i

SAFETY COMPLIANCE FOR HIHG RISE PROJECTS IN NIGERIAN

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

KAIGAMA MOHAMMED KABIR

A Thesis submitted in partial

Fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the

Degree of Master in Construction Technology Management

Faculty of Technology Management and Business

University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

AUGUST 2015

ii

DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to my late farther, my beloved mother Hajjia Fatimatu

Mohammed, my uncles Alh. Muhammad Kaigama, Alh. Abubakar Kaigama Hassan,

to all Kaigama’s family Brothers and Sisters in general; and to everyone engaged in

the daily battle against the poor safety performance of the construction industry.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I express my heartfelt thanks to my supervisor Dr. Roshartini Binti Omar and my co

supervisor Dr. Sulzakimin Mohammed for their excellent and patient guidance

throughout the course of my research. They have given me advice which was vital to

the successful completion of my thesis, also, encouragement at times when all efforts

seemed to yield no fruitful results and a rare sort of kindness which has never before

been shown to me.

I thank my lecturers of Construction Technology Management for always

taking their time me, especially the Head of Department Dr. Mohd Yamani Yahaya

and the program coordinator Dr. Goh Kai Chen. I would also like to show my

appreciation to all academic and non-academic staffs of Faculty of Technology

Management and Business Univarsiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.

I am indebted to those individuals, too numerous to mention, who provided

me with data and information, and without whose cooperation this thesis would not

have been possible. These nameless warriors battle daily to make construction safe

and healthy.

I appreciate the support and prayers of my family and few close friends in

Nigeria throughout the duration of my studies. I am especially grateful to my parents

for their consistent encouragement, love, incredible patience, tolerance,

understanding and positive attitude to me.

Finally, I owe an unquantifiable debt to my colleagues Garba Hamza,

Hamisu Mohd, Adamu Jibril, Wan Akmal, Khavita and to my friends, support and

confidante, Abdulazeez Umar Raji and his family, Abubakar Abdullahi, Maimuna,

Anwar, Jibrin, Mohmmed kimpa, Ahmed, Farida Ibrahim, Hamza, Malala, Ishaq,

Mall Abdulkadir for bearing the brunt of my frustrations when the going was tough.

Their unquestioning belief in me and my ability to complete this research was often

the only inspiration and motivation. I am indebted to them all for not demanding too

much. The few hours I was able to share with them were always a source of new

energy.

iv

ABSTRACT

Health and safety issues had always been a major challenge and concern in the

construction industry. Construction is found to be one of the most dangerous on

health and safety practice, predominantly in developing countries. As construction

accidents continue to dominate the overall construction industry. Despite the

programs implemented by government and measures introduced by companies the

number of high rise construction accidents still remains alarmingly. This research

aim to investigate the safety compliance for high rise construction project in Nigeria.

In achieving this aim three (3) objectives has been outlined; to investigate the current

level of compliance to safety practice and policies in Nigerian construction site. To

investigate the factors that prevent the compliance to safety and health practices in

high rise projects of Nigerian construction industry. To recommend appropriate ways

to improve the compliance to safety in high rise of Nigerian construction. The

interview and questionnaire method was used in this research. Structured

Questionnaires was distributed to 108 potential respondents from the construction

industry players 90 was returned and Qualitative interview have been conducted to

meet the first objective of the project, to investigate the current level of compliance

to safety practice In addition, structured interviews were carried out with selected

managers from construction industry. The result shows that Bribery and corruption,

Lack of training, Absence of safety representatives, Lack of corporate responsibility

& Accountability, Weak legal structure were the significant factors affecting safety.

Compliance. The result also indicate that Site inspection, Safety seminars

(enforcement officers), Building codes of practice, Enforcement of safety act,

Workers/labourers training are the effective factors that could improve compliance to

safety practice in high rise project of Nigerian construction industry. It is

recommended that relevant authorities should checkmate the Safety practices in the

Nigerian construction industry.

v

ABSTRAK

Isu kesihatan dan keselamatan sentiasa menjadi satu kebimbangan dan cabaran yang

besar dalam industri pembinaan. Pembinaan didapati menjadi salah satu yang paling

berbahaya pada kesihatan dan keselamatan amalan, terutamanya di negara-negara

membangun. Kemalangan dalam pembinaan terus menguasai industri pembinaan

secara keseluruhan. Walaupun program yang dilaksanakan oleh kerajaan dan

langkah yang diperkenalkan oleh syarikat-syarikat, jumlah kemalangan pembinaan

bangunan tinggi masih membimbangkan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menyiasat

pematuhan keselamatan bagi projek pembinaan bangunan tinggi dalam industri

pembinaan Nigeria. Dalam mencapai matlamat ini, tiga (3) objektif telah digariskan;

(1) Untuk menyiasat tahap semasa pematuhan kepada amalan keselamatan dan dasar

di tapak pembinaan Nigeria; (2) Untuk menyiasat faktor-faktor yang menghalang

pematuhan kepada amalan keselamatan dan kesihatan dalam projek-projek bangunan

tinggi industri pembinaan Nigeria dan (3) Mencadangkan cara-cara yang sesuai

untuk meningkatkan pematuhan keselamatan dalam bangunan tinggi pembinaan

Nigeria. Temuduga dan soal selidik kaedah telah digunakan dalam kajian ini. Borang

soal selidik berstruktur telah diedarkan kepada 108 responden yang berpotensi

daripada peserta industri pembinaan dan 90 soal selidik telah dikembalikan,

temubual kualitatif telah dijalankan untuk memenuhi objektif pertama kajian itu,

untuk menyiasat tahap semasa pematuhan kepada amalan keselamatan. Di samping

itu, temubual berstruktur telah dijalankan dengan pengurus dipilih daripada industri

pembinaan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa sogokan dan rasuah, kekurangan latihan,

ketiadaan wakil keselamatan, kekurangan tanggungjawab korporat & akauntabiliti,

struktur undang-undang yang lemah merupakan faktor utama yang menjejaskan

pematuhan keselamatan. Hasil kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa pemeriksaan tapak,

seminar keselamatan (pegawai penguat kuasa), kod amalan bangunan,

penguatkuasaan akta keselamatan, latihan pekerja / buruh adalah faktor-faktor yang

berkesan yang boleh meningkatkan pematuhan kepada amalan keselamatan dalam

projek bangunan tinggi industri pembinaan Nigeria. Ia adalah disyorkan bahawa

pihak berkuasa yang berkaitan harus menggalakkan amalan keselamatan pembinaan

dalam industri pembinaan Nigeria

vi

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION i

DEDICATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

ABSTRAK v

TABLE OF CONTENT vi

LIST OF TABLE x

CHAPTER 1 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Background of the Research 1

1.3 Problem Statement 3

1.4 Research Questions 4

1.5 Objectives of Research 5

1.6 Significance of Research 5

1.7 Scope of Research 6

1.8 Chapter Organization 7

1.9 Chapters Organisation 8

CHAPTER 2 9

LITERATURE REVIEW 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 High-Rise Building 9

2.2.1 Demand for High-Rise Buildings 10

2.3 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in Nigeria 11

2.3.1 Construction Accidents 12

2.4 Safety in Construction Industry 14

2.4.1 Hazard and Risk 14

2.5 Current High Rise Construction Safety Practice in Nigerian Construction

Industry 15

2.5.1 Health and Safety Regulations in Nigeria 15

2.5.2 Health and Safety Plan 15

2.5.3 Most Frequent Accidents on Site 16

2.5.4 Availability of Health and Safety Insurance 17

2.5.5 Payment of Health and Safety Insurance 17

vii

2.5.6 Compliance to Health and Safety Plan/Manual 18

2.6 Factors Affecting the Compliance to Safety in High Rise Projects for

Nigerian Construction Industry 19

2.6.1 Strict Enforcement 19

2.6.2 Weak National Occupational Safety and Health Standards 20

2.6.3 Lack of Adequate Information 20

2.6.4 Bribery and Corruption 21

2.6.5 Management Commitment 22

2.6.6 Weak Legal Structures 23

2.6.7 Beliefs 23

2.6.8 Lack of Funding 24

2.6.9 Lack of Awareness and Improper Medium for Information

Dissemination 24

2.6.10 Fear of Legal Sanctions 25

2.6.11 Absence of Safety Representatives 25

2.6.12 Lack of Adequate Regulations 25

2.7 Ways of Improving High Rise Construction Safety Practice in Nigerian

Construction Industry 26

2.7.1 Good Site Management 26

2.7.2 Safety Policies 27

2.7.3 Personal Protectives Equipment (PPE) 27

2.7.4 Safety Meeting 28

2.7.5 Training / Education 29

2.7.6 Orientation of Staff to Safety 30

2.7.7 Safety Orientation Process 30

2.7.8 Building Permits 31

2.7.9 Safety Inspections 31

2.7.10 Local Authorities 32

2.7.11 Environmental Assessment 33

2.7.12 Safety Audit 34

2.7.13 Training and Enforcement 34

2.7.14 Safety Culture 35

2.7.15 Building Codes of Practice 35

2.8 Summary 36

viii

CHAPTER 3 37

3.1 Introduction 37

3.2 Research Methodology 37

3.3 Research Population 39

3.4 Questionnaire Content for Quantitative 39

3.5 Close Ended Questions 40

3.5.1 Likert Scale 40

3.6 Respondents 41

3.7 Pilot Study 41

3.8 Data Analysis 42

3.8.1 Validity Test 42

3.8.2 Reliability Statistics 42

3.9 Summary 43

CHAPTER 4 44

QUALITATIVE ALNALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 44

4.1 Introduction 44

4.2 Thematic Analysis 44

4.3 Structured Interviews 45

4.4 Interview Response 45

4.5 Presentation of Result 46

4.5.1 Managing Health and Safety Works 46

4.5.2 Training of Workers on Health and Safety. 46

4.5.3 Company's Motivations in Managing Health and Safety 47

4.5.4 Accident Statistics 49

4.5.5 Major Accident Occur on Site 49

4.5.6 Ways that Changes Health and Safety Management on Site 50

4.5.7 Achievements in Health and Safety. 51

4.5.8 Ensuring Performance to Health and Safety and Continues to Improve.

52

4.5.9 Ways that Government Help in Health and Safety. 53

4.5.10 Ways of Improving Health and Safety on Construction Sites in Nigeria.

54

4.6 Discussion of result 61

4.7 Summary 62

ix

CHAPTER 5 63

ALNALYSIS AND DISCUSSION QUANTITATIVE 63

5.1 Introduction 63

5.2 Questionnaire Response Rate 63

5.3 Reliability Test 64

5.4 Population of Respondent 64

5.5 Health and Safety Issues 67

5.6 Factors that Prevent Compliance to Safety Practice in High Rise Construction

70

5.7 Presentation of Mean Ranking for objective (2) 75

5.8 Ways to Improves High Rise Construction Safety Practices 76

5.9 Discussion of Result 77

5.10 Summary 79

CHAPTER 6 80

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 80

6.1 Introduction 80

6.2 Summary Objectives 80

6.3 Objective 1: To Investigate the Current Level of Compliance on the Safety

Regulations and Policies on High Rise Nigerian Construction Site. 81

6.4 Objective 2: To Investigate the Factors that Prevent the Compliance of Safety

and Health Practices in the Nigerian Construction Projects 81

6.5 Objective 3: To Recommend Appropriate Ways of Improving the

Compliance to Safety and Health Practices in Nigerian Construction Projects

81

6.6 Limitation 82

6.7 Recommendation 82

6.7.1 Recommendation for Government 82

6.7.2 Recommendation for Local Contractors 83

6.7.3 Recommendation on Ways to Improve the Safety of Practice on High Rise

Construction Site 83

6.8 Conclusion 84

REFERENCES 85

APPENDIX A 95

APPENDIX B 98

x

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: Death, fatality rate and number of accident reported to Nigerian federal

ministry of labour and productivity (FMLPID; 2002 -2012). 4

Figure 1 Organisation of Chapters 7

Table 2: Frequency of accident occur in Nigerian construction site (Dodo at el. 2014)

16

Figure 2 Research Methodology process 38

Table 3 the respondent analysis for interview conducted on current safety and health

practice in Nigeria 56

Table 5.1: Response Rate 63

Table 5.2: Reliability test 64

Table 5.3: Designation of Respondent 65

Table 5.4: Level of Education 65

Table 5.5: Professional background 65

Table 5.6: experience in construction 66

Table 5.7: Main expertise of your company 66

Table 5.8: Value of project executed in last 5 years (in million) 67

Table 5.9: Accident occur on site during construction 67

Table 5.10: Cases of accident reported on site 68

Table 5.11: Accident that frequently occur on site 68

Table 5.12: the extent of the injury on site 69

Table 5.13 Safety signage or policy for your organization 69

Table 5.14: Effective arrangements for reviewing the safety audit 69

Table 5.15: Strict Enforcement 70

Table 5.16: Management Commitment 71

Table 5.17: level of Education 71

Table 5.18: Monitoring Institution 72

Table 5.19 Belief 72

Table 5.20 Good Site Management 73

Table 5.21: Training/Education 73

xi

Table 5.22: local Authorities 74

Table 5.23 Government Intervention 75

Table 5.24: Mean Values for Objective Two (2) 75

Table 5.25: Mean Values for Objective Two (2) 76

xii

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1 Organisation of Chapters 7

Figure 2 Research Methodology process 38

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Generally, this research is focused on safety compliance for high rise construction

projects. Besides that, this study is also intended to recommend appropriate ways to

improve the compliance of safety practice. Basically, this chapter covers the

background, problems statement, aims and objectives, and scope of the study. The

research methodology involved in conducting this study is also briefly explained.

1.2 Background of the Research

Construction industry in developing countries has performed far below the

expectation in the areas of health and safety, the situation in Nigeria is no exception.

This is due to the fact that, there is no existing functional legislation with regards to

occupational health and safety in Nigeria Isaac et al., (2014). Occupation safety and

health (OSH) in Nigeria is traced back from the slave trade period in Nigeria.

According to Kalejaiye (2013), records show that the medical examination board of

the Liverpool infantry introduced occupational health and safety in Nigeria in 1789.

A current trend in modern cities all over the world is the development of

high-rise buildings mainly to overcome the challenges of urban over population, for

optimal use of scarce land resources, as status symbol, as tourist attractions and for

beautiful skylines (Ede, 2014). Regardless of these advantages, the development of

high-rise buildings in Nigeria has been experiencing drawbacks. The retarding

2

growth translates to the very fewness of high-rise buildings in existence in Nigerian

cities just as even most of the few in existence are poorly utilized due to some

persistent factors. With the continuous increase in the population of Nigeria (which

have moved from 140 million in 2006 to 170 million in 2014), leading to ever

increasing surge in rural – urban drift, land scarcity and the consequent high cost of

available land can only be expected to be on the increase especially in Abuja.

Bearing in mind that tall, thin buildings have smaller footprints than the equivalent

number of low-rise housing units, making them occupy less land area; it is a wonder

that building high is not growing at some significant rate compared to the galloping

growth of Nigerian population. The low rate of building tall will heighten the

burdensome challenge of housing in Nigerian urban cities Ede, (2014).

However, in 1981 Nigeria signed the Geneva Convention on OSH (Adeogun

& Okafor, 2013), yet 32 years after, implementation of proceedings of the

convention the nation has suffered setbacks making it at insignificant level of

achievement towards the OSH implementation. Adeogun & Okafor (2013) based on

their studies also found that, the implementation and adoption of occupation safety

and health (OSH) in Nigeria is still at preliminary stages. Similarly, Diugwu (2012)

& Okolie (2012) states that occupational safety and health (OSH) in Nigeria has

received little attention from the government. The ill-fated occupation safety and

health (OSH) regulatory system in the country does not encourage mandatory

reporting of accidents. However, Diugwu et al. (2012) blame the big gap in

occupational safety and health (OSH) in Nigeria on the dysfunctional health and

safety laws in the country. As a result, all the sectors in the country are clearly

unregulated in relation to OSH (Diugwu et al., 2012).

The protection of safety and welfare of people in the workplace that may be

indirectly affected by the activities in the workplace- occupational safety and health

(OSH) should be contingent on healthy legal instruments which require optimum

compliance (Akpan, 2013). On a Sad note, Idubor (2013) argue that compliance with

occupational safety and health (OSH) regulations cannot be isolated in the

improvement of Nigerian construction industry. Nigerian Federal Ministry of Labour

and Productivity Inspectorate Division (FMLPID) - is the body empowered by the

Factories Act F1 LFN 2004 to enforce occupational safety and health (OSH) in

Nigeria (Umeokafor et al., 2014). Hence, it is quite evident in the literature that

enforcement and lack of compliance to OSH in Nigeria cannot be overemphasizing,

3

as it has resulted in numerous casualties and accidents on site in the Nigerian

construction industry. Falls from high elevation has been identified in the literature

as the most frequent type of accident that occur. However, it is also evident that most

of these accidents occur due to either lack of compliance to OSH and enforcement or

both. Therefore, in this research occupational safety and health will be the main

theoretical cornerstone in exploring the level of compliance to OSH in Nigerian

construction industry.

1.3 Problem Statement

High rise structure, faced with several problems and experience accidents that

endanger the lives of its occupants, destroy facilities and equipment within them, and

affect other neighbouring structures Ede, (2014). The most feared hazards of tall

buildings around the world are fire, terroristic attaches and building collapse.

According to Mohamed (1999), accidents on construction sites, causes many

human tragedies, de-motivate workers, disrupt site activities, delay project progress,

and adversely affect the overall cost, productivity and reputation of the construction

industry. In recognition of the problems above, countries all over the world have

seen the necessity of improving occupational health and safety management on

construction sites, particularly to reduce the number of accidents on construction

sites.

Occupational safety and health has been a major sort of concern for

employees, employers and government for the past decades globally, effort to reduce

the number of occupational injuries, and fatalities the Nigerian government opted to

regulate the construction industry Olutuase et al, (2014). The Nigerian construction

industry has recorded a disproportionate number of fatalities and disabling injuries as

shown in Table 1indicates the rates of fall and injuries in Nigerian construction

projects for the past decades. Falls from elevation and injuries are among the most

costly and damaging categories of accident that occur. Based on the injury and

fatality rate report from the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Labor and Productivity.

4

Table 1: Death, fatality rate and number of accident reported to Nigerian federal

ministry of labour and productivity (FMLPID; 2002 -2012).

YEARS NO OF

INJURIES

% OF

INJURIES

NO OF

DEATH

% OF

DEATHS

NO OF

ACCIDENTS

REPORTED

% OF

ACCIDENTS

REPORTED

CASE OF

FATALITY

RATE

2002 50 53.8 29 63 1 2.5 58

2003 1 1.1 1 2.2 1 2.2 100

2004 - - - - 1 2.2 -

2007 4 4.3 1 2.2 3 7.5 25

2008 8 8.6 6 13 2 5 75

2009 3 3.2 2 4.3 16 40 66.7

2010 5 5.4 1 2.2 3 7.5 20

2011 8 8.6 2 4.3 7 17.5 25

2012 14 15.1 4 8.7 6 15 28.6

TOTAL 93 100 46 100 40 100 49.5

Accidents and fatalities rate at construction industries is still high in Nigeria

based on the recorded fatality rate of workers from 2002 to 2012 which is very far

behind compared to developed countries like Japan, France and the United States of

America USA with the rate of below 20 per 100,000 workers (NIOSH, 2010;

Kortum, 2011).

The regulations of occupational safety and health OSH in Nigeria has

received little attention, with little emphasize to strict adherence to safety in the

construction industry and very minimal impact made by the inspection officers

towards ensuring strict compliance. The accidents records above indicate an

alarming rate of injuries and fatalities on sites (Diugwu et al., 2012). Hence, there is

need to find a way of minimizing the rate of falls and injuries in Nigerian

construction industry. Thus, this research seeks to investigate the level of compliance

to occupational safety and health (OSH) in Nigerian construction industry.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What is the current level of compliance to safety regulations and policies in

high rise construction projects of Nigerian construction industry?

2. What are the factors that prevent compliance to safety practices in high rise

construction projects of Nigerian construction industry?

5

3. What is the appropriate ways to improve the compliance to safety practices

in high rise construction project of Nigerian construction industry?

1.5 Objectives of Research

The aim of this research is to investigate the level of compliance to safety in high

rise construction project with special focus on safety at construction process in

Nigeria. In achieving this aim three (3) objectives has been outlined;

1. To investigate the current level of compliance to safety regulations and

policies in high rise construction projects of Nigerian construction industry.

2. To investigate the factors that prevents the compliance to safety practices in

high rise project of Nigerian construction industry.

3. To recommend appropriate ways to improve the compliance to safety

practices in high rise construction of Nigerian construction industry.

1.6 Significance of Research

This research will be of great significance to the tradesmen that are highly expose to

hazard in carrying out their respective duties, as vast majority of tradesmen are

ignorant of the safety compliance level. This research will however, alert the relevant

authorities in ensuring occupational safety and health compliance in Nigerian

construction industry. Hence, minimize the rate of accidents as a result of lack of

compliance to occupational safety and health in the industry.

This research will also be of great significance to academia and practitioners in the

field of construction management by exploring inadequacies and inefficiencies in

occupational and health safety compliance in the Nigerian context. In addition,

exploring the potentials for more studies to be conducted towards formulating

comprehensive frameworks for ensuring safety compliance most especially in high

rise building construction.

6

1.7 Scope of Research

The research will focus on the safety compliance for high rise construction project at

construction stage, in the central district area of Abuja the capital city of Nigerian.

Abuja as the capital city of Nigeria has various construction development taking

place to achieve the target master plan of the great city The capital city will be

selected due to the high number of construction activities going on, which are

predominantly high-rise projects associated with both industrialized and

conventional concept of construction Iwuagwu (2011).

The research will concentrate on high rise construction project in Nigeria

from one to thirty story (1-30) building. The work is to consider Contractor, Site

Superintendent, Safety officer, Consultant, Managing Partners as respondent. It is

justified by Oladapo (2007).

7

1.8 Chapter Organization

The research will be sectioned into five (6) main chapters as summarised in the

organisation of chapters:

CHAPTER 4: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

& DISCUSSION

• Contain data analysis for qualitative using

thematic analysis.

CHAPTER 5: QUANTITATIVE

ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

Contain data analysis for quantitative

using SPSS statistic for social science

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

• Identify the background, significant

Objectives, problem statement & scope

of study

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

• Literature review of the level, factors and ways of

compliance to safety for high rise projects in

Nigerian construction industry

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

Qualitative and Quantitative

Figure 1 Organisation of Chapters

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion and recommendations

8

1.9 Chapters Organisation

The research is consists of five (6) main chapters. The chapters are as follows:

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter is basically a general overview of the research. This chapter introduces

the report outlining the problem statement, research objectives, research

limitation/scope, research importance and the brief research methodology. The

summary of each chapter also included in this chapter.

Chapter 2: literature review

The second chapter is about literature reviews. This chapter describes the essential

definitions as well as a brief history of high-rise buildings. This chapter also includes

the safety features for high rise building and the current facets of safety features in

Nigerian high-rise building project.

Chapter 3: Research Design and Methodology

Third chapter discusses on the type of research methodology and its procedures. The

technique of data collection and analysis is also explained in this chapter.

Professional interviews are conducted with the relevant people involved in high-rise

construction to obtain their opinions and feedback.

Chapter 4: Qualitative Analysis and Discussion

Chapter four discusses the current safety practice and analysis of results finding,

using interview from three different respondent.

Chapter 5: Data Analysis Quantitative and Discussion

Chapter fifth discusses about the suggested recommendations to enhance the level

safety for high-rise construction projects in Nigeria

Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation

Lastly, the six chapter highlights the result and the conclusions made from the

research and the recommendations for further studies.

9

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

According to Mohammad et al. (2012). Stated that construction industry is one of the

industries that provides important ingredients for the development of an economy.

Salleh (2009) defines construction industry as a subdivision of the economy that is

responsible for the planning, design, construction, maintenance and sometimes

demolition of buildings. The definition further states that it is basically service

industry, which obtains its inputs and outputs from the subdivisions of economy that

they are interrelated and inter-linked.

2.2 High-Rise Building

According to the Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat High rise are

buildings whose height creates different conditions in the design, construction, and

use than those that exist in common buildings of a certain region and period.” There

is no precise definition of high-rise building that is universally accepted.

Nevertheless, various bodies have tried to define what 'high-rise' means:

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 2000) defined a high-rise

building as a building taller than 75 feet (23 meters) in height measured from the

lowest level of fire department vehicle access to the floor of the highest occupyable

storey. Whilst, in another opinion says a high-rise structure is one that extends higher

than the maximum reach of available fire-fighting equipment and it is between 75

10

feet and 100 feet. A particular building is deemed a high-rise specified by the fire

and building codes in the area in which the building is located (Craighead, 2003).

In addition Patterson (1993) stated that a building is defined by the Uniform

Building Codes as a high- rise building when it has floors for human occupancy

which are more than 75 feet above the lowest level of fire department access. Second

definition as stated in under the Nigerian Uniform Building Codes of practice, high

rise is the building that meet the definition, to be equipped with an automatic fire

sprinkler system designed in accordance with requirements in Uniform Building

Codes Building codes vary in their definition of high-rise buildings, but the intent is

to define buildings in which fires cannot be fought successfully by ground-based

equipment and personnel.

Furthermore, High-rise buildings are not inherently dangerous structures, but

they do require additional systems and features that other buildings do not’

(Craighead 2003). It is common that when a building exceeds a certain size (high-

rise), the inspection must be made by the construction licensing and supervisory

authorities after corresponding plans have been submitted to them. This inspection

procedure not only encompasses aspects under the building code such as building

compliance with specified distance and the specified height and size of a building or

its type of use, but also the safety of the people (Mansor, 2012).

2.2.1 Demand for High-Rise Buildings

The first requirement for the construction of any types of building are planning and

construction safety. Planning is important for the construction of high rise building

to complete the work in time (Kerzner, 2013). The estimation of material and the

requirement of the material must be mention before the construction work. Before

the construction starts, how the works should go, what are the requisites and

steps to be followed, what kind of problems may arrive and how to tackle them;

are the important task one need to include in the planning and scheduling of

work from excavation, construction of foundation to finishing through erection

of frame and walls (Nayar, 2014) . The demand for purpose of high rise are based on

following listed below

11

Increasing demand for business and residential space

Economic growth

Technological advancements

Innovations in Structural Systems

Desire for aesthetics in urban settings

Concept of city skyline

Cultural significance and prestige

Human aspiration to build higher

2.3 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in Nigeria

The Nigerian construction industry lacks of statistical records on health and safety

performance of its construction industry (Idoro, 2011). This absence of reliable

information about the incidences of occupational accidents and diseases is generally

a major obstacle to curbing the appalling toll of work-related deaths and injuries.

(Okojie, 2010). Information is needed, particularly by those charged with the task of

remedying the appalling situation, in order to understand what preventive action is

necessary. This information must be sufficiently comprehensive and above all

accurate (ILO, 2002). For any preventive measure at any level to be evidence-based

and meaningful, the data required depend heavily on the reporting of occupational

diseases, dead and injuries which assists in measuring performance (Bowling, &

Ebrahim, 2005).

Investigating the problem of high accident and injury rates in the construction

industry and similar others such as lost time injury frequency rate are traditional

measures of health and safety performance and do actually report performance

(Idoro, 2007). Regular and accurate reports can assist in the provision of measures

that can reduce them. This situation is blamed on lack of concern from the

government, lack of accurate records, inadequate and old statutory regulations

governing the health and safety in the country (Idoro, 2004).

Furthermore, the new Factories Act Cap 126 of the Laws of the Federation of

Nigeria, 2004 is the legislation for the enforcement of H&S standards in Nigerian

workplaces. It stipulates minimum standards of H&S for Nigerian factories and

further provides for the enforcement of the Act by occupational H&S officers in the

12

Inspectorate Department of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity (Okojie,

2010). Sections 51, 52 and 53 of Part VI of the Factories Act make provision for

reporting of occupational diseases and accidents. This section 53 of the law is

entitled Notification of Industrial Disease and it states that ’he occupier of any

factory who believes, suspects or has reasonable ground for believing or suspecting,

that a case of occupational disease has occurred in the factory, shall forthwith send

written notice of such a case, in the prescribed form and accompanied by the

prescribed particulars, to the nearest inspector; and the provisions of this Act with

respect to the notification of accidents shall apply to any such case in like manner as

to any such accident as is mentioned in those provisions(Okojie, 2010).

According to 99 of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity (Okojie,

2010). Sections 51, 52 and 53 of Part VI of the Factories Act make provision for

reporting of occupational diseases and accidents. This section 53 of the law is

entitled Notification of Industrial Disease and it states that ’the occupier of any

factory who believes, suspects or has reasonable ground for believing or suspecting,

that a case of occupational disease has occurred in the factory, shall forthwith send

written notice of such a case, in the prescribed form and accompanied by the

prescribed particulars, to the nearest inspector; and the provisions of this Act with

respect to the notification of accidents shall apply to any such case in like manner as

to any such accident as is mentioned in those provisions (Okojie, 2010). Similarly,

to (Adeniyi, 2001). Also accord that Occupational safety and health deals with the

well-being, safety and comfort in the workplace.

2.3.1 Construction Accidents

Accident is defined by the Health and safety Executive (HSE, 2003) as any

unplanned event that results in injury or ill health of people, or damage or loss to

property, plant, materials or the environment or a loss of a business opportunity‘. In

the United Kingdom UK, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is responsible for

the enforcement of the Health and Safety at Work (HSW) Act and carrying out the

day-to-day work to enable the Health and Safety Commission (HSC) to carry out its

functions

13

The construction work site is usually a busy place with incredibly high

activities on going. The accident rates closely correlate to the level of activity within

the industry, indicating that when work load is high, safety tends to receive less

attention. The dangers faced by construction workers are alarming. The rate of death

of workers is higher in construction industry than any other industry. Moreover,

construction industry presents a high rate of death by injury. Although construction

represents only 6% of United of State of America US workers, it produces 20% of

the fatalities (El Safty et al., 2012). Job accidents impose on the construction

industry a tremendous burden of needless and avoidable expense. International

Construction Related Fatality Statistics.

The number of fatalities at work in the construction sector remains a matter

of serious concern for the Government, employers and employees alike (Safety and

Health Act, 1999). Statistics on fatalities generally places the construction sector as

the second highest industry, only surpassed by the agricultural sector. Among the

most common sources of fatalities in construction, falls from heights is the category

that accounts for the highest proportion of deaths.

The Health Safety and Environmental Act (2001), reports that the European

average fatality rate in construction was 13.3 per 100,000 workers in 1996. In

contrast with that figure, the Health and Safety Act HSA (1999), has reported a rate

of 8 fatalities for 100,000 workers for the Republic of Ireland in 1996. Although

under the European average of fatalities, Ireland still shows a higher incidence than

countries as France, the United Kingdom or Spain.

Brabazon et al. (2000) as cited in McDonald & Hrymak (2001), looked at the

rate of fatalities between 1993 and 1998. For the primary building trades, the rate

was 1 in 11,000 per year. This is below the occupational safety and health (OSH)

intolerable risk criterion of 1 in 1000 and occupational safety and health (OSH)

guideline of 1 in 10,000. However, scaffolding trades (1 in 5,400), roofing trades (1

in 3,800), steel erectors, bar bending and structural trades (1 in 3000) were above the

occupational safety and health (OSH) guideline. Since the Construction Design and

Maintenance Regulations were introduced in the United Kingdom UK in 1994,

overall fatality rate had decreased by 10%. However the downward trend in the

number of injuries on construction sites is now slowing.

Davies & Tomasin (1996) reported that 70-80% of all fatalities in the United

Kingdom UK each year are attributed to falls. Falls from one level to another, falls

14

on the same level and plant machinery and structures falling and striking, crushing or

burying people were accounted for that percentage. On the other hand, when

considering only the category “falls of people,” 52% out of the 681 construction-

related deaths between 1981 and 1985 were in this category.

2.4 Safety in Construction Industry

According to Kamar, et al. (2014) is the state of being “safe” (from French sauf), the

condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political,

emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences

of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be

considered non-desirable.

1. Safety can also be defined to be the control of recognized hazards to achieve

an acceptable level of risk. This can take the form of being protected from the

event or from exposure to something that causes health or economic losses

(Manuele, 2014). It can include protection of people or of possessions.

2. Safety is defined as the condition or feeling of being safe, security and

certainty. Prevention or reduction of adverse events or incidents involving

employees, patients, or facilities Espin, et al. (2015).

3. .Safety defined as the condition of being protected against any type of events

(accidents) which could be considered non-desirable by controlling hazards

to achieve an acceptable level of risk. Accident defined as some sudden and

unexpected event taking place without expectation that causes injury,

damages or death, (Mwombeki, 2005).

2.4.1 Hazard and Risk

Keng, (2004) stated that hazard and risk is the potential of a substance, activity or

process to cause harm. Hazards take many forms including, for example, chemicals,

electricity and working from a ladder. A hazard can be ranked relative to other

hazards or to a possible level of danger. A risk is the likelihood of a substance,

activity or process to cause harm. A risk can be reduced and the hazard controlled by

good management. It is very important to distinguish between a hazard and a risk as

15

the two terms are often confused and activities such as construction work are called

high risk when they are high hazard. Although the hazard will continue to be high,

the risks will be reduced as controls are implemented. The level of risk remaining

when controls have been adopted is known as the residual.

2.5 Current High Rise Construction Safety Practice in Nigerian Construction

Industry

Health and Safety is an inevitable aspect of construction because a worker will

perform his/her duties to the fullest only when he/she is sure that even when an

accident occurs he/she will be good taken care of. Okeola (2009) asserts that Health

and Safety in construction is all about preventing people from been killed or injured

at work or becoming ill through appropriate precaution and providing a satisfactory

working environment.

2.5.1 Health and Safety Regulations in Nigeria

According to Ezenwa (2011), on any construction site, appropriate Health and Safety

methods should be considered and used that will reduce or eliminate risk to death or

injury. In Nigeria, the first effort in regulating and controlling Health and Safety at

work was the Factories Act of 1958, but unfortunately there is lack of provisions for

the enforcement of Health and Safety standards in construction industry. This Act

was repealed in 1987 and replaced with the Factories Decree No. 16 and Workman’s

Compensation Decree No. 17. Both were signed into law on June12, 1987, but

became effective in 1990. The Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity is

responsible for the enforcement of the safety and welfare regulations in Nigeria.

2.5.2 Health and Safety Plan

Bamisile (2004) stipulated that the preparation of project Health and Safety

Management Plan, among others, must be carried out in the construction of

buildings. Dodo et al. (2011) assert that the Health and Safety Management Plan

aims at promoting and maintaining the highest degree of physical, mental and social

16

wellbeing of construction workers. The prevention amongst workers of departures

from health caused by their working conditions, the protection of workers in their

employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health, the placing and

maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his

physiological and psychological capabilities and, to summarize, the adaptation of

work to man and of each man to his job are all aims of the Health and Safety

Management Plan.

2.5.3 Most Frequent Accidents on Site

Table 2 below shows the ranking of the most frequent accidents that occur on site.

The three most frequent accidents that topped the rank in occurrence are: scaffolding

accidents, falls from ladder and stepping or kicking abandoned objects. The two least

frequent accidents are: accidents caused by fire or explosion and compressed gas

accidents.

Table 2: Frequency of accident occur in Nigerian construction site (Dodo at el. 2014)

No. Accident on Site Frequency Rank

1 Scaffolding accident 5 1

2 Lifting equipment failure 2 4

3 Welding accident 2 4

4 Trench collapse 2 4

5 Stepping of kicking abundant

objects

3 4

6 Crane accident 2 43

7 Forklift truck accident 2 4

8 Electric shock injury 2 4

9 Accident caused by fire or

exploration

1 15

10 Traffic accident 2 4

11 Compressed gas accident 1 16

12 Fall from ladders 4 2

13 Unsafe safety harnesses 2 4

14 Accident from faulty machinery 2 4

15 Power tool accident 2 4

16 Holes in flooring 2 4

17

2.5.4 Availability of Health and Safety Insurance

Workers suffer from poor health due to exposure to hazards on construction sites and

it is likely for a construction worker who goes on retirement will not be able to do

any further work for a living, especially if the work is physically tasking (Kaplun &

Wenzel 2012). Insurance cushions the worker against old age, invalidity and death.

However, not all construction workers contribute to an insurance scheme

under the Nigerian workers safety Law (1998). The Workmen Compensation Law

(1987) imposes employer liability and a mechanism for determining the extent of

liability. It does not set requirements for employer financing of potential liability.

This has resulted in many contracts where the construction businesses do not insure

the workers against accidents rate. In such instances, contractors try to compensate

the victims through negotiation with them and/or their relatives. Where such

negotiations fail, injured persons seek compensation under the Workmen’s

Compensation Law (1987) through its implementing institutional Labour

Department. However, in relation to Ghana construction industry, standard contracts

using the FIDIC conditions of contract expressly require the contractor to insure the

workers against accidents before commencing any work at site.

2.5.5 Payment of Health and Safety Insurance

Protecting the health and safety of employees is a major concern of construction

it creates effective and productive workforce for workers and helps to avoid costs

such as sick pay and overtime cover. If an employee is injured at work, or becomes

ill as a result of the work they do for you, insurance covers the cost of compensation

to a claimant and legal fees Australia, (2012).

The National Health Insurance Scheme recently adopted in Nigeria is to help

individuals to pay for medical bills in the event that they or their spouses or children

become ill. It serves as insurance against paying the full cost of consulting fees and

treatment Ewelukwa, et al. (2013). Irrespective of whether contract provisions

provide for the employees to be covered by the scheme or not, owner/managers were

of the view that every contractor ought to ensure that his or her employees were

18

members of the scheme, since this could help reduce the cost of treatment if a worker

were injured Pomeranz, (2015).

By law, based on United Kingdom policies on construction, insurance must

cover at least £5 million but, in practice, most policies offer at least £10 million.

Only very few businesses are not legally required to have Employers’ Liability

Insurance. The organizational policy should cover all conventional employees,

contract, casual and seasonal staff as well as temporary staff, including students or

others on work placements. When the organisation involves volunteers, advisers,

referees or marshals the insurer most be aware of all the supportive staffs within the

company and out.

2.5.6 Compliance to Health and Safety Plan/Manual

Compliance to Health and safety procedures most be implemented to control health

and safety risks on sites. Client/managers generally made an attempt at adopting

health and safety measures on sites to maintain a satisfactory safe and healthy

environment, although such measures could not guarantee the minimum standards in

the construction, Factories, Offices and Shops Act. It appears fear of loss of image

play a significant role in the implementation of safety plans (Davies, 2015).

It is essential that, workers must be register under the National Health

Insurance Scheme, which the government recently introduced in Africa. If a worker

is registered under the scheme, and is involved in a construction site accident then

the national insurance card is used in going for treatment and the cost is less than if

the person were not to be registered under the scheme.

Safety procedures such as provision of first aid, personal protective

equipment, latrines, accident reporting, accident cloakrooms, and most be

implemented to sites. However, at some other sites these health and safety

procedures were stringently adhered to for the benefit of workers to safety practice.

The Health and Safety Executive is responsible for enforcing the law on Employers’

19

2.6 Factors Affecting the Compliance to Safety in High Rise Projects for

Nigerian Construction Industry

The factors affecting the level of compliance to safety are identified by various

authors as follows:

2.6.1 Strict Enforcement

According to Nzuve & Lawrence (2012) low level of inspection and examination of

workplaces might determine the level of compliance with occupational safety and

health (OSH) regulations as evident in workplaces in Nairobi. The same can be said

of Nigeria, where lack of enforcement characterizes regulatory institutions (Idubor &

Osiamoje, 2013), most laws appear to fulfill all righteousness or are used for

political or victimization reasons, and the institutions alleged and proved to be

corrupt and arbitrarily exercise its powers (Onyeozili, 2005). Enforcement bodies

may determine the level of compliance with occupational safety and health (OSH)

regulations in workplaces. (Idubor & Oisamoje, (2013).

Lack of strict legislation enforcement competent professional’s i.e.

occupational safety and health (OSH) officers, Federal Ministry of Labour and

Productivity, trained safety officers all enable non-compliance with occupational

safety and health (OSH) regulations in Nigeria. (Idubor & Oisamoje, 2013).

However, although the quality of enforcement may be marginal, enforcement at

organizational level perhaps via safety officers should be made mandatory to

Nigerian construction contractors (Okeola, 2009), as it will improve occupational

safety and health (OSH) enforcement.

According to Takala, (2002) in the absence of proper enforcement of

occupational safety and health OSH regulations, organizations should adopt self-

regulatory style of enforcement, as optimum occupational safety and health OSH to

improve the images of the organizations, and enable the organizations to maximize

profit.

20

2.6.2 Weak National Occupational Safety and Health Standards

As define by the world health organization, occupational health deals with all aspects

of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention

of hazards to workers. Occupational health is a multidisciplinary field of healthcare

concerned with supporting an individual to carry out their work, which causes least

harm to their health.

Idubor & Oisamoje (2013) argue that the weak legal structure and absence of

law enforcement in Nigerian construction industry allow foreign companies to take

advantage of the ineffective statutory regulation. The same can be said of the

construction industry. That may also suggest that these foreign firms may not have

plans to comply fully with the safety regulations in Nigeria construction industry or

have an occupational health and safety (OSH) management system similar to those

obtained in their countries of origin, as they intend to reduce expenses and added

cost to construction outputs.

2.6.3 Lack of Adequate Information

Yassi et al. (2012) stated that providing all the necessary and adequate information is

very paramount in ensuing optimum occupational safety and health OSH at work

place. Provisions for adequate occupational safety and health OSH information is

pertinent, perhaps through information technology: mobile phone technological

means of reporting accidents and unsafe practices can be adopted in Nigerian

construction industry for easier record and up-to-date activities (Okojie, 2010).

Whilst, in Nigeria the Federal Ministry of Labour is directly responsible for

enforcing OSH legislation in construction industry, not enough information is shared

with the separate entities that make up the Ministry; hence, the inspectorate divisions

are not well equipped in order to plan on the necessary steps for better enforcement

practices. The multinational companies have ability to transfer OSH policies from

their countries of origin into Nigerian construction industry in order to improve their

OSH standing is an added advantage to their practice (Dibei, 2014). Therefore,

21

helping multinational companies’ such as Shell, Texaco inter alia to boost their

safety cultural stand both in Nigeria and on the international stage.

2.6.4 Bribery and Corruption

The World Bank has identified corruption as among the greatest obstacles to

economic and social development. Economists have said that countries with a higher

perception of corruption not only deters financial institutions from long term

investment but can actually result in capital outflows, creating a volatile economic

environment. Capital inflows, international trade and private and public enterprise

have helped contribute significantly to India’s growth since liberalisation.

The construction sector is estimated globally to be worth some US $3,200

billion per year and some US $250 billion is spent annually on infrastructure in the

developing world alone (Rodriguez, Waite & Wolfe, 2005). However, worldwide,

the construction sector is known for its overtone with corruption (Zarkada-Fraser &

Skitmore, 2000; DFID, 2002). Corruption in the construction industry covers new

build contracts, refurbishment contracts, as well as maintenance contracts.

Corruption in the sector includes all forms and can be found at all levels from high

ranking officials diverting funds and international companies offering bribes for

contracts down to the petty local operators who falsify meter readings or seek bribes

for water connections. Transparency International's Global Corruption Report

(Rodriguez, Waite & Wolfe, 2005) highlights the devastating impact of corruption in

construction (such as wasted tender expenses, tendering uncertainty, increased

project costs, economic damage, blackmail, criminal prosecutions, fines,

blacklisting, brand damage and reputational risk).

Onyeozili (2005) states that Nigeria’s regulatory institutions and the police

force are perceived and have been proved to be corrupt; ‘God-fatherism’ determines

the decisions of the inspectors. This is reinforced by Transparency International

(2012) ranking Nigeria 139 out of 176 in terms of corruption perception index. In

support, Idubor & Osiamoje (2013) assert that bribery and corruption are the biggest

hindrances to proper compliance with occupational safety and health (OSH)

regulations in Nigeria; citing an instance where companies would not comply with

22

the standard regulations and still get an ‘okay’ from the inspectors during inspection

as a result of being bribed.

The challenges of corruption in the construction sector are significant:

corrupt practices, such as bribery, embezzlement, kickbacks and fraud, can occur at

every phase of a construction project. In recent years there has been a growing

commitment to the anti-corruption agenda in the construction sector.

2.6.5 Management Commitment

The absence of safety consciousness in major construction organizations in Nigeria

is common and must be deemed as bad examples. Adenuga et al. (2007) further

show that some construction companies do not attach importance to workers' safety.

Similarly, Smallwood (2002) agrees that top management should value safety not

withstanding that lack of value for safety may be as a result of the perception that

safety is only cost related as argued by Hinze (1997) in Smallwood (2002). Should

that be the case, it therefore indicates that the construction industries are not

concerned with the safety of their employees as their watchword; instead, it suggests

the absence of management commitment to occupational safety and health (OSH) in

the Nigerian construction industry.

The Management must consciously and intelligently develop and implement

health and safety policies.In addition, management should monitor and evaluate the

performance of these health and safety policies and make amendments where

necessary.

1. It is the management’s responsibility to educate employees on health and

safety hazards and to watch out for conditions that pose a danger for

employees’ health so that they can be eliminated or reduced.

2. The management must communicate in a clear terms what constitute safe

working conditions and practices to employees and ensure that they follow

laid down rules and regulations

23

2.6.6 Weak Legal Structures

Idubor & Osiamoje (2013) uphold that the legal structure in Nigeria is weak in terms

of interpreting and applying the governing laws. In the Nigerian construction

industry where different regulations are in use, there is no uniformity in

interpretation of regulations, while Idoro (2008) argues that implementation of the

regulations are left to personal discretion. With regard to the penalty for non-

compliance with OSH regulations, Windapo & Oladapo (2012) found that non-

severe penalties for non- compliance with OSH regulations determine compliance to

safety practice.

Furthermore, Okojie (2010) argues that insignificant penalties stipulated by

the OSH laws do not guarantee compliance in any way. Suggesting that penalties

should serve as indirect instruments for enforcement of OSH regulations; that way, it

can serve as deterrent to offenders. At present, the penalties imposed are so

insignificant that they do not deterrent offenders even when enforced. This opines

that the penalties stipulated by the Factories Act in Nigeria might incapacitate the

laws and make a mockery of the legal system, thereby hindering enforcement to

safety in construction.

2.6.7 Beliefs

According to Kalejaiye (2013) stated that accidents were destined and inevitable in

construction, but this was no longer acceptable after the occupational health and

safety laws in England in 1833, was enactment. Furthermore, Idubor & Osiamoje

(2013) identify religious beliefs to determine compliance with occupational safety

and health (OSH) regulations; they discourse that some employers resort to fetish

rituals to stop accidents instead of taking adequate safety precautions during

construction process Idubor & Osiamoje (2013) also suggest that some people

believe that accidents are acts of God i.e. accidents occur because God allows them

to happened.

This is further emphasized by Sadeq & Ahmad (1996) cited in Smallwood

(2002) who note that the Islamic ‘Tawhidic’ principles of justice & equality, dignity

of labour and removal of hardship do not support intervention decisions based on

24

cost benefits. As a result of the above arguments, contractors may do little or nothing

to prevent these accidents; they may not take safety guidelines seriously. These

therefore suggest that beliefs, be it religious or superstitious often filters into work

environments resulting to lack of compliance with occupational safety and health at

workplace safety regulations in the construction industry of Nigeria and Africa in

general.

2.6.8 Lack of Funding

According to Nzuve & Lawrence (2012); Idubor & Oisamoje, (2013); Umeokafor at

el. (2014) contend that capital is required to provide adequate facilities in order to

avoid cutting corners. In that lack of facilities such as clamps, safety belts may mean

that desperate workforce will risk lives instead of going hungry, hence will not

comply with occupational safety and health (OSH) regulations. This explains why

Diugwu et al. (2012) argue that lack of resources can hinder occupation safety and

health (OSH) management efforts. On the other hand, most enforcement

bodies/institutions in the developing world lack the basic tools and amenities, which

need funds to promote occupational safety and health (OSH) regulations, educate the

society, enforce the regulations, and disseminate information

2.6.9 Lack of Awareness and Improper Medium for Information

Dissemination

The argument that lack of knowledge and understanding of occupational safety and

health (OSH) regulations determine the level of compliance within construction

regulations is made by Windapo & Oladapo (2012), in that there is lack of awareness

in most developing countries (e.g., Nigeria) for occupational safety and health (OSH)

regulations and practice, is an issue that is also echoed by Idubor & Osiamoje

(2013). Therefore, Diugwu et al. (2012) contend that lack of knowledge for details

and implications hinder occupational safety and health (OSH) practice, that lack of

adequate Information and statistics hinder the compliance to safety and health in

Nigerian construction industry

85

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