Safety Conference - EHSCP · Safety Conference. 2 ... 30 Hydrogen Facts Symbol: H Atomic Number: 1...
Transcript of Safety Conference - EHSCP · Safety Conference. 2 ... 30 Hydrogen Facts Symbol: H Atomic Number: 1...
Network Fuel CellsNetwork Fuel Cells
International TelecommunicationsInternational TelecommunicationsSafety ConferenceSafety Conference
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The Evolution of Telecom Standby PowerThe Evolution of Telecom Standby Power
From coal & dry cellFrom coal & dry cell To diesel & flooded cellTo diesel & flooded cell To HTo H22- battery free- battery free
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In The Beginning There Were BatteriesIn The Beginning There Were Batteries
1844 Morse Telegraph Connects Washingtonand Baltimore
1876 Alexander Graham Bell Demonstratesthe Telephone
1885 American Telephone and TelegraphFormed AT&T
1898 C.L. Brown Organized The BrownTelephone Company which Becomes UnitedTelephone and Now Known as SprintSprint
First Telephones Equipped with Dry Cells
Batteries Move from Phones to Switchboards
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Telecom Batteries - Turn of the CenturyTelecom Batteries - Turn of the Century
1900 Batteries Moved from Switchboard to LocalTelecom Central Office
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Telecom Batteries - Turn of the CenturyTelecom Batteries - Turn of the Century
The Telecom Battery EvolutionThe Telecom Battery Evolution
About the same time batteriesmigrated to the Central Office from local switchboards, Philadelphia Bell experimented with a Ring Generator which came close to electrocuting several of their employees
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Telecom Transition from Analog to DigitalTelecom Transition from Analog to DigitalTechnology & the Resultant Effect on SiteTechnology & the Resultant Effect on SiteBackup PowerBackup PowerOur older analog switches would survive almost anything:
*Heat *Low Voltage Dips*Cold *High Voltage Spikes*Dust *High Humidity*Dirt *Dry Air
And all but the most direct transient surge (Lightning) !
Modern switch buildings need maintained air conditioning
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Utility Outage Support for BatteriesUtility Outage Support for Batteries
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Why Replace Flooded Cell & VR Batteries?Why Replace Flooded Cell & VR Batteries?
− Battery Technology notKeeping Pace withTelecom Advances
− EPA Issue InvolvingDisposal & Acid
− Thermo Runaway− Maintenance Issues− Floor Space Consumption− Not Able to Support New
Loads− Can’t Keep Bldg Cool
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Telecom Anticipated Load GrowthTelecom Anticipated Load Growth
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Types of Fuel Cells & Continuous FlywheelsTypes of Fuel Cells & Continuous Flywheels
electron
neutron
proton
*Bridge or No Break*Phosphoric Acid*Proton Exchange Membrane*Molten Carbonate*Solid Oxide*Alkaline*Direct Methanol*Regenerative Fuel Cells*Zinc Air*Polybromide Zinc*Aluminum Air*Protonic Ceramic
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What is a Fuel CellWhat is a Fuel Cell
Device in which the energyof a chemical reaction isconverted directly intoelectricity. Unlike a batteryfuel cell does not run down;it operates as long as fueland an oxidant aresupplied continuously fromoutside the cell.
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Alternatives to Batteries – Small FlywheelsAlternatives to Batteries – Small Flywheels
Stored energy units or flywheelsprovide continuous ride throughAC power during genset start up.
There are a number of configurationswith sizes ranging from 0.5kVA toto over 2000kVA.
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Alternatives to Alternatives to BatteriesBatteries – 2000kVA No – 2000kVA NoBreakBreak
Generator
Free-wheelClutch
InductionCoupling
Diesel
Inner Rotor
Outer Rotor
Base Frame
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Alternatives to Batteries – ZAFCAlternatives to Batteries – ZAFC
Zinc/Air Fuel Cell
120VAC, 208VAC or 48VDCwith an 8hr running time
The zinc/air fuel cell deliversup to ten times more energy pervolume and mass than lead-acidbatteries … But do they work?
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Alternatives to Batteries – SOFCAlternatives to Batteries – SOFC
SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL (SOFC)Electrolyte Solid Zirconium Oxide + YtrriaTemperature 1000°CCapacity 25 kW to 220 kWEfficiency 60 -85 %
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Alternatives to Alternatives to BatteriesBatteries - MCFC - MCFC
MOLTEN CARBONATE (MCFC)Electrolyte : Liquid solution of Lithium,Sodium &/or Potassium CarbonateTemperature: 650°CCatalyst: InexpensiveFuel: Hydrogen, Methane, Landfill gasCapacity: 10 kW to 2 mWEfficiency: 60- 85 %
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Alternatives to Batteries – PAFCAlternatives to Batteries – PAFC
PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELL (PAFC)Electrolyte Phosphoric AcidTemperature 150- 200°CElectro-catalyst Platinum (Sulfur & CO above 1.5% is objectionable)Fuel Hydrogen (Impurities acceptable)Max Capacity 200 KW ( 1 MW under testing)Size Generally large.Power Density Low
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Alternatives to Batteries – PAFCAlternatives to Batteries – PAFC
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE (PEM)Electrolyte: Solid Organic Polymer polyTemperature: 80°CElectro-catalyst: Plastic membrane coated with PlatinumFuel: Hydrogen (sensitive to impurities)Capacity: 50-250 kWSize: CompactPower Density: HighResponse: Quick (14sec Start)
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PEM Electrical DesignPEM Electrical Design ConsiderationsConsiderations
Battery Replacement Requirement
48VDC Output …………54.6VDCSuitable Rating……….............40ASize…………………...19”x25”x9”Rackible ………….…………....YesRun time………………..48m/200AOutdoor WP Housing…………Yes4 – 9s H2……………………...LH2Floor Loading…………..150#/Sqft
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Hydrogen Proton Exchange MembraneHydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane
Anode side:2H2 => 4H+ + 4e-
Cathode side:O2 + 4H+ + 4e- =>
2H2ONet reaction:
2H2 + O2 => 2H2O
Pressurized hydrogen gas (H2) entering the fuel cell on the anode side. This gas is forced through the catalyst bythe pressure. When an H2 molecule comes in contact with the platinum on the catalyst, it splits into two H+ ionsand two electrons (e-). The electrons are conducted through the anode, where they make their way through theexternal circuit (doing useful work such as powering DC loads) and return to the cathode side of the fuel cell.Meanwhile, on the cathode side of the fuel cell, oxygen gas (O2) is being forced through the catalyst, where itforms two oxygen atoms. Each of these atoms has a strong negative charge. This negative charge attracts the twoH+ ions through the membrane, where they combine with an oxygen atom and two of the electrons from theexternal circuit to form a water molecule (H2O).
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Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel CellsProton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
PEMs MakeElectricity
From BottledHydrogen and
Exhaust Clean SafeWater
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Safe
Energy Efficient
Reliable
Affordable
ConstructibleMaintainable
Network
Power
Solution
NFPANEC
LifeSafety
Code 101
OSHA
AllLocalCodes
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Major Electrical DesignMajor Electrical Design ConsiderationsConsiderations
On-Site Gaseous Hydrogen:
ConcernsDesign of System (Containers, Pressure, Volume)
Location (Inside Buildings or Outdoor Only)
Operation & Maintenance (Sprint or Outside Contractors)
Life Safety Codes (On-Site H2 - New Direction for Sprint)
Fire Protection (NEC Area Classification)
Cost (Ground Breaking Technology)
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Code ConsiderationsCode Considerations
Electrical Fuel Cell Design is Safe When:
Hold paramount the life safety employees and general publicinvolved in the use our equipment and facilities and weclosely adhere to all electrical codes.
National Electrical CodeLife Safety Codes Code 101OSHALocal Codes and RegulationsSprint Network Practices
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Article 692Article 692““Fuel Cell Systems”Fuel Cell Systems”
I GeneralII Circuit RequirementIII Disconnecting MeansIV Wiring MethodsV GroundingVI MarkingVII Connection to Other CircuitsVIII Output Voltage Over 600V
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Current Model Codes for Hydrogen Storage andCurrent Model Codes for Hydrogen Storage andDistribution - NFPA 50A and IFGCDistribution - NFPA 50A and IFGC
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Current Model Codes for the Installation of FuelCurrent Model Codes for the Installation of FuelCell Power PlantsCell Power Plants
•Electrical Classification•Ventilation•Siting•Fuel Connection•Fire Protection•Detection
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Life Safety Code 101Life Safety Code 101
*Chapter 4 (4-1.9) Telephoneexchangers listed as an IndustrialBuildings
*Chapter 7 (7-1.2) Electricalwiring and equipment shall be inaccordance with NFPA 70 (NEC )
*Chapter 28 (28-5.1) Utilities shallcomply with provisions of Section7-1
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OSHA 1910 & NEC Section 500 - HOSHA 1910 & NEC Section 500 - H22 = IB2 = IB2
Telecom Fuel Cell Power PlantHazardous Classified Location
Class I = Flammable Gas Maybe Present.
Class B = Gaseous HydrogenUsed and Stored.
Division 2 = Hydrogen in ClosedContainers & Only Present inAir by Accident
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Hydrogen FactsHydrogen Facts
Symbol: HAtomic Number: 1Atomic Mass: 1.00794 amuMelting Point: -259.14 °C(14.009985 °K, -434.45203 °F)Boiling Point: -252.87 °C (20.280005°K, -423.166 °F)Number of Protons/Electrons: 1Number of Neutrons: 0Classification: Crystal Structure:HexagonalDensity @ 293 K: 0.08988 g/cm3Color: colorless
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Gaseous HydrogenGaseous Hydrogen
Hydrogen (H2) is the lightest of allgases. Commonly found in nature incompounds with other elements, it isthe most abundant element in theuniverse. Hydrogen is a componentof water, minerals and acids, as wellas an essential part of allhydrocarbons and essentially allother organic substances. In fact, 98percent of the known universe - mostnotably the sun and stars - consists ofhydrogen.
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Hydrogen FactsHydrogen Facts
1
CF perLb
Lbs perCF
SpecificGravity(Air=1)
LowerHeatingValue
(Btu/Lb)
LowerHeatingValue
(Btu/CF)
IgnitionTemp
(F)
NECGasGrp
Molecular
Weight
Substance
187.70.00530.069651605274.91085B2.016 Hydrogen - H2
Hydrogen is flammable and explosive over a much wider range of mixtures thanany conventional fuel, but its lower limits of 4% and 13% respectively in air arebetter than gasoline (1% and 1.1%) and similar to natural gas (5.3% and 6.3%).Hydrogen does not pool on the ground like gasoline or LPG and is therefore less ofa hazard apart from the first few seconds after a spillage. Calculations andexperiments involving kerosene (aviation fuel) suggest that a fire in a hydrogen-fuelled aircraft would last a tenth of the time, produce much less heat and spreadover a smaller area than a comparable kerosene fire. This would certainly savelives if the fire occurred on the ground.
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Gaseous HydrogenGaseous Hydrogen
H2 Fuel Cell Can Not Be MadeInto A Hydrogen Bomb!
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Gaseous HydrogenGaseous HydrogenObservations of the incident showevidence inconsistent with a hydrogenfire: (1) the Hindenburg did notexplode, but burned very rapidly inomnidirectional patterns, (2) the 240-ton airship remained aloft andupright many seconds after the firebegan, (3) falling pieces of fabricwere aflame and not self-extinguishing, and (4) the very brightcolor of the flames was characteristicof a forest fire, not a hydrogen fire(hydrogen makes no visible flame).Also, no one smelled garlic, the scentof which had been added to thehydrogen to help detect a leak.
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Gaseous Hydrogen – Site StorageGaseous Hydrogen – Site Storage
Bumpstop
48ea 2400psi Outdoor WPmanifolded “T” tanks willsupport a 1500A, 54.6VDCPEM power plant for4.8hrs with no rundowndecay in output.
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Sprint’s Ten “T” Bottle Hydrogen ChaletSprint’s Ten “T” Bottle Hydrogen Chalet
Stores a full 8hr RuntimeBackup for a 200A, 48VDCHydrogen Power Plant.Outdoor Installation with NoAir Conditioning Required.
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Gaseous Hydrogen – Site StorageGaseous Hydrogen – Site Storage
Quantum Technologies'TriShield composite cylinderscan hold up to 3 kilograms ofhydrogen at 5,000 psi, which issufficient fuel for a 200-kilometer journey in a standardsedan.
5000PSI Tanks5000PSI Tanks $$ $$
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Metal Hydrides Used for Fuel StorageMetal Hydrides Used for Fuel Storage
Some metal alloys have the ability toabsorb and store hydrogen. Thehydrogen can be released (desorbed)as a gas and the alloy is returned toits original state. These "metalhydrides" provide a safe and efficient"solid state" approach to hydrogenenergy storage. In addition, theenergy implications of thiscontinuously repeatablephenomenon are the basis for a widerange of commercial products.
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell MaintenanceHydrogen Fuel Cell Maintenance
Electrical design systems aremaintainable when:
*Site design is managed bytelecom experiencedconsultants
*Maintenance contract ishandled by a hydrogenexperienced vendor.
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Gaseous HydrogenGaseous Hydrogen
Hydrogen is flammable and burns in air with a pale blue, almost invisibleflame. In its gaseous form, hydrogen dissipates quickly. These uniqueproperties call for strict safety measures in hydrogen use and storage.
Hydrogen is flammable and can act as a simple asphyxiant by displacing theoxygen in the air. In addition, when in its liquid form, it may cause severefrostbite to the eyes and skin. To avoid these harmful effects, it is importantfollow strict safety guidelines for storage and handling just like any other fuel.
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Telecom Handling of Gaseous HydrogenTelecom Handling of Gaseous Hydrogen
Receiving Cylinders and Containers -- Personnel responsible forreceiving cylinders and containers should perform an externalinspection on all packages before moving them to the point of use orto the storage area.Testing for Leaks -- After completing the external inspection, youshould proceed with testing for leaks.Moving Cylinders and Containers -- Cylinders and containers mustalways be moved carefully. Mishandling that results in a damagedvalve or ruptured cylinder can expose personnel to the hazardsassociated with these gases.Storing Cylinders and Containers -- Storage of compressed gascylinders containers is governed by codes of the NFPA. Local codesmay also apply. Know and obey codes governing storage at eachSprint location.
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On Site Hydrogen Monitoring & Shut DownOn Site Hydrogen Monitoring & Shut Down
HH2Scan2ScanNew Hydrogen
MonitoringArrangement
Drawing Not To Scale
DC H T e c h n o lo g y,
S er ial P ar t
X xxx3 1 1 4 0 0
Zonal Head Cableqty 1
2
Adapter Optional Item
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Nut, qty 1 6Bracket, qty 1 5
Controller Assyqty 1
DC
H
1Label, qty 1Note 2
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Controller p/n & s/n ID Tag REF
12cPower Supply, Alternate Item
12a Power Plug, Straight, Standard
Power Cord, Standard Item with Power Supply
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12b Power Plug Right Angle, Alternate Item
8010WEST
SET
AL1
AL3
MAMINAL2
14 Digital Meter,Optional Item
3 Analog Comm Plug
Bracket, qty 1
8 Flat Washer, qty 49 Lock Washer, qty 4
7 Screw, qty 4
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Power Plug Wire List
Negative (-)
Positive (+)
Outside Dia
Inside DiaSmooth (Printed) Side
Ribbed Side
Plug
12345
0-5V ReturnWhite
Black
n/c
n/c
0-5 Vdc (+) H2 SignalAnalog Comm Plug Wire List
n/cWhite
BlackDigital Meter Wire List2 (+)
3 (-)(+24V1413
(Gnd) (C) 23(NO)24
(NC)22
(C) 20(NO)21
(NC)19
Alarm 2
Alarm 1
n/c
n/c
n/c
n/cRedGrey
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On Site Hydrogen Monitoring & Shut down
Hydrogen moves into apalladium base lattice (PDalloy film).An equilibrium hydrogendensity is reachedproportional to gasconcentration.The sensor is housed in a1B2 approved enclosure.
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Hydrogen LiberationHydrogen Liberation
PV Array~5 kW
Potable Tap Water45 to 75 psi
H2 Generation Booster Compressor Hydrogen Storage
NEXA Fuel Cell Rack
PCS Tower
Oxygen
SprintStuart EnergyBallard Power
Simplified Process Flow for a
Renewable-Hydrogen Back-up Power System
Proposed Scope of Supply