Safety hazards in aviation, emergencies and their solutions

1LT Jan KALVODA22nd AFB Náměšť

Abbreviations

• RCF• UCS• ATSU• ATC• POB• TWR• RWY• SSR

• RTB• WOC• SMS• NCNG

Definitions

• Hazard - Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function.

• Consequence – Potential outcome(s) of the hazard

Type of hazards

Human factorsNaturalTechnicalEconomic

Human errors

Active errorbreach of standart proceduresunconcentration, oversight, tiredness, runway

incursion, incompliance with UCS.

Latent errorsystem failureproblem hidden in system, equipment or

management. (tiredness)

Natural hazardsSevere weather or climatic events:

hurricanes, major winter storms, drought, tornadoes, thunderstorms lightning, and wind shear

Adverse weather conditions:Icing, freezing precipitation, heavy rain, snow, winds, and restrictions to visibility

Geophysical events:earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods and landslides

Geographical conditions:adverse terrain or large bodies of water

Environmental events:wildfires, wildlife activity, and insect or pest infestation.

Public health events:epidemics of influenza or other diseases

Technical hazardsDeficiencies regarding:

aircraft and aircraft components, systems, subsystems and related equipment

an organization’s facilities, tools, and related equipment

facilities, systems, sub-systems and related equipment that are external to the organization

Economic hazards

• Major trends related to: Cost of material or equipment

Growth

Recession

Etc.

Safety management system is a systematic approach to managing safety,

including the necessary organisational structures, accountabilities, policies and procedures.

Participant units aircraft operators;aircraft maintenanceorganisations;air navigation services providers;airport operators

PATHOLOGICAL

REACTIVE

CALCULATIVE

PROACTIVE

GENERATIVE

Safety Culture indicators

chronic uneasesafety seen as a profit centrenew ideas are welcomed

we are serious, but why don’t they do what they’re told?endless discussions to re-classify accidentsSafety is high on the agenda after an accident

the lawyers said it was OKof course we have accidents, it’s a dangerous businesssack the idiot who had the accident

resources are available to fix things before an accidentmanagement is open but still obsessed with statisticsprocedures are “owned” by the workforce

we cracked it!lots and lots of auditsHSE advisers chasing statistics

Need for Emergency Procedures

• Organizations are frequently required to have written emergency procedures in place to comply with statutory requirements

WHY?• to protect staff, the public, the environment,

the business, their property and their reputation.

Emergency situations• Radiocommunication failure• Birdstrike• System failure (hydraulics, electric,vibration..)• Pilot incapacitation• Depressurization• Fire of engine, smoke in cabin• Engine flameout• Aquaplanning• NCNG• Jammed gun

Consequences of emergency situations

Some technical problem can led to:• Flapless landing, hot brakes• Autorotation• Gear troubles• Ditching• Belly landing• Ejection

Emergency signals

• Distress signal: MAYDAY - Is used to indicate that an aircraft is in distress

and requires immediate assistance, and has priority over all communications.

Emergency signals

• Urgency signal: PAN-PAN- Is used when the safety of a mobile craft is in

jeopardy or an unsafe situation exists that may eventually involve a need for assistance and has priority over all but distress traffic.

Emergency statuses of an airport

Local standby

Full emergency

rescueAir crash

Emergency SSR codes

• There are three wordwide codes, which are used for notification of ATCo about emergency situation on board.

7700 – emergency (SOS, MAYDAY)7600 - Radio failure (lost communications)7500 – Aircraft hijacking

Principles of assistance

A acknowledgeS separateS supportI informS silenceT time

Solution to a specific emergency situation: RCF

1) Find out if pilot is able to receive any information

2) Inform relating traffic and others ATS, mainly TWR in order to alert emergency units.

3) Transmit blind, clear- up airspace.4) Priority for landing5) Visual signal for landing

Solution to a specific emergency situation: Laser illumination

1) Figure out the precise position of the aircraft2) Find out info about the crew and source of laser

(colour of laser, persistence..)3) Make sure that the pilot is able to control the

aircraft.4) Intention of captain (RTB, injuries…)5) Call to WOC and Police and hand over

information to arrest the deliquents.6) Local standby or full emergency status.

Solution to a specific emergency situation: Birdstrike

1) According to an emergency signal from the pilot alert ground personnel and emg. units.

2) Make sure that the pilot is able control the aircraft.3) Priority for landing, clear-up airspace.4) Intention of the captain5) Find out: POB, fuel rest, dangerous goods.6) Inform TWR, and others ATS if necessary.7) RWY check after every emergency landing.

Thank you for your attention…