saleem Hardware Notes 5

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C= Commonly, O = Operating, M = Machine, P = particularly, U = Used in, T = Trade, E = Educational, R= Research

CPU = Central Processing Unit, it is nothing but PROCESSOR. Heart of the computer.3 types of Units are there in CPU. 1. ALU = Arithmetic and Logical Unit. 2. C.U = Control Unit. 3. M.U = Memory Unit.

Computer:- it is an Electronic Device. The combination of Hardware and Software is called a Computer. It is an Electronic Device which takes Data as input, it process the Data and gives the desired output.

Device:- Component, Pheriperal are called Devices.

Data:- Combination of Characters, Numbers,symbols and Graphs.Types of DATA:- Text, sound, movie, pictures.

Input Devices:- Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Compact Disk(CD), Floppy,Pen drive.

Output Devices:- Monitor, Printer, Speaker,

Processing Device:- Micro Processor is called Processing Device. It is called CPU, Heart of the computer.

Hardware:- The Physical components of the computer with can be touch and fell.Ex:- Monitor, Mouse, Ram, Processor, Etc

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Software:- Collection of Programs is called Software. Can’t touch and fell.Types of Software: 1.System Software 2.Application Software 3.Drive Software 4.Utility Software

Operating System:- Operating system is a source to run a computer. it is a Media between user and Computer.It is called "Soul" of the Computer. Operating system is called OS. Note: After asseble a PC, at first we need to install O/S

Os are 2 types (A). GUI = Graphic user Interface. Ex:- Windows, Linux, Solaris. (B). CUI = Character User Interface. Ex:- MS-Dos, Unix

Windows Family Operating systems:- Ms-Dos, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me ,Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003, Windows Vista, Windows 7.

Other Operating Systems:- Unix, Solaris, Linux, OS/2

Network Operating Systems:- it is called Multi user O/S. Windows 2000, 2003, Win Xp, Vista, windows 7.

32Bit and 64 Bit Operating Systems:- X86 is called 32 bit and X64 is called 64 bit operating system. Ex:- windows Xp, Vista, windows 7.

32Bit and 64Bit Personal computers:- In house and in small offices and school and colleges usually 32Bit computers. In big companies 64Bit computer used. Price is double from 32Bit PC.

Types of Keyboard:- Keyboards are 4 types they are.


Types of Mouse:- There are 4 types of Mouse available

1.Serial Mouse A 9 pin Female connector.

2. PS/2 MouseA 6 pin male Round connector with Green color.

3. USB MouseA USB connector rectangle model.

4. Wire Less Mouse. Works with a UBS device attached to CPU, the signals will be received with this device.

Types of Monitors:- 4 types 1. B/w or Mono chrome 2. color Monitors (a). Analog Monitor (b). Digital Monitors. These types are called CRT = Cathode Ray Tube 3. LCD Monitors = Liquid Cristal Display4. LED Monitors.

Types of Printers:-1. Dot Metrics Printer 2. Line Printer 3. Ink Jet Printer 4. Lesser Jet Printer


MEMORY MEASUREMENT :

0, 1 is called a Bit8 Bits = 1 byte1024 bytes = 1 K.B (kilo byte)1024 K.B = 1 M.B (mega byte)1024 M.B. = 1 G.B (Giga Byts)1024 G.B = 1 T.B (Tera Byte)1024 T.B = 1 P.B (peta Byte)1024 P.B = 1 E.B (Exa Byte)1024 E.B = 1 Z.B (Zetta Byte)1024 Z.B = 1 Y.B (Yotta Byte)

Questions: 1. Convert 81920MB into GB?2. Convert 3.2GB into MB?3.Convert 2097152KB into GB?

Types of Computers:1.Mini computers2.Micro computers (Personal Computers)(PC)3.Main Frame computers4.Super computers5.Server computers6.Work station computers


Personal Computers(PC)Home based computers designed for some specific programs, it is a single user computer with Micro Processor. we are using PC's in office, School,Colleges.

PC Types:- 1. Desktop computer 2. Laptop Computer 3. Palmtop Computer (packet computer)

PC types as per Brands:

1. Assemble PC (Assemble by a common people, price is low)2.Branded PC ( Assemble in companies, ready to use)Ex:- Dell, vipro, HP, Toshiba, Lenovo, Compaq, Samsung, Sony

What Model computer you have purchased?

AMD =Advanced Micro Devices.

Internal and External Components of Computers:

External Components : ( Monitor, Mouser, Keyboard, Printer)

Internal Components: (These components are Fixed inside the Cabinet.)1. Mother board or Mainboard (M.B)2. Micro Processor (CPU)3. RAM (Random Access Memory)(Memory)4. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)


5. Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)6. CD-Rom (or) DVD R/W Drive7. SMPS (Switch mode power supply)8. Expansion Cards or Add on Cards9. CMOS Battery (3V)10. Data Cables.( IDE/SATA)

10. Data cable types:1. IDE (Integrated drive electronics) (40pins)2.SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)(7pins)

9. Cmos Battery Connector: A 3volts Battery used in this connector. The function of CMOS battery is to show correct time and date and saves the BIOS Settings.CMOS Battery Fail Error Message: CMOS check Some Error Default Loaded. F1 to continue.

8.Expansion Cards:There are different type of Cards used in different purpose:1. Graphic Card: (used in output display in Monitor. If display card failed we can't see display in the monitor)Types of Graphic cards (CGA, EGA, VGA, SVGA, AGP, 3D)

CGA = Color Graphic Adopter.EGA= Enhanced Graphic Adopter.VGA= Video Graphic AdopterSVGA = Super Video Graphic AdopterAGP= Accelereted Graphic Port.3D= 3 Dimension.

2. Sound Card ( used for output sound from system)

3. USB Card ( used to connect USB devices)Ex:- keyboard,mouse,pen drive,Blue tooth, Card Reader, printer, scanner etc


4. LAN Card (or) Nic card (or) Network card (or) Ethernet card (used to browse Internet through cable & Connect computer into Local Area Network)

5. Modem (used for internet browsing internet through telephone line)

6. TV tuner card ( TV watching)

Note:- identify the Cards with the help of it's port. Identify the company name and model number also, given on the IC. The model number is used to Install Driver Software.

7.SMPS TYPES:It is AC to DC power converterInput = 230Voutput = +12V, -12V, +5V, -5V, +3.3VNote:- To check working or not, Connect Green cable to Black cable, if FAN Roating, SMPS working.

Types:1. AT = 6+6 = 12 pin power connector , connected to Motherboard2. ATX = 20 pin power connector , connected to Motherboard3. BTX = 20+4 = 24 pin power connector , connected to Motherboard4. MBTX = 20+4+4 =28 pin power connector , connected to Motherboard

AT = Advanced TechnologyATX = Advanced Technology Extended.BTX = Balanced Technology ExtendedMBTX = Micro Balanced Technology Extended

6.Cd-Rom Drive or DVD-Writer Types:1. Cd-Rom Drive (It Read only Cd's)2.Cd-Writer (It Read/Write Cd's only)3.DVD-Rom Drive(It Read Cd's and DVD's)4.Combo Drive (It Read & Write Cd's and Read only DVD's)5.DVD-Writer (It Read and Write both Cd's and DVD's)

Technology Types:


Cd-Rom = compact disk read only memoryDVD = Digital Video Diskcombo = Multiple

5.Floppy Disk Drive:In this drive we can use a Floppy-Disk. It is Re-Writable disk, capacity 1.44MB, size 3.5 inches. It is outdated, and replaced a Pen drive.Note:- On the Motherboard 34Pin given to connect this Drive.

4. Hard Disk Drive:It is a "Secondary Storage Device". Data is stored permanently even power off.Types:- 1. IDE(40Pins) 2. SATA (7pins) 3. SCSI(50pins) (Small Computer System Interface)(used in servers)

IDE - HDD Figure:

Note:- Ever HDD company having different Jumper selection, see the Structure given on HDD.Note:- HDD and Cd-Rom having "master and "slave" Roles. Connect a jumper to Decide a Role. Hdd as master and Cd-Rom as Slave.

3.RAM TYPES:Ram is called Temporary memory or Primary memory. Data is stored till power on. If Ram not connected or not working, computer will not start, and Beep sound coming.

SIMM= Single Inline Memory ModuleDIMM= Double inline Memory ModuleSD-RAM= Synchronous Dynamic Random Access MemoryDDR= Double Data Rate


Identification of RAM:

Type pins Voltage Notch Highest CapacitySD-Ram 168 3.3V 2 512MBDDR1 184 2.5V 1 1GBDDR2 240 1.8V 1 2GBDDR3 240 1.5V 1 4GB

RAM Capacity: - 64Mb, 128MB 256MB 512MB 1GB 2GB 4GBRAM FSB SPEED: 400MHZ 533MHZ 667MHZ 800MHZ 1333MHZFSB = Front Side Bus SpeedMHZ = Mega Hertz (1000MHZ = 1GHZ)GHZ = Giga Hertz

2. Micro Processor :- The function of the Micro processor is to "Execute" data/programs/instructions and gives output.

Processors are 2 types A. Slot model: - physically it is standing model processor. EX:- Pentium 2, Pentium 3 B. Socket model: - There are 2 types in Socket model processors.(1) PGA (Pin Grid Array) (pin processor) (Ex:-Pentium1, Pentium 3, Pentium 4) (2) LGA (Line Grid Array (pin less processor) (Ex:-P4 Pin Less, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Core i3, i5, i7)

Information on the Processor

On the Processor it is written 1. Intel = Company name2. Pentium 4 = Model3. 3.2Ghz= Cpu Frequency or Speed/Clock Speed4. 1MB = Cache Memory5. 800 MHZ = FSB SPEED6. 04A = CORE VOLTAGE


Identification of Processor model: With the help of “Socket Number” we can say what model is support for the motherboard.

Processor name Processor type Socket number or slot number

Speed/Frequency/clock speed

Pentium 1 Socket Socket 7 100Mhz to 233MhzPentium 2 Slot Slot 1 233Mhz to 450MhzPentium 3 Slot Slot 1 450Mhz to 950MhzPentium 3 Slot Slot 2 450Mhz to 950MhzPentium 3/ p3 Celeron

Socket (PGA Model) Socket 370 500Mhz to 1300Mhz

Pentium 4/ p4 Celeron

Socket (PGA Model) Socket 423, 478 1.3 Ghz to 2.4 Ghz

Pentium 4 pin less Socket (LGA Model) Socket 775 3 Ghz to 3.6 GhzIntel Dual Core/ core 2 duo/ core 2 Quad

Socket (LGA model) Socket no. LGA 775, Socket M, Socket P

2.4/Ghz to 3.2 Ghz

Intel Core i3/i5 SOCKET(LGA) Socket no.1156 2.4 Ghz to 3.2GhzIntel Core i7 Socket (LGA) Socket no. 1366 2.4Ghz to 3.2Ghz

1000 MHz = 1 GHzMhz = Mega HertzGhz = Giga Hertz

MotherboardMotherboard is called "Mainboard" of the system. All Components are connected to Motherboard, if motherboard not working, computer will not start, means no any kind of Display from system.

Types of Motherboards:1. Desktop Motherboard2. Laptop Motherboard3. Server Motherboard

Motherboard Manufacturer Companies:Intel, Asus, Mercury, Gigabyte, Bio-Star, MSI, Asrock etc.


Motherboard Chipset:North Bridge and South Bridge is called chipset of the motherboard.

Chipset Manufacturer Companies:INTEL, SIS, VIA, ATI, ALI, NVIDIA

Motherboard Types as per Chipset:1. Intel Motherboard (Motherboard Manufacturer company and Chipset made by Intel)..Price 3000/- opporximetely

2. Intel Chipset Motherboard (Motherboard Manufacturer Company is different but the Chipset is Intel). Price 2500 /- opporximetely

3. Other Chipset Motherboard (Motherboard Manufacturer Company and Chipset both made by other Company). Price 2000 /- opporximetely. EX:- Mercury M.B and VIA Chipset Gigabyte M.b and Nvidia Chipset Asus M.b and SIS Chipset

P4 Motherboard Component Description:

Motherboard Model number:-845 GLM And , it is "Intel chipset" motherboard.It is used to Recongnise the motherboard model number to install "Motherboard" Drive software. The 845 number is used for "Graphic drive" installation. If you lost the motherboard Drives CD, We can download "Driver software" with the help of this model number from the "Mercury" Web-site {www.mercury-pc.com}Note:- Motherboard model number is given on any where on the Motherboard.Or it is given on the Motherboard-Box and in Moterboard-Manual book or in Motherboard Drive-Cd.


P3 motherbaord model numbers (Intel Motherboard Model numbers. model number given on North Bridge chip)810, 810E, 820, 815, 825

P4 motherbaord model numbers (Intel Motherboard Model numbers. Model number given any where on the Motherboard)845 , 865, 875, 910, 915, 975,945, 946, DG31, DG41

Other Chipset Model Numbers(Motherboard Model numbers):VIA:- PVM7, K8M890, P4M266A, P4M900,ATI:- Radeon HD 4700, HD4600,HD4550, Radeon X9500, Radeon Xpress1100NVIDIA:- nForce 570 SLI, nForce 560, nForce 780i SLI, GeForce 8300/8200, nForce 710a.

I/O Ports:with the help of i/o ports we can identify how many components/Devices are on board or inbuilt.

1.PS/2 Ports:- (Shape is Round)(a). Keyboard port:- It is 6pin Female Port with Purple Color.(b). Mouse Port:- It is 6pin Female port with Green color.

2.VGA Port:-(Shape is D) It is 15 pin Female port, used to Connect Monitor Display cable/RGB Cable.(RGB=Red-Green-Blue)

3.Serial Port:- (Shape is D)It is 9Pin Male Port, used to connect Serial Devices such as Serial-Mouse,External-Modem,Mobile Device Etc.

4.USB Port:- It is 4Pin port with Rectangle Shape.used for all types of USB devices.Example = usb-keyboard, usb-mouse, usb-


webcam, usb-printer, usb-scanner, usb-Bluetooth, usb-Data-Card Reader.

5. LPT Port:-(Shape is D) It is 25pin Female port.It is normally called as "parallel port".used for LPT model printer.

6.LAN Port(Ethernet port/RJ45 Port):- It is 8pin port,used for Internet Browsing and connect a computer into local area network.It is also called RJ45 Port.

7.Sound ports:-(a).Speaker port(b).Microphone port(c).Line in port:- To communicate with other "Line in port" to give output sound sound.Example:- We can get sound from "TV Tuner card

Processor socket:-With the help of Socket number, we can identify the processor model.

North Bridege chip:The biggest chip on the M.B.It is near to processor, It control High speed devices such as RAm, Rom, Cpu etc. It is called "GMCH".(Graphic Memory Controller Hub)

South Bridge Chip:The second Biggest chip on the m.b. it is near to slots. it control low speed devices, such as i/o ports and slots. It is called "IOCH".(Input output controller hub)

Motherboard power supply connectors:To power on Motherboard, it is important to connect 20+4 or 24+4 power connectors from SMPS, should connect properly.

Note:-To check SMPS working or not, connect Green-cable to black-cable and power on. The SMPS FAN is start rotating. If fan rotating, then only SMPS is working.

Expansion slots:(A) PCI slots:It is 32Bit slots, used to connect all type of PCI-Cards(vga,sound,lan,modem,usb,TV). These slots are called universal slots.


(B) AGP slot:-it is 64Bit slot, and used to connect only AGP-Graphic Card, upto 512MB Graphic memory.

(C) EPCI Slot or PCI Express Slot:Express Peripheral component Inter connect. It is 64Bit slot and support only 3D-Graphic Cards upto 2GB Graphic memory.

RAM slots:On the Ram slot in between the slot "Voltage" and notch and pin number are the identification.

BIOS:It is called "Rom-Bios". A chip fixed on the motherboard. Read only memory programs are inside the chip. When you start computer at first the "bios" programs will be activated and check entire system components which is connect to your system. It located the boot order to start computer with the help of Boot-Device. It help to start o/s. It gives a single "Beep" if every thing ok in the system. (Rom =Read only memory)

CMOS BATTERY:-A 3volt battery used on the m.b.possitive + mark sould be upside.

IDE CONNECTORS:In old motherboard 2 IDE given. in latest m.b only one IDE given. In each IDE we can connect 2 IDE devices. (IDE Devices = CD-ROM AND DVD-WRITER and Hard Disk)

FDD Connector pins:A 34 pins given on Motherboard to connect a Floppy disk Drive. A Removable disk is used into this drive. Floppy Disk Capacity = 1.44MB and Size of Disk is 3.5 inches. (In the letest Motherboards there is not FDD pins)

SATA CONNECTORS:These connects found in the letest Motherboards only from 915 M.B model. Each sata connector will be used for only one sata-device.

SOUND ICcompany name and model number is given on the ic.so identify it carefully.

LAN IC:LAN IC company name and model number also important to install driver s/w.Note:-If sound ic or Lan ic got burn,in this condition we can use a Sound card or


Lan-card.

Note:- Identify the company name and model number for Sound IC and Lan IC to install Driver software.

AUDIO PINS:9 PINS are given with the identification after 3 pins there is no pin, in 5 pins.

Pins Structure

USB PINS:9 PINS are given with the identification after 4 pins there is no pin, in 5 pins.

Pins Structure

F-PANEL PINS:9 PINS given on the motherboard, identify with written some words in front of the pins or back side of the pins, and it is written F-panel below the pins.

Structure 1

Structure 2


Structure 3

Structure 4

Structure 5

Note :- 1. PWR = PWRBTN =Power SW =ON/OFF = = Start Button 2. Reset = Restart Button 3. P. Led = Power Light (System On/Off Indicator) 4. HD.Led = Hard Disk Light ( Hard Disk Indicator)

Note:- Power Led and HD. Led are opposite and Restart Button, Start Button are

opposite.

Assembling tips:


1. Take cabinet and open left-side door and lie down2. Fix I/O shield of the motherboard.3. fix SMPS, The label should be up-side.4. Take Motherboard and install/connect CPU and cooling FAN with Heat-sink.5. Install RAM in slot1 or slot2.6. connect "USB" cable for front panel.7. connect "Audio" cable for front panel.8. Connect F_panel pins for front panel "start,Reset and Led's.9. Fix Motherboard into cabinet.10. Fix dvd-writer from outside to inside11. Fix Hard disk inside to inside12. Connect Motherboard power supply 20+4 or 24+4 pins to Motherboard.13. Connect Hard disk data cables to HDD and DVD14. Connect power cables to HDD and DVD.

Dissembling tips1. Power off AC2. Disconnect i/o devices(printer,mouse,monitor etc)3. Open cabinet left door only4. Remove power and data cables of HDD and DVD.5. Remove usb and audio cable.6*. Before Removing F_Panel cable take a structure of pin connection (if structure not given on Motherboard)

BIOS Settings:How to enter into BIOS settings:By pressing "DEL", F1,F2,F9,F10,F12.Or According to "motherboard Manual Book, a key given for BIOS settings.

Why to enter into BIOS settings:1. To check System Information.(Ram,Hdd capacity and CPU speed.)2. Security settings (BIOS and Booting passwords)3. Enable/Disable Ports (USB, serial, parallel)4. Detecting Drives (HDD, CD-Rom or DvD) Master or Slave Mode if "IDE Devices"5. Enable/Disable Drives (HDD and CD-Rom or DVD drives)6. Boot Order Settings (or) Boot Sequence (or) Boot priorityFirst Boot device = Cd-RomSecond Boot device = Hard disk/HDD0At the time o/s installation.7. Hard Disk Boot Priority (If 2 HDD connected to system, set Proiority to Specific HDD)

Main menu of BIOS and CMOS Settings : Step 1: Take default settingsPress Enter on “ Load Optimized Defaults” (or) Load Setup Defaults. Press “Y” press Enter.


(This setting need to take 3 different conditions: 1. CMOS batter failed we insert new battery. 2. CMOS batter replaced. 3. clear “cmos” option taken by setting jumper in 2,3 pin on Motherboard.). in this condition need to take “default setting in BIOS

Step 2: Manual Settings

Standard cmos FeaturesIn this menu we can set date & Time, HDD and CD-Rom Status (master or slave), disable/Enable Floppy Drive.

Advanced BIOS Features:In this Menu important options are, (1) hard disk Boot Priority, (2)first Boot device and Second Boot Device, and (3) Security Option (setup/system)Note:- hard disk Boot Priority = when 2 HDD connected to system, need set one HDD as first Priority (because 2nd HDD has no O/S)

Note:- when O/S loading need to take 1st boot device (CD-Rom), 2nd Boot Device (HDD)

Note:- Security Option (setup/system), use to set Password protection. Setup option for Bios setting password and System is for Booting password.

Integrated Peripherals:On board Devices: In this menu there are options given to disable USB ports, disable USB Keyboard, Disable USB mouse.Super I/O Devices:- In this menu there are options given to disable/Enable “Serial, parallel ports.

Note: use all other setting in default. Futher infomation Refer Motherboard manual book.

Windows XP Installation In New HDD:(first Method)

Minimum Requirements:1. 233Mhz Pentium Processor2. 64 MB Ram (128 recommended)3. 1.5 GB free space on 2GB partition.4. super VGA Graphic Card 800X600 screen Resolution support5. Cd-Rom , keyboard and Mouse

Step by step XP installation:Step:1 enter into Bios setting (insert XP CD into CD-Rom Drive) First Boot Device (Cd-Rom), second Boot Device (Hard disk) , save and Exit .

Step:2 press any key to Boot from CD…..Press space bar once within 5 seconds


Note: Now installation process started, if CD is damaged or files missing so we can get error at begging of the Installation. So change other CD and restart system.

Step: 3 press Enter to Install XP, R” for Repair XP, F3 to quit ………3 option will be given

Note:- if o/s Corrupted “press” R for repair. Note:- if fresh Installation press “ENTER” BUTTON…(Press F3 to quit installation)

Step 4: press “F8” to agree

Step 5: if o/s already in the HDD, system asks for Repair.Press “R” for repair, “ESC” to don’t repair, F3 to quit.

Note:- if you want a fresh installation press “ESC”…( All partitions will appear)

Step 6: Create Partition Table“C” = For create partition; Enter to Install, F3= quitNote:- press “C” after delete the size, assign size, press Enter.

Step 7: Select “C” Drive and press Enter to Install XP on “C” Drive

Step 8: Format PartitionNote:- Format the selected partition with “NTFS” quick option, if the HDD in Good condition and the partition is more than 20,000MB.

Step 9: computer will Restarts here. (after formatting and copying files)Note:- If the CD is old and if you find while copying files an error like “file missing”, change the XP CD.

Step 10: Select Language ( click on Next only)

Step 11: name and organization name ( give 2 name in the 2 blanks)

Step 12: License key required (25 number key given with CD)

Step 13: Time Zone (set +5.30 Chennai, Mumbai, Calcutta, and Delhi)

Step 14: Typical Settings or Custom settings (click on typical setting, click next)


Step 15: Workgroup or Domain (click on Workgroup, click on Next) (System will be restarted here)

Stet 16: A window will open indicates “Display setting” .click on OK.

Step 17: click on Cancel if Appear a Small window.

Note:- A window opens to indicates “ updating XP and creating users”. If you click on “OK”, it will guide you to create uses and update XP. If you want to Login with “ADMINISTRATOR” click on “CANCEL”.

Important Settings after O/S Installation:

Hard Disk Partition information:-

Partition:- Dividing the Hard disk Memory logically into some group of Drives is called a partition.Format:- formatting is the process of creating file system on the partition.A File system indicates how the files and Folders to be created or stored and retrieved.

Windows Operating system recognize only 2 types of “File systems”, those are (1) FAT (2) NTFSFAT = File Allocation TableNTFS: = New Technology File System

Note:- Other operating systems (Linux, Unix, Solarix) supports “EXT” file system. ( EXT = Extended File system)

File System Maximum file Size

Maximum Volume Size

O/S Support

FAT16 2GB 4GB Windows 95,98FAT32 4GB 32GB Windows

98,2000,XP,Vista, Win7

NTFS 16GB 16EB Windows xp, Vista, win7


Calculate your Hard disk space before creating partition table. If it is showing space in MB need to divide by 1024. Example your Hard disk space 40960. So divide 40960/1024 = 40GB

Create partitions like below:1. 10 GB = 2 partitions 5 + 5 2. 20 GB = 3 partitions 5+5+10 or 10+103. 40 GB= 4 Partitions 10+10+10+10 4. 80 GB = 4 Partitions 20+20+20+205. 160GB = 4 Partitions 40+40+40+406. 250 GB = 5 Partitions 50+50+50+50+507. 320GB = 5 Partitions 50+100+50+50+708. 500 GB = 5 Partitions 100+100+100+100+1009. 1TB (1024GB) = 100+200+200 +200+200+Remaining space

HARD DISK PARTITION TABLE STRUCTURE:

Note: - “C” Drive is called “primary partition and it is called as an "Active Partition", we can install O/S only in the Active partition. and “D”, “E”, “F”, “G” Drives are called “Logical Drives” and these partitions are created logically into Extended Partition. After creating “C” partition, in the future we can’t add some more free space from other partitions. So be careful of creation of “C” partition. See some instructions of creating “C” partition below. To look up these partition table open “Computer Management” and click on “Disk Management”.

Computer management:- Right click on My computer Icon, click on “manage”. There is an Option below “Disk management”

Allocation of “C” Partition “SPACE”:According to Installation of Software need to assign space to “C” Drive.

1. operating system XP = 2GB2. Application Software (Ms-office, VB, Oracle, Java) = 5GB3. Utilitie softwares = Antivirus, Zip, typing, Media player Etc = 3GB4. Drive Software = Printer, web-cam, Scanner, Sound VGA, Etc = 2GB


5. Leaving space for Future (some installation in Future) = 10GB

Total space for “C” Drive = 22GB

Motherboard Drivers installation:

Basically there are 4 types of Drivers we should install after installation o/s.To ensure how many drivers we should install, check "Device manager", "other devices section". Some drivers will install automatically after o/s installation, those drivers are called "compatible drivers.

Types of Devices: 2 types1. Compatible or Plug and play device-->These types of devices will start working when connected to system.Driver software will install automatically from "HCL" list.{Hardware Compatibility List}Ex:-keyboard,mouse,penDrive,Cd-Rom drive,BlueTooth,Monitor.etc

2.Non-compatible devices or Non-plug and play devices:-->These type of devices need to install driver software.When we connect these devices to system A window will open like "Found new Hardware wizard", here we need to provide driver sofware from Cd or Hard disk or pen drive or through Internet.

Device manager:

1.start -control panel-system-hardware "TAB" - Device manager.2.Right click on Mycomputer icon - properties - hardware TAB - device manager.

Other Devices Section:

If you found 4 Devices names in "other devices" section, it means you need to install 4 Device Drivers.If it shows only 3 devices, you need to install 3 device drivers only.

Names of Devices in "Other Devices" section:

1.Ethernet controller-->This driver is used for "Internet Browsing" through cable and used for connect your computer into Local area Connection(LAN).

Steps to Install driver:

--insert Drivers cd into Cd-Rom Drive--open my computer icon--open cd icon


--open folder name (4 types of name for this device "Network,NIC,Lan,Ethernet)--open "network folder"--open model number folder--open "o/s" model number folder--Unzip folder (if required)--setup.ext(double click)--next -install -next -finish.Note:- after installation of this device driver it creates a new section "network Adopters" and shows company name and model number.

2.PCI Device--it is called "Audio device" or "Multimedia DEvice" or Sound Device. This device driver is used for output sound from computer.

Steps to Install driver :

--open my computer icon-- open cd icon--open folder name( 3 types of name for this device "Sound", Audio,Multimedia)--open sound folder--open model number--open o/s model number--setup.ext--next - next -don't close any windows -next -finish--Restart computerNote:- After installation of this device driver it goes into "Sound Video and Game controllers" section.

3.SM Bus controller--This device is called "Chipset" driver of the Motherboard.used for system performance.


---open Mycomputer icon---open cd icon---open folder name (Chipset name of the Motherboard, Example: Intel,sis,VIA,ATI,ALI,NVIDIA.)---Open Intal folder(Because in this system "intel" chipset)---open INF folder--seup.exe--next - next -yes-install -next - finishNote:-this device driver goes into "system Devices" Section.

4.Video controller(VGA compatible)-->This Driver is called "Video" driver or "Dispaly Drivers" or "Graphic Drivers.Used for


"Graphic Clarity".


--open cd--open folder name (chipset of the motherboard)--open Intel folder(intel chipset in this motherboard)--open VGA folder--open Model number folder--open o/s model folder--open "setup.exe"--next -next-yes-next-don't close any folder -next-finish--restart computerNote:- This driver goes into "Display Adopter" section.Note:- Check the Drivers properly installed or not, is there any " Exclamation mark" found still after installation. If installation found, Unistall and Re-install the driver software.

Drivers installation 2nd method :

--open device manager-expand "other devices section"-select and right click on "any Device name"-update driver-yes this time only-install the software automatically RecomendedNote: system will search for driver from the "Drivers cd" and install automatically.If driver model not matching, system shows an error message "cound not found the software for your device".

Drivers installation3rd method:

--open device manager-expand "other devices section"-select and right click on "any Device name"-update driver-yes this time only-Intall from a list or specific location" (next)-Remove the check mark from "search removable media"-give check mark on "include this location in the search"-browse-show location of the driver-ok-next


note:-system will install the driver software from the folder, if driver not found system shows error "cound not found the driver software".search again from another folder.

Note:- To corrupt o/s, click on Start - Control panel -Folder Options -View Tab - click on "Show all files ---Remove Check mark from " Hide protected operating system files" click "Yes"--ok. Delete "NTLDR" file and other files

Drivers installation 4th method:

This method will be given in the "Drivers cd"---when inserted drivers cd, it will start driver installation procedure, just you follow the simple steps. all driver will install one by one, system also reboot after every driver installation.

Drivers installation 5th method through Internet

--open device manager--expand "other devices section--select one device and right click--update driver--yes this time only--install from a list or specific location--Remove check mark from "search removable media"--next--Yes,connect internet and search for the software on the internet--next--finishnote:- Before doing this method you should "login" on Interner.

Trouble shooting in drivers and Devices After some days:

1. Detecting Devices-->if system not detecting the device, which we have just connected to computer or in slot.-->Check the Device, Whether it is properly connected or not.-->goto Device manager-->right click on the top icon in Device manager(this is computer name)-->Scan for hardware changes-->a window will open to intall the driver software.(found new hardware Wizard)

2. Enable or disable Devices-->some time Device will not show or will not work properly.so check the device manager, whether it is enable or Disable

3. Device not working after some days.


-->if the device not working after some days,enter into "Device manager" and expand the specific section of the Device"-->check Exclamation mard or disable mark found on the device name.-->if "Excalmation found on the device "uninstall and reinstall the device"

4. If you dont' know the driver model to install--->first install one of the driver and check it, whether it is supporting to your device or not-->check in "Device manager" and open the section,which have just installed the driver software.-->if still exclamation found in other devices section or in the specific section-->goto control panel and open add/remove programs-unistall the device driver software and restart computer-->Reinstall with other model number.

OS installation Methods:

XP installation 2nd method:

when o/s corrupted, and important data on every "Drive" and important software also.Nothing loss after o/s installation( It is nothing But Repair OS).

Solution: Repair o/s

steps:- 1. Boot order: first boot device = cd-rom 2.pres any key ..... 3.Enter to install 4.F8 to agree 5.R for Repair-->system Restarted here-->Remaining Steps are same

HOw to corrupt O/S:- open "C" drive -- click on "tools Menu" --- folder options -- View TAB --click on Show Hidden Files and folders ---Remove Check mark from "Hide protected operating system files ---click on "Yes" ----click on OK. ----Delete "NTLDR" File ---Restart computer now.

XP installation 3rd method:

When o/s corrupted, and Important DATA on C,D,E,F drives.To recover o/s, if the 2nd method not supporting.after installation o/s DATA will not be lost, but all software will be lost.

steps:-1. Boot menu option(by "ESC",F9,F10,F12)


--->one time only system will start with CD-Rom --->select CD-rom and press enter,enter 2.press any key ..... 3.enter to install 4.F8 to agree 5.Select "C" drive and press enter 6.select option "leave current file system" 7.press "L" for delete --->system will be restarted --->Remaining steps are the same

HOw to get data from Previously used "user Account":-->open "C" drive-->open Documents and Settings folder-->open Previously used "user name" folder (Administrator is Built in user account)-->OPen "Desktop" folder (Get data)-->Open "User documents" folder (Get data)

XP installation 4th method:

O/S corrupted, and important data on D,E,F drivers.No important data on "C" drive.After o/s installation "C" drive data and all kind of Software will be lost.

solution:- format "C" drive and install o/ssteps:-1.Boot Menu or boot order-->first boot =Cd-rom2.press any key . . . . .3.Enter to install4.F8 to agree5.ESC to dont' repair6.select C drive and press enter7.press "C" to continue setup8.Format "C" drive with "NTFS" File system(quick/nor)9.pree "F" for continue--->After format C drive,copy files and restarted--->Remaining steps are the same

Xp 5th method:

o/s corrupted by Virus, No important DATA and software on HDD.Solution: Delete all partitions and created partitions and install o/s

steps:-1.First boot Device Cd-Rom2. press any key to Boot from Cd....


3.Enter to Continue XP install4.F8 to agree 5.Esc to don't Repair6.Delete all partition and create partition7.select "C" drive and press enter to install o/s8.Format the Partition Using NTFS File system Quick/Normal---->Remaining steps are the same

6th method:

o/s corrupted by "File Missing".To recover o/s just Repalce the missing file.Error:- NTLDR MISSING

STEPS:-1.BOOT ORDER 2. Press any key....3.R for Repair4.press 1 and pres Enter5.Type Administrator password and press enter6.system halt on C:\windows>7.Search for CD-Rom drive letter-->if three partition on HDD the 4th partition is the cd-rom Drive letter-->if you don't know how many partitions are there,search for all Drives from D,E,F,G,H,I-->Search for "I386" folder in CD8.c:\windows>G: and press enter9.G:\>10.G:\>cd i386 press enter11.G:\i386>copy NTLDR C:\ (PRESS ENTER)-->Message: 1 file copied12.EXITNote: Computer restarted here, Check o/s Repaired or not. If o/s not repaired, use the 2nd Method for Repair.

Ms-Dos commands

microsoft disk operating systemExternal commands:-to run these commands,for each command need an EXE file to run.EX:-format,edit,Xcopy,Fdisk etc

Internal commands:- these commands will install automatically when o/s loaded.

how to enter into dos:- start -programs-Accessaries -command prompt(or) run = cmd (press enter)

1. CLSit clears the screensyntax:-cLs


2.date 3.time 4.ver (ver=version)5.Labelit shows the volume labelsyn:-label (to change label type a different name and press enter)

6. DIRit shows the directory structure.how many files and folders are saved.sub-commands:-dir/p (or)dir/wsyntax:-dir (enter)

7. MDmake directorysyn:-md <dir name>

8. CDchange directorysyn:-cd <dir name> ((sub commands:-cd.. and cd\

9. Copy Concreate a new filesyn:-copy con <file name>save file = F6 or CTRL+Z10.typeit shows file contentssyn:-type <file name>

11. Renit renames an existing file.syn:ren <old file name> <new file name>

12. DELit Deletes a file.syn:-del <file name>

13. RDremove directory.syn:-rd <dir name>

14.COPYit copy one or more files.(a).syntax:- copy <file name> <targer location>(b).syntax:- copy * (to copy all files without extension)(c).syntax:- copy *.* (to copy all files with and without extension) EX: COPY RAJ D:\

15.Moveit cut and paste commandsyn:move <file name> <target location>


16. FORMATit formats any drivesyn:-format d:/fs:file system

------>>for help....type any command name----c:\>format/?

17. EXITclose programs

Multiple O/S installation:

1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor 1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit)

16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)

Step1: Install XP o/s on "C" drive at firstStep2: Install Vista or Win7 On "D" drive Next

Steps to install "windows Vista" on "D" drive:1. Insert "Vista" DVD into DvD-Drive and Select First Boot device CD-Rom into Bios setting (Or select Boot menu by pressing "ESC" or F9, F10, F12 keys)

2. Press any key to boot from Cd/Dvd . . . . .

3. Press enter (Required for some time)

4. Language option "English" is default press "next"

5. Click on "install now"

6. License key option Required---> If you don't have license key, "give check mark" on " I will activate licence key when I am online"---> If you have license key, Remove the check mark from the option " Activate license key online"

7. Select X86 application for 32Bit Computer (X86 = 32Bit and X64 = 64Bit) (Check the system information for your computer 32Bit or 64Bit)

8. Select your product and give check mark Below and click Next (What Edition you have purchased)

9. Accepted for License Agreement


10. Click on "Custom"(Advanced) option

11. Click on "Drive options" for getting more option for installation

12. If it is Multiple o/s just select "Disk 0 partition 2 and click "Next"Note: If you want to Remove "XP" o/s from "C" drive and wanted to install Windows Vista or Windows 7, select "Disk 0 partition 1" and click "Next", A Message is given the data of "C" drive is Transferred into "windows.old". The important data will not lose from "C" drive.Note: If there is no important data on "C" drive and you want to remove XP and wanted to install windows vista or windows 7, select "Disk 0 Partition 1" and click on "Format option", after format completed, select "Disk 0 Partition 1" and click "Next" for further steps.

----------->System restarts here

13. User name and password Required (type your name here and password for protection)

14. Computer Name ( just click Next)

15. Update Option " Ask me Later" (Next)

16. Time zone + 5:30 India

17. click on Start (Ready to use Vista now)

Importtant settings and configuration after Vista and Windows 7 installation:Desktop icons:--Right click on Blank area--personalize--Change desktop icons --- select icons --- ok

Screen Resolution:--- click on "Display option"---Screen Resolution (1024X768)-- apply --ok

Check the Version full or Limitted:--Right click on "my computer icon--Properties--Activation Area--30 days to activate (if no 30days to activate option it is full version)

Checking Drivers information:----Right click on "my computer icon--Properties--Device Manager--The device which having "Exclation mark"


Installation of the Driver:--Right click on the "Exclation mark" Device--Update Driver software--First option is used to update driver through "internet"--Second option is used to update through "CD" or "pendrive", or HDD

Managing the Partition Table:----Right click on "my computer icon

--manage--Disk management--Right click on "C" drive--Shirnk volume ---Assign space ---next --Finish---An unallocated space given --Right click and click on "new simple volume --Next --next finsih

Printer Drivers Installation:

Note: Do not connect printer power cable and USB cable. When prompted connect printer power and USB connection.

Insert Driver CD of printer, it will Autoplay a window will open automatically.--> click on "Easy installation"--> click on install---> click yes for license agreement-->next for USB connection-->yes ---yes---connect printer power supply and USB connect--Next --Finish--Restart computer.

check for the printer install or not?-->Start - settings --Printer and Faxes (or)-->Start - printer and Faxes---->An icon is visible there with Company name and model number for the printer.

Note:-If you are using 2 printers, you should make one printer as default printer.

Steps:-

--> Start -- printer and Faxes -- Right click on the printer icon ---click on "Set as default printer"

Linux installation:

Requirements:1GB Ram and 3 GB hard disk

partition size


/boot 100MB

/ 3000MB

/usr 6000MB

/Var 2000MB

/Home 2000MB

Swap Twice the Ram size

Steps:

1. First Boot Device = Cd-Rom (insert Linux cd)(save and Exit)2.Enter to intall3. press "Skip" for CD testing (Before installation checking CD status)4. Next -- Next5. License Key (Skip entering license key, if no key)6. Language option English -- next --next7. Create partition table option (Remove all partition and create default layout)-->This option for default deleting existing partitions and creating Automatic Partitions--->Create "Custom layout" (This option for creating Manual partitions)8. Next9.After Formating all partition system will be restarted.--->CD will be Exit automatically, Remove Linux CD and keep away.10.Select location "India" 11.Next -- next --next --next--Root password 123456 for 2 times12. User Name and password13.finish.

Application Software Installation:Installation of MS-Office 2003Requirements:1. A Super VGA monitor with at least 800x600 resolution and 256 colors is required.2. Office 2003 requires 400 MB of available hard-disk space. 3. Microsoft recommends that your computer have a minimum of 128 MB of RAM.4. Office 2003 requires a computer Pentium processor with a clock speed of at least 233 megahertz (MHz)5. Windows XP is Required

Steps:- 1. Insert Office 2003 Cd into Cd rom drive2. It will Auto-play and start installation procedure (or) click on "Setup.exe" to install Manually.3. User name and company name (next)4. Licence key 25 numbers.5. Select "Typical install"----> If custom install selected, you can add/Remove any of the Applications, By remove/give


Check marks6. click on Install7. finish

Note:- If we need any application just enter into "Contrl panel" ---Add/Remove programs -- select and click on " Change" option --- Add /Remove Features --- next --Give check mark on the specific Applications and click on "update". finish.

Installation of MS-Office 2007

Requirements:1. 500 megahertz (MHz) processor or higher2. 256 megabyte (MB) RAM or higher3. 2 gigabyte (GB); a portion of this disk space will be freed after installation if the original download package is removed from the hard drive4.1024x768 or higher resolution monitor5. Microsoft Windows XP with Service Pack (SP) 2, Windows Server 2003 with SP1, or later operating system.

connecting 2nd Hard disk to your computer

Conditions:1.HDD working or not.-->enter into bios setting and detect it.-->Create partition table.-->Format all partitions.If 3 conditions is passed.The HDD working fine.

2.Extend Computer memory.-->A new HDD connected to Extend your Memory,it need to create partition table.

3.Virus Cleaning.-->Use your HDD to other working system with updated Antivirus.-->Scan your HDD with the option "Full System Scan"

4.Data Taking/Giving-->To Get information about HDD drive letters,enter into "Disk management" option.-->Copy paste data from one HDD to another HDD.

CONTROL PANEL:

Important control panel optionsAccessibility options: “Mouse Tab” with the help of this option we can use mouse with the help of Keyboard. Click on “use mouse keys” option, click on ok. There is an Icon displayed on Taskbar. Now use “Numeric Keypad” to move mouse Pointer the 5 number “key” used for selecting and pressing


2 times for opening any icon. When this option enables “Numeric Keypad” numbers will not work. Disable this option to remove the check mark from “use mouse keys”.

Add Hardware Option:With this option we can install any hardware component which is not installed, and we can see all devices which is not installed in “other Devices” option in “Device Manager”.

Add/Remove Programs:We can “install” any program or “uninstall any program with this option. Select program and click on “remove” option in this window.(1)Add/remove windows components: in this option we can add/remove some of the windows components ex:- mspaint, games, calculator other options

Administrative tools computer management: In computer management there is 2 important things 1. Changing Administrator Password

1. Disk Management: - we can get info about 2 Hard disk “Drive Letters” and easy to identify HDD information. And we can create partitions after o/s installation.

DISPLAY: this option used for change “Desktop wallpaper” and “screen saver” and in “Settings” TAB “Screen Resolution (1024 X 768)” and “color Quality (16Bit or 32bit) ”ok ok. Click on yes.Note:- the screen resolution 1024 x 768 support for only in Digital Monitor.

Folders option:In this option we can hide or unhide files/folders. Folder options - Click on “view TAB” click on “do not show hidden files & folders. Next Step:- right click on any file, click on properties, click on Hidden option. Ok.ok. do vice versa for unhide.

Power options : some time monitor turn of after 1minute, goto power option – use turn off monitor after 20minutes.

Sound and Audio Devices: when computer start up. We can listen a sound when desktop appear. In this option we can change the starting/shut down sounds. Click on sounds TAB, change “start window” and “Exit windows” sound option by clicking “Browse” and show location of wav file.

System: hardware TAB – device manager – this option for system devices and drivers information located.

Computer name TAB:- click on change option to change computer name. ok. Ok. Restart system.

TROUBLESHOOTING:


1.CMOS-Check some error Default Loaded. OR Error "F1 to continue and press Del to enter setup".a).If you have done Clear-CMOS Jumper for Restore BIOS setting or Replace CMOS battery for Restore BIOS setting or to Break BIOS passwords.b) If CMOS battery Fail(Replace with new Battery)c) In old P4 systems, If Floppy disk enable in BIOS settings(Disable Drive A)

2.Hard Disk Fail error Message.a) i/o error (Replace with other HDD and check)b)Disk read error (Replace Hdd data and power cable once,if still error message like the same, it is HDD fail error)

3.No primary Display.(No Display)a)Check monitor AC power supply and check power button on monitor and check Monitor VGA cable properly connected into VGA port.

b)Check NumLock Light Blink or not, if light blinks Check with another monitor.

c)Check CMOS Jumper properly connected into 1,2 pins on motherboard.if no jumper or if connected into 2,3 pins, reset into 1,2 pins.In 1,2 pins Motherboard,normally there is no jumper for normal display.

d)Do clear Cmos jumper to restore all Default settings of BIOS, if you don't know how to do Clear Cmos Jumper, replace Cmos-Battery after 20Minutes in power off condition.

e)Replace RAM after Cleaning into Slot1.If no display still change Ram into slot2.If still no display,Remove CMOS-Battery and Remove RAM also, wait for 20minutes.Reset Ram after that Reset Cmos-Battery and start computer now.(In power off condition)

f)Check with another Working Ram,check in slot1 and slot2 also.

g)Check with another VGA or AGP card, if display comes,it means VGA port not working.(Replace VGA Port)

h)Remove any not working Expansion-Cards or Remove all Expansion except Graphic Card.

i)Check with another SMPS, connect power cable 20+4 or 24+4 properly to Motherboard.

j)Check with Another Processor.Connect Processor Cooling Fan power cable to


Motherboard.

k)Check power Button properly working or not, when pressed the start-button it should come back immediately.Reset Button also same condition.

l)Some old Motherboard need working CMOS-Battery,so use a 3V-Battery.

4. Disk Boot Failure, Insert system disk and press enter when ready. (or) OS not found.a) Check DATA Cable and Power cable properly connect to Hard Disk, if connected. Replace with other DATA cable and Replace with anther power cable.b) OS corrupted or Hard Disk formatted. Install OS again.c) If it is a new Hard disk.d) Hard disk is Disable in "BIOS" settings.e) Hard disk Jumper properly not connected(only for IDE Hard disks)

5. System Display automatically turn off.a) Check is there Blank Screen saver enabled, Turn off Screen saver.b) If monitor Power turn off option enabled after 1 Min,or after sometime specified in "control panel"... Goto control panel - power options- Turn off Monitor option - set it after 20Min or never. This option will happen when we are watching a Movie, every 20 minutes Display will be turn off.

6. System Restart Frequently. or after specific time.a) Enter into BIOS settings and stay for some time, if it is restarting, it is a hardware problem(may be RAM,SMPS,any other device).If not restarting it may be problem of "Software".b) Check with another SMPSc) Check with another RAM.d) If you open any specific software, if it is restarting, so Remove that software from "control panel"-add/Remove programs - Select program and Remove it.e) Hard disk bad sectors, listen any sounds coming from Hard disk while it is running. if sounds coming, change Data cable and once again.f) OS corrupted, install OS once again.g) If you install any Hardware Device, so remove the device and check once again.h) An option is enabled in system settings, if system stops unexpectedly, system will be restarted automatically.disable this option. Right click Mycomputer icon- properties - Advanced TAB - Start up and Recovery "Settings" - Remove check mark from "Automatically Restart".ok .ok---restart your computer Manually.i) If Multiple Anti Virus program is installed.

7. System unable to boot when a new device install.a) If you connected a new Hardware device like a USB card, Lan Card, Sound-card


etc. System will not start (no Display problem). Remove the newly connected device and restart computer. It means the newly connected device is not supporting to your computer.

8. System stop responding when pressing "start button". System will not start.a). some time start button and restart button damage. when we press it, the button should come back immediately. If the button will not come back, system will not start. Lubricate the buttonb) change Button if possible or Change the cabinet.

9. System unable to start with error message like NTLDR Missing or any other file missingA) Repair OS with the help of OS cd. see the OS installation method 6.

10. Some time ports (USB, serial, Parallel) not working.a). Check in "Device manager, whether the ports are Enable/Disable ( enable it by right click take option enable - system will Logon with Admin)b). Enter into BIOS settings and Enable ports.

11. Beep sounds. Ram Beep sounds, continuously short Beeps sounds.a) If Ram not connected.b) if Ram not properly connected. connect Ram properly by matching its Notch.c) Ram is damaged. Ram failed. Ram pins damaged.

12. Computer Working/Running slowly.a) Uninstall/Remove not using software.b) Delete "Temporary File" and Temporary Internet files ( Run = %temp% and Run = temp...........delete all file/folder from the window)c) Scan with "Anti-virus", use Full system scan, with updated Anti-virus.d) Remove start up programs by using "MSCONFIG" in Run command.( run = MSCONFIG , start up tab - remove all check mark except "Anti-virus" -ok- restart system)e) Use Disk Defragmenter for "C" Driver (start - programs - Accessories - System tools - Disk Defragmenter). use some free space always in "C" drive.f) Extend RAM Capacity ( if you are using 1GB RAM, use 2 GB RAM)g) Use scan disk for any problem in HDD.( open my computer icon - open Properties menu of "C" drive - Tools Tab - click on "check now")h) Extend Virtual memory (system properties - Advanced tab - performance "settings" - Advanced Tab - click on "change" option -Initial size(MB) [2046] - system shows "Recommended" size [3018] like that - so change "Initial size" ( mb) [3017] manually - click on "Set" - ok ok - Restart computerI) Go to system Properties -- Advanced TAB ---Performance settings --click on "Adjust for best


performance" ---OK.

13. Computer Hangs (System Struck up)a) CPU Cooling fan stop Rotating. Power off computer and check CPU fan. Check Fan power cable properly connected or not. If FAN became old, replace with new Fan.b) Incompatible RAM. Change with another RAM and check once.c) Hard Disk bad Sectors. Listen any sounds coming from HDD. Replace new DATA cable of HDD. Use Scan Disk option for bad sectors. Format with DM or other Formatting Utility.d) O/S corrupted. Install O/S once again.e) Application error. when opening any Application program, if system Hang, Remove/Uninstall the Application Software and restart computer.f) If you install any New software/Hardware. Remove the Driver software or the Application software, By using "Safe Mode".

14. system stop at Blue Screen. a) Blue screen in New systems/Laptops. If old version of Windows win98, Xp will not support, the Blue Screen Appear. Install window Vista, Windows 7... Refer Motherboard Manual Book for the BIOS setting, if you found any setting for supporting "Old Versions" of Windows Operating System, do Change setting into BIOS according to Motherboard Manual Book..Some Laptops have some changes in BIOS i.e "ICHI" Setting --->Enable/Disable or IDE/SATA ----> Take this setting "Disable or "IDE". b) Loose Connected Devices such as "Expansion Cards" or DATA cables. if you found still problem. Dissemble and Re-Assemble the system.e) Hard Disk Bad sectors.f) O/S corrupted. Reinstall O/S.g) Check with another SMPS.

15. System stops at Black Screen.a) When o/s corrupted this screen appear. In that screen some options are showing. select these options "Safe Mode with Networking" or "Last Known good configuration" if system starting normally. Restart in system in "Normal Mode". If System Halt on "Black screen again". Re-Install O/S.

16. System stop XP installation after pressing Any key.....a) If we are using Linux or other Operating systems Previously on the system. This time XP not supported. To resolve this problem, install Windows Vista or Windows 7 or While installation Vista just "Delete all partition" and close all windows and re-insert XP CD and install XP now.

17. Using "Safe Mode".A) Restart computer and press F8, Advanced Menu option will appear. Select "Safe mode with Networking" if it is XP o/s. Before Desktop appear click on "YES". To remove any Application Software/Driver Software goto "Control panel" - Add/Remove programs, select the software and click on Remove.


B) Some systems will not support F8 at start up time. Type "MSCONFIG" in Run command - click on "BOOT.INI" tab - click on "SAFEBOOT" - ok -Restart computer. Now computer will start in Safe Mode Automatically. After using Safe Mode, type "MSCONFIG" in Run command - click on " Boot.ini" TAB - remove check mark from "SAFEBOOT" - ok -Restart computer.

Important Hints:------------------------------1. Use proper Ground ( it is called Earthing)2. Use UPS For uninterrupted power supply.3. Use Exhaust fan inside Cabinet, if you are using system upto 6 to 8 houurs.4. Don't use cover on Cabinet while running system5. Once in 3 months service your system, use Air-Blower, to remove dust from system.

saleem Hardware Notes 5

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