Harold D. BeesonSarah R. SmithWalter F. Stewart

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www.astm.orgISBN: 978-0-8031-4470-5

STOCK #: MNL36-2ND

Safe Use of Oxygen and Oxygen Systems: Handbook for Design, Operation, and MaintenanceSecond Edition

Harold D. Beeson Sarah R. SmithWalter F. Stewart

Editors

ASTM Stock Number: MNL36—2nd

Printed in the U.S.A.

ASTM International100 Barr Harbor DrivePO Box C700West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959

ii

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Beeson, Harold Deck.Safe use of oxygen and oxygen systems: handbook for design, operation, and maintenance — 2nd. ed. /

Harold D. Beeson, Sarah R. Smith.p. cm.

Includes index.ISBN 978-0-8031-4470-51. Oxygen—Industrial applications—Equipment and supplies—Handbooks,

manuals, etc. I. Smith, Sarah R. II. Title.

TH9446.O95B44 2007665.8�230289—dc22 2007022960

First edition: Handbook for oxygen system design, operation, and maintenance

Copyright © 2007 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed,mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher.

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Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by the AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials (ASTM) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the

online: http://www.copyright.com/.

The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions expressed in this publication.

AST-OXYGEN-07-0401-0FM.qxp 8/16/07 4:49 PM Page ii

October, 2007

Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; Tel: 508–750–8400;

Baltimore, MD

iii

Foreword

This edition of THE SAFE USE OF OXYGEN AND OXYGEN SYSTEMS is sponsored by Committee G4 onCompatibility and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres. The editorial andreview work for this edition were coordinated by Sarah R. Smith, NASA Johnson Space CenterWhite Sands Test Facility, Las Cruces, New Mexico.

This edition of the handbook is an extensive revision of the original ASTM Manual 36. Thisrevision includes large structural changes in the document as well as updates to the informa-tion and data contained herein.

This manual contains minimum guidelines; users are encouraged to assess their individualprograms and develop additional requirements, as needed.

“Shalls” and “wills” denote requirements that are mandated by other existing documents,which are referenced.

v

Acknowledgments

The original material was contained in the NASA Safety Standard for Oxygen and Oxygen Systems, NSS 1740.15,which established a uniform NASA process for oxygen system design, materials selection, operation, storage, andtransportation. The NASA document represented a wealth of information, knowledge, and experience gained byNASA and its contractors. This information, knowledge, and experience should be extremely valuable to industry,particularly the small or infrequent user of oxygen who has little or no experience and staff to draw upon.

The NASA Oxygen Safety Handbook was originally prepared under NASA contract by Paul M. Ordin, Consult-ing Engineer. The support of the NASA Hydrogen-Oxygen Safety Standards Review Committee in providing tech-nical monitoring of the original standard is recognized. The Committee included the following members:

William J. Brown—NASA Lewis Research CenterFrank J. Benz—NASA Johnson Space CenterMike Pedley—NASA Johnson Space CenterDennis Griffin—NASA Marshall Space Flight CenterColeman J. Bryan—NASA Kennedy Space CenterWayne Thomas—NASA Lewis Research CenterWayne Frazier—NASA Headquarters

The editors also gratefully acknowledge the special contributions of Grace B. Ordin for aiding the preliminaryreview, organizing the material, and editing the original drafts, and William A. Price of Vitro Corporation for inputinto the original standard. The NASA Oxygen Safety Handbook was prepared and edited by personnel at the NASAJohnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility. Specific contributors include: David Hirsch, Jan Goldberg, ElliotForsyth, Mike Shoffstall, Mohan Gunaji, Rollin Christianson, Richard Shelley, Subhasish Sircar, Larry Bamford,Jim Williams, Jack Stradling, and Joel Stoltzfus. The expertise of these professionals in the area of oxygen systemhazards, design, and operation is gratefully acknowledged.

The support of NASA Headquarters, Office of Safety and Mission Assurance, and specifically the support ofWayne Frazier and Claude Smith is gratefully acknowledged.

The sponsoring committee for this manual is ASTM G4 on Compatibility and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxy-gen-Enriched Atmospheres. The committee chairman is Joseph Slusser. The oxygen manual review taskgroup con-sisted of Alain Colson, Barry Newton, Bob Zawierucha, Eddie Davis, Elliot Forsyth, Herve Barthelemy, Jake Jacobs,Joe Million, Joe Slusser, Kim Dunleavy, Lee Birch, Mike Shoffstall, Michael Slockers, Gwenael Chiffoleau, JohnSomavarapu, Steve Herald, Joel Stoltzfus, and Ting Chou. The work of these individuals is gratefully acknowledged.

vii

ContentsForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiiAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vFigures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixTables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xNomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiTrademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiiiIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 1—Basic Oxygen Safety Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Basic Principles for the Safe Use of Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Oxygen Handling Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Oxygen Purity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Importance of Cleaning Oxygen System and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Personnel Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Personal Protective Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Warning Systems and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Safety Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Organizational Policies and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chapter 2—Oxygen System Ignition Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Ignition Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Chapter 3—Materials Information Related to Flammability, Ignition, and Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Ignition and Combustion Test Methods and Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Metallic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Nonmetallic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Materials Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Chapter 4—Oxygen Compatibility Assessment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Fire Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Oxygen Compatibility Assessment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Using the Oxygen Compatibility Assessment Process to Select Materials . . . . . . . . . 55

Chapter 5—Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Design Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Design Guidelines for Oxygen Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Chapter 6—Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Cleanliness Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Cleaning Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Cleaning Methods and Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Cleaning Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Typical Cleaning of Specific Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Clean Assembly of Oxygen Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Maintaining the Cleanliness of Oxygen Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

viii CONTENTS

Chapter 7—Operating Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Cooldown and Loading Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Good Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Chapter 8—Facility Planning and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Hazards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89General Facility Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Quantity-Distance Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Storage Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Storage and Handling of Compressed Gas Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Storage and Handling of LOX Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Venting and Disposal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Oxygen Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Fire Protection Systems for Oxygen-Enriched Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Facility Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Facility Testing, Certification, and Recertification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Facility Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Facility Repairs, Modifications, and Decommissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Chapter 9—Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Standards and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Transport on Public Thoroughfares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Transport on Site-Controlled Thoroughfares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Noncommercial Transport Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102General Operating Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Inspection, Certification, and Recertification of Mobile Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Transportation Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Appendices

A—Chemical and Physical Properties of Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103B—Physical Properties of Engineering Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107C—Pressure Vessels—Testing, Inspection, and Recertification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112D—Codes, Regulations, and Guidelines Listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116E—Scaling Laws, Explosions, Blasts, and Fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120F—Organizational Policies and Procedures; Project Management;

and Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123G—Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

ix

Figures

T2-1a Test fixture with drill point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10T2-1b Test fixture with 45� impact angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102-1 Particle impact ignition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112-2 Heat of compression ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122-3 Mechanical impact ignition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-4 Friction ignition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142-5 Favorable configuration for resonance heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153-1 Upward flammability test apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173-2 Schematic of the PICT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173-3 Effect of oxygen concentration on flammability for several engineering alloys configured

as 0.32-cm (0.125-in.)-diameter rods burning in the upward direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213-4 Friction test apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-5 Supersonic particle impact test apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253-6 Subsonic particle impact test apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253-7 Heat of combustion test apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273-8 Oxygen index test apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373-9 Variability of oxygen index with pressure at 298 K (77�F). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373-10 Autoignition temperature test apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383-11 Pneumatic impact test apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383-12 Ambient LOX mechanical impact test apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403-13 Pressurized LOX or GOX mechanical impact test apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403-14 Electrical arc test apparatus for nonmetallic materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453-15 Electrical arc test apparatus for metallic materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454-1 Fire triangle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544-2 Example of cross-sectional view. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544-3 Material selection process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565-1 Design resulting in thin walls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595-2 Design with sharp edge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595-3 Contaminant entrapping configurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605-4 Design highly susceptible to particle impact ignition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615-5 Maximum oxygen gas velocity produced by pressure differentials, assuming isentropic flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625-6 Designs showing various fitting and particulate generation configurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625-7 Design showing minimization of soft good exposure to fluid flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635-8 Illustration of mechanical impact between valve seat and stem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645-9 Design minimizing electrical arcing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665-10 Designs illustrating rotating and nonrotating stem configurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685-11 Designs illustrating seal configurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695-12 Minimum flow rate for nonstratified, two-phase hydrogen, nitrogen, and

oxygen flow for pipeline fluid qualities of 95 % and 98 %. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715-13 Liquid hydrogen and liquid nitrogen flow rate limits to avoid excessive cooldown stresses in

thick-wall 304 stainless steel piping sections, such as flanges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72A-1 Latent heat of vaporization of liquid oxygen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105A-2 Vapor pressure of liquid oxygen from the TP to the NBP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105A-3 Vapor pressure of liquid oxygen from the NBP to the CP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106A-4 Surface tension of liquid oxygen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106A-5 Joule-Thomson inversion curve for oxygen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106B-1 Charpy impact strength as a function of temperature for various materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111B-2 Yield and tensile strength of 5086 aluminum as a function of temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111B-3 Yield and tensile strength of AISI 430 stainless steel as a function of temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111B-4 Thermal expansion coefficient [(1/L)(dL/dT)] of copper as a function of temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111B-5 Total linear thermal contraction (�L/L300) as a function of temperature for several materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

x

Tables

2-1 Characteristic elements for particle impact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102-2 Characteristic elements for heat of compression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112-3 Theoretical maximum temperatures obtained when isentropically (adiabatically) compressing oxygen

from an initial pressure (Pi) of 0.1 MPa (14.7 psia) at an initial temperature (Ti) of 293 K (68�F). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122-4 Characteristic elements for flow friction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122-5 Characteristic elements for mechanical impact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-6 Characteristic elements for friction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143-1 Promoted ignition data for 0.32-cm (0.125-in.)-diameter metallic rods ignited at the bottom in

stagnant oxygen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183-2 Promoted ignition data for 60 x 60 wire meshes rolled into 12.7 cm (5-in.) long, 0.64-mm (0.25-in)-diameter

cylinders ignited at the bottom in stagnant oxygen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213-3 Promoted ignition data for metals configured similarly to sintered filter elements ignited at

the bottom in stagnant oxygen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213-4 Ignition temperature of selected metals (bulk solids). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-5 Friction ignition test data for similar pairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233-6 Friction ignition test data for dissimilar pairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243-7 Ignitability of metals in supersonic particle impact tests with 2000-µm (0.0787-in.)

aluminum particles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263-8 Ignitability of nonmetals in supersonic particle impact tests with 2000-µm (0.0787-in.)

aluminum particles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263-9 Ignitability of metals in subsonic particle impact tests with 5 g of

particulate (2 g iron powder and 3 g inert particles). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273-10 Ignitability of 303 stainless steel in subsonic particle impact tests with

various amounts of particulate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273-11 Heat of combustion of some metals and alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283-12 Ignition and combustion related properties of selected polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293-13 Designation, chemical type, synonyms, and tradenames for materials listed in Table 3-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363-14 Variability of autoignition temperature with oxygen concentration at 10.3 MPa (1494 psi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383-15 Pneumatic impact data for nonmetallic materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393-16 Ambient and pressurized mechanical impact data for nonmetallic materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413-17 Electrical arc of ignitability of various nonmetallic materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463-18 Electrical arc ignitability of carbon steel and aluminum alloys with various surface treatments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474-1 Ignition mechanism probability rating logic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554-2 Reaction effect rating logic, based on ASTM G 63 and G 94. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566-1 Typical NVR level specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776-2 Typical particulate specifications for various oxygen cleaning standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788-1 Quantity-distance requirements for nonpropellant bulk oxygen storage systems located outdoors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918-2 Minimum separation distance from LOX storage in a detached building or tank to various exposures. . . . . . . . . . . 928-3 Energetic liquid explosive equivalent for LOX with a fuel used on static test stands and launch pads. . . . . . . . . . . . 938-4 Separation distances from LOX and fuel storage at a static test stand

or a range launch pad to inhabited buildings, public traffic routes, and potential explosion sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94A-1 Properties of oxygen at standard (STP) and normal (NTP) conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103A-2 Fixed point properties of oxygen at its critical point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104A-3 Fixed point properties of oxygen at its normal boiling point (NBP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104A-4 Fixed point properties of oxygen at its triple point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105A-5 Solubility limit and lower flammability limit of hydrocarbons soluble in LOX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105A-6 Joule-Thomson coefficients for some selected temperature-pressure conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106B-1 Minimum temperatures and basic allowable stresses in tension for selected metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107B-2 Elastic properties of selected materials at room temperature,

LOX temperature, and liquid hydrogen temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108B-3 Mechanical properties of selected materials at room temperature,

LOX temperature, and liquid hydrogen temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109B-4 Thermal properties of selected materials at room temperature,

LOX temperature, and liquid hydrogen temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110D-1 Selected federal regulations for shipping oxidizers interstate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

xi

AAR American Association of RailroadsAGA American Gas AssociationAHJ Authority Having JurisdictionAIChE American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIHA American Industrial Hygiene AssociationAIT Autoignition TemperatureAl2O3 Aluminum OxideANSI American National Standards InstituteAPI American Petroleum InstituteASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning EngineersASME American Society of Mechanical EngineersASRDI Aerospace Safety Research and Data InstituteASTM American Society for Testing and MaterialsBCL Battelle Columbus LaboratoriesBM Bureau of MinesCDR Concept Design ReviewCFR Code of Federal RegulationsCGA Compressed Gas AssociationCHEMTREC Chemical Transportation Emergency CenterCNS Central Nervous SystemCP Critical PointCPIA Chemical Propulsion Information AgencyCr2O3 Chromium OxideCTFE ChlorotrifluoroethyleneDCR Design Certification ReviewDI DeionizedDOD Department of DefenseDODESB Department of Defense Explosives Safety BoardDOE Department of EnergyDOT Department of TransportationECTFE Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene-co-ethylene)EIGA European Industrial Gases AssociationEPR Emergency Procedures ReviewETFE Poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)FAA Federal Aviation AdministrationFDR Final Design ReviewFeO Iron OxideFEP Fluorinated Ethylene-propyleneFMEA Failure Modes and Effects AnalysisFSA Final Safety AnalysisGN2 Gaseous NitrogenGOX Gaseous OxygenHAZMAT Hazardous MaterialHCFC HydrochlorofluorocarbonHFC HydrofluorocarbonHFE HydrofluoroetherHMRB Hazardous Materials Regulation BoardIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringIPA Isopropyl AlcoholISO International Organization for StandardizationLANL Los Alamos National LaboratoryLH2 Liquid HydrogenLNG Liquified Natural GasLOI Limiting Oxygen IndexLOX Liquid OxygenMAPTIS Materials and Processes Technical Information SystemMAWP Maximum Allowable Working PressureMCA Manufacturers’ Chemists AssociationMCA Materials Compatibility Assessment

Nomenclature

xii NOMENCLATURE

M&P Materials and ProcessesMRHT Marked Rated Holding TimeMSDS Material Safety Data SheetMSFC Marshall Space Flight CenterMSS Manufacturers’ Standardization SocietyNASA National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNBP Normal Boiling PointNBS National Bureau of Standards (this organization is now the National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST))NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers’ AssociationNER Normal Evaporation RateNFPA National Fire Protection AssociationNHB NASA HandbookNiO Nickel OxideNSS NASA Safety StandardNTIS National Technical Information ServiceNTP Normal Temperature and Pressure (Absolute), 293.15 K (68�F) and 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi)NTSB National Transportation Safety BoardNVR Nonvolatile ResidueOCA Oxygen Compatibility AssessmentOHFRA Oxygen Hazards and Fire Risk AssessmentOHM Office of Hazardous MaterialsOPR Operating Procedures ReviewORI Operational Readiness InspectionORR Operational Readiness ReviewOSHA Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationOTR Operator Training ReviewPDR Preliminary Design ReviewPHA Preliminary Hazard AnalysisPICT Promoted-Ignition Combustion TransitionPMMA PolymethylmethacrylatePSA Preliminary Safety AnalysisPTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon®)QA Quality AssuranceRHT Rated Holding TimeRP-1 Rocket Propellant-1 (Kerosene)S&A Safe and ArmSAR Safety Analysis ReportSAsR Safety Assessment ReviewSiO2 Silicon OxideSOP Standard Operating ProcedureSOW Statement of WorkSR Safety ReviewSRM&QA Safety, Reliability, Maintainability & Quality AssuranceSS Stainless SteelSSA System Safety AnalysisSSA/SR System Safety Analysis/Safety ReviewSSPP System Safety Program PlanSTP Standard Temperature and Pressure (Absolute), 273.15 K (32�F) and

101.325 kPa (14.696 psi)Tg Glass Transition TemperatureTNT TrinitrotolueneTRR Test Readiness ReviewUSCG U.S. Coast GuardWSTF White Sands Test FacilityZrO2 Zirconium Oxide

xiii

Trademark Company Name Company Location

Aclar® AlliedSignal, Inc. Morristown, New JerseyAvimid® E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, DelawareBerylco® Cabot Corp. Boyertown, PennsylvaniaBraycote® Castrol Industrial Warrenville, IllinoisButaclor® A. Schulman Akron, OhioCarpenter 20 CB-3® Carpenter Technology Corp. Reading, PennsylvaniaCelanese® Celanese Somerville, New JerseyCelcon® Celanese Somerville, New JerseyChemigum® Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Akron, OhioChemraz® Green, Tweed and Co. Kulpsville, PennsylvaniaColmonoy® Wall Colmonoy Corp. Madison Heights, MichiganColorfast® GCC Technologies, Inc. Acton, MassachusettsDaran® W. R. Grace Boca Raton, FloridaDelrin® E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, DelawareDuradene® Firestone Synthetic Rubber & Latex Co. Akron, OhioEktar® Eastman Chemical Co. Kingsport, TennesseeElgiloy® Elgiloy Co. Elgin, IllinoisEpcar® B. F. Goodrich Jacksonville, FloridaFomblin® Ausimont Thorofare, New JerseyFortiflex® Fortex Industries, Inc. Wilmington, North CarolinaFluorel® Dyneon LLC Oakdale, MinnesotaFluorogold® Seismic Energy Products Athens, TexasFluorogreen® United Fluoro Components Houston, TexasFluorolube® Hooker Electrochemical Co. Niagara Falls, New YorkGeon® B. F. Goodrich Cleveland, OhioGlidcop® SCM Metals Products, Inc. Research Triangle Park, North CarolinaGore-Tex® W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. Newark, DelawareHalar® Ausimont Thorofare, New JerseyHartex® Hartin Paint & Filler Corp. Carlstadt, New JerseyHastelloy® Haynes International, Inc. Kokomo, IndianaHaynes® Haynes International, Inc. Kokomo, IndianaHostaflon® Celanese Somerville, New JerseyHostalen® Celanese Somerville, New JerseyHycar® B. F. Goodrich Cleveland, OhioHypalon® DuPont Dow Elastomers Wilmington, DelawareIncoloy® Inco Alloys International Huntington, West VirginiaInconel® Inco Alloys International, Inc. Huntington, West VirginiaInvar® Carpenter Steel Co. Reading, PennsylvaniaKalrez® DuPont Dow Elastomers Wilmington, DelawareKapton® E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, DelawareKel-F® 3M Co. St. Paul, MinnesotaKerlix® Tyco International, Inc. Exeter, New HampshireKevlar® E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, DelawareKrytox® E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, DelawareKynar® San Diego Plastics, Inc. National City, CaliforniaLexan® G. E. Plastics Pittsfield, MassachusettsLucite® DuPont Wilmington, DelawareLustran® Monsanto Saint Louis, MissouriLustrex® Monsanto Saint Louis, MissouriLycra® DuPont Wilmington, DelawareMakrolon® Miles Corp. Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaMarlex® Phillips Chemical Co. Pasadena, TexasMonel® Inco Alloys International, Inc. Huntington, West VirginiaMylar® DuPont Wilmington, DelawareNeoflon® Daikin Belvidere, IllinoisNippol® SBR (Zeon) Louisville, KentuckyNoryl® G. E. Plastics Pittsfield, Massachusetts

Trademarks

xiv TRADEMARKS

Paracril® Uniroyal Middlebury, ConnecticutPetrothene® Quantum Cincinnati, OhioPlexiglas® Rohm and Haas Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaPlioflex® Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Akron, OhioPolybon® DuPont Tribon Composites, Inc. Valley View, OhioPolystyrol® BASF Mt. Olive, New JerseyProfax® Himont Wilmington, DelawareRulon® Dixon Industries Corp. Bristol, Rhode IslandRyton® Phillips Chemical Co. Pasadena, TexasSaran® Dow Chemical Co. Midland, MichiganSclair® DuPont Canada Mississauga, Ontario, CanadaSilastic® Dow Corning Midland, MichiganStellite® Deloro Stellite, Inc. Belleville, Ontario, CanadaTedlar® E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, DelawareTeflon® E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, DelawareTefzel® E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, DelawareTenite® Eastman Chemical Co. Kingsport, TennesseeTorlon® Amoco Polymers, Inc. Atlanta, GeorgiaUdel® Amoco Polymer, Inc. Alpharetta, GeorgiaUdimet® Special Metals Corp. New Hartford, New YorkUltem® General Electric Co. Schenectady, New YorkVespel® E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, DelawareVictrex® LNP Engineering Plastics Exton, PennsylvaniaVistalon® Exxon Chemical Co. Houston, TexasViton® DuPont Dow Elastomers Wilmington, DelawareZytel® E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, Delaware

NOTE: Use of these trademarks is not an endorsement of the product.

Harold D. BeesonSarah R. SmithWalter F. Stewart

Editors

Editors: Beeson/ Smith/ Stew

art ASTM

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Safe Use of Oxygen and Oxygen Systems:Handbook for Design, Operation, and Maintenance

2nd Edition

Safe Use of O

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www.astm.orgISBN: 978-0-8031-4470-5

STOCK #: MNL36-2ND