Arteriosclerosis

It is the presence of changes at A-V crossings ( AV nipping ).

It is not indicative of severity of hypertension but indicative for long time ( many years ).

Grad 1 Subtle broadening of the arteriolar light reflex mild

generalized arteriolar attenuation.

Grad 2 Obvious broadening of the arteriolar light reflex and deflection of veins of A-V crossings ( Salus

sign ) .

Grad 3 copper wiring of arteriolar :

o banking of veins distal to AV crossings ( Bonnet sign )

o tapering of veins on both sides of crossing ( Gunn sign ) and right – angled deflection of veins

Grad 4 Silver wiring of arteriolar + grad 3 Changes.

Source : Kanski.

Jack J. Kanski- Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach, Expert Consult