Safe Work Practices For HOUSE CONSTRUCTION€¦ · Safe work practices for house construction ......

WORKERS’COMPENSATIONBOARD OF BRITISH

COLUMBIA

Safe Work Practices ForHOUSE

CONSTRUCTION

™

SAFE WORKPRACTICESFOR HOUSE

CONSTRUCTION

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication DataMain entry under title:Safe work practices for house construction

“WorkSafe.”ISBN 0-7726-3463-7

1. House construction – British Columbia – Safetymeasures. 2. Building – British Columbia – Safetymeasures. I. Workers’ Compensation Board ofBritish Columbia.

TH443.S23 1998 363.11'969 C98-960025-4

© 1998 Workers’ Compensation Board of British Columbia. All rightsreserved. The Workers’ Compensation Board of B.C. encourages the copying,reproduction, and distribution of this document to promote health and safetyin the workplace, provided that the Workers’ Compensation Board of B.C. isacknowledged. However, no part of this publication may be copied,reproduced, or distributed for profit or other commercial enterprise or may beincorporated into any other publication without written permission of theWorkers’ Compensation Board of B.C.

iii

About the WCB

The Workers’ Compensation Board (WCB) of B.C. is responsible forpromoting safety and health in the workplace. To this end, the WCBregulates minimum workplace standards for running a safe and healthyoperation.

The first priority of the WCB is to prevent on-the-job injury and disease.WCB officers investigate serious workplace accidents and consult withcontractors, supervisors, and workers to help them comply with theOccupational Health and Safety Regulation.

If a worker suffers a work-related injury or illness, the WCB provides faircompensation that may include medical costs, loss of earnings, physicalrehabilitation, and pensions. If a worker is killed on the job, counsellingand financial help are made available to the victim’s family. For moreinformation on requirements or eligibility for WCB coverage, contact theWCB office nearest you.

The WCB also assigns officers to inspect worksites in B.C. to make surethese worksites comply with WCB requirements. Without advancenotice, officers may inspect a worksite to identify hazards and unsafework practices that could cause accidents or disease. When the regulationis violated, officers write orders — legal instructions for correctingviolations of the regulation.

Building houses can be hazardous. But if employers, supervisors,contractors, workers, and the WCB work together, the number of injuriescan be reduced.

WCB Prevention Information Line

Concerned about health and safety at work? The WCB PreventionInformation Line can answer your questions on workplace health andsafety requirements, worker and employer responsibilities, safetyinformation, and reporting a workplace accident or incident. ThePrevention Information Line accepts anonymous calls.

Phone 604 276-3100 in the Lower Mainland or toll free

1 888 621-SAFE (7233).

To report after-hours and weekend accidents and emergencies, call604 273-7711.

v

Introduction

This manual was developed for house builders, framers, scaffold users,various trades, and home owners. It provides general information on thesafety requirements for the various phases of house construction.

This manual does not replace the WCB’s Occupational Health and SafetyRegulation. It is a tool to help workers and employers in the house-building industry understand how to develop, maintain, and enforce safework practices and procedures in compliance with the regulation.

The information in this manual is organized to loosely follow the stepsin building a house. Not all aspects of house building are covered; rather,the manual focuses on key areas where the risk of injury can be reduced.

Besides this manual, the WCB provides other publications that may be ofinterest to house builders:◆ Roofing: Safe Work Practices◆ Excavation: Safe Work Practices◆ Introduction to Personal Fall Protection Equipment◆ Chainsaw Safety◆ Sound Advice: A Guide to Hearing Conservation Programs◆ Working Safely on and around Electricity◆ Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos◆ WHMIS at Work◆ How to Implement an Effective Health and Safety Program

vii

Contents

Pre-construction Considerations 1Planning and scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Housekeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Basic checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Asbestos removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Electrical power lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Overhead high-voltage electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Overhead low-voltage electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Underground electrical hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Construction 15Basic personal protective equipment and clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Foot protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Head protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Hearing protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Trenches and excavations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Sloping and shoring requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Additional excavation requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Formwork and pouring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Formwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Concrete pouring and pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

General framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Guardrails and floor openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Floor and roof openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Lifting walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Fall protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Selecting fall protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Planning for fall protection on your project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Fall protection plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Trusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Instruction for truss installers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Truss erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Roof work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Roof jacks and toe-holds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Guardrails for scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Wood scaffold erection guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Design and erection requirements for job-constructed wood scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Scaffold planks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Other types of scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Ladder-jack scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Trestle scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Shore and lean-to scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Rolling scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Equipment Safety 67Ladders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Requirements for safe ladder use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Job-built ladders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Stepladders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Electrical power tools and cords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Compressed air for cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Pneumatic nailing and stapling equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Chain saws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Kickback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Construction site hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Propane safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Propane space heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80General propane safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Other Considerations 83Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Labelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Worker education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Registering with the WCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Contractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Employers from out of B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Home owners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Complying with the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Inspecting the workplace for compliance with the regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90When an immediate danger exists on a worksite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Penalties for non-compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91For more information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Principal contractors (or home owners who are overseeing building or renovations) . 93Employers/Contractors/Subcontractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Supervisors/Foremen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Worker’s right to refuse unsafe work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Compensation claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Wage-loss compensation coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

First aid requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Tables to determine first aid requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Pre-constructionConsiderations

Pre-Construction Considerations 3

Planning and scheduling

It makes good business sense to prevent losses (including financial, time,equipment, materials, and human suffering) caused by accidents. Toaccomplish this, carefully plan and schedule all work activities beforeconstruction begins.

Accidents may have many causes, including:◆ Lack of planning and scheduling◆ Poor communication◆ Lack of or ineffective supervision◆ Absence of safety rules and safe work procedures◆ Lack of enforcement of safety rules and safe work procedures◆ Inadequate or ineffective worker training

A good plan is more than just a piece of paper.

4 Pre-Construction Considerations

Housekeeping

Good housekeeping is key in maintaining a safe, productive buildingproject. It’s important to maintain good housekeeping throughout allphases of construction.

◆ Floors, platforms, stairs, and walkways must be maintained in goodrepair and kept free of slipping and tripping hazards.

◆ Waste materials and spills must not be allowed to accumulate inworking areas. An ongoing program of waste disposal must be main-tained.

◆ Work areas must be well lit.◆ Material or equipment must be placed, stacked, or stored so it will not

cause injury to workers.

Poor housekeeping can be a source of injury.

Basic checklist

Most house construction projects require a Construction Notice ofProject (NOPC) to be sent to the WCB. To order the appropriate formscall the WCB at 604 276-3100 in the Lower Mainland or 1 800 621-7233toll free within B.C.

Has the required first aid been arranged?❐ Supplies❐ Equipment❐ Attendant

Is the current regulation on site?❐ Occupational Health and Safety Regulation

Have the following underground services been located and identified?❐ Water❐ Gas❐ Power lines❐ Telephone lines❐ Other

If demolition or land clearing is needed:❐ Have the following services been disconnected at the property line?

● Electrical, Water, Gas

❐ Has it been determined if material containing asbestos is present at thedemolition site?● If so, have steps and precautions for its safe removal been arranged?

❐ Are qualified people overseeing the removal of trees?● Are non-essential workers clear of the area?

❐ Have the subtrades been informed of the location and dangers ofunderground services?

For overhead high-voltage power lines:❐ Have they been identified?❐ Has the voltage been determined?❐ Is guarding of lines required?Contact your local electrical authority for this information.

❐ Is a form 30M33 required?❐ Can deliveries with cranes and pumper trucks be made safely outside

the limits of approach to any high-voltage lines or transformers?

For excavations greater than 1.2 m (4 ft.) deep:❐ Are the sides sloped to a safe angle? (3 horizontal to 4 vertical)❐ Is the excavation shored according to WCB requirements?❐ Is there documentation available on site from a registered professional

engineer stating it is safe for workers to enter the excavation?

If there are suspended slabs and stairs, or foundation walls higherthan 3.6 m (12 ft.):❐ Are there formwork drawings available?

Fall protection requirements:❐ Are there areas that will require guardrails? If so, where?

____________________________________________________________

❐ Are there areas greater than 3 m (10 ft.) above grade where workers willrequire fall restraint? If so, where?____________________________________________________________

❐ Are there areas greater than 3 m (10 ft.) above grade where workers willrequire fall arrest? If so, where?____________________________________________________________

❐ Is a fall protection plan required? If so, what equipment is required?_____________________________________________________________

❐ Have workers been trained in all aspects of the fall protection plan?❐ Are there stairs requiring handrails?❐ Are there roof or floor openings that need to be covered or guarded?

Are written safe work procedures in place for:❐ Emergency evacuation❐ Fall protection❐ Lockout (if required)❐ Other

_________________________________________________________

Orientation of all subcontractors and their workers:❐ Is there an orientation plan developed for this site?


Asbestos removal

Most workers who have died from overexposure to asbestos fibres havebeen in the construction trades.

Until 1978, there were over 3,000 products containing asbestos used inhouse construction. When renovating or demolishing older homes, thereis a high probability of encountering asbestos-containing materials.Asbestos-containing materials that were once commonly used inresidential construction are shown in the following illustration.

Exposure to asbestos fibres may result in asbestosis, lung cancer, ormesothelioma (cancer affecting the lining of the chest or abdominalcavity).

The employer or contractor is responsible for determining if materialscontaining asbestos are present at the job site before work begins. If thesematerials are found, they must be removed and disposed of by trainedand qualified workers before renovation or demolition work begins.

If, during work activities, materials are found to contain asbestos — stopwork immediately! Have trained, qualified workers remove this materialbefore resuming work.

For further information, refer to the WCB booklet Safe Work Practices forHandling Asbestos.

8P

re-Construction C

onsiderations

C1

A2 A3

F4

E5

G4C2

E3

I3 F1A4

F2

F3

E5 I2

I4

G2

A1

H2G5

G1

E4

G2

B1D1

H4A2

G3

H1

H3

E1E3

I1

E3

E2

E4

Possible sources of asbestos

Pre-C

onstruction Considerations

9

AExterior surfaces1. Deck undersheeting2. Cement asbestos board siding &

undersheeting3. Roof felt & shingles4. Window putty

BAppliances1. Refrigerators, freezers, portable dish-

washers, toasters, slow-cookers, ovens,hair dryers (not shown) & portableheaters (not shown)

CInsulation1. Loose blown-in full insulation2. Batt insulation

DFlooring1. Vinyl asbestos sheets

EHeaters & piping1. Heat source covering2. Air duct lining3. Door & cover gaskets4. Pipe lagging5. Wall gaskets & lining

FInterior surfaces1. Sprayed-on acoustical ceilings2. Acoustical tiles3. Textured paint4. Heat reflectors (woodstoves)

GElectrical equipment1. Lamp sockets2. Outlet & switchboxes3. Insulation on knob & tube wiring4. Recessed lighting5. Main panel & fuse boxes

HBuilt-in equipment1. Water heaters2. Range hoods3. Clothes dryers4. Dishwashers

IMiscellaneous1. Cat box aggregate (sand or clay)2. Fireplace logs3. Asbestos hot pads4. Asbestos gloves


Electrical power lines

Every year in B.C., some 100 injuries from electrical contacts result inwage-loss claims (including deaths) to the workers’ compensationsystem.

Overhead high-voltage electricity

Builders must identify the location and voltage of all overhead electricalconductors at a worksite. Remember to count transformers as conduc-tors.

◆ During land clearing there may be a danger of trees being felled orpushed into overhead power lines.

When any work activity takes place near energized overhead high-voltage lines, the following procedures must be followed:◆ Determine what activities may take place in proximity to overhead

high-voltage lines.◆ Determine the voltage of the overhead lines through the authority

controlling the system, for example, B.C. Hydro.◆ Ensure that the following minimum clearance can be maintained at all

times:

Minimum Distances

Voltage Minimum Distance

(Phase to Phase) (Metres) (Feet)

751 V to 75 kV 3 10

Over 75 kV to 250 kV 4.5 15

Over 250 kV to 550 kV 6 20


◆ Do not use a tape measure or stick to physically measure the distancefrom an energized power line. Estimate the distance from the groundand, if in doubt, provide for more clearance.

If the minimum distance from the electrical conductor cannot bemaintained, and movement by a worker or equipment may result inentering these minimum distances:◆ STOP work immediately.◆ Call the power authority controlling the electrical system and arrange

for a worksite meeting to decide whether the energized electricalconductors can be:● De-energized● Effectively guarded● Displaced or rerouted

◆ Get assurance in writing (form 30M33) from the power authorityindicating which of the three actions they will take and when it will bedone. A form 30M33 is available from the local electrical utility, or anyWCB office (see page 99 for a listing of WCB offices).

◆ Keep written assurances on the worksite and inform all workers whowill be directly affected by the power authority actions.● Designate a qualified safety-watcher who can monitor equipment

and material movement and give an instant STOP signal to theequipment operator when the equipment or load is too close to theelectrical conductor.

● Make sure equipment, work tools, or loads do NOT contact theelectrical guarding.

In the event of contact, equipment operators and workers on the sitemust be aware of the possible energized ground around the machine anduse extreme caution. Once part of a machine makes contact with a livepower line, anything in contact with the machine will be energized forsome distance around the machine, especially the ground around it. Thepoint or points where the electrical flow reaches the ground will have thehighest voltage, which drops off gradually as you move further away.This entire area of energized ground is the danger zone. Caution: wetground will make the danger zone much larger and safe escape may bemore difficult.


◆ If you are on the machine when it makes contact and you are not indanger, stay on the machine. If you are in danger, then leave by keep-ing your feet together and making a short jump from the machine.The goal is to ensure that your entire body clears the machine and thatyou land on your feet without stumbling. If possible, stand still with-out touching the machine and keep your feet together until someoneturns off the power.

◆ If you are near the machine and possibly within the danger zone, do notmove. Stay where you are until someone turns off the power.

◆ If you must move away from the area, hop or shuffle away withoutmoving your feet more than a couple of inches at a time. Keep yourfeet together to ensure that you do not straddle two zones with differ-ent voltages that would allow the electrical flow to take a new path(your body). Once you are well out of the danger zone, warn others tostay out of the danger zone or leave someone to guard the area, andthen contact the power authority to shut off the power.

Overhead low-voltage electricity

Many workers are injured from contacting energized low-voltage wires(750 volts or less). Generally, workers suffer burns and physical injuriesfrom shock. Employers must develop safe work procedures for workingnear low-voltage wires. There is no established minimum distance forworking around low-voltage electricity.


Underground electrical hazards

◆ Driving ground rods or anyother long metal objects intothe ground can be especiallydangerous around buried lines.Always check the cable locationwith your local power author-ity before starting.

◆ Fence post holes may be deepenough to reach undergroundpower lines. Make sure youknow the location of anyunderground cables beforedigging your holes.

◆ Pay attention to “Danger –High Voltage” signs. Theymean that high-voltage equip-ment is enclosed inside andthat everyone must keep clear.

◆ Before trenching, find out ifthere are any buried cables inthe area and precisely wherethey are located.

For more information on electricalsafety, see the WCB bookletWorking Safely on and aroundElectricity.

Construction

Construction 17

Use safety footwear with a CSA green triangle.

Basic personal protective equipmentand clothingAll workers must equip themselves with suitable clothing, shirts, andlong pants for protection against both the weather and workplacehazards such as slivers and cuts. Unless otherwise agreed upon, workersare also responsible for providing their own work gloves, safety headgear,and safety footwear. However, if a product requires specified gloves toprotect the user, the employer must provide those gloves.

Employers are responsible for providing and enforcing the use ofpersonal protective clothing and equipment. This includes fall, respira-tory, eye, and hearing protection and any other specialized protectiveequipment required by the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation.Employers need to make sure that the appropriate personal protectiveequipment is identified for various phases of construction and is beingused by workers.

Where there is a danger of making contact with moving parts of machin-ery, equipment, or tools:◆ Avoid loose fitting or frayed clothing, which may get caught◆ Remove accessories such as rings, dangling neckwear, loose-fitting

bracelets, and watch bands◆ Confine long hair◆ Wear a T-shirt and long pants

Foot protection

Footwear must protect theankle, sole, and toes. Safetyfootwear with a CSA greentriangle symbol meets theserequirements.

It is the worker’s responsibilityto keep personal safety footwearin good repair.

18 Construction

Head protection

When entering a construction site, workers must wear CSA-approvedhard hats.

When using a hard hat:◆ Keep it clean◆ Inspect it regularly◆ Change the suspension harness

at least every five years◆ Don’t use solvents to clean it◆ Don’t drill holes into it unless

approved by the manufacturer◆ Don’t paint it◆ Don’t use it if it has a crack or a

deep gouge◆ Don’t throw it around or use it

as a hammer

Hearing protection

Residential construction workersare often exposed to on-the-jobnoise that can permanentlydamage hearing.

It’s important that workers wearhearing protection when exposedto noise from loud equipmentsuch as air nailers, chop saws,chain saws, circular saws, routers,screw guns, drills, and powerplaners.

Inspect your hard hat regularly.

There are many options for hearingprotection on a construction site.

Construction 19

Employers are responsible for providing the required hearing protection.To monitor the effectiveness of hearing protection, construction workersmust have their hearing tested every year.

Where communications with co-workers may be critical, hearingprotectors that do not block out too much noise should be worn, forexample, custom-moulded earplugs with vents, earplugs with a connect-ing cord, Class B earplugs or earmuffs, and electronic earmuffs orearplugs.

For more information on hearing testing, hearing-protection equipment,and hearing-conservation programs, the following publications areavailable from the WCB:◆ Testing Your Hearing: How and Why◆ Hear for Good: Information on Hearing Protection◆ Sound Advice: A Guide to Hearing Conservation Programs

20 Construction

Trenches and excavations

An “excavation” means any cut, cavity, trench, or depression in theearth’s surface resulting from rock or soil removal. It is generally appliedto a cavity of any length over 1.2 m (4 ft.) deep and over 3.7 m (12 ft.)wide at the bottom.

A “trench” is any excavation less than 3.7 m (12 ft.) wide at the bottom,over 1.2 m (4 ft.) deep, and of any length.

General requirements

◆ Before beginning to excavate, locate and identify all utility services,such as electrical, gas, steam, water, and sewer in the area. Any dangerto workers from these utility services must be eliminated or controlled.

◆ Pointed tools cannot be used to probe for underground gas andelectrical services.

◆ Shovels are the best tools for probing. Mechanical equipment is onlyto be used to remove asphalt or concrete surfaces.

◆ Trees, utility poles, rocks, or similar objects near the edge of an excava-tion must be removed or secured to prevent workers from being in-jured.

◆ Excavation work must be carried out in accordance with the writteninstructions of a professional engineer or professional geoscientist,when:● The excavation is more than 6 m (20 ft.) deep● Support structures other than those specified in the regulation are

used in the excavation● An improvement or structure is adjacent to the excavation that

could endanger workers● The excavation is subject to vibration or hydrostatic (water)

pressure◆ A professional engineer’s plan to support or slope the sides of the

excavation and written instructions must include information on thesubsurface conditions expected to be encountered. A copy of the planand any written instruction signed and sealed by the engineer must beavailable at the site.

Construction 21

Sloping and shoring requirements

◆ No worker may enter an excavation over 1.2 m (4 ft.) in depth unless:● The sides of the excavation are sloped to a safe angle no steeper

than three horizontal to four vertical● The sides have been supported by use of sheet piling or shoring

and bracing● A combination of both sloping and shoring is used● The sides of the excavation have been sloped or supported in

accordance with the written instruction of a professional engineer

This is an example of combined sloping and shoring.

Unshored trench and excavation walls must be sloped flatter than the angle of repose,but in no case steeper than 3 horizontal to 4 vertical unless otherwise specified inwriting by a professional engineer.

3

4

3

4

➔

➔

h

➔

➔

H

➔ ➔

450 mm(18 in.)minimum

Shoringmust besized fordepth ‘H’

4

3

4

3

22 Construction

Additional excavation requirements

◆ Excavation slopes and/or supporting systems must be inspected dailyfor erosion or deterioration.

◆ Excavated material must be kept back at least 600 mm (2 ft.) from theedge of any trench excavation and 1.2 m (4 ft.) from any other excava-tion.

◆ When necessary, excavations must be covered, or substantial guard-rails or barriers must be erected around excavations to prevent workersor other persons from falling into them.

This is an example of end shoring for hard and solid soils. Uprights for end shoring arenot shown for clarity.

450 mm(18 in.) max

Engineering required wheretrench width exceeds 1.8 m (6 ft.),measured centre-to-centre between walers

➔

➔

End waler

➔

1.8 m (6'-0") ➔

➔

Construction 23

◆ A ladder must be providedwhen workers are required toenter excavations over 1.2 m(4 ft.) in depth. The laddermust extend from the bottomof the excavation to at least1 m (3 ft.) above ground leveland be placed so that it isprotected by the shoring.

For more information, see theWCB booklet Excavation: SafeWork Practices.

An example of ladder use in anexcavation over 1.2 m (4 ft.) deep.

1 m (3 ft.)minimum

An example of typical hoarding.

➔

➔

600 mm(2 ft.)

maximum

Keep excavated material back from edgeof trench (minimum 600 mm or 2 ft.).

600 mm(2 ft.)

maximum

300 mm (1 ft.)minimum

↔

↔

➔

↔↔

24 Construction

This type of light-duty formwork bracketcan be constructed using either single ordouble waler systems.

Formwork and pouring

Formwork

◆ After the wall forms have beeninstalled, ladders and workplatforms must be used toprovide safe access to andaround the formwork.

◆ Stripping of the formworkshould be done in an organizedway that eliminates hazardssuch as tripping and nail punc-tures. For example, nails needto be removed or bent as thestripping takes place.

◆ Formwork bracket scaffoldsmay be used on wall forms forlight-duty work. Cover rebar dowels effectively to prevent

empalement in the event of a fall.

Concrete pouring andpumping

◆ Exposed skin that contacts wetconcrete can become ex-tremely irritated. In somecases, these irritations areserious enough to result inmedical and time-loss injuries.

16 mm(5⁄8 in.)plywood gussets(both sides) Waler

Stud ➔

Tie➔

2" x 4"➔➔

➔

➔

Construction 25

◆ Unless working on the ground,pouring and pumping ofconcrete into wall forms mustbe done from platforms thatare a minimum of 510 mm(20 in.) wide.

◆ All workers are required to wearhard hats when a pumper orcrane is operating on site.

Single-pole wood scaffold for pouring or pumping concrete.Note: Guardrails may not be required on scaffold if less than 3 m (10 ft.) above grade.

Workers must not walk on top of theformwork.

26 Construction

◆ Wall-mounted brackets andwork platforms allow workersto work without walking on thetop plate.

General framing

An example of a job-built work platform.

◆ A key safety step to rememberwhen framing is that workersmust not walk on interior orexterior walls over 3 m (10 ft.)high.

Wall-mounted brackets can be mountedinside or outside of the wall.

Workers must not walk on top plates ofwalls.

Construction 27

Guardrails are required when the workplatform is over 3 m (10 ft.).

Guardrails and flooropenings

The pressure to do constructionwork as quickly as possible oftenresults in guardrails not beingerected, openings in floors notbeing covered, or safe access towork platforms not being pro-vided.

◆ Stairways complete with hand-rails must be installed beforebeginning work on the nextfloor level. Stairway landings,ramps, and walkways that are1.2 m (4 ft.) or more abovegrade must have guardrails. Temporary stairway with handrails.

◆ Workers must be preventedfrom falling when working 3 m(10 ft.) or more above grade.Standard guardrails or fallprotection equipment must beused for this purpose.

28 Construction

Floor and roof openings

Example of markings on a plywood cover.

Floor and roof openings throughwhich a worker could fall, must besecurely covered or have standardguardrails erected around them.

◆ Make sure covers for flooropenings are nailed or other-wise secured and well marked.

✘

✘

Construction 29

Lifting walls

When lifting walls, consider the following:◆ Have an adequate number of workers or wall jacks.◆ Install kickers to prevent the bottom of the wall from slipping off the

subfloor.◆ Do not lift walls in excessively windy conditions.◆ Make sure fall protection is provided to workers near the edge.◆ Install temporary braces as soon as possible.

Install kickers to prevent the bottom of the wall from slipping off the subfloor. Also,rails can be nailed prior to lifting to deter walking on top plates and provide fallprotection to workers on the next level.

Kickers

➔

➔

➔

30 Construction

This is an example of a fall arrest system.

Fall protection

Falls from ladders, roofs, and scaffolding are a common cause of injury inthe residential home building industry. Providing fall protection for allcircumstances in the building of a house can be difficult but employersmust take all reasonable steps to ensure that their workers are protected.

Pre-planning for fall protection is essential for all contractors and sub-contractors. This includes, principal contractors, forming and framingcontractors, siding and stucco contractors, masonry contractors, and anyother employers who have workers that may be exposed to a fall duringthe course of the work.

The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation defines the followingsystems describing the methods for providing fall protection:

Fall protection system means any of the following when used to protect aworker from a fall or used to minimize the risk from falling:

◆ Guardrails◆ Safety belts or full body har-

nesses with a lanyard and/orlifeline and an anchor, and theirrelated equipment

◆ Safety nets◆ Control zones◆ Other procedures acceptable to

the WCB

Fall restraint system means asystem to prevent a worker fromtravelling to an edge from whichthe worker could fall — for exam-ple, guardrails or a personal fallprotection system.

Fall arrest system means a systemthat will stop a worker’s fall beforethe worker hits the surface below.

Construction 31

Personal fall protection systemmeans an individual worker’s fallprotection system used to securethe worker to an individualanchor or to a horizontal lifelinesystem. The main componentsinclude:◆ A belt or full body harness◆ Connecting equipment (that is,

a lanyard, lifeline, carabiner,sliding rope grab, shock ab-sorber)

◆ An anchor or horizontal life-line system

Note: An anchor for fall arrestmust be able to support 22 kN(5,000 lb.) while an anchor for fallrestraint must be able to support3.5 kN (800 lb.).

Carabiner

Sliding rope grab

Lanyard

This is an example of a fall restraintsystem where worker cannot fall offedge.

Shock-absorbing lanyard

32 Construction

Selecting fall protection

When determining which system is most practicable you must alwaysfollow the hierarchy as set out in section 11.2 of the Occupational Healthand Safety Regulation.

1. Are guardrails practicable? Must be able to withstand 550 N (125 lb.)laterally.

2. Can another fall restraint system be used?That is, a harness or belt attached to an anchor at one end and a worker atthe other end in a way that will not allow the worker to fall; anchor must beable to withstand 3.5 kN (800 lb.).

3. Can a fall arrest system be used?That is, a harness attached to an anchor that is able to withstand 22 kN(5,000 lb.).

4. Can a control zone be used?That is, for a surface with less than 4:12 (vertical:horizontal) slope, a controlzone of not less than 2 m (6.5 ft.) wide and marked with a raised warning linecan be used when there is a written fall protection plan on site prior to workbeing performed.

5. If none of the above systems can be used, other written proceduresacceptable to the WCB can be used.

A written fall protection plan may also be required, see section 11.3 of theOccupational Health and Safety Regulation. A sample blank form for a fallprotection plan has been provided on page 35.

Planning for fall protection on your project

When planning for fall protection, consider the following:◆ Workers who will be installing the guardrails and anchor systems must

have fall protection.◆ Training and supervision must take into account the experience of the

workers required to work at heights.◆ Safe access must be provided to work areas.

Note: Ladders (inspected prior to use) may be used for access and egressonly if they can be secured at a safe slope of a maximum 4:1(vertical:horizontal) slope and be extended 1 m (3 ft.) above the landing.

Construction 33

◆ Scaffolding must be built and erected according to acceptablestandards.

◆ All balconies, landings, and open-sided floors must have guardrailsinstalled.

◆ Walls can be framed with a guardrail system prior to being raised, toprevent workers from walking on top plates (see page 29 for diagram).

◆ Temporary anchor systems can be installed for fall restraint or fallarrest systems.

These are examples of various fall protection anchors used for sloped roof applications.

1

2

3

4

These are the same anchors installed.

12

34

34 Construction

◆ Floor and roof openings must be securely covered and marked if theypose a fall hazard.

◆ Steep roofs (more than 8:12 slope) must use 38 mm x 140 mm(2 in. x 6 in.) toe-holds as well as a fall arrest system (see diagram onpage 43).

◆ Work to be done at 7.6 m (25 ft.) or more above grade will require asite-specific written fall protection plan and training of the workers atrisk.

◆ Swing hazards in fall arrest systems must be avoided.

Anticipate and prevent swing hazards when using fall arrest.

Construction 35

Fall protection plan

Site: Work area:

Describe tasks:

Fall hazards:

Special assembly/disassembly procedures:

Rescue procedures:

Workers who received training:

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

The contents of this work plan have been conveyed to all workers of

and their subcontractors exposed to fall

hazards where the use of a fall protection system is required.

Supervisor’s signature Date

36 Construction

Trusses

Instruction for truss installers

Builders and truss installers must familiarize themselves with all writteninstructions, drawings, and documents provided by the truss manufac-turer and building designers. Before truss installation begins, buildersand truss installers need to:◆ Know the truss layout◆ Review individual truss drawings that contain information for placing,

erecting, bracing, and connecting trusses◆ Check markings on trusses to ensure proper placement according to

design

Truss erection

Preparing for truss erection

◆ Ensure that all documents, drawings, and instructions related to thesafe installation of trusses are available on site.

◆ Instruct workers on safe truss installation procedures (using docu-ments mentioned above).

◆ Use workers experienced in safe truss installation whenever possible.◆ Ensure that the installation will be supervised by someone who is

experienced and knowledgeable in proper truss erection procedures.◆ Check that the interior and exterior walls are properly aligned and

adequately braced.◆ Store trusses (if required) bundled, protected from the rain, and evenly

supported to prevent twisting.◆ Inform other workers not involved in truss installations to keep clear

of the area when trusses are being handled and positioned.◆ Ensure that there will be a worker, properly trained in crane signals,

directing the unloading and placement of the trusses.◆ Determine and implement a fall protection system for truss installa-

tion and bracing.◆ Ensure that proper personal protective equipment is used by workers.

Construction 37

Temporary bracing.

Temporary bracing during truss erection

◆ Lift and place truss bundles flat on top of walls (which are aligned andpre-braced).

◆ Start with any series of trusses having a minimum of three trusses withthe same span.

◆ Take care when cutting banding straps to avoid eye injury.◆ Attach slings at panel points and not mid-span on truss members.◆ Use tag lines to avoid trusses from swinging (which may damage truss

itself or other work).◆ Stand the first truss and brace it diagonally from above the mid-point

on the inside web (to avoid tilting) to the floor below.◆ If starting with a hip end, use the jack trusses to brace the hip girder

(nail at both top and bottom chords).◆ Erect and space the second truss and brace it to the first truss by nailing

a 38 mm x 89 mm (2 in. x 4 in.) cleat to the top and bottom chords ofboth trusses, maintaining 3 m (10 ft.) on centre (o/c).

◆ Erect third truss and nail cleats to top and bottom chords same as forsecond truss. Install cross diagonal bracing inside the trusses, nailed tothe side of the webs at 2.4 m (8 ft.)o/c.

◆ Continue using cleats ontop and bottom chordsand brace subsequenttrusses to the firstthree trusses.

◆ Install permanentbracing accordingto manufacturer’sor designer’sinstructions priorany other work(e.g., strapping,sheathing orloading withmaterials).

First truss

Second truss

Third truss

Cross-bracingon webs

Diagonal brace to floor

➔

➔➔

➔

➔

➔

➔➔

Cleats nailedto top andbottom chords

38 Construction

Small trusses may be installed by hand when extra care is taken to prevent excessivelateral bending when positioning each truss.

For spans of 6 m (20 ft.) or less, a single pickup point may be used to lift the truss.

Single point pickup

Tag line

Construction 39

Trusses up to 9 m (30 ft.) in length should be lifted using two pickup points so thatthe distance between them is approximately one-half the length of the truss.

60° or less

60° or less

Tag lineApproximately 1⁄2 of truss length

Tag lineApproximately 1⁄2 of truss length

40 Construction

A spreader bar and short wire rope slings should be used to lift trusses 9–18 m(30–60 ft.) long. The slings may be vertical or may toe-in. Two tag lines should beused to control the raising of trusses of this size.

Approximately 1⁄2 to2⁄3 of truss length

Tag line Tag line

Spreader bar

Tag line Tag line

Spreader bar

Approximately 1⁄2 to 1⁄3 of truss length

Construction 41

Trusses over 18 m (60 ft.) in length should be lifted with a strongbackthat is two-thirds to three-quarters of the length of the truss. The trussshould be securely tied to it at 3 m (10 ft.) intervals or less. Two tag linesshould be used to control the truss during lifting.

For flat trusses, the strongback should be tied to the top chord.


Trusses should be positioned low enough on the strongback to prevent overturning ofthe truss.

Strongback

Tag line Tag line


Tag line Tag line

Strongback

42 Construction

Permanent truss bracing

Permanent bracing instructions for the floor or roof truss systems are theresponsibility of the building designer and should be shown on theframing plans. Permanent bracing for individual members of a woodtruss component is shown on the truss design drawings and must beinstalled by the builder or truss erection contractor to ensure properperformance of the truss system.

Construction 43

Roofers need to be aware of the poten-tial hazards of falling materials toworkers below.

Roof work

◆ Fall protection systems must beused when there is the possibil-ity of a fall from 3 m (10 ft.) ormore.

◆ Both toe-hold and fall protec-tion systems must be usedwhen a roof has a slope of8 to 12 (vertical to horizontal)or more. Toe-holds must be atleast 38 mm x 140 mm(2 in. x 6 in.).

◆ Areas in danger of fallingobjects must either be barri-caded to prevent entry or beprotected with a proper canopyor catch platform.

◆ More detailed information onroofing can be obtained fromthe WCB publication Roofing:Safe Work Practices.

An example of a worker using both fallrestraint equipment and a toe-hold.

44 Construction

Roof jacks and toe-holds

◆ Roof jacks must be of substan-tial construction and main-tained in good condition.

◆ Roof jacks must be providedwith effective non-slip devices.

◆ Exposed horizontal roof strap-ping may be used as toe-holdsas long as it provides safefooting. Folding roof jacks.

a) opened

b) closed

These are examples of various kinds ofroof jacks.

◆ Crawl boards or ladders, usedfor roof work, must be securelyfastened over the ridge of theroof or must be otherwiseeffectively anchored. The useof eavestroughs for support isprohibited.

Construction 45

Scaffolds

◆ The vertical supports of scaffolds must be placed on a firm base or sill.Do not use pallets, boxes, concrete blocks, bricks, or other unstablematerials to support scaffolds.

◆ Scaffold erection and dismantling must be done by, or supervised by,qualified workers.

◆ All scaffolding must be erected plumb and level.◆ Scaffolds must be secured to the building structure every 4.6 m (15 ft.)

vertically and 6.1 m (20 ft.) horizontally.◆ Bracing requirements for prefabricated scaffolds must be erected

according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Bracing requirementsfor job-constructed scaffolding must meet WCB requirements.

◆ All scaffolds must be inspected before use by those who will use them,regardless of who erected them. No damaged or weakened scaffoldmay be used until it has been effectively repaired.

This diagram shows an example of a typical single-pole wood scaffold for light duty.

46 Construction

◆ Scaffold work platforms must not have any opening larger than250 mm (10 in.).

250 mm (10 in.)maximum opening➔

➔➔

Construction 47

Guardrails for scaffolds

◆ All scaffolds 3 m (10 ft.) or more above grade must have standardguardrails on their open sides. A standard guardrail consists of:● A top rail approximately 1.1 m (42 in.) above the platform● Toeboards when the scaffold is installed over machinery or over

workers who could be struck by falling material● An intermediate rail centred at approximately the midpoint of the

space between the underside of the top rail and upper edge of theplatform or toeboard

This is an example of a cantileverguardrail detail.

● Vertical supports spaced notmore than 2.4 m (8 ft.) apart,or 3 m (10 ft.) for woodenscaffolding

◆ Standard guardrails must bedesigned to withstand a staticload of 550 N (125 lb.) appliedhorizontally at any point onthe top rail.

This shows a detail of a standard guardrail.

48 Construction

◆ Metal guardrail systems must be of height and strength equivalent toa standard guardrail. Toeboards may be omitted if there are noworkers below the scaffold who could be struck by falling material.

This is an example of a metal guardrail system.

Construction 49

Wood scaffold erection guidelines

General requirements

◆ Wood scaffolding must be constructed using No. 2 or better lumber(Douglas fir-larch, hemlock-fir, spruce-pine-fir or coast-Sitka-sprucespecies). To eliminate split, warped, or otherwise defective lumber,scaffold materials should be hand-selected.

◆ Progressively brace the scaffold as it is being erected.◆ Make sure there is firm contact between bearer blocks, bearers, wall

scabs, and ledgers to provide maximum strength at connecting points.

◆ The number and size of nails and nailing patterns at connectionsshould be consistent with good practice.

◆ Where holding power is critical or the scaffold will be used for anextended length of time, dip-galvanized or spiral nails should be used.When scaffold components are intended to be dismantled and reused,double-headed nails may be used.

2" x 4" or 2" x 6" Top rail ➔

2" x 4" Intermediate rail ➔

Mudsill➔

Note:For sake of drawing clarity,toeboards are not shown.

This is an example of a single-pole wood scaffold (light duty). Where alternatives aregiven, it may depend on the span (see table on page 50).

1" x 6"or 2" x 6" Bearer➔

2" x 4" or4" x 4" Upright

➔

1" x 6" or 2" x 4" Brace

➔

➔

2" x 10"➔➔

Maximum 3 m (10 ft.) between supports

2" x 4" or 1" x 6" Ledger➔

50 Construction

◆ Do not exceed the maximum allowable dimensions for bearers andupright spacing.

◆ Do not overload the scaffold.◆ The spacing of vertical supports (uprights) and bearers must not ex-

ceed 3 m (10 ft.).

Design and erection requirements for job-constructedwood scaffolds

Single-pole wood scaffold — light duty

The spacing of vertical supports and bearers of a single-pole woodscaffold for light duty must not exceed 3 m (10 ft.).

Scaffold Component Dimensions (Inches)*

Uprights – Up to 6 m (20 ft.) 2 x 4

– 6 m to 15 m (20 ft. to 50 ft.) 4 x 4

Bearers – 900 mm (3 ft.) maximum span 1 x 6

– 1.5 m (5 ft.) maximum span 2 x 6

Ledgers (ribbons) 1 x 6 or 2 x 4

Braces 1 x 6 or 2 x 4

Wall scabs and bearer blocks 2 x 6

Minimum work platform width (2x) 2 x 10

Guardrails – top, up to 2.4 m (8 ft.) span 2 x 4

– top, 2.4 m to 3 m (8 ft. to 10 ft.) span 2 x 6

– intermediate 2 x 4

Toeboards 1 x 4

Scaffold planks See section 13.24 of WCB Regulation

* These are “nominal” dimensions. They refer to the name of the dressedlumber, not the actual measurement.

◆ On single-pole scaffolds, the inner ends of bearers must be supportedby bearer blocks and must be securely fastened to wall scabs.

Construction 51

Bearer connections at wall

These are examples of bearer connections.

2" x 6" Bearer block

2" x 6" Wall scab

2" x 6" Bearer

2" x 6" Bearer

2" x 6"Wall scab



2" x 6" Wall scab

2" x 6" Bearer


Metal bearer bar

2" x 4" Upright

2" x 4"Bearerblock

2" x 6" Bearer

2" x 4"

Minimum610 mm

(2 ft.)overlap

➔

➔

➔

52 Construction

Double-pole wood scaffolds — light duty and heavy duty

Component Dimensions Dimensions

(Inches) (Inches)

Light Duty Heavy Duty

Uprights0 to 6 m (20 ft.) 2 x 4 2 x 66 to 15 m (20 ft. to 50 ft.) 4 x 4 4 x 6

Bearers1.5 m (5 ft.) maximum span (2x) 1 x 6 (2x) 2 x 6

or or(1x) 2 x 6 (1x) 2 x 10

Ledgers 1 x 6 or 2 x 4 1 x 6 or 2 x 4

Braces 1 x 6 or 2 x 4 1 x 6 or 2 x 4

Minimum work platform width (2x) 2 x 10 (2x) 2 x 10

Guardrails (top)up to 2.4 m (8 ft.) span 2 x 4 2 x 42.4 m to 3 m (8 ft. to 10 ft.) span 2 x 6 2 x 6

Guardrails (intermediate) 2 x 4 2 x 4

Toeboards 1 x 4 1 x 4

Scaffold planks See section 13.24 of WCB Regulation

Construction 53

This is a double-pole scaffold (light duty only).

2" x 4" (up to 20 ft.) or4" x 4" (20–50 ft.)Uprights

Planking

1" x 6" or2" x 4"Brace

Stringer➔

1" x 6" or2" x 4"Ledger

(2x) 1" x 6" or(1x) 2" x 6"Bearer

➔

➔

Ledger➔➔

➔

3 m (10 ft.) maximum

➔

➔

3 m (10 ft.) maximum

➔

➔

➔

54 Construction

Scaffold planks

◆ All scaffold planks must be inspected and tested before use.◆ Lumber or manufactured scaffold planks used for a work platform

must consist of at least two planks placed side by side to provide a worksurface with a nominal width of 50 cm (20 in.), or a nominal width of30 cm (12 in.) for ladder jack platforms.

◆ Scaffold planks should completely cover the area between front andrear vertical supports or the rear guardrail, leaving no more than oneopening, which cannot be wider than 25 cm (10 in.).

Sawn wood planks (lumber planks)

◆ Sawn wood planks must be hand-selected from Douglas fir-larch,hemlock-fir, spruce-pine-fir, or coast-Sitka-spruce only and in thefollowing grades and sizes:

Grade Minimum Width

(mm) (Inches)

Select Structural – 38 x 235 2 x 10 (nominal)Scaffold Planks

Select Structural – 38 x 235 2 x 10 (nominal)Joists & Planks

No. 2 and Better – 48 x 251 2 x 10 (rough sawn)Joists & Planks

No. 2 and Better – 38 x 235 2 x 10 (dressed/nominal)Joists & Planks*

*Important: These planks must be doubled, one on top of the other.

◆ The maximum spans using the above specifications are:● 3 m (10 ft.) for light-duty scaffolds● 2.1 m (7 ft.) for heavy-duty scaffolds

◆ Lumber used for planks must be graded and marked to the NationalLumber Grades Authority (NLGA) Standard Grading Rules for CanadianLumber.

Construction 55

To test a plank have two workers stand on the centre of it.

◆ Reject the plank if:● The plank bends enough to contact the ground● Cracking sounds are heard, indicating fibre overstressing● After removal of the test load, the plank fails to return to its original

position, that is, it remains bent

◆ Scaffold planks passing this test should be identified by stencilling orend painting. It is also advisable to have the ends of the planks encasedin metal sleeves or jackets for damage protection and additional iden-tification.

To prevent damage, scaffold planks must be handled carefully, usedcorrectly, and properly stored.

Scaffold planks must never be overloaded.

Testing procedure

Manufacturer’s specifications must be followed for testing laminatedwood scaffold planks. The following is an acceptable method of testingsawn wood scaffold planks:◆ Place test scaffold plank on two blocks. The block size and test span

must be selected from the following table:

Test Span Block Size

2.1 m (7 ft.) 60 mm (23⁄8 in.)

3 m (10 ft.) 92 mm (35⁄8 in.)

◆ Have two workers who together weigh at least 148 kg (325 lb.) standon the centre of the supported plank. Do not jump up and down onthe plank.

56 Construction

Example of planks placed side by side.

Example of plank placement for dresssed scaffold planks (doubled).

Construction 57

Scaffold planks must extend a minimum of 150 mm (6 in.) and a maximum of300 mm (12 in.) beyond its supports.

Securing devices for aluminum/plywood platforms.

Scaffold planks must be held in place if there is a danger of the planks slipping offtheir support.

58 Construction

Manufactured planks

◆ Manufactured scaffold planks are available in various lengths and dutyratings. These planks must be installed and used according to themanufacturer’s specifications.

These are examples of the various types of manufactured planks.

Construction 59

Ramps and platforms

The slope of work platforms must not exceed 1 vertical to 5 horizontal. Sloped workplatforms must have cleats spaced no more than 400 mm (16 in.) apart or a non-skidsurface.

60 Construction

Other types of scaffolds

Ladder-jack scaffolds

◆ All ladder-jack scaffolds must:● Be of a manufactured type acceptable to the WCB● Be used only on heavy-duty ladders (with a maximum length of

3 m or 20 ft.), which meet the requirements of the standards listed in the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation

● Be used only for light-duty operations such as painting and sidinginstallation where the work period between changes of scaffoldposition is of short duration

● Not be used by more than two workers on a single scaffold at anyone time

● Have supporting ladders firmly secured against displacement

◆ Ladder-jack scaffold stagings must:● Be not less than 38 mm x 285 mm (2 in. x 12 in. nominal )

dimensions, supported at intervals not exceeding 3 m (10 ft.)if solid planks are used

● Be not less than 300 mm (12 in.) in width, supported at intervals not exceeding 7.3 m (24 ft.) if manufactured stagings are used

● Not incorporate extension stagings

◆ Ladder-jack safe work procedures:● Each worker working off a ladder-jack scaffold which is 3 m (10 ft.)

or more above grade must use a fall arrest system (see page 30), suchas a harness attached to a firmly anchored lifeline.

Construction 61

Fall protection is required on ladder jacks over 3 m (10 ft.).

Heavy-duty ladder

Secure plank to both ladder jacks

Overhangfrom ladder-jack to end ofplank must be15 cm–30 cm(6 in.–12 in.)

➔

Maximum height3 m (10 ft.)without fallprotection

Maximum 4:1 slope

4

1

62 Construction

This is an example of a trestle scaffold.

Working platform minimum 500 mm (20 in.) wide

➔

➔Trestle scaffolds

◆ Trestle scaffolds can only be used for light-duty work.◆ Extensions must not be added to the trestle legs.◆ The height of trestle work platform (H) must not exceed three times

base dimension (B) of the trestle.◆ The spread of trestle legs (C) must be equal to one-half the height of

the trestle.◆ Stepladders must not be used for trestle scaffolds.

B

➔

➔

➔

H

C➔

Trestle

➔

Construction 63

The use of shore scaffolds (top) or lean-to scaffolds (bottom) is PROHIBITED.

Shore and lean-to scaffolds

64 Construction

Rolling scaffolds

◆ The floor or surface on which a rolling scaffold is moved must bewithin three degrees of level, and must be free from pits, holes,depressions, or obstructions.

◆ No worker is to remain on a rolling scaffold, while moving it with hisown efforts, if the working platform height exceeds 11⁄2 times thescaffold minimum base dimension.

◆ No worker is to remain on a rolling scaffold while it is being moved byother workers if the working platform height exceeds twice the mini-mum base dimension.

◆ At least two of the four wheels on rolling scaffolds must be the castertype. The caster height adjusting pins or screws must be installed sothat the casters cannot fall out.

◆ The wheels of rolling scaffolds must have locking devices.

Construction 65

Working platform

Endframe

Lockingpins

Crossbracing

Horizontaldiagonal brace

Caster fastening pinsLockingcasters

Accessladder

Coupler

Toeboards

Access gate

Guard rail system

➔

➔

➔

➔

➔

➔

➔

➔

➔

➔

➔

➔

Rolling scaffold.

Equipment Safety

Equipment Safety 69

Ladders

Ladders of all types are used extensively in residential construction.Workers’ Compensation Board statistics show that falls, including thosefrom ladders, are one of the highest causes of injury in this industry.

Requirements for safe ladder use

◆ Ladders should be inspected before use. Ladders with loose, broken, ormissing rungs, split or bent side rails or other defects, must be re-moved from service.

◆ The base of a ladder’s side rails must rest on a firm, level foundation.Non-self-supporting ladders (straight ladders) need to have non-slipbases or spikes, depending on the terrain. Such safety devices need tobe maintained in good condition.

◆ The top of ladders must rest against a bearing surface of sufficientstrength.

◆ When in use, portable ladders other than stepladders must be placedusing a maximum 4 vertical to 1 horizontal ladder slope (see illustra-tion on page 61).

◆ Portable ladders other than stepladders must be of sufficient length toproject approximately 1 m (3 ft.) above the upper landing to which itprovides access.

◆ Ladders must be tied, blocked, or otherwise secured to prevent themfrom slipping.

◆ It’s important that the right ladder is chosen for the job.◆ Metal ladders or ladders with steel reinforcements must not be used

where electrical hazards exist.◆ Short sections of ladders must not be spliced together to make longer

ladders.◆ Ladders should never be used as scaffolding planks.◆ If wooden ladders are coated, the coating should be clear.◆ Ladders should not be placed in doorways, passageways, or other areas

where they might interfere with other work activities.◆ Heavy, bulky, or hazardous materials must not be carried when

climbing ladders. Suitable hoisting equipment must be used for thispurpose.

70 Equipment Safety

◆ No worker is permitted to work from the top two rungs of a single orextension ladder or the top two steps of a stepladder unless permittedby the manufacturer.

Job-built ladders

Poorly designed and constructed wooden ladders built on the job sitehave resulted in serious injuries to construction workers.

Job-constructed wooden ladders must be designed and built to thefollowing WCB specifications:

NOTE: The following specification shown here are designed for laddersup to a maximum of 5 m (16 ft.) in length.

◆ All ladder components must be cut from lumber free of defects, andmust be construction grade or better.

◆ The side rails must be 38 mm x89 mm (2 in. x 4 in. nominal)dimensions. Side rails must notbe notched, dapped, tapered, orspliced. The distance betweenthe inner faces of side railsmust not be less than380 mm (15 in.) nor more than500 mm (20 in.).

◆ The rungs (cleats) must be19 mm x 64 mm (1 x 3 in.nominal) dimensions. Rungsmust be placed at 300 mm(12 in.) centres.

◆ Rungs must be nailed directlyonto the edge of the side rails.

380 mm (15 in.) minimum500 mm (20 in.) maximum

1" x 2"fillers➔

➔

➔

A job-built ladder up to 5 m (16 ft.) long.

300 mm(12 in.)centres➔

➔

1" x 3"rungs

➔

2" x 4"side rails

➔

57 mm (21⁄4 in.)wire nails

➔

Equipment Safety 71

Stepladders

Workers must not work from the top two steps of a stepladder.

72 Equipment Safety

Electrical power tools and cords

All electrical equipment should be checked to ensure they are CSAapproved. However, use of approved equipment does not eliminate alldangers if the equipment is damaged or is used in adverse conditions,such as in rain or wet areas. Cord-connected portable equipment andsupply cords must be maintained in good repair and be suitable for eachcondition of use. For example, the outer jacket of a cab-tire cord mayappear undamaged but may conceal a broken ground conductor. Also,most electrical equipment manufacturers specify that their equipmentshould not be used in damp or wet conditions. Class A type ground faultcircuit interrupters (GFCI) must be used for portable electrical equipmentwhen working outside or in wet or damp conditions.

Safe work procedures

◆ Inspect tools, power cords, and electrical fittings for damage prior toeach use. Repair or replace damaged equipment.

◆ Switch tools off before connecting to a power supply.◆ Disconnect the power supply before making adjustments.◆ Make sure tools are either properly grounded or the double-insulated

type. Grounded tools must have a 3-wire cord with a 3-prong plug.This plug must be plugged into a properly grounded 3-pole outlet.

◆ Do not break off the third (ground) prong on a plug.◆ Test electrical tools and cords for effective grounding with a continuity

tester before use.◆ Replace open front plugs with dead front plugs, which are sealed and

pose less danger of electric shock or short circuit (see followingdiagram).

Extension cord plugs must not have an open front, and must be a three-prong type.

Equipment Safety 73

◆ Do not bypass the tool ON/OFF switch by connecting and disconnect-ing the power cord.

◆ Suspend power cords over walkways or working areas whereverpossible to eliminate tripping hazards.

◆ Do not use extension cords as permanent wiring. They must only beused to temporarily supply power to an area that does not have apower outlet.

◆ Do not allow vehicles or equipment to pass over unprotected powercords. Cords should be put in electrical conduit or protected by placingthem between planks.

◆ Keep power cords away from heat, water, and oil.◆ Do not use light-duty power cords for heavy load applications.◆ Do not carry electrical tools by the power cord.◆ Do not disconnect the power supply by pulling or jerking the cord

from the outlet. Pulling the cord rather than the plug may result inelectric shock.

◆ Do not tie knots in power cords. Knots can cause short circuits andelectric shocks. Loop the cords or use a twist lock plug.

◆ Do not clean tools with flammable solvents.◆ Do not operate electrical tools in an area containing high levels of

explosive vapours or gases.◆ Do not overload the circuit by plugging several power cords into one

outlet.

74 Equipment Safety

Compressed air for cleaning

Do not use compressed air to blow dust or debris from your clothing. Air can be forcedthrough your skin into blood vessels.

Equipment Safety 75

Pneumatic nailing and staplingequipmentSafe work procedures

◆ Permit only trained and experienced workers to operate pneumaticnailing and stapling tools.

◆ Wear proper eye and hearing protection.◆ Make sure the tool is maintained in safe operating condition.◆ Inspect the tool before connecting to the air supply:

● Check safety mechanisms if applicable.● Ensure that screws and cylinder caps are securely tightened.● Make sure the air pressure is as specified by the manufacturer of

the tool.◆ Before using, check that the tool is properly connected to the air

supply and is in working order, with the safety mechanism operable.◆ Do not operate the tool at air pressures above the manufacturer’s

specifications.◆ Always handle the tool as if it contains fasteners.◆ Always use a work-contacting element that limits the contact area to

one as small as practicable.◆ Make sure the mechanical linkage between the work-contacting

element and trigger is enclosed.

◆ Disconnect the tool from theair supply and exhaust all airfrom the tool by squeezing thetrigger when:● Not in use● Cleaning or adjusting● Clearing a blockage

◆ Only use fasteners recom-mended by the manufacturerof the tool.

◆ Do not point the tool at your-self or any other person.

◆ Do not squeeze the triggerunless the nosepiece of the toolis directed at a safe work sur-face.

This is an example of an air nailer.

➔Work-contacting element

76 Equipment Safety

➔

1 2

◆ Do not transport or load the tool with your finger on the trigger.◆ Do not secure the trigger in the ON position.◆ Do not overreach when using the tool.

These two diagrams show the safe sequence for using an air nailer.

Equipment Safety 77

Chain saws

◆ Hold the saw securely with both hands with fingers and thumb aroundthe handles. This grip helps prevent the hands being dislodged andprovides control in the event of a kickback.

◆ For more information on proper use of chain saws, see the WCB publi-cation Chainsaw Safety.


◆ Don’t operate the saw when you are tired.◆ Know where the bar tip is at all times.◆ Don’t allow the cut to bind (close) on the saw.◆ Make sure the chain brake is functioning.

Diagram showing proper grip of a chain saw.

78 Equipment Safety

Kickback

The most common and usuallymost violent kickback occurswhen contact is made in the“kickback” zone.

Contact in this zone makes thechain bunch up and try to climbout of the cutting track. This oftenhappens when the saw tip makescontact with something beyondthe cutting area, such as a treebranch, a log, or planks.

Make sure to avoid contact in thekickback zone (shown in black).

The above examples show how kickback can occur.

Equipment Safety 79

Construction site hazards

Many of the hazards in falling and bucking trees will also be encounteredby workers cutting dressed lumber or timbers on a residential construc-tion job site.


◆ Take extra care when making pocket cuts. Start the cut with the under-side of the chain tip, then work the saw down and back to avoid con-tact with the kickback zone. Consider the use of a sabre saw to makepocket cuts.

◆ Be particularly careful to avoid contact with nails, piping, or otherobjects. This is especially important when making a pocket cutthrough framing lumber such as a subfloor or when cutting usedlumber such as shoring, lagging, or blocking timbers.

Correct Incorrect

80 Equipment Safety

Propane safety

Propane leaks can cause serious fires and explosions. Propane gas, whichis heavier than air, may leak and accumulate to create a dangerousenvironment, as it tends to creep along the ground and collect in lowspots.

Propane space heaters

◆ When using propane space heaters, do not close up a house tightly.Good ventilation is necessary to remove moisture and to prevent abuild-up of propane gas.

◆ Do not use propane heaters anywhere where spray painting of flam-mable paints is being done.

◆ Cylinders that are not being used should be stored outdoors.

General propane safety

◆ Check propane cylinders fordamage or corrosion prior touse.

◆ All propane and burner systemsmust be provided with a func-tional regulator.

◆ Propane cylinders must besecured in a level, uprightposition during storage, trans-portation, and use.

◆ Never apply a flame to cylin-ders to increase their pressure.

◆ Do not operate any equipmentif the odour (rotten egg smell)of propane is present.

◆ Do not hoist propane cylindersby their valves or collars.

Equipment Safety 81

◆ Prior to use, propane hoses must be:● Checked for damage and replaced if necessary● Protected from traffic damage● Checked for leaks at their connections (use a soap test)

◆ When using tar kettles or tankers, propane cylinders must be kept atleast 3 m (10 ft) away.

◆ Propane cylinder valves must be fully opened when in use and tightlyclosed when not in use. Cylinder valves must not be used to adjust thetorch flame. Pressure regulators are used for this purpose.

◆ Before shutting off the burner, close the cylinder valve and let theremaining gas burn out of the hose before closing the burner valve.

◆ During propane use, fire extinguishers must be available. It is requiredthat one dry chemical extinguisher for every two torches be provided.

In the event of a propane fire

◆ Shut the gas off.◆ Evacuate the area.◆ If the gas flow cannot be shut off safely:

● Allow the gas to burn● Evacuate the area and immediately call the fire department

OtherConsiderations

Other Considerations 85

Workplace Hazardous MaterialsInformation System (WHMIS)WHMIS ensures Canadian workers’ right to know more about safety andhealth hazards of materials (called controlled products) used in theworkplace. WHMIS legislation provides workers, employers, andsuppliers nationwide with the necessary information for safe handling,using, storing, and disposing of hazardous materials.

The three key elements of WHMIS are:◆ Labelling◆ Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)◆ Worker education

Labelling

WHMIS regulations require two types of labels on products entering thebuilding trade industry.

Supplier label

Provides the following information within a hatched border:◆ Product identification◆ Hazard symbols◆ Risk phrases◆ Precautionary statements◆ First aid measures◆ A statement advising that a

material safety data sheet(MSDS) is available

◆ Supplier identification

The employer must ensure that the proper supplier labels have beenapplied to a container of a controlled product when it is received at theworkplace. Unlabelled or improperly labelled controlled products mustnot be handled or used. The employer may keep them in storage untilthe proper label and MSDS are obtained.

➜

➜

Examplesof HazardSymbols

Product Identifier

Risk Phrase(s)

PrecautionaryStatement(s)

First AidMeasures

Reference to the Material Safety Data Sheet

Supplier Identifier

86 Other Considerations

Workplace label

If a controlled product is transferred from alarge shipping container to a smallerworking container, the employer mustapply a workplace label to the workingcontainer. The label must provide thefollowing information:◆ Product identification◆ Information for safe handling◆ A statement indicating that the MSDS

is available

Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS)

An MSDS is a technical bulletin that provides detailed information onthe effects on health, safe handling procedures, protective clothing andequipment required, what to do in case of a spill, and what first aid isnecessary for a controlled product.

An MSDS must provide nine sections of information:1. Product information2. Hazardous ingredients3. Physical data4. Fire and explosion hazard5. Reactivity data6. Toxicological properties (health effects)7. Preventive measures8. First aid measures9. Preparation information


Worker education

Under WHIMS, employers will need to establish education and trainingprograms for workers. The program of instruction will include:◆ Education in how WHMIS works◆ Education in the hazards of controlled products◆ Training in procedures for the safe storage, handling, use, and disposal

of a controlled product◆ Training in procedures to be followed in case of emergency with the

product and when airborne or other emissions from the product arepresent

Workers will need to be educated if they:◆ Store, handle, use, or dispose of a controlled product or supervise

workers performing those duties◆ Work near the controlled product such that their health and safety

could be at risk during normal storage, handling, use, or disposal,during maintenance operations, or in emergencies

The objective of the program of instruction must be to ensure thatworkers are able to apply the information to protect their health andsafety.

For more information on WHMIS, see the WCB publications WHMIS atWork and WHMIS Education and Training: What Does It Mean?


Registering with the WCB

Virtually all employers in B.C. are required to be registered with the WCBand pay assessments.

Registration is necessary if you employ workers on a regular, casual, orcontract basis, or if you pay hourly or by some other method.

Employers — which may include homeowners who are overseeingconstruction of, or repairs to, their home — who do not register whenthey should are subject to:◆ A penalty◆ The full costs of any injuries occurring prior to registration◆ Past assessments that should have been paid

Contractors

If any of your operation is contracted out, know what your responsibili-ties are. For your own protection, before starting work, clarify if contrac-tors have WCB coverage.

If a subcontractor is not registered with the WCB, and the contractinvolves essentially only labour, the subcontractor and anyone employedto assist in the work are usually considered to be workers of the primecontractor and are to be covered under the prime contractor’s registra-tion.

If the subcontractor is registered, or required to be registered, with theWCB, the person for whom the contract work is being done may be liablefor any assessments due to the WCB in connection with the contract, ifthe subcontractor has failed to make proper payments when due.

You can avoid liability by obtaining a letter of clearance from the WCB. Aclearance letter confirms whether the subcontractor is registered and hasmade the required payments.

To obtain a letter of clearance, phone the Clearances section at604 244-6180 or toll free in B.C. at 1 888 922-2768 (local 6180) or fax604 244-6390, or contact your nearest WCB office.


Employers from out of B.C.

Non-resident employers working temporarily in B.C. must register if theydo not have coverage in another jurisdiction that provides compensationfor occupational injury and disease.

Employers who have coverage in another jurisdiction must still register ifthey:◆ Establish a place of business in B.C.◆ Employ B.C. residents◆ Work or intend to work in B.C. for 15 or more days in a 12-month

period

Coverage from another jurisdiction does not relieve employers fromtheir obligations under B.C.’s Workers Compensation Act. Every employerwho comes into B.C. to do work should check with the WCB to deter-mine their registration requirements.

Home owners

If you’re building your own home, or you are acting as a general contrac-tor and you employ any workers or unregistered labour contractors, youmust register with the WCB. This is the case regardless of how longworkers or contractors work for you, unless the workers or contractorsare currently registered as employers with the WCB, or they supply allmaterials.

Don’t take chances if you’re a homeowner who’s hiring workers. Youcould be liable for the costs of injury and assessments that should havebeen paid. Check with the WCB on what your responsibilities andobligations are in your situation before work begins.

For more information on registration and registration requirements, call604 244-6182 in the Lower Mainland or toll free 1 888 922-2768(local 6182).


Complying with the OccupationalHealth and Safety RegulationThe Workers Compensation Act authorizes the Workers’ CompensationBoard of British Columbia to make and enforce the regulation for theprevention of occupational injuries and disease. The OccupationalHealth and Safety Regulation provides minimum standards for theworkplace health and safety in the province.

If you are an employer in an industry covered by the Act, you arerequired to register with the WCB and to comply with the regulation.This includes providing your workers with a safe work environment andproper training and instruction.

Inspecting the workplace for compliancewith the regulation

WCB field officers (also known as Board officers) are authorized toinspect places of employment during all reasonable hours. They evaluatethe employer’s health and safety practices to determine the level ofcompliance with the regulation. They investigate when there has been aserious accident and they respond to complaints. The Act does notpermit field officers to give advance notice of their inspections, unlessthere are special circumstances.

Both the employer and workers have the right to have a representativeaccompany the WCB officer during an inspection.

Following an inspection, the officer completes and issues an inspectionreport (IR), which the employer must post in a conspicuous place on thework premises. The IR may contain one or more orders, depending onthe conditions observed.

Employers must comply (without delay) with orders issued on theofficer’s inspection report.

Supervisors must understand and accept their responsibilities for theproper training of their workers and for ensuring their work is donesafely.

In the event of disagreement about the orders written, there are severalroutes of appeal available to those affected by the orders. The officer willadvise you of the procedures on request.


When an immediate danger exists on a worksite

When a Board officer considers that a condition of immediate danger ona worksite would likely result in serious injury, death, or occupationaldisease, the officer is authorized to close down all or part of the opera-tion. Examples of situations classified as immediate danger are:◆ Workers employed in an unsloped, unshored trench or excavation

1.2 m (4 ft.) or greater in depth◆ Workers, equipment, or material within the minimum allowable

limits of approach to an unguarded, energized high-voltage power line

Penalties for non-compliance

Failure to comply with any section of the regulation is an offence,whether or not an order has been issued. In addition to closing down allor part of an operation, the WCB may impose an additional assessmentagainst an employer. The Act also allows for prosecution of a worker –including a manager or supervisor – for violations of the regulation orfor non-compliance with an order.

When serious violations occur, or observations of repeated non-compli-ance have been recorded, Board officers are required to submit a recom-mendation for a penalty review.

These factors are considered when additional assessment is under review:◆ The gravity of the situation◆ The employer’s previous record of violations◆ Evidence that those responsible were aware that workers were exposed

to a danger or that the operation was in violation of the regulationUnder the recommended schedule of sanctions, the present minimumadditional assessment is $1,500 and the maximum is $30,000.


For more information

Board officers are available for consultation during their inspection visits.Workers and employers are encouraged to take advantage of opportuni-ties to discuss specific concerns about occupational safety and healthmatters. Workers and employers may ask for assistance or advice at anytime from the safety or hygiene officer serving their area.

To promote a positive attitude toward safety and health in the workplacethe WCB offers educational seminars, audiovisual presentations, andnumerous publications. WCB offices are listed on page 99.


Responsibilities

To maintain a safe and healthy worksite, owners, principal contractors,employers, supervisors, and workers must accept and understand theirindividual responsibilities.

Principal contractors (or home owners who areoverseeing building or renovations)

The principal contractor — or if there is no prinicipal contractor, thehome owner — must ensure that:◆ The occupational health and safety activities of all subcontractors are

co-ordinated◆ The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation is complied with by all

worksite contractors and subcontractors◆ Workers of contractors and subcontractors are properly supervised

Employers/Contractors/Subcontractors

The employer must:◆ Evaluate worksite hazards and take necessary steps to protect workers◆ Ensure an effective health and safety program is in place◆ Ensure the right tools, equipment, and materials are available when

needed◆ Ensure that supervisors train workers in safe work practices and proce-

dures◆ Ensure that all pertinent sections of the Occupational Health and

Safety Regulation are complied with on an ongoing basis


Supervisors/Foremen

Supervisors must ensure that:◆ All workers are familiar with and follow the safety program◆ Workers are properly trained in and follow the Workplace Hazardous

Materials Information System (WHMIS), safe job site work procedures,and the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation

◆ The job site is evaluated and hazards are eliminated or minimized, or ifhazards cannot be controlled, that special work procedures are devel-oped to prevent the risk of worker injury or disease

◆ Workers wear proper clothing and required personal protective equip-ment

◆ Appropriate tools, equipment, and materials are available and used◆ Emergency job site procedures are developed and made known to

workers

Workers

Workers are responsible for their own safety and that of their fellowworkers. Workers must:◆ Understand and follow the safety program and job site work proce-

dures◆ Wear proper clothing and use all required personal protective equip-

ment◆ Not take unnecessary risks and not endanger other workers through

practical jokes or horseplay◆ Not use any broken tools or unsafe equipment — such equipment

must be removed from service◆ Stay off the worksite if impaired by drugs (medical or illegal) or by

alcohol◆ Refuse to carry out any work activity that could result in harm to

themselves or to any other worker◆ Maintain good housekeeping conditions◆ Report all injuries as soon as possible to first aid, the supervisor, or the

employer


Worker’s right to refuse unsafe work

Workers who have reasonable cause to believe that to carry out any workprocess would create an undue hazard to the health and safety ofthemselves or any other worker, have the right to refuse to take suchaction.

Under such circumstances the following order of actions must take place:◆ Immediately report the circumstances of the unsafe condition or

matter to the supervisor or employer. The supervisor or employerreceiving the report must investigate the matter and:● Ensure that any unsafe condition is remedied, or● If, in his/her opinion the report is not valid, must inform the

person who made the report◆ If this does not resolve the matter, and the worker continues to refuse

to carry out a work process, the supervisor or employer must furtherinvestigate the matter. This investigation must be carried out in thepresence of the worker who made the report and in the presence of:● A worker representative of the Occupational Health and Safety

Committee, or● A worker who is selected by a trade union representing the worker,

or● Any other reasonably available worker selected by the worker who

made the report◆ If this does not resolve the matter and the worker continues to refuse

to carry out a work process, both the supervisor or employer and theworker shall notify an officer of the WCB, who will investigate thematter and take whatever actions are necessary.

◆ No worker is to be disciplined for acting in compliance with thesesteps. Temporary assignment to alternative work at no loss in pay tothe worker is not considered to be disciplinary action.

Compensation claims

As a worker, your claim starts when you tell your employer and yourdoctor that you are hurt at work or have developed an industrial diseaseand they send their reports to the WCB (the employer is responsible forsending in a report within three days). A claim must be started in order topay the medical accounts, even if you have not lost time from work.


If you are off work, the WCB will mail you a form (Form 6) to apply forcompensation. Answer all questions fully. Do not leave anything out. Ifyou delay returning the completed form to the WCB, wage-loss benefitsmay be delayed. If you haven’t heard from the WCB within three weeksof your injury, you should contact your nearest WCB office.

Compensation is payable for work time lost beyond the day of injury.Full payment of workers’ wages for the date of injury must be providedby the employer.

For further information, refer to the WCB pamphlet, Information forWorkers and Dependants.

Wage-loss compensation coverage

Should workers be concerned whether they are covered for wage-losscompensation if they are injured? Yes. Most workers in building con-struction activities are covered under their employer’s account. However,not all employers are registered with the WCB. As a worker, the best wayto find out if you are covered for wage-loss compensation purposes is tocall the WCB Clearances section in Richmond at 604 244-6180 or toll freein B.C. at 1 888 922-2768 (local 6180).

If a worker is injured and the employer should have been — but is not —registered with the WCB, the employer may be held responsible for allcosts associated with the claim. These may include ambulance costs,medical/hospital costs, and wage-loss payments to the worker. In suchcases, the WCB provides the appropriate benefits to the worker, thenrecovers the costs from the employer.

NOTE: It is illegal for an employer to deduct the cost of compensationfrom a worker.


First aid requirements

The residential construction industry has a Class “A” hazard rating. Theowner or general contractor is responsible for providing and maintainingfirst aid services, equipment, and supplies in accordance with first aidrequirements of the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation.

If you are injured on the job:◆ Immediately report all work related injuries to the first aid attendant.◆ As soon as possible, tell your supervisor or employer of the injury,

giving time, place, and all pertinent accident details◆ If possible, take immediate action to prevent accident recurrence; for

example, remove defective tools from service or cover unguarded flooropening

◆ Transportation to a hospital or doctor must be provided by youremployer

In the following tables, ETV means an emergency transportation vehicle.The tables mention various sections of the Occupational Health andSafety Regulation. Contact your nearest WCB office (see page 99) for acopy of Part 33 of this regulation.


Tables to determine first aid requirements

Table 1: “A” Hazard Classification

More than 20 Minutes Surface Travel Time to Hospital

Number of Supplies, First Aid Transportation Other

Workers Equipment, Certificate Required First Aid

per Shift and Facility Required Requirements

2 – 5 Level 1 Kit Level 1 with SeeTransportation section 33.29Endorsement

6 – 10 Level 1 Kit Level 1 with ETVETV Equipment Transportation

Endorsement

11 – 30 Level 3 Kit Level 3 ETV UnrestrictedDressing certificateStation requiredETV Equipment in some cases.

See section33.46

Table 2: “A” Hazard Classification

20 Minutes or Less Surface Travel Time to Hospital

Number of Supplies, First Aid Transportation Other

Workers Equipment, Certificate Required First Aid

per Shift and Facility Required Requirements

2 – 15 Level 1 Kit Level 1 Seesection 33.29

16 – 30 Level 2 Kit Level 2 See section Upgrade ofDressing 33.29 certificate,Station transportation

and equipmentrequired insome cases.See section33.23

10M 4/99 R8/98 PRINTED IN CANADA BK48

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