivoba wydeba, magram antigenuri Tvisebebi rCeba. Tvisebebi da aqtivoba narCundeba sisxlis plaz-mis ultraiisferi dasxivebisas, -200c Senaxvisas, ganme-orebiT gayinvisa da galRobisas ramdenime wlis ganmav-lobaSi. virusi ar kultivirdeba laboratoriul pi-robebSi.

virusi organizmSi xvdeba parentaruli gziT da sisxliT miitaneba RviZlSi. daavadeba viTardeba xan-grZlivi inkubaciuri periodis (3-6 Tve) Semdeg, axasia-Tebs hepatitebis dazianebasTan dakavSirebuli sim-ptomebi.

avadmyofobis periodSi yalibdeba specifikuri imuniteti, romelic umetes SemTxvevaSi aTavisuflebs organizms virusisagan.

infeqciis wyaros warmoadgens mxolod avadmyofi an virusmatarebeli adamiani. gadacema xdeba parenta-ruli gziT aseptikis darRvevisas. dasnebovneba SeiZ-leba moxdes sqesobrivi gziT, agreTve dedidan nayof-ze transplacentarulad an Semdeg dedis rZiT.

gamosakvlev masalas warmoadgens sisxli. adreu-li diagnostikisaTvis iyeneben RviZlis funqciuri mdgomareobis bioqimiur maCveneblebs.

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C hepatitis virusi

C hepatitis gamomwvevi mTeli rigi bioqimiuri TvisebebiT emsgavseba flavivirusebs, virusuli nawi-lakis zoma 80 nm-ze naklebia.genetikuri masala war-modgenilia rnm-iT. C hepatitis virusi gadaecema pa-renteraluri gziT. serodiagnostika emyareba sisxlis SratSi antisxeulebis gamovlenas. virusuli C hepati-tis gavrcelebaze mowmobs 0,5-1% SemTxvevaSi janmrTe-li donorebis sisxlSi specifikuri antisxeulebis ga-movlena, romelTa diametria 60-70 nm. eleqtronuli mikroskopiT Seswavlisas virionis zedapirze gamov-linda 6-8 nm simaRlis qedebi.

dasnebovneba yvelaze xSirad xdeba parenteralu-

ri gziT da vlindeba transfuziis Semdeg. C hepatits `naz mkvlelsac~ uwodeben, radgan unari Seswevs Sei-niRbos sxva daavadebis saxiT. dasnebovneba yvelaze xSirad xdeba donoris sisxlis gadasxmisas. mTel msof-lioSi donorebis 0,01% hepatitis virusis matarebe-lia. amJamad recipietisTvis sisxlis gadasxmis win sa-guldagulod mowmdeba donoris sisxli. yvelaze didi safrTxis winaSe arian is pacietebi romlebic ganmeo-rebiT saWiroeben sisxlis an misi preparatebis gadas-xmas. erTidaigive nemsis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva adamia-nis mier sagrZnoblad zrdis dainficirebis risks, rac dReisaTvis yvelaze gavrcelebuli gzaa. virusis gada-cema SeiZleba moxdes sqesobrivi kavSiris drosac, Tumca riski SedarebiT naklebia. dedidan bavSvze anu vertikaluri gziT gadacema SedarebiT iSviaTia. riski izrdeba Tu dedas aqvs virusis aqtiuri forma an fex-mZimobis bolo TveebSi gadaitana mwvave hepatiti. de-dis rZiT C hepatiti ar gadaecema.

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virusuli C hepatiti gadaecema tatuirebis, pir-singis, yurebis gaxvretis dros arasteriluri nemsiT. dainficirebis wyaro SemTxvevebis 40% dros ucnobia.

daificirebidan klinikuri niSnebis gamovlena mimdinareobs 2 dan 26 kviris ganmavlobaSi, rodesac xdeba virusis damkvidreba da gamravleba organizmSi. amis Semdeg xdeba daavadebis niSnebis gamovlena. pirve-li Cndeba siyviTle. hepatiti gvagonebs grips. daavade-ba iwyeba temperaturis momatebiT, Tavis tkiviliT, sa-erTo sisustiT, sxeulSi mtreviT, saxsrebis tkiviliT, zogjer gamonayariT. simptomebi, rogorc wesi vlinde-ba TandaTanobiT: madis dakargva, tkivilebi marjvena ferdis qveS, gulisreva, Rebineba, muqi Sardi, gaufe-rulebuli ganavali. eqimebi afiqsireben RviZlis, iSvi-Tad elenTis gadidebas. sisxlSi aRiniSneba hepatiti-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli cvlilebebi: bilirubinis ga-zrdili done, RviZlis sinjebis zrda, virusuli hepa-titis specifikuri markerebis gamovlena. rogorc wesi siyviTlis gamoCenis Semdeg avadyofis mdgomareoba um-jobesdeba. droTa ganmavlobaSi pacientebis 20% -is SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs simptomebis ukuganviTarebas da iwyeben gamojanmrTelebas. inficirebulebis kidev 20% xdeba hepatiti C matarebeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs simptomebi da bioqimiuri cvlilebebi sis-xlis analizSi, magram testebi miuTiTebs sisxlSi vi-rusis arsebobas. virusmatareblebis gamovlena ro-gorc wesi xdeba gamokvlevebis Catarebisas. gverdiTi movlenebis .arasasurveli Sedegebis sixSire C hepati-tis aseTi variantisas bolomde dadgenili ar aris. mi-uxedavad laboratoriuli mtkicebulebebis ararsebo-bisas C hepatitis progresireba gamoricxuli ar aris. daaxloebiT 70% im pirebisas vinc gadaitana mwvave he-patiti, uviTardebaT hepatitis mwvave forma, romelic warmoadgens yvelaze did safrTxes. qronikuli hepati-

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tis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli simptomebia: daRliloba, sisuste, ar SeuZliaT Seasrulon Cveuli fizikuri datvirTva.

es simptomebi mudmivi ar aris, amitom daavadebas araseriozulad udgebian. garda amisa SeiZleba warmo-iSvas: gulisreva, muclis tkivili, saxsrebis da kunTe-bis tkivili, diarea, siyviTle, muqi Sardi, sisxldena, qavili, wonis dakargva, RviZlis da naRvlis buStis ga-dideba, sisxlZarRvebis problemebi mxolod qroniku-li hepatitis Sors wasuli stadiis dros vlindeba, ro-melic xSir SemTxvevaSi cirozsa da RviZlis kiboSi ga-dadis. C hepatitis kombinacia virusuli hepatitis sxva formebTan mkveTrad amZimebs daavadebas da iqmneba le-taluri gamosavlis safrTxe.

C hepatitis mkurnaloba da diagnostika eqimi-in-feqcionistis, hepatologis an gastroenterologis prerogativaa. C virusuli hepatitis diagnostikisaT-vis aucilebelia laboratoriuli da instrumentalu-ri kvlevis meTodebis gamoyeneba.

C hepatitis mkurnaloba kompleqsuria da bevriT hgavs hepatitis mkurnalobas

mkurnalobis mizania Semcirdes an aRmoifxvras RviZlis anTeba, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli hepati-tis cirozSi gadasvla, Semcirdes an mTlianad gaqres virusi organizmidan kerZod ki RviZlidan. mkurnalo-bis kursis damTavrebis Semdeg mniSvnelovania gag-rZeldes sisxlis analizebis kontroli momdevno ram-denime Tvis ganmavlobaSi, raTa pacients Tavidan ar aR-moaCndes RviZlis anTebis niSnebi.

43

adamianis hepatitis virusebis SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba

niSan-Tviseba

A hepa-titis virusi

B hepa-titis virusi

delta-virusi

arc A arc B hepa-titis virusebi

C hepa-titis virusi

E hepa-titis virusi

nuklei-nis mJavis tipi rnm dnm rnm rnm rnm zomebi, nm 27-32 42-52 36 80 32-34

kulti-vireba

hep.ga-daner. ujr. kult. ⎯ ⎯ ± ±

lipide-bis ar-seboba ⎯ + + ± ± lokal. hepato-citebSi

citop-lazma birTvi birTvi

citop-lazma

citop-lazma

onkoge-noba ⎯ + ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ gadace-mis gze-bi

entera-luri

paren-taluri

paren-taluri

paren-taluri

entera-luri

44

reziume

virusuli hepatiti mwvave infeqciuri daavadebaa, romelic farTodaa gavcelebuli mTel msoflioSi. xSirad gvxvdeba bavSvebSi da mozrdilebSi. misTvis da-maxasiaTebelia RviZlis parenqimis dazianeba da mra-valferovani klinikuri mimdinareoba. aqedan warmos-dgeba saxelwodeba hepatiti (hepar-RviZli).

daavadeba SeiZleba mimdinareobdes mwvave, qroni-kuli, mZime da subklinikuri formebiT. mZime garTule-bebs miekuTvneba RviZlis parenqimis nekrozi, (RviZlis qvemwvave distrofia) da RviZlis cirozi. virusuli he-patitis antroponozuli infeqciaa: bunebriv pirobeb-Si avaddeba mxolod adamiani hepatite virus

Summary

Viral hepatitis is an acute infectious decease, which is widely spread in the world. It is often found both in children and adults. It is characterized by the damage to hepatic parenchyma and diversity of clinical course. The term Hepatitis takes its origin from it (hepar-liver). Decease can have acute, chronic, serious and subclinical forms. Hepatic parenchyma necrosis (sub- acute hepatic dystrophy) and cirrhosis belong to severe complications. Viral hepatitis is an antroponozes infection: only a human can be infected in natural conditions.

45

qveynis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebisTvis

eduard feiqriSvili

universiteti `gorgasali~ socialur da filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoranti,

sakvanZo sityvebi: qveyana, usafrTxoebis uzrun-velyofa

qveynis mmarTvelobisaTvis aucilebelia imis

codna Tu rogor unda ganvsazRvroT usafrTxoebis sa-

kiTxebi da rogor politikur-ekonomikur ganzomile-

baSia dRes sazogadoeba da mTlianad qveyana. amisaTvis aucilebelia vicodeT, rom qveynis usafrTxoebis uz-runvelyofa es aris politikur da ekonomikur Ronis-

ZiebaTa kompleqsi, romlis mizania garemomcvel samya-

roSi, pirovnebis sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos Seqmnis moRvawoebisa da arsebobisaTvis usafrTxo (komfor-

tuli) pirobebi. arsebobs ori saxis subieqturi da obieqturi

usafrTxoeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT ganvixiloT subi-

eqturi usafrTxoeba, radgan is Cvens cnobierebaSia, usafrTxoebis es saxe unda emTxveodes da odnav win us-

wrebdes obieqtur usafrTxoebas, romelic rogorc in-

strumenti, realurad arsebobs drois mocemul monak-

veTSi. amiT imis Tqma minda, rom arsebul situaciaze unda gvqondes realuri warmodgena, raTa vawarmooT adekvaturi prevenciuli qmedebebi qveynis usafrTxo-ebis uzrunvelsayofad da ara subieqturi warmodgena sakiTxisadmi, romelic ar aris gamagrebuli realurad

46

arsebuli obieqturi usafrTxoebis elementebiT ara-

med gamagrebulia obieqturi elementebiT. ar arsebobs dedamiwaze arcerTi eri, romelTa

miTebi da legendebi iribad Tu pirdapir ar exmianebo-

da usafrTxoebis problemebs. usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze Taviseburi warmodgena

hqondaT egviptelebs, Cinelebs, indusebs, babilone-

lebs, sparsebs, ebraelebs, berZnebs Cven qarTvelebs da a.S. am sakiTxis mniSvnelovani aspeqti is aris, rasac dRes msoflio sazogadoeba TavdacviT samarTlebriv dargs miakuTvnebs da sadac sazogadoeba usafrTxoe-

baze zrunvas did yuradRebas aqcevs. adamianTa istoriis manZilze dRemde did saxel-

mwifoTa mTavari mizani iyo sakuTari ekonomikuri in-teresebis realizacia da usafrTxoebis mizniT sasi-

cocxlo sivrcis gafarToeba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, teritoriebis dapyroba. gansakuTrebiT didi saxel-mwifoebi yvela dros xelmZRvanelobdnen mezobel sa-xelmwifoebze Tu xalxebze sakuTari kontrolis gav-lenis gafarToebis imperativiT da Tu miecemodaT Se-

saZlebloba mTlian saerTaSoriso sistemazec ki. usafrTxoebis sistema moicavs pirovnebis, sazo-

gadoebisa da sistemis interesebs Soris balansis dac-

vis meqanizms, romelic amasTanave gulisxmobs maT ur-

TierT pasuxismgeblobis uzrunvelsayofad, mizani sa-

xelmwyifos nacionaluri interesebis realizaciaa. maSin rodesac aristotele adamianebis mier, kar-

gi cxovrebis pirobebSi moRvaweTa albaTobas ikvlev-

da, ciceronma sxva gza airCia, misi azriT saxelmwifo asocirdeba marTlmsajulebasTan, romelic bunebis kanonis gavrcobasTan, riTac RvTiurma gonebam kosmo-

si moawyo. igi ambobda `kanoni unda eTanxmebodes bune-

47

bas~ maSin es kanoni ucvleli da maradiulia. istoriis manZilze yvela saxelmwifo fiqrobda Tavis usaf-rTxoebaze da sazRvrebis gafarToebiT aZlierebda Ta-

vis usafrTxoebas ama Tu im regionSi. am midgomebs anu msoflmxedvelobebs ki, Tavisi

civilizaciuri da kulturuli aspeqtebi gaaCniaT, romlis mTavari instrumenti da saidumlo adamianis fsiqologiaSi da erebis fsiqikaSia Rrmad Camaluli.

Zlieri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmna samarTleb-

riv saxelmwifoSi maSin aris efeqturi, rodesac mis ka-

nonebSi Caideba bunebis kanonis elementebi. ciceroni ki cdilobda ganesazRvra bunebis kanoni da warmoaCen-da kavSirs RvTiur da adamianur wesrigsa da gonebas Soris.

saWiroa aRvniSnoT, rom politikuri usafrTxoe-

bis uzrunvelyofa, es aris politikur da strategiul RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, romlis mizania garemomcvel samyaroSi, pirovnebas, sazogadeobas da saxelmwifos Seuqmnas moRvaweobisa da arsebobisaTvisusafrTxo (komfortuli) pirobebi. politikuri usafrTxoebis garda aucilebelia aRvniSnoT kidev subieqturi usaf-

rTxoeba, romelic Cvens cnobierebaSia is unda emTxve-

odes da odnav win uswrebdes obieqtur usafrTxoebas, romelic rogorc instrumentia. arsebul situaciaze unda gvqondes realuri warmodgena, raTa vawarmooT adekvaturi prevenciuli qmedebebi usafrTxoebis uz-

runvelsayofad. saxelmwifo usafrTxoeba pirvel rigSi dakavSire-

bulia wyobis SenarCunebasTan (dacvasTan), suverenite-

tisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvasTan. mTavaria ganvixiloT es sakiTxi pirovnebis dacvis WrilSi. sa-

48

xelmwifo yvela Tavisi atributebiT, institutebiTa da organoebiT unda emsaxurebodes TiToeuli pirov-

nebis interesebs, aseT SemTxvevaSi Tavs iCens erovnu-

li usafrTxoeba, romelic emsaxureba erovnuli mizne-

bis ganxorcielebas, erovnuli faseulobebis dacvasa da eronuli interesebis realizaciis saSualebebs.

`erovnuli faseulobebi warmogvidgeba sam blo-

kad: xalxis keTildReoba; sacxovrebeli teritoriis dacva da keTilmowyoba; erovnuli kulturis Se-

narCuneba da ganviTareba. erovnuli institutebi yalibdeba sam jgufad: sa-

sicocxlo mniSvnelobis interesebi, mniSvnelovani in-

teresebi da ubralod interesebi. 1) sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis interesebi dakavSi-

rebulia iseT faseulobebTan, romelTa darRvevac migviyvans adamianebis, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos arsebobis safuZvlebis moSlasTan. amasTanave sasi-

cocxlo mniSvnelobis sferoSi Sedis suvereniteti, saxelmwifo da teritoriuli mTlianoba, konstituci-

uri wyoba, qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba, eris zneobri-

vi da fizikuri janmrTeloba. 2) mniSvnelovani interesebi dakavSirebulia mo-

qalaqeTa Tavisuflebisa da konstituciuri uflebe-

bis realizaciasTan, sazogadoebis socialuri mniSvne-

lobis miRwevebis SenarCunebasTan. socialuri, rasob-

rivi, nacionaluri da religiuri urTierTobebis, or-

ganizebuli danaSaulebebis da a.S aRkveTasa da daZle-

vasTan. 3) ubralod interesebi dakavSirebulia sazoga-

doebis ganviTarebisTvis xelSewyobis pirobebis uz-

49

runvelyofasTan, samoqalaqo TanxmobasTan, demokra-tiuli sazogadoebis principebisa da socialuri sa-

marTlianobis realizaciasTan, garemo pirobebis dac-

vasTan, sazRvargareTis qveynebTan urTierTsasargeb-

lo da keTilmezoblur TanamSromlobasTan~. erovnuli interesebi Tavisi SinaarsiT subieqtu-

ria, rameTu yalibdeba adamianebis mier. erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia, romelic politologiaSi platoniseuli tradiciis xaziT aris cnobili, iswraf-

vis politika Seusabamos adamianis bunebas, mis sasi-

cocxlo moTxovnilebebs. saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis koncefcia, romelic ideologiuri safuZvlebi poli-tologiaSi cnobilia makiavelisturi saxis saxelwode-

biT, ar iTvaliswinebs adamianis ganviTarebisa da deg-

radaciis procesebs. es ori politikuri tradicia un-

da iqnas dabalansebuli. es SesaZlebelia Zlieri samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic moaxdens saero-iuridiuli saxelmwifosa da uflebebis koncef-

ciis realizacias. anu, erovnuli usafrTxoebis kon-cefciis SemTxvevaSi monawileoba unda miiRos sazoga-

doebis ganaTlebulma elitam, saTanado sazogadoeb-

rivi institutebis meSveobiT. amisaTvis ki TviT sazo-gadoebaSi politikuri kultura da ganaTleba kargad unda iyos ganviTarebuli.

dRevandel politikaSi usafrTxoebis RonisZie-

baTa ganxorcielebis arealia socialuri sazogadoeba, xolo dacvis obieqti individisa da sazogadoebis cno-

biereba, inteleqti, zneobrivi prioritetebi, sxvagva-

rad rom vTqvaT — msoflmxedveloba. samwuxarod Cveni qveynis mosaxleobas bundovani

warmodgena aqvs strategiul mokavSireze da mowinaaR-

50

mdegeze, romelic regionSi da aseve msoflioSi ra kri-

teriumebis meSveobiT unda SevarCioT is. qveynis usaf-rTxoeba damokidebulia im politikaze romelsac ata-rebs qveyana amitomac megobrobas safuZvlad udevs ge-opolitikuri adgilmdebareoba

(saxelmwifoebrivi) interesebi. qveyanam es rom SeZlos da swori politikuri kursi airCios unda ico-des politikuri kultura da politikuri usafrTxoe-

bis elementebi mainc. sabednierod Cvens qveyanaSi kidev moRvaweoben

politikuri kulturis mqone adamianebi, romlebic az-rovneben am kriteriumebis mixedviT rogorc politi-

kur aseve kvleviT donezec, magram es zRvaSi wveTia. marto saxelmwifo moxeleebis da politikosebis mwiri nawilis azrovneba da moqmedeba ar aris sakmarisi, qvey-nis mosaxleobamac unda iswavlos saxelmwifoebrivad azrovneba (sakuTari qveynis sasargeblod) raTa gaaz-

rebulad davudges gverdSi sakuTar qveyanas, Rirseu-li arCevani gavakeToT saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da amiT xeli SeuwyoT sakuTar keTildReobasac.

qveynis usafrTxoeba mosaxleobis interesebs un-da gamoxatavdes da geopolitikur adgilmdebareoba-sac iTvaliswinebdes maRali politikuri gadawyveti-

lebebis miRebisas.

51

Резюме Для вопросов безопасности Страны

Эдуард Пейкришвили

Университет `Горгасали~ Докторант филосовских и социальных наук

Для правления Страной необходимы знания создания си-

стемы безопасности и управления ею. Это метод политических и экономических мироприятий в комплексе.

Существуют два вида безопасности, это субьективный и объективный. Субьективный вид безопасности исходит из сознания и должен соответствовать или немного опережать объективный метод безопасности который как инструмент реально существует в промежутке реального времени.

Создание прочной системы безопасности в правовом Гос-сударстве эфективно тогда, когда в Госсударстве и в существу-ющих в нем законах будут предусмотрены елементы правового законодательства.

Безопасность Страны зависит от той политики которую она проводит, поэтому фундаментом является геополитическое расположение и Госсударственные интересы. Чтовы Страна смоглабы это, то тогда должна проводить правильный полити-ческий курс, иметь политическую культуру и элементарно еффективные политические елементы безопасности.

При принятии политического заключения безопасность Страны также должна учитывать интересы населения.

52

proporciuli Tu maJoritaruli

saarCevno sistema

zaur jinjolava

iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

sakvanZo sityvebi: arCevnebi, maJoritaruli pro-porciuli sistema

saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevenebis wesi mowes-

rigeblia saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da saqarTve-

los saarCevno kodeqsiT. es aqtebi adgenen parlamen-tis arCevnebis momzadebisa da Catarebis samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, arCevnebSi monawileTa uflebebsa da ga-

rantiebs, saarCevno administraciis Seqmnis wessa da uflebamosilebas da, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul Sem-

TxvevaSi, davis ganxilvis wess. kanonis mixedviT, saqar-

Tvelos parlamentis arCevnebi ewyoba sayovelTao, Ta-

naswori da pirdapiri saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze, faruli kenWisyriT.

parlamentis arCevis ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos moqalaqes, romelsac arCevnebis dRisTvis Seusrulda 18 weli, xolo arCeuli SeiZleba iyos saqaTvelos moqa-

laqe, romelsac Seusrulda 21 weli da romelmac icis qarTuli ena.

saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrad ar SeiZleba airCes moqalaqe, romelsac ukanaskneli 2 wlis ganmav-lobaSi ar ucxovria saqarTveloSi da arc erT qveyana-

Si ar dgas saqarTvelos sakonsulo aRricxvaze. aseve, ar SeiZleba airCes narkomani an narkotikebis momxma-

rebeli.

53

saqarTvelos konstitucia da saarCevno kodeqsi aseve adgenen rogori saarCevno sistemiT — proporci-uli saarCevno sistemiT Tu maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemiT — unda moxdes saqarTvelos parlamentis arCeva.

saqarTvelos konstituciis 49-e muxlis Tanaxmad, parlamenti Sedgeba sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pirda-

piri saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze, faruli kenWis-

yriT, 4 wlis vadiT, proporciuli sistemiT arCeuli 77 da maJoritaruli sistemiT arCeuli 73 parlamentis wevrisgan.

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos parlamentis asarCevad gamoiyeneba orive saarCevnos sitema: maJori-

taruli da proporciuli. maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema warmoadgens

arCevnebis iseT sistemas, romlis drosac arCevnebi tardeba erTmandatiani an mravalmandatiani saarCevno olqebis mixedviT da arCeulad iTvleba is kandidati, romelmac miiRo dadgenili xmebis umravlesoba. arse-

bobs maJoritaruli sistemis ori ZiriTadi saxe: maJoritaruli sistema absoluturi umravlesobiT, romlis drosac kandidatma unda moagrovos xmebis na-

xevarze meti (50%-s + 1) da maJoritaruli sistema Seda-

rebiTi umravlesobiT, romlis mixedviTac arCeulad CaiTvleba is kandidati, romelmac miiRo mis TiToeul konkurentze meti xma. maJoritaruli wesiT arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba aqvs pirs, romlis war-dgenis iniciativa dadasturebulia Sesabamisi saarCev-no olqis teritoriaze registrirebul mxardamWer

amomrCevelTa aranakleb 15 aTasis xelmoweriT, garda

54

im SemTxvevisa, Tu dasaxelebuli kandidati saparla-

mento arCevnebSi arCeuli iyo parlamentis wevrad. proporciuli saarCevno sistemis dros arCevnebi

tardeba partiuli sistemis safuZvelze da partiebi parlamentSi adgilebs Rebuloben maT mier mopovebu-

li xmebis proporciulad. arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT registrirebul moqalaqeTa politikur gaerTianebas, romlis mxarda-Werac dadasturebulia aTasi amomrCevlis xelmowe-

riT, Tu igi kvalificiuri saarCevno subieqtia, xolo Tu igi ar aris kvalificiuri saarCevno subieqti — sul cota 25 aTasi amomrCevlis xelmoweriT1, an romelsac yavs warmomadgeneli parlamentSi arCevnebis daniSvnis droisTvis. proporciuli sistemiT Catarebuli arCev-

nebis Sedegad, parlamentis wevrTa mandatebi ganawil-deba mxolod im politikur gaerTianebebsa da saarCev-

no blokebs Soris, romlebic miiReben arCevnebSi mona-

wile amomrCevelTa xmebis 5%-s mainc. partiuli siebis Sedgenis wess gansazRvraven Tvi-

Ton partiebi da blokebi, magram sia Sedgenili unda iyos imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arCevnebis Sedegad partiis an blokis mier miRebuli mandatebi unda gana-

wildes siis dasawyisidan rigiTobis mixedviT, e.i. Tu partiam an blokma miiRo erTi mandati, is unda miiRos siaSi pirvelma, Tu miiRo ori mandati — pirvelma da me-

orem da a.S. roca qveynis warmomadgenlobiTi organos asarCe-

vad gamoiyeneba rogor proporciuli, aseve maJorita-

1 kvalificiuri partia — partia, romelic `moqalaqeTa po-litikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kononis Se-sabamisad, dafinansebas saxelmwifo biujetidan iRebs.

55

ruli saarCevnos sistema, bunebrivia, ibadeba kiTxva, romeli sistemaa ufro misaRebi — proporciuli Tu maJoritaruli?

bolo periodSi, TiTqmis yvela politikuri par-

tia, rogorc saparlamento, aseve arasaparlamento, garda mmarTvel koaliciaSi Semavali partiebisa, da agreTve arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, kategoriulad moiTxoven maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis gauqmebas 2016 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi parlamentis mxo-

lod proporciuli sistemiT arCevas. zogierTebi iqam-

dec ki mividnen, rom atkiceben, TiTqosda saqarvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gaauqma maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema. rac ar Seefereba sinamdviles. saqme imaSia, rom saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebi ewyoba sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pirdapiri saarCevno ufle-

bis safuZvelze, faruli kenWisyriT. am SemTxvevaSi Cven mxolod Tanasworobis principi gvainteresebs. arCevnebis Tanasworoba imas niSnavs, rom amomrCevlebi Tanaswor safuZvelze monawileoben arCevnebSi da yo-

vel moqalaqes aqvs mxolod erTi xma. likvidirebulia raime upiratesoba an SezRuva rasobrivi an erovnuli kuTvnilebis, sqesis, ganaTlebis, enis, religiisadmi damokidebulebis mixedviT. aravin ar SeiZleba Setanil iqnes amomrCevelTa erTze met siaSi. amasTan, Tanaswo-

roba niSnavs imasac, rom saarCevno olqebSi deputa-tebs irCeven amomrCevelTa daaxloebiT Tanabari rao-

denobis mier. es bolo principi (amomrCevelTa daax-

loebiT Tanabari raodenoba) Segnebulad irRveoda. darRvevis mizezi ki is gaxldaT, rom gvindoda, miuxe-

davad mosaxleobis raodenobisa, yvela administraci-

ul erTeuls (municipalitets) yoloda TiTo warmo-

56

madgeneli mainc saqarTvelos parlamentSi. swored es xarvezi gamoaswora sakonstitucio sasamarTlom da daadgina, rom maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis dros saarCevno olqebSi deputatebi unda airCen amomrCevelTa daaxloebiT Tanabari raodenobiT. ro-

gorc xedavT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos maJorita-

ruli saarCevno sistema ar gauuqmebia. Tu adre goris, zugdidis, Telavis, ozurgeTisa da sxva didi raione-

bis 40-60 aTasi amomrCevelic da yazbegis, duSeTisa da TianeTis raionebis daaxloebiT 2 aTasi amomrCevelic erT maJoritar deputats irCevda, sakonstitucio sa-samarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad cvlilebebi Sevida saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsSi: parlamentis arCevnebisTvis Seiqmna axali maJoritaruli olqebi. dawesda saarCevno olqebis axali sazRvrebi. mag.: Tuki adre duSeTis, yazbegisa da TianeTis municipalitete-

bi TiTo-TiTo deputats irCevdnen, axla, samive muni-cipalitetis sazRvrebSi Seqmnilia erTi saarCevno ubani da samive municipaliteti erT maJoritar depu-

tats airCevs. samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom proporciu-

li saarCevno sistema zogadad ufro progresuli for-

maa, vidre maJoritaruli. magram, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom konkretuli qveynisTvis zogjer maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemaa ufro misaRebi. proporciuli sa-

arCevno sistema iseTi qveynebisTvisaa misaRebi, sadac partiaTa raodenoba mcirea da mosaxleobisaTvis kar-gadaa cnobili TiToeuli partiis miznebi da maT mi-

saRwevad dasaxuli gzebi. maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema xelwamosakravi

rom ar aris, amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom am siste-

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mas bevri qveyana iyenebs. mag.: CexeTi, orive palatis 281 wevrs irCevs maJoritaruli sistemiT, azerbaijanSi mejlisis as ocdaxuTive deputati, italiaSi ki orive sistema gamoiyeneba — deputatTa palatis 475 wevri maJoritaruli sistemiT irCeva, 45 proporciuliT, respublikis senatis 232 wevri maJoritaruli sistemiT irCeva, xolo 83 proporciuli sistemiT. aseve Sereuli sistema gamoiyeneba yazaxeTSi, albaneTSi, meqsikaSi, monakoSi, sloveniasa da sxva qveynebSi. aqve unda aRi-

niSnos, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis orive palata: senatis 100 wevri da warmomadgenelTa palatis 435 wevri irCeva maJoritaruli saarCevno sis-

temiT, SedarebiTi umravlesobiT. aseve, unda iTqvas, rom maJoritaruli saarCevnos

sistema zrdis pasuxismgeblobas konkretuli amomrCevlis winaSe. miT umetes, dRes, roca deputati sargeblobs Tavisufali da ara imperatiuli mandatiT. proporciuli saarCevno sistemis dros, deputatis pa-suxismgebloba amomrCevlis winaSe saerTod ar arse-

bobs. ar aris dasamali, rom arCevnebis saboloo Sede-

gebze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens e.w. `saxelisufle-

bo resursi~, romlis moculobac 10-dan 20%-mde merye-

obs. `saxelisuflebo resursis~ gamoyenebas da amomrCevelze farul Tu Ria ara kanonier zemoqmede-

bas xels uwyobs ara marto maJoritaruli, aramed pro-

porciuli saarCevno sistemac. garda amisa, proporci-uli saarCevno sistema xels uwyobs politikuri speq-

tris danawevrebas, e.w. `erTkaciani~ partiebis Se-

narCunebasa da axal-axali politikuri organizaciebis

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Camoyalibebas, radgan proporciuli sistema da erTia-ni politikuri sia TavisTavad gulisxmobs saarCevno siis ranJirebas. rasac, rogorc wesi, partiis lideri, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, liderTa jgufi axorcielebs da maTze da ara amomrCevelzea damokidebuli, ramdenad `gamsvlel~ adgils daikavebs esa Tu is kandidati. es ki xels uSlis partiis SigniT konkurentuli atmosferos Seqmnas, politikur asparzze axali personebis gamoy-

vanas da vRebulobT, e.w. `mudmiv liderebs~. aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac,

rom Cveni amomrCevlis erTi nawili, rogorc wesi, xmas aZlevs partiis liders, meore nawili angariSs uwevs tradiciul naTesaur-megobrul urTierTobebs an zogjer, pirad sargebels da Sesabamisad, Zalian mci-

rea amomrCevelTa is kategoria, romelsac gaazrebuli aqvs arCevnebis mniSvneloba erisa da qveynis momavlis winaSe.

rogorc vxedavT, maJoritaruli saarCevno siste-

mis gauqmeba panacea ar yofila. Cven Tu gvinda Tvisob-

rivad axali parlamentis miReba, maSin amomrCeveli un-

da vaiZloT, rom man arCevani qveynisa da eris, anu saku-

Tari momavlis sasargeblod gaakeTos. Tanac ise, rom marTali iyos rogorc sakuTari sindisis, aseve sxvebis winaSe. amisaTvis ara marTo maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis gauqmebaa saWiro, aramed parlamentSi moxved-

ris wesis Secvlacaa aucilebeli. Cven iseTi saparla-

mento sistema gvWirdeba, romelic: a) gazrdis deputa-

tis pasuxismgeblobas, b) mkveTrad Seamcirebs saxel-

mwifo-administraciuli da finansuri resursebis ga-

moyenebas arCevnebis gasayalbeblad, g) xels Seuwyobs

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realuri politikuri partiebis Camoyalibebas da ai-Zulebs partiaTa liderebs izrunon gavleniani da Wkviani pirovnebebis mozidvaze da ara maT morCileba-

ze, d) moxsnis xist damokidebulebas konkurentebs So-ris da arCevnebs gadaaqcevs stabilizaciis da ara des-

tabilizaciis faqtorad. es garemoebebi, ra Tqma unda, marto Cemi piradi mosazrebebi ar aris. es gaxlavT kon-

stitucionalistTa garkveuli jgufis mosazreba. bu-

nebrivia, arsebobs gansxvavebuli azrebic, amitom ar unda viCqaroT: gavecnoT yvela mosazrebas da winada-

debas, avwon-davwonoT, SevajeroT, mivideT erTian daskvnamde da mxolod amis Semdeg gavauqmoT maJori-

taruli saarCevno sistema. rac, rasakvirvelia, mimdi-

nare wlis saparlamento arCevnebisTvis ver moeswreba. aqedan gamomdinare, amjerad mxari unda davuWiroT mmarTveli koaliciis mosazrebas mimdinare wlis arCevnebis Sereuli (maJoritaruli da proporciuli) saarCevno sistemiT Ctarebis Sesaxeb, xolo 2020 wlis arCevnebi CavataroT mxolod proporciuli saarCevno sistemiT.

Summary

According to the article 49 of the Constitution of Georgia the Parliament of Georgia shall consist of 77 members of Parliament elected by a proportional system and 73 members of Parliament elected by majority system for a term of four years on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot.

As we can see, both electoral systems – proportional system and majority system, are used to elect the Parliament of Georgia.

The majority system is such a system, where election is held in single-mandate and multi-mandate election districts and candidate

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with most of the established number of votes shell be considered elected.

In case of the proportional system of election the election is held on the basis of party system and political parties get seats at the Parliament in proportion to obtained votes.

When both of, majority and proportional systems are applied, naturally arises the question: Which system is better proportional or majority?

No doubted the proportional system is more progressive form of election than majority system. So, we have to switch to the proportional system. For 2016 election is too late but at 2020 election shall be held only by proportional system.

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saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis samarTali —

realoba, problemebi da perspeqtivebi

j. babilaSvili

samarTlis doqtori, iusticiis mTavari saxelmwifo

mrCeveli

sakvanZo sityvebi: samarTali, saqarTvelo, prob-

lemebi, perspeqtivebi sasjelaRsrulebis samarTals damnaSaveobasTan

brZolaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. sasjelis aR-

srulebiT mTavrdeba is cikli, rac piris qmedebaSi da-

naSaulis niSnebis dadgenasTan, mis pasuxisgebaSi mice-

masa da msjavrdebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. anu sasje-laRsrulebiTi samarTali agvirgvinebs sisxlis samar-Tlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis Zalisxmevas sa-

xelmwifos sisxlis samarTlis politikis gatarebaSi. sasjelis kanonis Sesabamisad aRsruleba mWidrodaa dakavSirebili im friad mniSvnelovani miznebis reali-

zaciasTan, rac sisxlis samarTlis kanonma mas daakisra axali dinaSaulis prevenciisa da damnaSavis resocia-

lizaciis saxiT. aRniSnuli ki bevrad aris damokidebu-li sasjelaRsrulebis sistemis organoebis miersasje-laRsrulebis samarTlis normebis moTxovnebis cxov-

rebaSi sworad da efeqturad gatarebaze. sasjelaRsrulebis samarTlis mniSvnelobaze me-

tyvelebs is maRali sazogadoebrivi interesic, rasac-media da arasamTavrobo seqtori iCens yoveldRiurad sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi adamianis ufle-

bebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT. ufro metic, patimarTa

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sayofacxovrebo pirobebis, samedicino momsaxurebis da sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi xSirad qveynis mimdina-

re politikis erT-erT mwvave Temadaa xolme qceuli, rac axali gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs sasjelaRsrule-

bis dawesebulebaTa sistemis organoebs. samwuxarod igives ver vityviT Cvens arc Tu ise

Soreul warsulze, rodesac sasjelaRsrulebis samar-

Tali, an rogorc maSin uwodebdnen Sroma-gasworebis samarTali, sxva dargebTan SedarebiT sabWoTa saxel-mwifoSi erTgvarad geris mdgomareobaSi iyo Cayenebu-

li. amas Tavisi axsna hqonda — saxelmwifo yvelanairad cdilobda gaesaidumloebina da daxuruli xasiaTi mie-

ca sasjelis aRsrulebis procesisTvis, rac gamoric-

xavda yovelgvar gamWvirvalobasa da sajaroobas. is Tu ra xdeboda koloniebsa da cixeebSi mxolod pirTa viwro wrisaTvis iyo cnobili, informacia mkacrad da saguldagulod iyo daculi aTasnairi uwyebrivi in-

struqciebiT. aqedan gamomdinare msjavrdebulTa uf-

lebebis dacvaze msjeloba xom saerTod zedmeti iyo. ufro metic, dRemde sazogadoebas mZime tvirTad

awevs meoce saukunis ocadaaTiani wlebis koSmaruli represiebi, rodesac aTasobiT adamiani gamoasalmes sicocxles yovelgvari winaswari gamoZiebis da srul-

fasovani sasamarTlo procedurebis gareSe. sabWoTa mTavrobisa da cakis 1934 wlis dadgenilebiT maSindel Sinagan saqmeTa saxelmwifo komisariatTan (e.w. НКВД-sTan)Seiqmna gansakuTrebuli saTaTbiro e.w. sameule-

bis (тройк-ebis) saxiT, romlebsac ufleba miecaT mkac-rad daesajaT reJimisadmi araloialurad ganwyobili pirebi. aRniSnuli dadgenilebiT praqtikulad moxda sasamarTlos da saerTod kanonierebis sruli ignori-

63

reba. saxelmwifom uxeSad daarRvia xelisuflebis da-

nawilebis fuZemdebluri principi,daakisra ra `НКВД-s~ da masTan arsebul gansakuTrebul saTaTbiros mar-

Tlmsajulebis funqciebi, riTac uzomod gazarda misi Zalaufleba qveynis sxva Zalovan da samarTaldamcav struqturebTan SedarebiT. farTo praqtka miiRo braldebulTa gasamarTlebam mimoweris uflebis gare-

Se, rac faqtiurad komunikaciis dakargva iyo ojaxTan da sxva axlobel pirebTan. amas emateboda Sroma-gaswo-rebis administracis diskreciuli ufleba — sasjelis moxdis Semdegac ar gamoeSvaT msjavrmoxdilebi sapa-timro dawesebulebebidan an sakuTari SexedulebiT gaegrZelebinaT maTTvis sasjelis moxdis vadebi, uari eTqvaT pirobiT vadaze adre gaTavisuflebis institu-

tis gamoyenebaze da sxva. sagulisxmoa, rom yvelaferi es xdeboda moqmedi Sroma-gasworebis kodeqsis piro-

bebSi, romlis normaTa moTxovnebic ugulebelyofili iyo НКВД-s Sidasauwyebo aqtebiT, sxvadasxva instruq-

ciebiTa Tu maRalCinosanTa brZanebebiT. am fonze sxva garemoebebTan erTad2, albaT, arc iyo SemTxveviTi, rom erTa ligam sabWoTa kavSiri garicxa Tavisi wevro-

bidan, Tumca amas araferi ar Seucvlia mis sasjelaR-

srulebis politikaSi. amasTan erTad sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom qveynis umaRlesi saswavleblebis iu-

ridiul fakultetebze Sewyvites Sroma-gasworebis sa-

marTlis swavleba. es maSin rodesac Tavisuflebis aR-kveTis mravalricxovan dawesebulebebSi mwvaved ig-rZnoboda Sesabamisi specialistebis deficiti da msjavrdebulTa bedi SemTxveviT pirebs hqondaT min-

2 mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs fineTTan agresiuli omis dawyeba, rac oficialur versiad iyo gamocxadebuli.

64

dobili. Tumca ra unda eswavlebinaT studentebisaT-

vis? imas xom ver ityodnen, rom saxelmwifoSi Sroma-gasworebiTi kanonmdebloba ignorirebuli iyo da qveynis sasjelaRsrulebis uzarmazari sistema gasai-

dumloebuli uwyebrivi instruqciebiT imarTeboda, is rom kanonieri gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlo institute-

bis gverdis avliT e.w. sameulebis meSveobiT xorciel-

deboda masobrivi terori da represiebi, rac aranai-

rad ar jdeboda kanonierebis doqtrinaSi. amitomac sruliad kanonzomieri iyo, rom sworedac politikuri mosazrebis gamo Sroma-gasworebis samarTals, rogorc saswavlo disciplinas da TviT mecnierul kvlevebsac tabu daedo da Sewyda am mimarTebiT yovelgvari dina-

mika. TiTqmis ase movediT 1958 wlamde anu sisxlis sa-marTlis kanonmdeblobis axali safuZvlebis miRebam-

de, romlebmac kardinalurad Secvales qveynis dasji-

Ti politika, Tumca sasjelaRsrulebaSi jer kidev warsulis bevri rudimenti iyo gadasalaxi. sagulis-

xmoa, rom 1931 wlis Sroma-gasworebis kodeqsi forma-

lurad isev ZalaSi iyo, Tumca ar moqmedebda, rac bevr kiTxvebs badebda mecnier iuristTa Soris. amasobaSi rogorc iqna sabWoTa kavSiri SeuerTda gaeros 1950 wlis adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracias, rasac ufro politikuri datvirTva hqonda da realu-rad qveynis sasjelaRsrulebiT politikaze `peres-

troikamde~ ar asaxula, Tumca maSinac momxdari cvli-lebebi kosmetikur xasiaTs atarebdnen da kvlav ZalaSi rCeboda Sroma-gasworebis sabWoTa totalitarizmis koncefcia.

saxelmwifos mxridan Sroma-gasworebis samar-Tlis mecnierebisadmi nihilisturi damokidebuleba

65

praqtikazec uaryofiTad aisaxa. didi xalisiT aravin ar midioda samuSaod Sroma-gasworebis organoebSi, radgan iq muSaoba Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sxva sam-

saxurebTan SedarebiT mZime da araprestiJuli iyo. es SemTxveviTi srulebiTac ar iyo, radgan mTel sistemas saxeli hqonda gatexili msjavrdebulTa mimarT ukano-

no da udieri damokidebulebis gamo, rac 37-iani wle-

bis gamoZaxiliT iyo gapirobebuli. sayuradReboa, rom jer kidev TviTon НКВД-s mier Catarebul Semowmebis masalebSi, romlebic Sroma-gasworebis banakebs exebo-

da TiTqmis yvelgan aRniSnuli iyo, rom mwvave proble-

mad rCeboda kadrebis sakiTxi qveynis Sroma-gaswore-

biT dawesebulebebSi. Tanamdebobebze iyvnen gaunaTle-

beli da dabali kulturis mqone adamianebi, rac qmnida kanonisadmi upativcemlobisa da samsaxurebrivi TviT-

nebobis atmosferos. yovelive es uaryofiTad aisaxeboda speckonti-

gentisadmi (maSin ase uwodebdnen banakebSi moTavsebul msjavrdebulebs) mopyrobaze, romelTa mniSvnelovani nawilic saxelmwifos mier xalxis mtrad iyo gamocxa-

debuli, speckontigentisa romlis baton-patronadac saxelmwifos rwmunebiT aRWurvili pirebi iTvlebod-

nen.Sroma-gasworebis dawesebulebaTa sakadro korpu-si garkveulwilad ivseboda Sinagan saqmeTa saminis-tros sxva samsaxurebSi xelmocaruli da sxvadasxva ga-

dacdomebisaTvis CamoqveiTebul pirTa xarjze, an vinc umuSevrobis gamo iZulebuli iyo sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebaSi daewyo muSaoba, ris gamoc didi enTu-ziazmiT ar ekidebodnen dakisrebuli movaleobebis Sesrulebas. Tumca amas ver ganvazogadebT da yvelaze ver vityviT, radgan maTTan erTad msaxurobdnen is pi-

66

rebic, romlebic patiosnad emsaxurebodnen arCeul saqmianobas. rac mTavaria TviTon es saqmianoba, dakav-

Sirebuli sasjelis aRsrulebasTan, yovelTvis iyo da iqneba sazogadoebisaTvis sacicocxlod aucilebeli, rogorc qveyanaSi wesrigis, kanonierebisa da usaf-

rTxo cxovrebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani garanti, rom-lis gareSec damnaSaveobis winaaRmdeg brZola carieli ritorika iqneboda.

sabWoTa saxelmwifos nihilisturma damokidebu-

lebam Sroma-gasworebis samarTlisadmi uaryofiTi ze-

gavlena iqonia mecnierebazec. es gasagebic iyo, radgan saxelmwifos xels ar aZlevda am mecnierebis stimuli-

reba, rasac SeiZleboda mohyoloda im standartebis popularizacia rac saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiTa da konvenciebiT iyo damkvidrebuli sxva mowinave qvey-

nebSi. sabWoTa saxelmwifo ki saamisod ar iyo mzad arc ideologiurad da arc ekonomikurad. miuxedavad 60-ia-ni wlebidan moyolebuli reformatoruli nabijebisa adamianTa uflebebis dacva sapatimro adgilebSi kvlav gadaulaxav problemad rCeboda. uwyebrivi brZanebebi da instruqciebi kvlav saimedod icavdnen sajaroobi-

sagan cixeebsa da koloniebSi arsebul problemebs, ri-Tac xels uwyobdnen realuri viTarebis Selamazebas Sromis saSualebiT patimarTa gamosworebisa da xelax-

la aRzrdis procesebis propagandiT. marTalia, sabWo-

Ta saxelmwifos bolo periodSi 30-ian wlebTan Sedare-

biT represiebma radikalurad iklo, magram Tavi iCina sxva axalma mankierebebma, romelTa saSualebiTac qve-yana ebrZoda gansxvavebul azrs da disidentur moZra-

obas. es iyo fsiqiatriis danaSaulebrivi gamoyeneba, rodesac gamogonili diagnoziT fsiqiatriul dawese-bulebebSi aTavsebdnen reJimis mowinaaRmdege sxvagva-

67

rad moazrovne fsiqiurad jansaR adamianebs. dRis wes-rigSi mwvaved idga qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis problema, rac praqtikulad tabuirebuli iyo. zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis gamo Sro-

ma-gasworebis samarTlis mecnierebam, rogorc saxel-mwifosagan naklebad moTxovnadma erTgvarad meore planze gadainacvla da TiTqmis araprestiJulic ki gaxda sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis sap-

roceso mecnierebebTan SedarebiT, romlebic organu-

lad iyvnen dakavSirebulni sasjelis aRsrulebasTan. amiT iyo gapirobebuli naklebi ltolva Sroma-gaswo-

rebis mecnierebisadmi, Sesabamisad naklebi iyo saTana-

do literatura, saxelmZRvaneloebi da sxva. saqarTvelos dRevandeli sasjelaRsrulebis sis-

tema, kanonmdebloba da am mxriv gatarebuli reforme-

bi udavod imsaxurebs mecnierTa yuradRebas, iseve ro-gorc is mZime warsuli razec zemoT gakvriT iyo sauba-ri — saWiroa yvelafris Rrma mecnieruli analizi imis gasacnobiereblad Tu saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrule-

bis doqtrina saidan iRebs saTaves, istoriulad ra gza gvaqvs gavlili, rogoria Cveni dRevandeloba da per-

speqtivebi. saqarTvelo karga xania ukve, rac evrosabWos wev-

ri qveyanaa, xolo 2014 wels ki man xeli moawera evro-

kavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebas. amiT TiTqos yvelaferia naTqvami, Cvens dRevandelobasa da moma-

valze, qveyanam evropuli faseulobebi aRiara da mtki-

ced daadga demokratiuli ganviTarebis gzas. es dina-mika mkveTrad aisaxa saqarTvelos moqmed kanonmdeb-

lobaze, romelic SesabamisobaSia moyvanili da harmo-

nizebulia evrokavSiris qveynebis kanonmdeblobasTan.

68

gauqmda sikvdiliT dasja, Sesabamisi normebi Sesworda saqarTvelos konstituciasa da sisxlis samarTlis ka-

nonmdeblobaSi, braldebulis dapatimrebis ufleba CamoerTva prokuraturas da sasamarTlos prerogati-

vad iqca, dawesda da gaZlierda sasamarTlo kontroli sapatimro vadebze, ise rogorc calkeul sagamoZiebo moqmedebebze, romlebic adamianis uflebebTan da Ta-

visuflebebTan arian dakavSirebuli da sxva. 1999 wlis ivlisSi miRebul iqna saqarTvelos ka-

noni patimrobis Sesaxeb, romelmac Zirfesvianad Sec-

vala Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebaTa sistema, patimrobis aRsrulebis midgomebi da sxva. Zaladakar-

gulad gamocxadda 1971 wlis saqarTvelos Sroma-gas-

worebis kodeqsi. kanonis preambulaSi aRiniSna, rom es nabiji idgmeboda saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis or-ganoTa sistemis reformebisa da evropis erTiani peni-tencialuri wesebis moTxovnebTan harmonizaciis da `patimrobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis amoqmedebis uzrunveyofis mizniT~. prezidentis 1999 wlis 12 oq-tombris brZanebulebiT `sasjelaRsrulebis sistemis reformirebis Sesaxeb~ sasjelaRsrulebis organoebi Sinagan saqmeTa saministrodan iusticiis samininis-

tros daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida. mSralad marto am faqtebis aRniSvna Tanamedrove

mkiTxvels SeiZleba bevrs arafers eubnebodes, maSin rodesac faqtiurad es iyo revoluciuri movlena da gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas mTeli garRveva qvey-nis sisxlis samarTalwarmoebaSi da sasjelaRsrulebis praqtikaSi, radganac amiT uari iTqva sabWour memkvid-reobaze da Seiqmna seriozuli wanamZRvrebi adamianis (braldebulisa da msjavrdebulis) uflebebis garan-

tirebulad dasacavad. piris dapatimrebis sakiTxi

69

prokuroris kabinetSi ki aRar wydeboda, aramed mas sa-

jarod, procesualuri normebis dacvisa da mxareTa monawileobiT, ixilavda qveynis erT-erTi yvelaze de-

mokratiuli dawesebuleba — sasamarTlo, romlis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebac ukmayofilo mxares SeeZlo gaesaCivrebina zemdgom sasamarTlo instanciaSi da sxva.

aqve albaT isic unda iTqvas, rom saprokuroro saqmianobaSi erT-erT yvelaze rTul da sapasuxismgeb-lo saqmed swored dapatimrebis sanqciis gacema iT-

vleboda. es movaleoba uSualod raionis Tu qalaqis prokurorebs hqondaT dakisrebuli, romlis kanonie-

rebazec isini personalurad agebdnen pasuxs. aRara-fers vambobT zemdgom prokurorebsa da maT moadgi-

leebze, romelTac gamoZiebis kurireba hqondaT dava-

lebuli. is Tu ra siZneleebsa da zewolas ganicdida dainteresebuli pirebisa Tu uwyebebis mxridan proku-rori sanqciis gacemis dros da rogori winaaRmdegobe-bis gadalaxva uxdeboda mas arasakmarisi mtkicebule-baTa fonze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi es calke didi Te-

maa da masze aq aRar SevCerdebiT. Zveli sabWoTa wyobis rudimenti iyo agreTve da-

moukidebeli saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros gamgeblobaSi cixeebisa da koloniebis arseboba. re-

formis deda azri imaSi mdgomareobda, rom samarTal-damrRvevi piri gamoeyvana Ss organoebis permanentuli `meurveobidan~. arsebuli sistemis mixedviT danaSa-ulSi eWvmitanili piris dakavebidan sasjelis moxdam-

de Sinagan saqmeTa organoebTan hqonda urTierToba, xolo zogjer sasjelis moxdis Semdegac ki. aseT viTa-rebaSi uWirda mas sakuTari interesebis dacva gasaCiv-

rebis uflebis gamoyenebiT, radgan Tavidan bolomde

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imis xelSi imyofeboda vis ukanono qmedebasac igi asaCivrebda da a.S. gamodioda, rom samarTaldamrRvevi piri lamis mTeli sicocxlis manZilze saxelmwifos mudmivi kontrolis qveS imyofeboda, rac principu-lad ewinaaRmdegeboda adamianis uflebebisa da Tavi-

suflebebis ideas.reformis mixedviT Ss organoebis Semxebloba danaSaulis Camden pirTan misi dakavebis-Tanave wydeboda da Semdgom masze kontrols iustici-

is (Semdgom sasjelaRsrulebis) saministros Sesabamisi samsaxurebi anxorcielebdnen.

am reformebs umtkivneulod ar Cauvlia, radgan maT hyavdaT sakmaod Zlieri mowinaaRmdegeebi, rogorc Sesabamis struqturebSi ise mis gareT. amaze dawvrile-

biT veRar SevCerdebiT da vityviT mxolod imas, rom Tu sanqciebis sasamarTlosaTvis gadacema organizaci-

ulad did sirTuleebTan ar iyo dakavSirebuli, sxva mdgomareoba iyo Ss saministroSi, romelic sasjelaR-srulebiT dawesebulebebTan mimarTebaSi mTel Tavis funqciebs iusticiis saministros gadascemda.

2000 wlis 24 maiss saqarTvelos iusticiis minis-tris brZanebiT probaciis samsaxuris Seqmnamde misi funqciebis ganxorcieleba daevala saministros saaR-

srulebo samsaxurs, amasTan damtkicda Sesabamisi dro-

ebiTi wesi, romliTac gaTvaliswinebul iqna pirobiTi msjavris daniSvnis, sasjelis moxdisagan pirobiT va-damde gaTavisuflebis da sasjelis moxdis gadavadebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo aqtebis aRsruleba. `droebiTi we-siT~ praqtikulad Seicvala is sakanonmdeblo sivrce rac adre e.w. sabWoTa Sroma-gasworebis inspeqciis Se-sabamisi normebiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da daiwyo ni-adagis momzadeba arasapatimro sasjelebis aRsrule-

71

bis axali da srulfasovani kanonmdeblobis Sesaqmne-

lad. 2000 wels amoqmedda saqarTvelos axali sisxlis

samarTlis kodeqsi, romelmac Zireuli cvlilebebi Se-

itana sasjelTa sistemaSi, axleburad gansazRvra sas-

jelis miznebi, sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebis safuZ-

vlebi da sxva.sasjelaRsrulebis sistemis reformire-baSi morigi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana saqarTve-

los 2001 wlis 19 ivnisis kanonma `arasapatimro sas-

jelTa aRsrulebis wesisa da probaciis Sesaxeb~, ri-Tac qveyana kidev ufro dauaxlovda sasjelaRsrule-

bis evropul standartebs. 2007 wlis 19 ivniss saqarTvelos prezidentma xeli

moawera saqarTvelos axal kanons `arasapatimro sas-

jelTa aRsrulebis wesisa da probaciis Sesaxeb~, ri-

Tac Zaladakargulad gamocxadda 2001 wlis 19 ivnisis Sesabamisi kanoni. ganmartebiT baraTSi axali kanon-

proeqtis miRebis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT mieTiTa, rom igi saWiro gaxda im sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis aR-

mosafxvrelad, rac dakavSirebuli iyo sasamarTlos mier pirobiT msjavrdebulis Zebnis gamocxadebisas sa-

aprobacio vadis SeCerebis sakiTxTan, pirobiT msjav-

rdebulTa mier qveynis datovebis uflebasTan, proba-ciis biuroSi pirobiT msjavrdebulTa gamocxadebis periodizaciasTan, probaciis samsaxuris institucio-

nalur reformasTan dakavSirebiT da sxva. axali kano-nis Sesabamisad arasapatimro sasjelTa aRsrulebisa da probaciis departamenti gadakeTda arasapatimro sasjelTa aRsrulebisa da probaciis erovnul saagen-

tod.

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saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis sistemis refor-

mirebis struqturul-organizaciuli ganviTareba da-agvirgvinda saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis probaci-isa da iuridiul daxmarebis sakiTxTa calke saminis-

tros SeqmniT, romlis daqvemdebarebaSic iusticiis saminstrodan gadavida qveynis mTeli sasjelaRsrule-

bisa da probaciis sistema, amiT kidev erTxel gaesva xa-zi sasjelaRsrulebis procesis saxelmwifoebriv mniS-

vnelobas damnaSaveobasTan brZolaSi. aRarafers vam-

bobT imaze, rom sasjelaRsrulebis yofili departa-mentis saministros rangSi ayvana statusis gazrdasTan erTad es aris: sakuTari biujeti (rasac gansakuTre-biT didi mniSvneloba aqvs penitencialuri sistemis movla-patronobisaTvis), damoukidebeli sakadro po-litika sasjelaRsrulebiTi procesis avtonomiuri marTva da a.S.

2009 wels miRbul iqna saqarTvelos axali sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, romliTac qveynis sis-

xlis samarTalwarmoeba romanul-germanuli samarT-

lis principidin gadavida anglo-amerikul sistemaze (anu saerTo samarTlis principebze). kodeqsma mTel rig novaciebTan erTad axleburad warmoadgina danaSa-ulSi eWvmitanili piris dakavebis safuZvlebi da pro-

cedurebi. konkretulad gauqmda danaSaulSi eWvmita-nilis statusi da aseTi piri pirdapir braldebulad iqna gamocxadebuli. Sesabamisad ganisazRvra maTi da-

kavebis adgilze moTavsebis pirobebi. cvlilebebi See-xo aRmkveT RonisZiebad SerCeuli patimrobis vadebsa da maTi gagrZelebis procedurebs.

saqarTvelos parlamentma gaauqma 1998 wlis 22 iv-

lisis kanoni patimrobis Sesaxeb da mis nacvlad 2010

73

wels miiRo patimrobis kodeqsi, riTac qveynis peniten-cialuri sistema kidev ufro dauaxlovda Sesabamis ev-

ropul standartebs. ase rom, rogorc vxedavT, saqar-Tvelos sasjelaRsrulebis kanonmdebloba ise ro-gorc Sesabamis dawesebulebaTa sistema permanentuli radikaluri reformebis reJimSi imyofeba, ramac sabo-loo jamSi unda uzrunvelyos msjavrdebulTa ufle-

bebis garantirebuli dacva, danaSaulis recidivis prevencia, msjavrdebulTa resocializacia, sareabi-

litacio programebis ganxorcieleba da a.S. saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis samarTalsa da

kanonmdeblobaze safuZvliani zegavlena moaxdina im saerTaSoriso normatiulma aqtebma, romlebic pirda-pir Tu iribad arian dakavSirebuli sasjelaRsrule-bis problematikasTan da aweseben axal standartebs msjavrdebulebTan mopyrobaSi. analizi gviCvenebs, rom am mxriv albaT samarTlis arcerTi dargi ar aris ise `ganebivrebuli~ saerTaSoriso normatiuli masa-

liT, rogorc sasjelaRsrulebis samarTali, rac mniS-vnelovnad amaRlebs mis donesa da pasuxismgeblobas sasjelaRsrulebis sakiTxebis samarTlian gadawyveta-

Si. mravalricxovani saerTaSoriso aqtebidan ar SeiZ-leba calke ar gamovyoT konvencia wamebisa da sxva sas-

tiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa da sasjelis winaaRmdeg, marTlwesrigis damcveli Ta-

namdebobis piris qcevis kodeqsi, evropuli cixis wese-

bi, patimarTa mimarT mopyrobis minimaluri standar-

tuli wesebi da sxva, romlebic mniSvnelovan pozitiur zegavlenas axdenen Cveni qveynis sasjelaRsrulebis doqtrinaze, romelic sabWoTa Sroma-gasworebis kon-

cefciis uaryofaze iwyebs aRmocenebas.

74

qveynis dRevandel sasjelaRsrulebis politikas gansazRvravs is saerTo mizani, rasac kanonmdebeli -usaxavs mas sisxlis samarTlis axal kanonmdeblobas-

TanerTad. kerZod, rogorc adre ukve iTqva, samarTli-anobis aRdgena, axali danaSaulis Tavidan acileba da damnaSavis resocializacia. sasjelis Zveli koncefci-isagan gansxvavebiT, kanoni aRarafers ambobs msjav-rdebulis gamosworebasa da mis xelxal aRzrdaze, ise rogor cdasjaze, rogorc sasjelis erT-erT kompo-nentze. `sasjelismizani~ — vkiTxulobT saqarTvelos moqmedi sisxlissamarTlis kodeqsis 39-emuxlisme-2 na-wilSi — `xorcieldeba msjavrdebulsa da sxva pirebze zemoqmedebiT, raTa isini ganimsWvalon marTlwesrigis

dacvisa da kanonis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT~. kanoni aseve ar akonkretebs Tu es zemoqmedeba ra gziT unda ganxorcieldes da uTiTebs saqarTvelos sasje-

laRsrulebiT kanonmdeblobaze, sadac aris gaTvalis-winebuli msjavrdebulze zemoqmedebis Sesabamisi formebi da saSualebebi. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi ar aris ganmartebuli Tu ra igulisxmeba damnaSavis resocializaciaSi, romelic sasjelis erT-erT mizna-

daa gaTvaliswinebuli, es xarvezi patimrobis kodeqsma nawilobriv Seavso da 116-e muxlSi ganmarta, rom `msjavrdebulis resocializacia aris msjavrdebulSi sazogadoebis, sxva adamianebis, zneobrivi normebisa da adamianTa Tanacxovrebis damkvidrebuli wesebisadmi pativiscemisa da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis Camoyali-

beba~. literaturaSi moyvanilia mosazreba rom damnaSa-

vis gamosworeba da xelaxla aRzrda, rogorc es 1961 wlis (anu adre moqmed) sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli Zalian ambiciuri iyo da xSirad

75

deklaraciul xasiaTs atarebda. amaze dawvrilebiT ar SevCerdebiT da mxolod erT kiTxvas davsvamT: damnaSa-

vis resocializacia da is miTiTeba rac ssk-s 39-e mux-

lSia, rom sasjelis mizani xorcieldeba imisaTvis ra-Ta msjavrdebuli ganisWvalos marTlwesrigis dacvisa da kanonis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT, niSnavs Tu ara es miswrafebas damnaSavis gamosworebisaken? am kiTxvas albaT dadebiTad unda vupasuxoT. marTalia, kanonmdebeli 39-e muxlSi sityva damnaSavis gamoswore-

bas ar axsenebs, magram im standartebidan gamomdinare, rasac igi msjavrdebuli piris mimarT awesebs, amas praqtikulad gulisxmobs. aqedan gamomgdinare sasje-

laRsrulebis kanonmdeblobis erT-erT mTavar miznad, vfiqrobT, msjavrdebulis gamosworeba unda CaiTva-

los (Tundac minimum iuridiuli gagebiT mainc). bevrs albaT kargad axsovs sabWoTa iuridiul

doqtrinaSi damkvidrebuli azri gamousworebeli dam-

naSaveebis ararsebobis Sesaxeb. es maqsimalizmi uaryo-fili iyo da ar dasturdeboda sasjelaRsrulebis praqtikisa Tu cxovrebis mier. samwuxarod, aseTi msjavrdebulebi iyvnen da dResac moiZebnebian, magram es srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas rom, saxelmwifom kapi-tulacia gamoacxados maT winaSe da Tundac sazogado-ebis usafrTxoebidan gamomdinare ar Seecados maT iu-ridiul gamosworebas mainc kanoniT dadgenili forme-

biTa da meTodebiT. mizani udavod keTilSobiluria da vfiqrobT, mas sazogadoebrivi mxardaWerac yovelTvis eqneba.

uaxloes warsulSi qveynis sasjelaRsrulebis po-litikaSi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani radikaluri mov-

lena moxda, rac albaT SeumCneveli ar unda darCes arc

76

mecnieruli wreebisa da arc sazogadoebis mier — peni-tenciurma sistemam uari Tqva Sromagasworebis kolo-

niebze, rogorc sasjelis moxdis dawesebulebebze da mTlianad cixis reJimze gadavida. patimrobis kodeqsis Tanaxmad aseTad dRes moiazreba Tavisuflebis aRkve-

Tis naxevrad Ria tipis da daxuruli dawesebulebebi. aqve isic unda iTqvas rom saerTaSoriso sasjelaRsru-lebis sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi es miRebuli praqtikaa da gaerosa Tu evropis Sesabamisi standartebi swored cixis reJimzea morgebuli. am mxriv pirvel rigSi aRsa-niSnavia gaeros `patimrebTan mopyrobis minimaluri standartuli wesebi, evropuli cixis wesebi, romleb-Tan dakavSirebiTac miRebuli rekomendaciebi ganaxle-

buli iqna 2006 wlis 11 ianvars evrosabWos ministrTa komitetze, sadac sakmaod vrclad da dawvrilebiT iq-

na ganmartebuli yvela is sakiTxi, rac patimrobis, ro-

gorc sasjelis, moxdis organizaciasTan aris dakavSi-

rebuli~. postsabWoTa qveynebidan zogierTma, magaliTad,

ruseTis federaciam sasjelaRsrulebis sistemis re-

formebis Semdeg kvlav SeinarCuna koloniebis sistema, rogorc penitenccialuri politikis mniSvnelovani instrumenti, Tumca rusi mecnier iuristebis mniSvne-lovani nawili mxars cixeebis sistemaze gadasvlas uWerda. miCneuli iyo, rom socialuri izolaciis xa-risxi koloniis pirobebSi ufro naklebi iyo vidre es cixeSi iyo SesaZlebeli. koloniuri sistemis uaryo-

fiT mxared miCneuli iqna isic, rom aseT pirobeSi, ro-

gorc wesi, izrdeba araformaluri subkulturis nega-tiuri zegavlena kriminaluri avtoritetebis mxridan msjavrdebulTa saerTo masaze.

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sasjelaRsrulebis kanonmdeblobis liberaliza-cia da msjavrdebulTa mimarT mopyrobis saerTaSori-so standartebis cxovrebaSi warmatebiT kultiviza-cia organulad aris dakavSirebuli konkretuli qvey-nis ekonomikur resursebsa da samarTlebriv kultu-

raze, sasjelaRsrulebis sistemis organoTa persona-

lis marTlSegnebaze da sxva faqtorebze, anu survili-

sa da SesaZleblobebis balansze. Tu qveynis ekonomiku-

ri SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia, saxelmwifo institu-tebi araefeqturad funqcionireben masobrivi xasiaTi aqvs umuSevrobas da moqalaqeTa didi nawili siRaribe-

Si cxovrobs, bunebrivia da logikuric, rom verc am qveynis penitencialuri sistemis binadarni iqnebian dalxenil mdgomareobaSi. ase, rom qveynis cxovrebis done pirdapirproporciulia patimrobaSi myofi msjavrdebulebis cxovrebis pirobebis dinamikasTan. warmatebuli reforma sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi sakmaod ZviradRirebuli `siamovnebaa~ da igi did fi-

nansur danaxarjebs moiTxovs. ase rom rogori Tana-medrove da progresuli kanonmdeblobac ar unda hqondes qveyanas Tu igi ar iqneba dabalansebuli Sesa-bamisi finansuri resursebiT maTi Sesruleba saf-

rTxis qveS SeiZleba aRmoCndes, radgan es kanonebi rea-lurad ar imuSaveben da deklaraciul xasiaTis gaxde-

bian.saerTaSoriso dokumentebi, romlebic msjavrde-

bulTa mimarT mopyrobis standartebs exebian, swored amitom arian minimaluri xasiaTis da xSirad rekomen-

daciul xasiaTs atareben, radgan miuxedavad survili-sa yvela saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia rig garemoebaTa gamo maTi srulyofili Sesruleba.

realurad afasebs ra Seqmnil mdgomareobas amaze pirdapir aris miTiTebuli gaeros patimrebTan mop-

78

yrobis minimalur standartul wesebSi. sadac vkiTxu-

lobT, rom: `samarTlebrivi, socialuri, ekonomikuri da geografiuli pirobebis gansxvavebaTa gaTvaliswi-nebiT SeuZlebelia aRniSnuli wesebis gamoyeneba uk-

lebliv yvela regionSi. miuxedavad amisa isini unda ex-

marebodnen im praqtikuli siZneleebis gadalaxvaSi, romlebic xels uSlian wesebis cxovrebaSi gatarebas, ramdenadac wesebi warmoadgenen minimalur pirobas, romelic misaRebia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaci-

isaTvis~3. zemoaRniSnuli srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom

raime daTmobas unda hqondes adgili sasjelaRsrule-bis dawesebulebaTa personalis mxridan msjavrdebu-

lis mimarT marTlzomier mopyrobaSi, rac sakanon-mdeblo ragulaciis Temaa da rasac raime kapitalda-

bandeba ar sWirdeba.rogorc saqarTvelos sasjelaR-srulebis kanonmdebloba ise saerTaSoriso standar-tebi am mxriv Seuvalni arian da calsaxad moiTxoven msjavrdebulebis Rirsebis dacvas. `msjavrdebuls Ta-visuflebis aRkveTis aRsrulebisas garantirebuli aqvs saqarTvelos konstituciiT saqarTvelos saerTa-Soriso xelSekrulebebiTa da SeTanxmebebiT am kodeq-

siT, sxva sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare normatiu-li aqtebiT aRiarebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi~ —

vkiTxulobT patimrobis kodeqsis me-13 muxlSi. `aravin ar SeiZleba gaxdes wamebis, araadamianuri

an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis msxverpli~ —

uTiTebs Sesabamisi evropuli konvencia. patimroba da sxva zomebi, romelTa samarTaldamrRvevs garesamya-

3 patimrebTan mopyrobis gaeros minimaluri standartuli wesebis, wesi #2.

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ros `izolirebul pirobebSi aqcevs, mas gansacdelSi agdebs Tundac imitom, rom arTmevs mas TviTgamorkve-

vis uflebas. amitom cixis sistemam ar unda gaamwvavos aRniSnuli mgomareobidan gamomdinare gansacdeli, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac segregacia gamarTle-

bulia, an rodesac amas moiTxovs wesrigis dacvis auci-

lebloba.~4da bolos am Temaze metad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos kanonis — `arasapatimro sasjelTa aR-

srulebisa da probaciis Sesaxeb~ me-10 muxlis pozicia sadac calsaxadaa miTiTebuli, rom `msjavrdebulze miuxedavad maTi rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, re-

ligiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnu-

li, eTnikuri, da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa Tanabrad vrceldeba: sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis, piradi usafrTxoebisa da xelSeuxeblobis, piradi Rirsebis pativiscemis, wamebis, da sxva sastiki, araada-mianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobisagan dacu-

lobis ufleba.~ rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, sasjelaRsrulebis sis-

temisa da kanonmdeblobis Zirfesviani reformirebi-saTvis qveyanaSi radikaluri RonisZiebebia gatarebu-

li da Sesabamisad didi Sromaa gaweuli, rac qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis seriozul inovacias warmoadgens da mas Sesabamisi akademiuri Sefaseba sWirdeba, raTa sa-Tanado doneze iyos es cvlilebebi dafasebuli da mi-

tanili qarTul sazogadoebamde. aRarafers vambobT sasjelaRsrulebis samarTlis dargze, romelmac Sem-

4 patimrebTan mopyrobis gaeros standartuli wesebi. wesi #57.

80

dgomi ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovani impulsi SeiZi-

na. qveynis sasjelaRsrulebis politikaze did ze-

gavlenas axdens sasjelaRsrulebis samarTlis ganvi-

Tarebis done. samwuxarod, Cvens sinamdvileSi am mxriv bevri Tavmosawoni araferi gvaqvs warsulis mZime mem-

kvidreobis gamo. mecniereba moklevadian perspeqtiva-

Si ar iqmneba, mas garkveuli dro, praqtika da tradici-

ebi sWirdeba, romlis gamoc gasagebi mizezebis gaTva-

liswinebiT, Cven jer kidev Sors varT sasurvelisagan. Tumca dRevandeli SesaZleblobis wyalobiT aRniSnu-lis kompensacias vaxdenT msoflio Tanamedrove qvey-nebis sajelaRsrulebis samarTlis miRwevebiT da praqtikuli gamocdilebiT, rac arc Tu ise cotaa da friad dasafasebeli. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, qarTvel mecnier iuristebs mainc jer kidev bevri aqvT gasake-

Tebeli, radgan faqtiurad yamiria gasatexi. mecnie-rul dasabuTebas elodeba saqarTveloSi dRes arsebu-

li sasjelaRsrulebis praqtika, Sromisadmi patimro-

baSi myofi piris damokidebuleba, saerTod Sromis fe-nomenis mniSvneloba dRevandeli realobis gaTvalis-winebiT msjavrdebulis gamosworebisa da resociali-

zaciis saqmeSi,cixis momsaxure personalisa da admi-nistraciisagan msjavrdebulTa gaucxoebis probleme-

bi,cixis reJimis upiratesoba koloniebis sistemasTan SedarebiT, cixis kriminaluri — qurduli tradiciebis transformacia Tanamedrove pirobebSi da misi xvedri-Ti wona msjavrdebulTa msoflmxedvelobaze — maTi ga-

mosworebis procesze. aRarafers vambobT arasrul-wlovanTa marTlmsajulebisa da mozardTa Soris dam-

naSaveobis dinamikis korelaciaze da sxva.

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yvelaze saSur saqmed migvaCnia evropuli stan-dartebis doneze SemuSavebuli sasjelaRsrulebis sa-marTlis normebis gamoyenebis praqtikis Seswavla qar-

Tul sinamdvileSi, maTi efeqturobis koeficientis gansazRvra damnaSaveobis prevenciis saqmeSi msjavrde-

bulis gamosworebasTan dakavSirebiT da sxva. calke Tema unda iyos im sareabilitacio progra-

mis mecnieruli dasabuTeba, romlebic dRes sasjelaR-

srulebis sistemaSia danergili. erTi sityviT, is rom moqmedi sasjelaRsrulebis kanonmdebloba uamravi pozitivis Semcvelia es udavoa, oRonT gasarkvevia mi-si roli adgili da mniSvneloba qveyanis damnaSaveobis dinamikasa da struqturaSi — sasjelaRsrulebis pro-

cesis efeqturobaSi. martivad rom vTqvaT unda gair-

kves rogoria ukugeba, saboloo Sedegebi da Tu es sak-marisi ar aris saWiroa amis mecnieruli axsna da Sesaba-misi rekomendaciebis dadeba xarvezebis gamosaworeb-

lad. samwuxarod, Cveni sasjelaRsrulebis organoTa

muSakebsac, mZime sabWoTa memkvidreoba ergoT. sasje-

laRsrulebis doqtrinis Secvlis gamo, Tavidan moux-

daT maT praqtikuli saqmianobis dawyeba. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenidan dRemde vfiqrobT ukve sakmao droa gasuli imisaTvis, rom moxdes maTi saqmia-nobisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis mecnieruli ana-

lizi, eTikur-profesiuli donisa da novatoruli ka-nonmdeblobis praqtikaSi gamosayeneblad mzaobis gan-

sazRvara. unda gairkves ramdenad Seesabaeba maTi saq-mianoba marTlwesrigis damcveli Tanamdebobis pirTa qcevis saerTaSoriso kodeqsis standartebs da sxva. xolo dadebiTi gamocdileba unda ganzogaddes.

82

mecnierul analizsa da dasabuTebas elodeba ag-

reTve, TavisuflebaaRkveTili pirebis sasjelaRsru-lebis dawesebulebebSi ganawilebis praqtika sasje-

laRsrulebis departamentis mier. adre am sakiTxis ga-dawyveta sasamarTlos prerogativad iTvleboda da mas TviTon sasamarTlo wyvetda braldebulisaTvis sasjelad Tavisuflebis aRkveTis daniSvnis dros. igi-ve unda iTqvas msjavrdebulis pirobiT vadamde gaTa-visuflebaze da sasjelis mouxdeli nawilis ufro msubuqiT Secvlis Taobaze (rac dRes uwyebis, samnis-

tros adgilobrivi sabWos prerogativad iTvleba). aqac wina planze unda wamoiwios efeqturobis proble-

mam da a.S. warsulis mZime memkvidreobis dasaZlevad (rasac

kidev erTxel vusvamT xazs) sasjelaRsrulebis mecnie-rebas garkveuli popularizacia da mxardaWera sWir-

deba, rogorc sazogadoebis aseve saxelmwifos mxri-

dan. perspeqtivaSi albaT unda vifiqroT mecnierul struqturaze, romelic uSualod zemoaRniSnuli pro-

belemebis kvleviT iqneba dakavebuli. iqneb gvefiqra saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis saministros sistema-Si patara da kompaqturi samecniero erTeulis Seqmna-

ze, romelic qveyanaSi mimdinare sasjelaRsrulebis politikis mecnierul dasabuTebaze imuSavebda,Seis-wavlida da mecnierulad daasabuTebda calkeuli struqturebis saWiroebasa da efeqturobas, sistema-

turad gaanalizebda sasjelaRsrulebis praqtikas, calkeul sasjelTa gamoyenebis efeqturobas, moamza-debda rekomendaciebs Sewyalebis institutisa da am-nistiis gamoyenebis kriminogenur perspeqtivebTan da-

kaSirebiT, Seiswavlida saerTaSoriso praqtikas, aqti-ur monawileobas miiRebda sasjelaRsrulebis samar-

83

Tlis axalgazrda specialistebis momzadebaSi, praqti-kosi muSakebis gadamzadebasa da kvalifikaciis amaR-

lebaSi. unda vifiqroT agreTve samecniero kooperaciaze,

sajelaRsrulebis problematikaze momuSave specia-

listebTan mecnierebis iseTi dargebidan rogoricaa: sasamarTlo fsiqiatria, fsiqologia, pedagogika, so-

ciologia da sxva. aRarafers vambobT kriminologiaze romelmac Tavisi Zalisxmevis koncentracia unda moax-

dinos sasjelaRsrulebis socialur aspeqtebze, damna-

SaveTa tipologiaze, recidivuli danaSaulis gamom-

wvev mizezebze, msjavrdebulTa Soris fizikuri da seqsualuri Zaladobis motivaciaze, cixis subkultu-

raze saerTod da sxva. kidev romeli erTi CamovTva-

loT, gasakeTebeli, rogorc vxedavT,Zalzed bevria, Tanac saSuri da mniSvnelovani qveynisa da sazogadoe-

bisTvis, rasac pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs damnaSaveobis prevenciasTan, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis uzrunvelyo-

fasa da mosaxleobis usafrTxoebasTan. dro ki ar iT-

mens.

literatura 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tb; 2015 w. 2. gaeros ZiriTadi dokumentebi adamianis uflebaTa

dacvis sferoSi, Tb; 1995 w. 3. patimrobis kodeqsi, Tb; 2014 w. 4. saqarTvelos kanoni arasapatimro sasjelTa aRsru-

lebis wesisa da probaciis Sesaxeb, Tb; 2013w. 5. adamianis uflebaTa saxelmZRvanelo prokurorebi-

saTvis, Tb; 2008 w.

84

6. sasjelaRsrulebis samarTlis saerTaSoriso nor-

matiuli aqtebi. 7. sasjelaRsrulebis sistemis reforma (normatiuli

aqtebis krebuli), Tb; 2000 w. 8. saqarTvelos ssr Sroma-gasworebis kodeqsi, Tb;

1979 w. 9. В. Б. Малинин и др. -Российское уголовно-исполнитель-

ное право, Т-I, М; 2010 г. 10. С. М. Зубарев и др. — Уголовно-исполнительное право

России, М; 2013г. 11. saarqivo masalebi.

Summary

• Georgianpenalenforcementlaw has been fundamentally altered as a result of reforms.

• Georgia has rejected heavy legacy of the past; • Penal enforcement doctrine was radically changed,international

standards were established and protection of human rights was strengthened in the prison system.

• Penal enforcement law studies came out of stagnation, in which it was during Soviet regime.

• Much remains to be done, which should facilitate the establishment of an independent Georgian penal enforcement policy.

• Scientific analysis is needed to figure out the efficiency of new European standards in Penal enforcement practice and consequent recommendations must be given to the government.

• Georgia should actively promote the development and popularization of the penal enforcement law, which play a big role in the effectiveness of the penal enforcement process.

85

informaciis analizisa da

biznes-gadawyvetilebis miRebis

meTodebi

leri nozaZe

saswavlo universiteti `gorgasali~ asocirebuli profesori

sakvanZo sityvebi: biznesi analizi,gadawyvetile-

ba, meTodebi informaciis analizis meTodebis klasifikacia

sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba. klasifikaciis pirveli do-ne ganasxvavebs araformalizebul da formalizebul meTodebs. pirveli dafuZvnebulia logikur doneze analitikuri procedurebis aRweraze da aramkacr ana-

litikur damokidebulebebze. maT miekuTvneba eqsper-

tuli Sefasebebis, scenarebis, fsiqologiuri, morfo-

logiuri, Sedarebis, cxrilebis agebis da sxva meTode-

bi. am meTodebis gamoyeneba garkveuli subieqturobiT

xasiaTdeba, radgan didi mniSvneloba aqvs analitiko-

sis intuicias, gamocdilebas da codnas. meore dones miakuTvneben meTodebs, romelTac

safuZvlad sakmaod mkacri formalizebuli analiti-

kuri damokidebulebebi udevT. esenia: sameurneo saqmi-

anobis klasikuri da finansuri analizis, tradiciuli ekonomikuri da maTematikuri statistikis, ekonomet-

rikuli, ekonomikuri kibernetikis da optimaluri prognozirebis, operaciaTa gamokvlevis, gadawyveti-

lebaTa miRebis Teoriis da sxva meTodebi.

86

marTvis mecnieruli Teoriis yvelaze TvalsaCino da mniSvnelovani wvlili modelebis damuSavebaSi

mdgomareobs, romlebic obieqturi gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs alternativaTa mar-

tivi mizez-Sedegobrivi SefasebisaTvis sakmaod rTul situaciaSi.

modelebis sami ZiriTadi tipi gamoiyofa: des-

kriptuli, predikatuli da normatuli. deskriptuli cnobilia agreTve, aRweriTi xasia-

Tis modelis saxelwodebiT. isini ZiriTadia sawarmos finansuri mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad. maT miekuTvne-

ba: saangariSo balansis sistemis Sedgena, finansuri an-gariSgebis warmodgena sxvadasxva analitikur Wrileb-

Si, angariSgebis vertikaluri da horizontaluri ana-

lizi. analitikuri koeficientebis sistema, angariSge-

bis analitikuri Canawerebi da sxva. predikatuli modelebi — wanamZRvrebiTi, progno-

zirebadi xasiaTisaa. isini gamoiyeneba sawarmos Semo-

savlis prognozirebisTvis, misi momavali finansuri mdgomareobis gansazRvrisTvis. Zalze gavrcelebulia gayidvebis moculobis kritikuli wertilis dadgenis, saprognozo finansuri mdgomareobis agebis, dinamiku-

ri analizis(mkacrad determinirebuli faqtoruli da regresiuli) da situaciuri analizis modelebi.

normatiuli modelebi — saSualebas gvaZlevs sa-warmos faqtobrivi moRvaweobis Sedegebi SevadaroT biujetis Sesabamisad gamoTvlil mosalodnel sidide-

ebs. es modelebi gamoiyeneba, ZiriTadad, Sida, finansu-

ri analizis dros. maTi arsi daiyvaneba teqnologiuri procesis mixedviT danaxarjis TiToeuli muxlis nor-

mativis dadgenaSi nawarmis saxis Sesabamisad, pasuxis-

87

mgeblobis centris mixedviT da sxva. faqtobrivi mona-cemebis normatiulidan gadaxris analizi mniSvnelov-nad emyareba mkacrad determinirebuli faqtoruli modelis gamoyenebas.

ekonomikuri analizis safuZveli saSedego maCve-

neblis cvlilebaze faqtorebis gavlenis gamovlena, Sefaseba da prognozirebaa. es Tezisi srulad SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ekonomikuri analizis nebismier ganyofi-

lebas. nebismieri socialur-ekonomikuri sistema fun-qcionirebs erTmaneTTan rTulad dakavSirebuli Siga da gare faqtorebis kompleqsis urTierTzemoqmedebis pirobebSi. mizez-faqtori ama Tu im movlenis an proce-

sis mamoZravebeli Zalaa, romelic mis xasiaTs an er-

TerT mTavar Strixs gansazRvravs. sistemaze zemoqme-

di da misi yofaqcevis ganmsazRvreli yvela faqtori, erTmaneTTanac mWidro kavSirsa da urTierTganpiro-

bebulobaSi imyofeba. movlenebs Soris kavSiri niSnavs ori an meti mov-

lenis erTdroul cvlilebas. movlenebs Soris kavSi-rebis sxvadasxva formas Soris mniSvnelovania mize-

zobrivi, romlis arsic erTi movlenis meoris gavle-

niT warmoSobaSi mdgomareobs. esaa e.w. deterministu-

li anu mizez-Sedegobrivi SemTxveva. (nax.1) urTierTdakavSirebuli movlenebis raodenobri-

vi daxasiaTeba xorcieldeba niSnebis(maCveneblebis) meSveobiT. mizezis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs (niSnakebs) uwodeben faqtorulebs(damoukideblebs, ekzogenebs). Sedegebis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs(niSnakebs) uwodeben Sedegobrivebs (damokideblebs, endogenebs). erTi mi-

zez-Sedegobrivi kavSiriT dakavSirebul maT erTob-

liobas ewodeba faqtoruli sistema.

88

nax. 1. determinirebuli kavSirebi

faqtoruli sistemis modeli — es maTematikuri formulaa, romelic saanalizo movlenebs Soris rea-

lur kavSirebs gamosaxavs. uzogadesi saxiT is SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT:

sadac Y — aris saSdego Tvise-

ba; -faqtoruli Tviseba . damokidebulebis analizuri gamosaxulebis age-

bis process uwodeben Sesaswavli movlenis modelire-

bis process. arsebobs kavSiris ori saxe, romlebic faqtoruli analizis dros gamokvlevas eqvemdebareba: funqcionaluri da stoxasturi.

funqcionaluri ewodeba kavSirs, Tuki faqtoru-li niSnis yovel mniSvnelobas Seesabameba saSedego niS-nis sruliad gansazRvruli araSemTxveviTi mniSvnelo-

89

ba. stoxasturi(albaTuri) ewodeba kavSirs, Tuki faq-toruli niSnis yovel mniSvnelobas Sesabameba saSede-

go niSnis gansazRvruli mniSvnelobebis simravle. anu, gansazRvruli statistikuri ganawileba. (nax.2).

nax.2 . faqtoruli analizis sqema

90

determinirebuli modelebis tipebia5:1. adiciuri modeli, romelSic faqtorebi Sedian algebruli jamis saxiT. mag. sasaqonlo balansis gantoleba

R=Ib+Bg-Se-Oc

sadac — R -realizaciaa; Ib — maragebi periodis dasawyisSi; Bg — saqonlis Semotana; Se — maragebi periodis bolos; Oc — sxva danaxarjebi 2. moltiplikaciuri modeli — romelSic faqto-

rebi Sedian namravlis saxiT, mag. realizaciis martivi formula:

R= N x LP sadac — R — realizacia; N — ricxovnoba; LP — Sromis nayofiereba. 3. jeradi modeli, romelic warmoadgens ori faq-

toris fardobas, mag. fondSeiaraRebis formula: FB = CFA / N

sadac — FB -fondSeiaraReba; CFA — ZiriTadi saSualebebis Rirebuleba; N — ricxovneba 4. Sereuli modeli, sadac faqtorebi Sedian sxva-

dasxva kombinaciebSi, mag. rentabelobis modeli:

sadac, — - rentabeloba

5 Мескон М., Альберт М., Хедоури Ф. Основы менеджмента, М., Дело, 2011

91

R realizacia; — ZiriTadi saSualebebis Rirebuleba;

— sabrunavi saSualebebis Rirebuleba; calke unda aRiniSnos imitaciuri modelirebis

Sesaxeb. rogorc meTodi, imitacia konkretulad aRniS-navs modelis Seqmnas da mis eqperimentalur gamoyene-bas realur situaciaSi cvlilebebis gansazRvris miz-

niT. rogorc n. pol lumba aRniSnavs, `imitaciis mTava-ri idea raime mowyobilobis realuri sistemis imita-

ciisaTvis im mizniT gamoyenebaSi mdgomareobs, rom ga-

movikvlioT da gavicnoT misi Tvisebebi, yofaqceva da maxasiaTeblebi6.~ warmoebisa da finansebis specialis-

tebs SeuZliaT daamuSaon modelebi, romelic mwarmo-eblobis mosalodneli zrdis an mogebis imitacias ax-dens axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebisa da samuSao Za-

lis Semadgenlobis cvlilebebis gziT. imitacia mizanSewonilia im situaciebSi, roca

wrfivi programirebis tipis maTematikuri meTodebis gamoyeneba Zalze rTulia, rac SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos cvladTa did ricxvTan anda ganusazRvrelobis

maRal donesTan. ase, rom imitacia modelis dasmis Zal-ze praqtikuli meTodia realuri sistemis an natura-

luri prototipis nacvlad. rogorc klod mark milani da riCard p. gonzalesi weren, `eqsperimentebi realur da/an prototipul sistemebze Zvirad Rirebuli da xangrZlivia, xolo relevanturi cvladebi yovelTvis ar eqvemdebarebian regulirebas~

modelis sistemaze eqsperimentiT SeiZleba davad-

ginoT, rogor reagirebs igi gansazRvrul cvlilebeb-

6 N.Paul loomba, Management: A Quantitative Perspective (New York:Macmillan,1998),p 394

92

ze an movlenebze im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac am sistemaze realur pirobebSi dakvirveba SeuZlebelia. Tuki imi-

taciuri modeliT eqsperimentirebis Sedegi mowmobs, rom modifikacias gaumjobesebisaken mivyavarT, maSin xelmZRvanels didi damajereblobiT SeuZlia miiRos gadawyvetileba realur sistemaSi cvlilebebis gan-

xorcielebis Sesaxeb. praqtikulad, marTvaSi gamoyenebuli gadawyveti-

lebis miRebis nebismieri meTodi SeiZleba teqnikurad

ganvixiloT, rogorc modelirebis saxesxvaoba. ker-

Zod, tradiciulad, termini modeli — rogorc wesi, ukavSirdeba mxolod zogadi xasiaTis meTodebsac da maT mravalricxovan specifikur saxesxvaobebsac. dama-

tebiT, modelirebaSi arsebobs rigi meTodebisa, rom-lebsac SeuZliaT daxmareba gauwion xelmZRvanels obieqturad dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, sxvadasxva alternativebidan imis amorCevaSi, romelic umaRlesi xarisxiT ganapirobebs miznis miRwevas.

esaa gadawyvetilebis miRebis statistikuri Teo-

riis erTerTi meTodis safasuris matricis gamoyeneba. meTodi gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa, roca xelmZRva-nelma unda daadginos romeli strategia iqneba yvela-

ze metad ganmapirobebeli miznis misaRwevad. n.pol lumbas azriT, `safasuri warmoadgens fulad dajil-

dovebas anu sikeTes, sargeblianobas, romelic konkre-tuli strategiis Sedegia konkretul garemoebebTan urTierTSeTanawyobaSi~. Tuki safasurs warmovadgenT cxrilis(matricis)saxiT, miviRebT safasuris matri-

cas. cneba `konkretul garemoebebTan urTierT SeTa-

nawyobaSi~ Zalze mniSvnelovania imisaTvis, rom gavi-

giT, rodis SeiZleba gamoviyenoT safasuris matrica

93

da SevafasoT, rodis iqneba mis safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetileba yvelaze ufro saimedo. uzogadesi formiT matrica niSnavs rom safasuri damokidebulia gansazRvrul movlenebze, romlebic faqtobrivad sruldeba.

safasuris matrica sasargebloa, roca : 1. gvaqvs gonivruli alternativebi an strategi-

is variantebi, maT Soris arCevanis gasakeTeblad, ro-

melTa raodenoba SezRudulia; 2. is, rac SeiZleba moxdes, sruli gansazRvru-

lobiT SeiZleba gavxadoT cnobili; 3. miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegebi damokide-

bulia imaze, Tu saxeldobr romeli alternativa Se-

irCa, da romel movlenebs realurad ar hqonda adgili. garda amisa, xelmZRvaneli unda flobdes SesaZ-

leblobas, obieqturad Seafasos relevanturi movle-nebis albaTobebi da gamoiTvalos am albaTobebis mo-

salodneli mniSvnelobebi. xelmZRvanels iSviaTad aqvs sruli gansazRvrulobis garemo, magram, aseve iSvia-

Tad imyofeba sruli ganusazRvrelobis situaciaSi, amitom gadawyvetilebis miRebis TiTqmis yvela Sem-TxvevaSi xelmZRvanels albaTuri Sefasebebis gadaxed-

va uwevs. albaToba pirdapir gavlenas axdens mosalod-

neli mniSvnelobis gansazRvraze, — rogorc safasuris matricis centralur koncefciaze. alternativebis anu variantebis mosalodneli mniSvnelobebi, — esaa Se-

saZlo mniSvnelobebis jami, gamravlebuli Sesabamis albaTobebze. Tu maT matriculad warmovadgenT, —

xelmZRvanels martivad SeuZlia daadginos, romeli arCevani ufro mimzidvelia mocemuli kriteriumebiT.

94

is, cxadia, udidesi mniSvnelobis Sesabamisi iqneba. ga-

moTvlebi adastureben, rom roca albaTobis zusti mniSvnelobebi dadgenilia, maSin amonaxsnTa xis meTo-di da safasuris matrica ufro xarixovan gadawyveti-

lebas uzrunvelyofen, vidre tradiciuli midgomebi.

gadawyvetilebaTa (amonaxsnTa) xe

literatura: 1. Ковалев В.В. Финансовый анализ М., Финансы и статистика,

2007 2. Мескон М., Альберт М., Хедоури Ф. Основы менеджмента,

М., Дело, 2011 3. Кашина А.В. Кошечкин С. А. Методы анализа информаций

и принятии визнес-решений М ,2005

95

4. Robert E. Shannon, Systems Simulation: The Art and Science (Englewood Cliffs, N.Y.: Prentice-Hall, 1975)

5. N.Paul loomba, Management: A Quantitative Perspective (New York:Macmillan,1998), p 394

rezume

sammarTvelo funqciis Sesasruleblad aucilebe-

lia efeqturi gadawyvetilebis miReba. amitom, gadaw-

yvetilebis miRebis procesi – centraluri punqtia marTvis TeoriaSi. marTvis mecnierebis mizania gansa-kuTrebiT rTuli organizaciuli situaciebis efeqtu-robis amaRleba kompiuteruli programuli modelebi-

sa da raodenobrivi meTodebis meSveobiT, xelmZRvane-lobis dasabuTebuli obieqturi gadawyvetilebebis mi-

Rebis SesaZleblobis gazrdis safuZvelze. modeli ex-mareba xelmZRvanels sakuTari unari da gamocdileba eqspertebis Tvalsazrisebsa da gamocdilebasTan Sea-

Tavsos.

Summary The Methods of Information analysis and

business decision-making Leri Nozadze

Associate Professor

The effective decision-making plays important role in management. The decision-making process is a central issue in the theory of management.

The prior aim of Management Science is to upgrade the methods of dealing withspecial cases in organizational management

96

by the efficiency of computer software models and quantitative methods.

The model helps to instructor to combine personalabilities and experience with the perception andexperience of the experts.

The manager must have the capabilities to qualify and objectivelyjudge the probabilitis of consequent events and also, to calculate of the expected results of that probability. Head might not have the interest to characterize the certainty of the cases, but the position of being in complete uncertainty must also be rare.

The statistics show that when exactvalues of the probability areestablished, the methods of decision-making tree and the matrix payoff generally bring us to proper, exact and qualified decision.

97

TAGETES PATULA L. yvavilebis eqstraqcia

eqstragentTa orfaziani sistemiT

m. orjonikiZe 1,

d. lagaziZe 2, e.sivsivaZe3

1.2 Tssu i.quTaTelaZis farmakoqimiis instituti - mecnieri TanamSromeli

3 Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti „gorgasali“ - studenti

sakvanZo sityvebi: xaverda, eqstraqcia, gam-

xsnelTa 2-faziani sistema, flavonidebi, karotinoi-debi.

xaverda erT-erTi far-

Tod gavrcelebuli kultu-ruli mcenarea. Tagetes gva-ri iTvlis 50-ze met saxeo-bas, sami maTgani gansakuTre-buli popularobiT sargeb-lobs rogorc dekoratiuli mcenare.

yvavilebi Seicavs didi raodenobiT eTer-zeTebs, ka-rotinoidebs, pigmentebs, mi-

kroelementebs, vitaminebs da sxva biologiurad aqti-ur nvTierebebs. is farTod gamoiyeneba medicinaSi, pa-rfiumeriaSi da kvebis mrewvelobaSi. xalxur medicina-Si gamoiyeneba naxarSebi, zeTiani da wyliani nayenebi.

iwarmoeba 10% wyliani nayeni da eTerzeTebi, rom-lebic naCvenebia rogorc Sardmdeni, naRvlmdeni, anti-virusuli da antimikrobuli, anTebis sawinaaRmdego saSualeba.

98

cnobilia mcenarteuli nedleulidan biologi-urad aqtiuri nivTierebebis gamowvlilvis sxvadasxva meTodebi. eqstraqciis meTodis da eqstragentis Tvi-sebebis Sesabamisad erTi da igive nedleulidan SeiZle-ba miviRoT srulebiT gansxvavebuli eqstraqtebi.

lipofiluri bunebis naerTebis gamowvlilisaT-vis gamoiyeneba mcenareuli zeTebi, arapolaruli or-ganuli gamxsnelebi da gaTxevadebuli airebi, xolo hidrofiluri naerTbis gamowvlilvas awarmoeben spirtiani wyalxsnarebi.

Cvens mier Seswavlili iqna xaverdas haermSrali

yvavilebis (siname - ara umetes 7%) eqstraqciis proce-si eqstragentTa orfaziani sistemis pirobebSi. eq-stragentad gamoyenebuli iqna wyli-spirtiani narevi da mcenareuli zeTi. sawyis stadiaze xaverdas daw-vrilmanebul yvavilebs vayovnebdiT 70% spirtSi ga-jirjvebisaTvis , da vamatebdiT mzesumziras zeTs, ris Semdeg vaTavsebdiT wylis abazanaze da vagrZelebdiT eqstragirebas kidev garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. eqstraqtis gacivebis Semdeg vaxdendiT fazebis dayo-fas gamyof ZabrSi. wyal-spirtian qveda fenaSi da ze-Tian, zeda fenaSi, vsazRvravdiT biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebs, karotinoidebis jamur Semcvelobas da flavonoidebis jamur Semcvelobas. nedleulis da eq-stragentebis Sefardebas, eqstraqciis dros da tempe-raturas vadgendiT eqsperimentalurad. SemdgomSi wyal-spirtian, qveda fenas, vasqelebdiT spirtis aor-TqlebiT, vakuum-rotaciul aparatze.

eqstragirebis procesis Sefasebis kriteriumad gamoyenebuli iqna karotinoidebis jamuri gamosavali,

β-karotinze gadaangariSebiT, romelsac vsazRvravdiT speqtrofotometruli meTodiT. validaciam daadas-tura raodenobrivi gansazRvris meTodis sworxazov-

99

neba da ganmeorebadoba. kvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia cxrilis saxiT.

cxrili

xaverdas eqstraqtis xarisxis maCveneblebi

eqstraq-tis dasa-

xeleba

organolep-tikuri maC-

venebeli

sim-kvrive g/sm3

karotinoide-bis Semcveloba

β-karotinze ga-daangariSebiT,

mg/%

ga-mo-

sava-li %

wyal-spirtiani eqstraqti

muqi yavis-feri siTxe damaxasiaTe-beli suniT

0,9240 ar isazRvreba -

zeTovani eqstraqti

muqi narin-jisferi ze-Tovani siTxe damaxasiaTe-beli suniT

0,9120 45,72±0,06 82,7

gamxsnelTa 2-faziani sistemiT eqstraqciis pi-

robebSi eqsperimentSi karotinoidebis jamuri gamo-savali zeTian fazaSi Seadgens 82,70%.

literatura

1. Бархатцы. RL: http://bontiland.ru/articles/flowers/barhatsy/. 2. Бархатцы // Энциклопедия декоративных садовых растений. 3. Демченко Ю.Т и др., Экстрагирование растительного сырья

компонентами суппозиторных основ в составе двухфазных систем экстрагентов – новый подход в технологии фито-препаратов, Материалы ΙX Междунар. съезда «Фитофарм-2005». СПб., 2005. С. 735-739 .

4. Сергеева Н.Т. ,Биологически активные вещества, Калинин-град: Изд. КГТУ, 2005. С.306.

5. Землякова Е. С., Миронова К.И., Использование метода спектрофотометрии при определении наличия биологически

100

активных веществ, Спектрометрические методы анализа в науке и технике: электронный научный журнал. – 201C.

Extraction of flowers of Tagetes patula L.

by two-phase system of extragents

M.Orjonikidze, D.Lagazidze, E.Sivsivadze

Summary

By using 2-phase solvent system in the extraction, in the

experiment the total yield of carotinoids in the oil phase is 82,7%.

101

sarCevi

i. margalitaZe saqarTvelo, rogorc sazRvao qveyana ..........................................................................4

m. SaqaraSvuli, m. vaSakiZe, e. SurRaia profesiuli gadawva ..............................................11

m.arabuli RviZlis histologiuri da fiziolo-

giuri Taviseburebani da C hepatiti .................18 k.WiWimaZe, n.WiWimaZe, l.gaCeCiladze,

m.SaqaraSvili adaptacia ....................................30 marine kalandariSvili hepatitis virusebi.............36 e. feiqriSvili qveynis usafTxoebi

sakiTxebisTvis ........................................................45 z. jinjolava proporciuli Tu maJoritaruli

saarCevno sistema ...................................................52 j.babilaSvili saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis

samarTali — realoba, problemebi da perspeqtivebi ..........................................................61

l. nozaZe informaciis analizisa da biznes- gadawyvetilebis miRebis meTodebi ..................85

m. orjonikiZe, d. lagaziZe, e.sivsivaZe Tagetes patula L. yvavilebis eqstraqcia eqstragentTa orfaziani sistemiT...................97

102

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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