Sam Reynolds - Terrorism - Grade D

8/12/2019 Sam Reynolds - Terrorism - Grade D

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Terrorism

A Level Coursework

Sam Reynolds

13 SD

AO1

Coursework

Introduction

Aim:

The broad context of this project is based on the current issues in Travel and Tourism part of my travel and tourismcourse. The aim of the project is to study the reasons for the development of the terrorism issue and to determine itseffects on the travel and tourism industry.

Hypothesis:

Acts of terrorism affect the rates of worldwide travel and tourism.

The travel and tourism industry hires over 20 million people. If the industry had a massive collapse due to terrorism thiscould have a major effect on economies not only on a local scale but also lobally.

The world is a constantly chanin place! and terrorism affects travel and tourism around the world! and from one day tothe next. Terrorism spreads far and wide and affects people daily! and is viewed differently by different people. Thereseems to be no simple solutions or remedies to tac"le the threat of terrorism. A definition of terrorism is #the use ofextreme violence or the threat of violence by states! roups or individuals to enerate fear in individuals and thusmanipulate their behaviour#.

Research Techniques:

I will ather information and data from primary and secondary sources and present the results. $or example for myprimary data I will hand out %uestionnaires to students to determine whether terrorism has a constant impact on people&slives. There will be no budet limitations as %uestionnaires will be handed out to a random survey throuhout the localcommunity so there is no need to pay for postae. 'econdary data that I will collect will be from internet sources!newspaper articles! news reports! and overnment census.

Objectives:

1 To see over the last (0 years! what effects terrorism has had on peoples) lives.! To identify travelers) opinions of the issue


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" To find out if terrorism affects their travelin decisions# To determine the impact terrorism has had on the aviation industry and the tourism industry.

$arameters:

*lobal terrorist events over the last (0 years will be compared! and the effect that these events have had on the traveland tourism industry will be determined.

$or example how did the +,+ bombins in -ondon in 200 affect inward tourism to the /.

The research will be conducted around terrorist events in the last ten years and how they have affected travel around theworld. In addition it will evaluate whether there was a sudden drop or rise in the amount of tourists not only to the areasthat have been tareted but lobally.

$or example followin the attac"s on public transport in -ondon! did they reduce the amount of tourists whoused public transport durin the next couple of months.

The number of flihts ta"en from America from 1,(( 200( to the present day will be analysed to see if there hasbeen a sinificant chane in the number of people travelin across the /'A.

There is a constant threat of terrorism everyday. ow does this impact on people throuhout the world.

3ther places that have been reatly affected by terrorism are 4ali! 5ypt and enya.

The rowth of terrorism in the 6iddle 5ast and Asia will be determined.

%ethodo&o'y:

Research (esi'n

The research desins that will be used are the %uestionnaires. 'everal %uestions in the %uestionnaire will be as"ed aboutthe affects of terrorism and what effect it has had on peoples choices of travel destinations and when they travel. Thesurvey will be carried out randomly. 7uestionnaires will be iven to a rane of students from different culturalbac"rounds as well as to a diverse roup within local businesses. The results will enable me to find out peoples)opinions on terrorism and the effect that it has had on their travel.

'econdary articles will be used to ain statistics and information about terrorism. The news will also be important as itives information about terrorist events and how they affect the travel and tourism industry.

$&an

The plan that will be used for this project is that information will be collected from a variety of sources and relate them to

terrorism. The information that will be collected will relate to recent terrorist events on a lobal scale.

The Issue

A8 Terrorism and the method of attac"s used has been evolvin over the last ten years. It has moved away from5uropean based roups such as the I9A! 5TA and 4ader:6einhof and become a lobal issue! particularly in extremistIslamic roups. $ollowin the two invasions of Ira% in (11( and 200; certain Islamic roups see this as a justifiedretaliation aainst the west and countries who are seen to support western interests. Terrorist attac"s and plots haveincreased in the last couple of years! especially in the 6iddle 5ast and the west.

Terrorism is reconiauses of terrorism need to be examined in different cateories and to this purpose economic! technoloical! social anddemocratic factors will be analysed.

) Techno&o'yAttac"s on transport have become increasinly common as it is often seen as an easy taret. $or example the +,+bombins in -ondon were on the on underround and buses and the attac" on 6adrid in 200? was aainst the railnetwor". Althouh used by terrorists for many years! the biest and most effective attac" usin aircraft as weapons werethe 1,(( attac"s in 200( in the /'A. These attac"s increased the lobal scale of terrorism and showed that anythin canbe used as a weapon for terrorism. @ith more people usin air travel as a form of transport the threat of another terrorist


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attac" occurrin on a plane is hih. This has reatly affected the travel and tourism industry! and put many people offtravelin by air transport. owever! when the new Airbus A;0 is introduced this may have a short:term positive impacton the aviation business as people want to experience travelin on such a lare aircraft.

The rise of fortress hubs dominated by national carriers Bsuch as eathrow airport8 often presents tarets too secure forterrorists. owever! as frine city airports increasinly are used by budet and no frills airlines costs are often cut in aneffort to ain a comparative advantae. It is competition such as this that an lead to decreased viilance and anincreased ris" of terrorism.

The issue of terrorism in travel and tourism must b e examined as an issue that is hihly interconnected and that #we canonly understand tourism if we reconise the inter relationships between the various elements in the system#. B4onifaceand >ooper 200 @orldwide destinations8.

Althouh airport security has increased worldwide! new advancements in weapon technoloy have made it easier forterrorists to smule weapons and may lead to the li"elihood of terrorism increasin. The si


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B$iure 28F oil prices 200G to 200F source @i"ipedia

A major source of income for terrorist roups is from the sale of narcotics mainly from Afhanistan.6ore developed nations are under threat as terrorism is spreadin lobally. The developin world and the world)s mostdeveloped countries are e%ually under threat from terrorist attac"s. 6any developin countries attract western touristsand are therefore seen as a taret. owever! attac"s on the developin world have disastrous conse%uences on theirfraile economies which in the most cases rely on tourism as their main source of income.

*lobaliolombo airport and the bombin of the *aladari hotel in>olombo.

9epeated attac"s aainst Han American airlines eventually led to the airline closin.

The main area for terrorism at the present time is Ira%! with daily attac"s occurrin throuhout the country. 6ostof these attac"s are carried out by Al 7aeda based roups. This is a cause for concern as the main aim ofthese incidents is to create instability within the country. The results of this is that /' and / forces have toremain in the country thus causin a further drain on both their economies.

Indirect political causes of terrorism include the adoption of free trade areements that remove barriers to internationaltransactions includin e:commerce and retailin that are also increased by the prevalence of computers andcommunications technoloy. 3ften these chanes at a political level allow a faster! easier flow of information which isood for the consumer and the industry but also helpful to terrorists.

9eional and national policies can lead to the rise of reionalism and the search for cultural identity Bparticularly amonethnic minorities8. This has lead to conflict in some parts of the world and a rise in terrorism! for example 4ritish 6uslimswho too" part in the +,+ bombins of -ondon were ethnic minorities who felt separate from a national identify and felt theywould be martyred by their actions. The / has since had mass debate on the need for a chane in national policytowards immiration and how to reduce radicalism in some communities.

+ocioeconomic

* +ocia& and (emo'raphic'ocioeconomic is the term used to describe all the factors to do with people and their economic circumstances. It can besplit into three cateoriesF Time! *reater @ealth and reater mobility.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_Prices_Short_Term.png


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Time is the amount of leisure time that tourists have available! that has dramatically increased in the last ;0 years. This isbecause more jobs have more holiday entitlement available! ivin travelers more time available to o on vacation. 6ostoffice wor"ers now wor" ?0 hours a wee" which ives them more time to o on a holiday and use transport! especially toa short haul destination.

*reater wealth is increasin as more developed nation)s populations are becomin increasinly wealthy. 6ost people inwealthier countries have fewer children which would mean that they would have a larer disposable income. It also meansthat if they do not have children and can travel durin low periods in demand ma"in travel cheaper on transport.

*reater mobility has lead to an increase in car ownership which means that more people can choose where they o onholiday. The development of air travel has increased access to forein countries.

>hanin household sihanes in consumer demand have seen a rise in tourist travel by non:family roups! this would see a rowth in thedemand for transport and services offered by travel and tourism businesses. To meet this chane in demand there is areater variety of destinations available. This will therefore lead to an increase in the demand of these destinations andhelp the sta"eholders within that economy and destination. This increase is also affected by hiher standards of %ualitybein offered by the different sectors at better value for money. This will see an increase in consumer demand. This willalso lead to more independent travelers as they can afford to use the transport available to them.

In many countries the youth have been radicali


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Transport providers have had to increase advertisin methods and try to convince that methods of transport are still safefrom the threat of terrorism. Jot only are international transport services affected so are local transport services. If aterrorist attac" tarets local transport not only will it scare off locals it also means that tourists will not use the service dueto a fear of bein attac"ed aain. In -5=>)s the local transport services are heavily reliant on tourist money to helpprovide income for the local economies. owever if tourists are afraid to visit -5=>)s or use local transport this can createa major problem for the economy as well as the transport providers.

'ince 200? the demand for transport lobally has increased! with the hihest demand bein in 5urope.

( Accommodation $rovidersAccommodation providers are the larest roup of sta"eholders and comprise a considerable percentae of the travel andtourism mar"et. They are reatly affected by terrorism especially as they are stronly interlin"ed with the different sectorsof the industry. If one sector of the travel and tourism industry is affected by terrorist activities then it is li"ely thataccommodation providers will be e%ually affected as the other industries.

Accommodation providers rely on a constant demand for their services from business travelers and tourists. A fall indemand for accommodation has an adverse affect on the local economy! e.. bars! restaurants! taxis! therefore leadin toa lower multiplier effect. In extreme circumstances accommodation providers are forced to close down and have to firestaff due to this lac" of demand. 6any hotels in 4ali had to close followin the second bombin and this sector has neverfully recovered.

* +ervice providers

Terrorism has an adverse affect on the service industry. $or example followin the terrorist attac"s in Jew Kor" all theservice providers in the area were affected. This was due to a lac" of demand from business visitors and tourists whoshied away from the /'A fearin further attac"s.

'ervice providers are often seen as an easy taret e.. two attractions in 4ali : the nihtclub in uta and the restaurant inDimbaran 4ay. These types of attac"s on service providers receive world wide press and TC coverae and this in turnleads to a decrease in the number of tourists as they are scared of another terrorist event occurrin aain. These attac"smean less profits for the service providers as a whole! but the lac" of tourists for the whole destination can have adevastatin affect on the industry in that area as well as the economy as there will be no income from forein exchane.

Tourist uides who are another service provider! are also badly affected by terrorism. If no tourists visit a country as aresult of terrorism! then the tourist uide may find himself with no income at all. Therefore terrorist events affect a touruide in many ways but especially their livelihood. An example of this is in 'harm 5l 'hei" where due to the bombinsover 000 customers cancelled trips with tour uides and divin operators facin ban"ruptcy.

This loss of tourism in turn will affect the entire local economy and industry and rule out the li"elihood of the multipliereffect.

Connections between sectors

All the sectors in the travel and tourism industry are interrelated. All of them rely on each other! for example they oftenpass business on to each other and if a terrorist event occurs it can disrupt this balance. $or example terrorism can scareoff tourists from usin any of the services available in the travel and tourism industry. If a hotel is attac"ed by terrorists!many people choose not to travel to the affected country. In turn hotels lose business as do local transport providersBbuses! taxis! rail networ"s8 and finally the service providers includin restaurants! tour uides and shops. As all of theservices are interlin"ed travel aents and tour operators also lose business due to a lac" of demand. This means that nosector in the travel and tourism industry can reach profit maximionnections between sectors can also be examined across time and the attac"s of 1,(( are a useful case study to showthese connections.

9eal time media in 1,(( meant people had unlimited access to the events unfoldin and conse%uently the airlines! hoteland industry revenues plummeted. The 'ecretary *eneral of the @orld tourism 3ranisation! $rancesco $ranialli! calledthe attac"s a #terrible blow# to the tourism orani


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services are supported not only by overnments but also by tourists to ensure that the demand for a destination staysstable.

AO!

+takeho&ders

+takeho&der (e,inition: 'ta"eholders are people and orani


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afraid to fly after the attac"s which lead to a decrease in the level of tourism and business in the /'A. This in turnaffected the jobs of tour operators! transport providers! travel aents and accommodation providers as no:one wanted totravel to the /'A especially Jew Kor" which was the worst affected area.

'ta"eholders can be affected by acts of or threats of terrorism and if one sector is affected it may a "noc" on impact onother sectors of the industry. If an attac" occurs in a popular tourist area the travel and tourism industry for that countryand the reion will be affected hamperin profits. =ependin on the severity of the attac"! the effects could be feltlobally.

Tour Operators

Tour operators can be affected by terrorism in a variety of situations or ways. In the short term the most li"ely situation isthat tourists will cancel their vacation to the area affected! which means that tour operators lose business thereforereducin their income and profits. If the tour operators employ staff they may have to sac" them due to a loss of incomeand decline in the demand for tourism.

In the medium term! tour operators may see a shift in the type of business sold to clients. 'ome customers may see"holidays nearer to home! either sourcin the domestic mar"et or short:haul destinations! especially those which offersurface transport to and from the destination.

In the loner term! tour operators may see a sure in lon haul tourism as travelers feel more secure with increasedaviation and airport security.

Trave& A'ents

The averae travel aent can be affected vastly by terrorism as their main roles are sellin holidays! airline tic"ets! carhire and hotel accommodation. 'ome also offer currency exchane and travel insurance. Their main source of income isfrom commission paid to them by tour operators and transport and accommodation providers. If people chose not totravel or cancel their plans! then the travel aent is left with no income which in turn can lead to job losses.

3ften for periods of ( to 2 years followin a major terrorist event! people prefer to remain closer to home where they feelsecure. 4y choosin to ta"e domestic holidays or travel to short haul destinations a travel aent will find that their sourceof income is diminished as the cost of this type of holiday if usually lower than a lon haul destination.

4y the time the industry has pic"ed up travel aents will face increased competition from the internet as many peopleprefer to #ta"e chare# of their holidays and boo" on line.

Accommodation $roviders

The accommodation providers are often the taret of terrorist attac"s. If a property is a taret it will either Bafterrefurbishment8 be seen as a safe place to stay or it will ta"e a lon period of time before customers are confident enouh

to return. The initial impact on a hotel followin a terrorist attac" is how it affects its wor"force as many may have to belaid off until the property is in a fit state to be occupied aain.

'ometimes a whole destination can be affected by a terrorist stri"e. If there are no tourists then there is no need forhotels and their related services which will have a serious neative impact on the local economy.

It is not only the larer properties and chains who are affected by a lac" of tourists! 4 and 4)s will see a loss of profit iftourists do not travel to that destination. This could be due a terrorist attac" or if tourists refuse to travel abroad due to afear of flyin. 'ome 4 and 4)s may have to be closed due to this lac" of demand or the business may fail.

The world tradecenters during theterrorist attacks.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Twin_Towers_in_fire_-_911-_Fema_picture.jpg


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owever if the terrorist attac" is overseas! the demand for 4ritish 4 and 4&s will probably increase as more / tourists etscared of oin abroad or travelin by plane. They may attract not only domestic tourists but visitors from short hauldestinations.

+upport +ervices

The support services include insurance providers! local tour uides at destinations includin representatives of tour

operators. Their services are usually seen as optional extras to a standard holiday and are only ta"en when customerssee the #extra# addin special value to their holiday. It therefore follows that terrorist events can have a serious effect ontourists demands both before departure and at the destination. 6any insurance companies may see a rise in the demandfor insurance from would:be travelers! whilst tour uides at destinations may suffer as some tourists will prefer to remainthe relative security of their hotel,resort! rather than visit local sites and attractions. -ocal uides may find themselveswithout a source of income for a considerable time followin a terrorist attac". A ood example of this is 4ali! wheremany tourists too" local uides around the sihts! hired drivers for a day or loner! bouht from local souvenir sellers orhad massaes on the beach. $ollowin the second attac" on the island! the tourist industry there has not recovered andthe local people are strulin to ma"e ends meet.

Transport $roviders

If a terrorist attac" occurs on a type of transport then the amount of tourists who will use that mode of transport maydecline. If a destination is reliant upon that form of transport as a means of brinin tourists there! then the travel andtourism industry as a whole may be affected. A ood example of this is the 1,(( attac"s which instilled a fear of flyin inmany. As the /'A relies on air transport for both business and tourism it saw a sinificant decline in the level of visitorsfollowin the events.

It is not only the type of transport which has been #hit# that may suffer! but some travelers also see the >hannel Tunnel asa taret for terrorists. $ollowin 1,(( there was a shift to usin ferries between =over and >alais for several monthsbefore people reained their confidence in the security measures in the Tunnel.

-ocal transport providers includin buses and taxis can be affected by other sectors in the travel and tourism industry! e..if a terrorist event occurs and occupancy rates in hotels fall. The local transport companies may have deals with theaccommodation providers which would ive them a reular client base. If this is removed then the business may suffer. Ifthe number of tourists continues to decline sta"eholders who have shares in the company may be forced to sell sharesleadin to a loss of income and reducin the companies spendin power. ire car companies may also be badly affectedif tourists do numbers decline. This could have a serious effect on the local economy.

In some destinations where there has been an attac" aainst a public transport system! car hire firms may see anincrease in business. 'ome visitors may feel in the short term that public transport is not safe. They feel that by havin ahire car their ris" of bein involved in a terrorist incident is reduced.

-isitor Attractions

Cisitor attractions can be affected by terrorism severely! if tourists are scared away from a destination! then few peoplewill visit the attractions. The attractions are also tareted by terrorists as they are popular with tourists. If terrorists canscare tourists away then their aim of instillin fear has succeeded. Cisitor attractions are interlin"ed with all the sectors ofthe travel and tourism industry. If accommodation providers have less custom due to a terrorist attac" then the visitorattractions will et fewer tourists over a set period of time. If terrorism affects the amount of visitors it will create aneative multiplier leadin to less jobs and employment rates throuhout the area and the travel and tourism industry.

6an made attractions are usually the larest tarets for terrorists and are that main threats to security especially as mostof them are major tourist attractions. The Trade >entre buildins in Jew Kor" were a prime example of this. 6useumsare also popular attractions! both with tourist and the local population. If a terrorist attac" occurs near a museum then it isli"ely that tourist numbers will fall leadin to a loss of income. If this trend continues it may affect the local economy andalso led to job losses. 'ynthetic attractions and locations li"e -as Ceas and =ubai which have a ood trac" record or anabsence of terrorism are li"ely to see their incomes and popularity increase as they are perceived to be safer locations formany tourists.

Other +takeho&ders

Terrorism can seriously influence what tourists do and where they o on holiday. 4usiness in areas that are affected byterrorism will see a dramatic decrease in the amount of revenue due to a lac" of customers and tourists as a whole. Anexample of where this occurred was 4ali where tourism dropped after the bombins by G+L.

owever one benefit of terrorism in forein countries is that domestic tourism will increase due to tourists becomin afraidof travelin abroad. This increase will benefit the local economy. In the short term due to tourists fears! travel aents willoffer more domestic tourism and short haul pac"aes until demand chanes.

+ecurity ,irms


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'ecurity providers have seen a dramatic increase in the demand for their services due to the increase of terrorist relatedincidents. 6ost accommodation providers in the travel and tourism industry ac%uire security systems to ensure the safetyof staff and clientele ali"e. Jearly every hotel has security staff and measures in place if a terrorist attac" occurs within thearea. >>TC systems are becomin more and more widely used throuhout the industry and airports have installed evenmore cameras to ensure the safety of customers and staff. After the 1,(( attac"s security firms had increased demandfrom airlines to provide them with protection e. s"y marshalls! to try and reduce the li"elihood of terrorist related eventsoccurrin aain and to once aain instill confidence in the mar"et.

Re&i'ious 'roups6any reliious roups have now become major tarets by terrorist oranihristian Bmainly seen as the western world8! Islamic and Dewish roups. An example ofattac"s on Islamic and Dewish roups is Israel and Halestine! where terrorist attac"s are fre%uent. All of the attac"s in thatarea are politically or reliiously motivated.

Attac"s aainst the >hristian reliion or western world are more difficult to predict and can literally occur anywhere in theworld. /ntil a ceasefire was areed between Ireland and Jorthern Ireland there were often atrocities occurrin in thename of reliion.

.overnment*overnments may be one of the hardest hit sta"eholders in any terrorist event. If tourism decreases in their country thenincome falls therefore reducin revenue. In -ower 5conomically =eveloped >ountries where income from tourism is themain earner for the economy! any lon term decrease in tourism can have disastrous results on the country)s economicstability. It also creates a rise in unemployment and can cause unrest as many suffer a lower standard of livin.

+hops at destinations'hops in tourist destinations can be severely affected by a terrorist attac". 'ome are seen as a viable taret by terroristsas they are extremely popular with tourists. 3nce a terrorist attac" occurs at a destination it is li"ely that the shops in thatdestination will suffer for %uite some time and see a reduction in profits.

Insurance companiesInsurance companies may see an immediate increase in the demand for travel insurance on holidays and business trips!especially if terrorist attac"s continue. owever! some insurance companies have a disclaimer in their policies absolvinthem from payment in the events of a terrorist attac". 6any refuse to offer insurance when people choose to travel todestinations which are seen as danerous as coverin any claims could see a heavy loss of profit for the insurancecompanies. owever the overall outloo" for the insurance industry loo"s positive.

$rivate Airport car park providers6any companies provide lon term par"in cheaper to that offered at the airport. 4usiness can be dramatically affected ifa terrorist attac" occurs on an airline or at the airport. This event would cause a reduction in the number of travellerstherefore leadin to a decrease in demand for this service. If the situation draed on it could cause a smaller business tobecome ban"rupt and larer businesses may have to let employees o.

TouristsTourists may be affected by terrorist attac"s in many ways. $or some! it can have life alterin conse%uences. 'omepeople can be so devastated after a terrorist attac" that they are afraid to travel at all and only holiday in their country ofresidence. 3thers may simply cancel their holidays! whilst others! mainly the youner eneration! carry on as normal andtravel as planned.

$ressure .roupsHressure roups can have difference influcences on the travel and tourism mar"et. 'ome! li"e e


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Overa&& e,,ects

The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry can be severe. It can even cripple economies and lead to a lossof tourism. enya and 4ali have suffered twice from terrorist attac"s. 4ali has still not recovered. Althouh enya didonce aain attract tourists! many are now shyin away because of civil unrest within the country.

Any terrorist event affects a country in some way but the main impact is felt throuhout the travel and tourism industry. Inlare events! no sector is seen as secure. 'maller incidents usually impact on travel aents and transport providers! and

this can mean that businesses close and tourists have a lac" of resources. *iven the ease with which customers canboo" holidays etc on the internet! many smaller travel aents) businesses do not recover.

-are terrorist attac"s have almost brouht lare! international airlines to their "nees. Two American airlines had to besupported by overnments and financial institutions as a result of the 1,(( attac"s. owever! in contrast! attac"s on therail services in the / and 'pain did not have lon lastin effects on the transport system. After a couple of days the localpopulace were usin the trains and as a result! tourists followed suit.

Accommodation providers are occasionally the tarets of terrorism. If part of a hotel chain many tourists avoid theseproperties around the world for %uite some time. The effect of the terrorist attac" therefore has lobal implications for thetravel and tourism mar"et.

6any hoteliers and accommodation providers across the board! may suffer irrespective of their location in a destination. Ifthe attac" has been lare then many tourists will choose another destination for their holiday. This in turn affects all of theassociated services throuhout the industry.

@ith any issue there are always winners. Insurance companies on the whole stand to ain from uncertainty! and

domestic travel mar"ets will be stron in the short term followin terrorist activities overseas. In fact some travelers maynever travel abroad aain if the threat of terrorism and an attac" are seen as real.

AO3

Responses and Actions o, +takeho&ders

Introduction


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'ta"eholders in the issue of Terrorism have varyin attitudes and values towards the chosen issue. The rane ofsta"eholders that will be examined will includeF travel and tourism orani


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. Are there any areas that you would li"e to o to but are afraid to o to due to terrorist threatsM

Kes Jo

+amp&in' %ethod

Althouh there are several samplin methods available! the method used for this investiation was convenience samplin.This where I as"ed the nearest person approachin me at school to assist in the research and also approached businessac%uaintances of my family to as" them %uestions from my %uestionnaire. 20 %uestionnaires have been filled out and willbe used to compare and analy website. 'hareholders may be reatly affected by neative press reports followin aterrorist attac". Jewspaper articles should be well balanced.

(ata $resentation

A) $rimary (ataThere are several ways in which the data can be presented. I t can be presented in tables! raphs! words or statistics.6ost of the information presented in maa


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0

2

?

G

Always 3ften

'ometimes Jever

34i'ure "

The raph at fiure ; above shows how terrorism has influenced participants) decisions when decidin on holiday

destinations. ;L of those as"ed stated that terrorism did not influence their decisions at all! ;0L stated that itsometimes did! 2L found that terrorism often influenced their choice of travel and finally (0L claimed that it always did.

The research showed that terrorist events do not always influence people)s decisions! althouh many of thoseapproached said that they now refer to the $orein and >ommonwealth 3ffice)s Travel Advice paes before finallydecidin on a holiday or underta"in business travel.

34i'ure #

$iure ? as"s participants if #terrorist events affect the time of the year that you visit a destination for example 1,((#. Theresults show that the L of the participants did not feel at all threatened or affected by terrorist activities and that theydid not avoid any dates when visitin a destination. 3nly (L of those as"ed said that for the year followin 1,(( they

(o terrorist events a,,ect the time o, the year that

you visit a destination ,or e5amp&e 6711

0 (0 ( 20

Kes

JoAnswers

/umber o, participants


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avoided travel to the /'A in 'eptember. This suests that even thouh terrorism may affect sta"eholders in the short:term it is less li"ely to be a lon term issue as on the whole! tourists are not allowin terrorism to influence when theyunderta"e a journey.

Are you a,raid to 'o to areas that have been a,,ected by a terrorist attack2

0

(

2

;

?

.

G+

1

Cery 7uite A little Jo

34i'ure 8

$iure as"s participants if #they are afraid to o to areas that have been affected by a terrorist attac"#. (L of thoseas"ed said that they were not afraid to travel to an area that had previously been a terrorist taret! ?L said they were alittle afraid Bbut that this fear usually disappeared after arrival8! ;0L said they were %uite afraid Band probably would nottravel to that destination for %uite some time8 and (0L were very afraid and said they would never o to a place whichhad been hit by terrorists.


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3f those tourists who said that they were either not afraid or only a little afraid some said that they felt safer as theythouht that lihtenin would not stri"e twiceP This ives an indication that terrorist attac"s have a minimal affect ontourists) decisions or actions durin their holidays.

'ta"eholders in the destination may be affected by terrorist activities! but fiure suests that the majority of tourists willcontinue to use the services provided throuhout the industry even if a terrorist attac" occurs. 'o terrorist events seem tohave very little impact in the lon term on a tourists) decision on what activities or destinations they will choose.

Has terrorism a,,ected how you ,ee& about air

trave&2

Kes

Jo

34i'ure 9

$iure G suests that tourists are relatively not affected by terrorism especially where air travel is concerned. 3nly ?tourists said that they were still affected by terrorist events and that they would still avoid flyin where possible. 6anysaid that they had avoided air travel for a few months followin 1,(( but that their travel habits had then returned tonormal. This proves that followin the events of 'eptember ((theven thouh there was a decline in air travel this was ashort:term phase. This means the overall effect on air transport providers and the travel and tourism industry as a wholedue to terrorist events may not be so severe in the lon term! thouh there is li"ely to be a decline in travel in the periodimmediately followin an attac".


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34i'ure

$iure + suests that G0L of tourists were not afraid to visit some destinations due to terrorist threats. This shows thatterrorist threats do have an impact on some individuals or how they feel about security in some destinations. This mayindicate that terrorist events can have a serious effect on some destinations! especially if several terrorist attac"s occur atone time or within a small timeframe.

6any tourists are still afraid of travelin to 4ali which suffered from two terrorist attac"s in a short period of time and as aconse%uence the island)s economy has faltered as tourism is one of the main sources of income.

Are there any areas that you wou&d &ike to 'o to

but are a,raid to 'o to due to terrorist threats2

0 (0 ( 20 2

;esor

/o

/umber o, $articipants

Kes

Jo


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How many times a year do you 'o on ho&iday2

0

.

(0

one

two:three

four:five

six

34i'ure


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It is clear that confidence in the travel and tourism industry has returned. It is also evident that new trends are emerinwith new mar"ets openin up in the $ar 5ast. The rise in visitors to >hina has sinificantly increased! especially with theelder type of tourist and those who have a lare disposable income.

;ear /umber o, Terrorist Attacks

!==1 !#

!==!


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;ear Country /o o, attacks200( >olombia

Israel ?/'A ?

2002 Israel ?>olombia (India ;

200; >olombia ((9ussia +Israel 2

200? 9ussia ?'audi Arabia ?Israel ;

200 Thailand (0Indonesia ?India ?

200G India Ha"istan >olombia ?

200+ Ha"istan ((>olombia +Israel G

200 Ha"istan +Afhanistan G

Israel ?

The raph and tables above show the levels of terrorist activities coverin the period 200( to April 200. The two mostconstantly affected countries are >olombia and Israel. It is interestin to note that in the last two years the number ofterrorist attac"s has risen substantially but yet so has the number of tourists travelin the world. Therefore the increase interrorist attac"s does not seem to impact on travel today. This could be because overnments around the world arebecomin better in the developed world at brea"in terrorist cells and foilin attac"s. As a result all the majorsta"eholders in the travel and tourism industry are seein an improvement in their fortunes. The only exception to this arecertain pressure roups li"e eommonwealth 3ff ice. I have lived in countries that have been affected byterrorist actions includin 9ussia and India. This I feel ives me a reater insiht to the impacts that terrorism has had onthe travel and tourism industry. avin witnessed an attac" on the metro in 6oscow in 200?! I "now that terrorism had aserious impact on the industry as 9ussia)s levels of tourism declined dramatically durin the ten months immediatelyfollowin this event! and continued to do so when two other incidents occurred the followin year. The overall effect leadto the national *=H in 9ussia declinin. Terrorism in 9ussia also meant that locals were afraid to use public transport as

that was where the majority of attac"s occurred.

6y parents jobs have iven me an understandin of how the travel and tourism mar"et plays a vital part in the massmovement of people and how various parts of the industry are seen as easy tarets by terrorists.

The >hristmas followin 'eptember ((thI went on holiday to $lorida. I was nervous! however my family thouht that itwould be safe to fly to the /nited 'tates. 3n arrival in the /'A I was struc" by the increased security in the airport! butalso sensed a fear amonst the airline staff which was almost borderin on paranoia. Their attitude towards foreinerswas not welcomin and althouh terrorism did have a small effect on my decision to travel! the attitude of Americanofficials had a reater impact on my family and we did not travel aain to that country for two years.
http://www.fco.gov.uk/http://www.fco.gov.uk/http://www.fco.gov.uk/http://www.fco.gov.uk/


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The overall effects of terrorism on my travel decisions are not normally that serious. 4ein members of the $>3! as afamily we update ourselves with the $>3 Travel Advice on our proposed destination. Dust after the attempted attac"s on-ondon eathrow I traveled throuh the airport alone and was not nervous at all. 6aybe this was because I was travelinthrouh my country and I felt more secure there.

=urin my time in India I did not feel threatened as I was used to the surroundins as I had lived there for four years. I"new my parents would not ta"e ris"s and that they were well aware of places to avoid. Thouh there was a hih amountof terrorism occurrin throuhout the country! it did not seem to have a lare affect on the country)s popularity as a tourist

destination. 6ost of the attac"s occurred on public transport. India has a hue rail networ" which is used by the localpopulation and tourists ali"e. *iven the fact that tourist continued to use this mode of transport! I believe that terrorismhad little impact on the demand on the travel and tourism industry there. This could have been because the majority oftourists are youn and on a budet.

$rob&ems

3ne of the problems with usin %uestionnaires as a source of information is that the total process is time consumin.7uestions had to be thouht throuh so that any answers iven would provide the information needed. The %uestionnairewas drafted several times until all the %uestions related to my chosen issue. Time had to be spent with each volunteer toensure they fully understood what was re%uired of them. 3nce the %uestionnaires were completed they needed to besorted and orani


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AO#

*va&uation

Introduction

The issue of terrorism is li"ely to continue to be of sinificance in the future. The A3? section provides an evaluation ofthe current and future impacts of the issue! and of responses to it! in the travel and tourism industry. This includes theextent to why my own values and att itudes have influenced my view of the future impacts on the industry.

The current impact o, the issue

Terrorism is an onoin threat to the travel and tourism industry. Jot only is it a serious threat to most economies it canhave a devastatin effect on the lobal demand for holidays and tourism as a whole. An example of the horrendouseffects can be shown by 4ali which has been tareted and suffered two terrorist bombins in the last years. Tourism in

the reion has decreased by GL! and as most of 4ali relies heavily on forein income from tourism! the island and itsinhabitants are sufferin.

6y research and %uestionnaire data showed some interestin results. $rom my %uestionnaires it seems that terrorismdoes not seem to have a serious effect on the decisions and locations of tourists) destinations of choice. 5ven thouh theamount of terrorist attac"s and plots are on the increase! the number of travelers continues to rise rapidly! especially inthe developin world includin >hina. Thouh this is not to say that terrorism does not have an impact on people. @henthe twin towers were attac"ed! /nited Airlines) passeners loads decreased in the space of a month by G(L. This showsthat terrorist activities do have an immediate impact on lobal trends on the travel and tourism mar"et.

As the threat of terrorism has risen considerably over the past ten years! it is no surprise that countries are steppin upsecurity in tourist destinations to protect the fraile industry from a lobal collapse. This is especially common in -5=>)swhich are heavily dependant on the income of tourism and cannot afford the same loss of tourism that 4ali has suffered. Itis now common place for service providers and countries to have hih security systems across tourist areas to try andreduce the threat that terrorism poses.

/nfortunately terrorist acts will always affect the travel and tourism industry. owever! trends seem to suest that thetravel and tourism industry will remain unaffected by threats! as there will always be consumer demand for the servicesoffered by the industry.

The &ike&y ,uture impacts o, the issue

The travel and tourism industry is evolvin everyday. This is to "eep up with consumers) demands. The increase indemand for tourism is due to a number of reasons

many people have more leisure time!

more newly developed countries) populations are accumulatin disposable income and

many travelers are ettin paid hiher waes thus enablin them to travel more often and therefore increasinthe demand for services throuhout the industry.

It is estimated that by 20(0 over ( billion travelers will use the services provided by the travel and tourism industry. Thismeans that more services will have to expand and row to meet this demand. An example of this is hotels. Airlines willneed more or larer aircraft to transport travelers from one destination to another. The Airbus ;0 can carry morepasseners and travel further than any other commercial airliner. @ith the increased demand for air travel! more airportswill be needed or airports will need to et bier an example of this is the proposed Debel Ali Airport in the /A5! which isoin to have terminals and be larer than eathrow airport. owever any terrorist attac"s on the transport sector!especially air transport! will have a serious effect on the industry as people will once aain be afraid to travel. If airlineshave invested heavily expandin their fleet! many could face financial ruin! especially if tourists move away frominternational travel and chane to domestic tourism.

As the amount of travelers increases the mar"et may have to diversify and add new routes as the demand for differentholidays and services increases. Thouh this demand can swiftly chane if a terrorist attac" occurs. If tour operators!transport and accommodation providers have invested heavily in these new destinations then they may stand to loseconsiderably on their investment.


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Holitical instability can also badly affect the travel and tourism industry. 'ince the end of 200+ enya has been sufferinfrom a period of political instability which has led to continued violence. As a conse%uence their tourist industry hassuffered very seriously. 5thnic strife and civil war has had a neative impact on tourism to 'ri -an"an since the (10s.=urin %uiet periods tourim improves! but the north of the island has not had any benefit from tourist revenue since the(10s when the -iberation Tiers of Tamil 5lam made that part of the island their stronhold.

>hina and on on)s tourist industry suffered in from Jovember 2002 to the middle of 200; as a result of an outbrea"of 'evere Acute 9espiratory 'yndrome B'A9'8. If there is a major outbrea" of bird flu this would cause similar panic

amon would be travelers.

Traditionally 5urope has been one of the main mar"ets for / tourists! but iven the pound)s wea"ness aainst the 5uroand strenth aainst the /' dollar! this may chane! unless there are further stri"es on aircraft which will rule out theoption of lon haul travel for many. In addition to / travelers see"in lon haul destinations in the /'A and Asia! manyAsian tourists will focus their attention on the / and 5urope as their disposable income increases. This will see a rowthin Asian airlines and the routes that they offer. In addition! Asian economies will benefit from tourist revenue and there willbe increased demand for their service providers. Any terrorist attac"s in Asia could damae the industry and ruineconomies! especially -5=>)s that are heavily reliant on travel and tourism.

If there are sinificant developments in technoloy! particularly in security screenin! this could lead to an increase inconfidence in the travel industry. =evelopments in technoloy can also have a neative impact on some sta"eholderssuch as travel aents! who may see a decline in demand for their services as many customers prefer the convenience ofbein able to boo" a holiday in the comfort of their own home usin the internet.

=evelopments in video conferencin will mean that not all businessmen will need to travel for meetins savin thecompanies money. This will become popular in the future as the business companies want to reach profit maximi


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$ollowin the slump in the industry travel services are havin to use advertisin to try and lure customers to o onholidays or ta"e a short Qhaul trip abroad. The amount of advertisin may have to increase after terrorist attac"s toconvince customers that a country that has recently been tareted is now safe. The travel companies may do surveys tofind out what customers want so that they can provide the services and hih %uality products that tourists demand.

There has been substantial miration to the /nited indom since the (10s and the / is now a multi:cultural society.5ach ethnic roup has different travel needs and tour operators need to be culturally diverse in order to meet the needs oftheir customers. 6any 4ritish citiand tourism decreases it is li"ely that the entire industry will suffer as a whole and lead to a loss of jobs and economic

prosperity for several low income countries. @hereas 65=>&s have a smaller percentae of their income from tourism!and if a terrorist attac" occurs it is less li"ely that the country)s economy will be vastly affected.

The rise of synthetic holidays and tourist destinations has been on the increase since the early (110&s. In addition newlydeveloped countries are buildin synthetic attractions and cities to try and increase the level of tourism in their country. Anexample of a synthetic city is =ubai which was built in a desert and is a similar attraction to -as Ceas Bwithout theamblin8. =ubai has recently built a s"i dome to compliment its vast water them par"! and has the larest shoppin mallin the world the 6all of the 5mirates. It is developin an underwater hotel! =ubailand which will be a /niversal themepar"! Atlantis resort based on the one in the 4ahamas! The @orld! The Halms! all of which will obviously attract a vastamount of tourists and will ma"e =ubai a real terrorist taret. Tourism is already the larest income for the city of =ubai.

The next major development in tourism is travel into space. Dourneys will soon o be offered by Cirin! althouh at themoment it is only the rich who can afford the fare. Thouh in the future it could become possible that this type of tourismmay become a popular as more and more people have hiher disposable incomes and are loo"in for an experience of alifetime.

(eve&opments in transport and how they a,,ect the issue

There has been substantial development in the technoloy available to customers in the travel and tourism industry andthere are many sites now available to customers. This had led to a rise in boo"in holidays on the internet! instead ofusin a travel aent! which cuts out commission fees! ivin the consumer more money to spend. Aircraft technoloy hasdeveloped! for example the new Airbus A;0 can travel over +00 miles and can carry up to 0 passeners. This is anexample of mass tourism as this type of transport can ta"e travelers to nearly anywhere in the world in one stop. It is anew comfortable form of transport and many hope that as it can carry an increased passener load! prices will comedown. The aircraft itself at present is a tourist attraction in that many want to try it out.

'cientists and enineers are continuin to try to develop an airliner which will use space. This would mean that lon:haultravel would ta"e on a completely new dimension as a (0!000 mile journey could be completed in under ; hours. Thiswould be perfect for businessmen as it would et them there in a short period of time for a meetin! with the option ofcomin bac" home that day.

-ow cost airlines are now offerin more lon:haul flihts in an effort to tempt travelers away from the larer airlines and touse their services. This could enable more people to travel to lon:haul destinations as they could afford to travel cheaply!

and still have a fairly hih level of service. Airports thouh may have to be increased in si


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+ur,ace transport

*iven that the world)s population is steadily increasin and therefore the number of travelers increases there will be aneed for mass surface transport. This could lead to the development of even bier cruise liners which could transportover 000 tourists. Aain thouh! these new lare forms of transport would be seen as potential terrorist tarets.

There have been sinificant increases in hih speed train travel in 5urope. 6any travelers see this as a convenient modeof travel and if travel times can be decreased then this may become a popular alternative to air travel. The world)s train

systems are all too fre%uently seen as easy tarets by terrorists! 6adrid! /! India etc. Aain many overnments havestepped up security on this mode of transport but as yet more wor" still needs to be done in this area to increaseconfidence in the travelin public.

As some travelers become more environmentally aware! many car hire companies may have to thin" about introducinhybrid or ethanol cars in their fleets. Terrorists may want to disrupt consumer)s interest in eco:tourism,travel.

.&oba&i0ation and the new wor&d order

This would mean a reduction in red tape and free trade areements. Also tourists would see a reduction in the need forvisas for travel to many countries. This would encourae more travel! and as a result be favourable to the industry asdemand for its services across the board would increase.

In today)s society more and more people rely on computers and various other forms of technoloy as modes ofcommunication. As systems become more sophisticated more business is done by computer and the need for businesstravel in some sectors is decreasin. owever! reliance on computers puts companies at ris" from hac"ers.

The emerence of new destinations may compel more tourists to travel and visit these places! therefore increasindemand for travel and tourism services. In addition people from these new destinations will become tourists themselvesas their incomes increase. owever if fuel prices continue to rise! this could mean that tourism may become tooexpensive for some or new fuel technoloies may have to be invented to ensure that the price of transport stabiliustomers may see" to chane their holiday destinationsand choose a different method of transport! but travel will continue.

Sam Reynolds - Terrorism - Grade D

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