SAHARA DESERT REGIONSAHARA DESERT REGION► Sahara Desert covers most of No. Sahara Desert covers most of No.

AfricaAfrica► The largest desert in the world. North The largest desert in the world. North

to South the Sahara is about 1000 to South the Sahara is about 1000 miles & is about 3,000 miles (4,800 miles & is about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) from east to west.km) from east to west.

► Algeria, Libya, Sudan, Niger, Chad, Algeria, Libya, Sudan, Niger, Chad, Mauritania, Egypt, Mali, Morocco, Mauritania, Egypt, Mali, Morocco, TunisiaTunisia

                                                                                                      

Ancient Ghana-700s-Ancient Ghana-700s-1200s1200s

Ancient & Present GhanaAncient & Present Ghana► Geographically, the old Ghana is Geographically, the old Ghana is

500 miles north of the present 500 miles north of the present Ghana.Ghana.

► The Portuguese were the first The Portuguese were the first

Europeans to arrive and others Europeans to arrive and others

came later.came later.► Kinship clansKinship clans► Kings promised peace in return Kings promised peace in return

for gifts and taxesfor gifts and taxes Religious, judge, and military Religious, judge, and military

commanderscommanders

► Both gold and salt were the Both gold and salt were the dominant sources of revenue, dominant sources of revenue, exchanged for various products exchanged for various products such as textiles, ornaments and such as textiles, ornaments and cloth, among other materialscloth, among other materials

Ghana (700s-1076)Ghana (700s-1076)►Soninke Soninke

►Ghana means “war-chief” Ghana means “war-chief”

►Religious Beliefs Religious Beliefs ►Animism with a mix of IslamAnimism with a mix of Islam

Belief that souls play an important role in daily lifeBelief that souls play an important role in daily life

The Downfall of Ancient The Downfall of Ancient GhanaGhana

►1076 – Ghanaian 1076 – Ghanaian capital captured by capital captured by the Moorsthe Moors From…?From…? Iberian Peninsula Iberian Peninsula

►Ancient Ghana Ancient Ghana continued to exist continued to exist until swallowed up until swallowed up by…. by….

MALI EMPIRE-1235 to MALI EMPIRE-1235 to 16451645

MANSA MUSA-1312-1335MANSA MUSA-1312-1335► Skilled warriorSkilled warrior► Used violence to expand & Used violence to expand &

maintain maintain ► Empire doubledEmpire doubled► Divided empire into provincesDivided empire into provinces► Hajj 1324-1325 devout Muslim Hajj 1324-1325 devout Muslim

gave away 100s of lbs. of goldgave away 100s of lbs. of gold► Europe learns of Mali’s wealthEurope learns of Mali’s wealth► Timbuktu became flagshipTimbuktu became flagship

Ibn BattutaIbn Battuta

► BETWEEN SUNDIATA & BETWEEN SUNDIATA & MANSA MUSA 7 RULERS MANSA MUSA 7 RULERS IN 50 YEARS = IN 50 YEARS = INSTABILITYINSTABILITY

Sunni Ali (1464-1490?)Sunni Ali (1464-1490?)►Captured Timbuktu (1468)Captured Timbuktu (1468)

►Strong military leader of Songhay EmpireStrong military leader of Songhay Empire►Divided empire into provinces Divided empire into provinces ►Created hierarchy of commandCreated hierarchy of command►Did not recognize Islam as state religion Did not recognize Islam as state religion

Askia Muhammad (1492-Askia Muhammad (1492-1538)1538)

►Muslim Rebellion Muslim Rebellion ►Overthrew Sunni Ali’s sonOverthrew Sunni Ali’s son►Continued Ali’s Continued Ali’s

administrative traditions administrative traditions

►1591 Songhai Empire is 1591 Songhai Empire is invaded by Moroccan invaded by Moroccan army and defeatedarmy and defeated

Hausa city-states

Walled cities: •Ruled surrounding farming villages

Hausa city-statesHausa city-states► Kano and Katsina Kano and Katsina

► Major trading centers because they linked west African Major trading centers because they linked west African nations with Mediterranean Seanations with Mediterranean Sea

► Zazzau Zazzau ► Involved in slave trade Involved in slave trade

How much blame should Africans take for the slave How much blame should Africans take for the slave trade???trade???

► Does their participation justify the U.S.’s use of Does their participation justify the U.S.’s use of slaves???slaves???

► Constant fighting among city-states prevented Hausa Constant fighting among city-states prevented Hausa from becoming an empirefrom becoming an empire

Yoruba Kingdoms

Spoke common language like Hausa peoples

Yoruba Kingdoms Yoruba Kingdoms

►Yoruba kings Yoruba kings ►Served as religious and political leadersServed as religious and political leaders►Ife and Oyo were two largest Yoruba kingdoms Ife and Oyo were two largest Yoruba kingdoms

Yoruba chiefs traced descent from first ruler of IfeYoruba chiefs traced descent from first ruler of Ife► Ife chief most powerfulIfe chief most powerful► Secret society checked powerSecret society checked power

►How did Hausa and Yoruba kingdoms compare How did Hausa and Yoruba kingdoms compare to the large empires of Ghana, Mali, and to the large empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai???Songhai???

► Centralized governments Centralized governments

BeninBenin►Similar to Ife Similar to Ife

►1480s-contact with Portuguese 1480s-contact with Portuguese ► Traded pepper, leopard skins, ivory, and Traded pepper, leopard skins, ivory, and

enslaved Africans enslaved Africans

Central Africa

Portuguese Portuguese ►KongoKongo

►Port. embedded in political affairs Port. embedded in political affairs ►Kings converted to Christianity Kings converted to Christianity

King Afonso I---Mbanza (Kongo of the Bell) King Afonso I---Mbanza (Kongo of the Bell)

►Ndongo Ndongo ►Angola Angola ►Heavy in slave tradeHeavy in slave trade►Strong resistance Strong resistance

Queen Nzinga Queen Nzinga

East AfricaEast Africa

►Bantu-speaking people Bantu-speaking people ►Migrated east and settled in seaport villages Migrated east and settled in seaport villages ►Traded with Arab merchants/settled in areaTraded with Arab merchants/settled in area

Arabic+Bantu=Swahili language Arabic+Bantu=Swahili language

Persian traders brought goods from China/India and extended down the Horn of Africa

KilwaKilwa►Wealthy city-stateWealthy city-state

►Ibn Battuta Ibn Battuta Impressed with houses of coral and stoneImpressed with houses of coral and stone Ate on porcelain Ate on porcelain Women wore silk robes, gold, and silver bracelets Women wore silk robes, gold, and silver bracelets

Kilwa was last stop for Indian merchant ships

•All goods had to funnel through Kilwa

Portuguese stumbled on wealth of Kilwa

•Conquered Kilwa to exploit trade for

themselves

Spread of IslamSpread of Islam► Increased commerce spread Islam Increased commerce spread Islam

►Rulers, merchants, and government officials Rulers, merchants, and government officials mostly Islamicmostly Islamic

►Majority of people held on to traditional beliefsMajority of people held on to traditional beliefs Why the difference???Why the difference???

►Muslims participated in slave tradeMuslims participated in slave trade

Shona people settled land•Farmed•Raised cattle •Controlled trade

1450: Great Zimbabwe abandoned

Mutapa Empire Mutapa Empire ►Ruled area of Great Zimbabwe Ruled area of Great Zimbabwe

►Portuguese failed in conquering Mutapa but Portuguese failed in conquering Mutapa but interfered in Mutapa politics interfered in Mutapa politics

►What are some similarities between the What are some similarities between the kingdoms of east, central, and west Africa???kingdoms of east, central, and west Africa???