Safe Use of Crane in Construction Industry

8/9/2019 Safe Use of Crane in Construction Industry

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Code of Practice

Safe use of Cranes in the Construction Industry

(Part 1-General)


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Contents PageForeword 4Acknowledgements 4

Page1 Scope Page 5 1.1 Scope 52 Compliance 1.2 Compliance 5

1.3 73 Definitions 6 3.1 Competent person 6

3.2 Crane driver/operator 63.3 Employing organisation 63.4 User Organisation/User 63.5 Rated Capacity 63.6 Service Conditions 63.7 Centre of Gravity 6

3.8 Use 63.9 Appointed Person/ Coordinator 73.10 Method Statement 73.11 Basic lift 7

4 Management of Crane Operation 8 4.1 Safe System of Work 84.2 Control of the Crane Operation 94.3 Method Statement 94.4 Contractual Considerations 10

5 Selection, Responsibilities/ MinimumRequirements of Personnel 12

5.1 General 12

5.2 Duties of Persons Appointed to control

the Crane Operation (The AppointedPerson) 12

5.3 Crane Driver 135.4 Slinger/ Signaller 175.5 Crane Erector 185.6 Maintenance Personnel 19

6 Safety 20 6.1 General 206.2 Identification of Person Directing Crane

Movements 206.3 Personal Safety Equipment 206.4 Access and Emergency Escape 21

6.5 Fire Extinguishers 21

6.6 Documentation 216.7 Safety Devices 22

7 Selection of Cranes 238 Siting of Crane 24 7.1 General 24

7.2 Crane Standing or SupportConditions 25

7.3 Proximity Hazards 259 Erection and Dismantling 28 9.1 Planning 28

9.2 Identification of Components 28


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9.3 Electrical Supply 299.4 Use of Safety Harnesses 29

10 Procedures & Precautions 29 10.1 Crane Operation 31

10.2 Working on Cranes 3110.3 Reporting of Defects and Incidents 3210.4 Leaving Crane Unattended 3310.5 Maintenance 33

11 Operating Conditions 35 11.1 Rated Capacity 3511.2 Operational and Control 3711.3 Multiple Lifting 3811.4 Special Duties 4011.5 Weather Conditions 42

12 Swinging and Handling of Loads 44 12.1 Load estimation, mass and centreof gravity 44

13 Raising and Lowering of Persons 4514 Tests, Inspections and Condition

Monitoring 46

ANNEX A Periodic Checks 47

ANNEX B - Raising or Lowering ofPersons 51ANNEX C - Example of CommunicationSystem 55

ReferencesInformation Sources


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Foreword

This Code of Practice (Part 1) is the result of an initiative agreed by theConstruction Safety Partnership in their plan published on 28 February 2000. Theparties involved in the Partnership include the Health and Safety Authority, theConstruction Industry Federation, the Irish Congress of Trade Unions, and theDepartment of Enterprise, Trade and Employment. The code was drafted byNSAI in consultation with the organisations that were represented on theAdvisory Committee on Construction Safety, (see Acknowledgements).

Subsequent Part(s) of the Code of Practice on the Safe Use of Cranes in theConstruction Industry will cover the following:

Certification and Inspection;

Tower cranes;

Mobile/ crawler cranes;

Self erecting Tower cranes;

Lorry loader cranes

Acknowledgements

The National Standards Authority of Ireland wishes to acknowledge theadaptation of the general provisions of ISO 12480-1:1997, published by theInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO), incorporated into this Codeof Practice.

Finally, The National Standards Authority of Ireland wishes to acknowledge theadaptation of the general provisions of BS 7121-1:1989, and of BS 7121-3:2000,published by theBritish Standards Institution, incorporated into many sections ofthis Code of Practice.


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1. Scope

Part 1 of this Code of Practice sets out recommended practices for the safe use ofcranes involved in construction work.. Its provisions include safe systems of work,management, planning, selection, erection and dismantling, operation andmaintenance of cranes and the selection of drivers, slinger/ signallers. The Codedoes not cover manually operated (non-powered) cranes, cranes in which at leastone of the motions is manually operated and cranes mounted on water-bornevessels, except in those circumstances where a land-based crane is temporarilyaffixed to a vessel.

2.0 Conformance

Compliance with the requirements of this Code of Practice does not substitute forcompliance with statutory regulations.


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3 Terms and Definitions

For the purposes of Part 1 of this Code of Practice, the following definitions apply:

3.1 competent person: is one who is deemed in respect of the task they arerequired to perform, possess the necessary skills, relevant experience andqualifications considered necessary and appropriate to the nature of thework to be undertaken.

3.2 crane driver/ operator: Person who is operating the crane for:

(a) the purpose of positioning loads, or(b) for erection of the crane.

Note For mobile cranes, the term operator is often used instead, and the term driveristhen used to refer to that person who operates only those controls which moves the cranefrom place A to place B.

3.3 employing organisation: Person or organisation requiring the liftingoperation to take place.

NOTE The employing organization is not necessarily the user organization.

3.4 user organisation; user: Competent person or organisation which hasdirect control over the lifting operation

3.5 rated capacity: Maximum permitted load that can be lifted by the craneunder conditions specified by the manufacturer.

3.6 Service Conditions

3.6.1 in-service: Condition in which the crane is handling loads up to therated capacity in permissible wind speeds and in other conditionsas specified by standards and/or the manufacturer.

3.6.2 out-of-service: Condition in which the crane is out of use, withoutload on the load-lifting attachment and in conditions as specified bystandards and/or the manufacturer.

3.7 centre of gravity: Point at which the total mass of a body may beregarded as being concentrated, or about which the parts of a bodyexactly balance each other.

3.8 centre of gravity: Point at which the total mass of a body may be


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regarded as being concentrated, or about which the parts of a bodyexactly balance each other.

3.9 appointed person/co-ordinator: One competent person who has overallcontrol of the crane operation(s) and acts on behalf of the employingorganisation requiring the load to be moved.

3.10 method statement: a document produced for or by the appointed person/co-ordinator to describe how the lifting operation shall be carried out, includingany contingency plan if the operation becomes interrupted (e.g. because ofweather change, breakdown etc.)

3.11 basic lift: where the weight of the load(s) can be simply established, and

there are no hazards or obstructions within the area of the operation.


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4 MANAGEMENT OF THE CRANE OPERATION

4.1 Safe system of workA safe system of work shall be established and followed for every craneoperation whether it be an individual lift or a group of repetitive operations. Thesafe system of work shall include the following:

(a) risk assessment,

(b) planning of the operation

All crane operations, including crane erection and dismantling, shall beplanned to ensure that they are carried out safely and that all foreseeablerisks have been taken into account. Planning shall be carried out bypersonnel who have the appropriate expertise and who are under thecontrol of a person who has been appointed in writing for this purpose. Incases of repetitive or routine operations, this planning may only benecessary in the first instance, with periodic reviews to ensure that nofactors have changed.

As part of the planning process, due consideration shall be given to thecharacteristics of the load, site conditions and other structures (includingcranes) in the vicinity and the method of lifting.

(c) preparation of a Method Statement

(d) selection, provision and use of suitable crane(s) and equipment, includinglifting gear (with tag ropes where necessary) appropriate to the operation

(e) maintenance, examination and, where necessary, testing of the crane(s),checks, inspections etc. of crane(s) and equipment including completion ofthe approved Forms .

(f) provision of competent personnel who have been made aware of theirrelevant responsibilities and the responsibilities of other persons involved

in the crane operation

(g) adequate supervision by properly trained and competent personnel havingthe necessary authority

(h) ensuring that all necessary certificates and other documents, in particularall approved Forms., are available.

(i) prohibiting unauthorised movement or use of the crane at all times


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(j) the safety of persons not involved in the crane operation

(k) coordination with other applicable parties for appropriate approvalcompliance or cooperation in avoiding hazards or guarding againsthazards

(l) establishing a system of communication which is understood by thepersons involved in the actual lifting operation, including use of handsignals and two-way radio

(m) take account of the safe load movement route, e.g. in the case of mobilecranes, the vicinity of overhead power lines

(n) prohibition of the use of mobile phones by the driver when controlling a

load while operating the crane.(o) The safe system of work shall be effectively communicated to all parties

concerned.

Note 1 There exists statutory requirements such as those specified in theSafety, Healthand Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations, 2001

Note 2 It is essential for the safety of the operation to ensure that all personnel cancommunicate clearly in the same language.

Reference to crane operation in this Code includes any necessary preparation ofa site, location, erection, dismantling and maintenance of crane(s). For mobilecranes this shall include preparation of the access routes around the place ofwork.

4.2 Control of the crane operation

4.2.1 Appointment of Appointed Person/Co-ordinatorTo ensure the implementation of the safe system of work, one person shall be

appointed to have overall control of the crane operation(s) and to act on behalf ofthe management of the employing organisation requiring the load to be moved.The appointed person shall have adequate training and experience to enablethese duties to be carried out competently.

4.3 Method StatementA Method Statement shall be prepared by the appointed person/co-ordinator,setting out a step-by-step description of the safe system of work for the entirelifting operation. In cases of repetitive or routine operations, this may only benecessary in the first instance, with periodic reviews to ensure that no factorshave changed. The method statement shall include at least the following:


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a) the schedule of responsibilities (e.g. type of hire, road closures, basepreparation, isolation of live services)

b) details of the crane(s)c) details of ancillary equipmentd) details of lifting accessoriese) the name of the appointed person/ co-ordinatorf) a complete plan setting out the sequence of the operation (from site

preparation, arrival of the equipment on site, any necessary erection,positioning of the crane(s), lifting and placing of the load(s), and dismantlingthe crane(s), to moving off site). The plan shall also take account of thestability of the ground conditions.

Note: This list is indicative and non-exhaustive and, depending on the circumstances,

further specific information may be required.

During preparation of the method statement, the appointed person/ coordinator,shall consult, as appropriate, with any persons with specialised knowledge andexperience to ensure that all hazards that may be caused by, or in relation to thecrane(s), are taken into consideration.

The method statement shall give details of the steps to be taken to eliminatedanger to personnel not involved in the lifting operation, and if necessary, toprevent entry into the danger zone.

4.4 Contractual considerations

4.4.1 Contract crane operationsThe Employing Organisation may enter into a contract with a User Organisation"who will undertake the work on their behalf.

The contract shall state the following:

(a) that all work be carried out in accordance with this Code of Practice and allrelevant statutory provisions;

(b) that the User appoint a person, in accordance with paragraph 3.2.1, to thesatisfaction of the Employing Organisation;

(c) that all information or services provided by the Employing Organisation tofacilitate compliance with this part of the Code of Practice be notified to theUser in writing.

All other requirements of this part of the Code of Practice shall be followed by theUser. The User shall be given full authority to fulfill his obligations relating to theCode of Practice including, where appropriate, authority to control and instructthe Employing Organisations personnel.


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If an individual or organisation does not have expertise in lifting operations, theyshall not hire cranes but shall enter into contracts of the type described above.

4.4.2 Owners duties when hiring out cranesWhen a crane is hired out together with a driver to the organisation requiring theload to be moved (the Employing Organisation) the crane owner has a duty toprovide:

a competent driver for the particular crane, and

a crane that is properly maintained, checked, tested, inspected, and isequipped with all relevant statutory documentation and certificates etc.

4.4.3 Users duties when using hired cranesThe User Organisation retains the responsibility for appointing the competentperson, as referred to in paragraphs 2.9 and 3.2.1, for those matters for whichthe appointed person is expressly made responsible and for following therequirements of this part of the Code of Practice. Notwithstanding any advice thecrane owner may have offered concerning the selection of a particular crane orany other relevant matter, the responsibility for ensuring that the crane is of asuitable type, size and capacity for the task being undertaken, and responsibilityfor planning the operation, remains with the User Organisation.

4.4.4. Special ConsiderationWhere two or more cranes are operating or are likely to operate within the

working radius of each other, adequate measures shall be in place to ensure thatneither the cranes, nor their loads can come in contact, and that there is no riskto the safety of persons or property in the area. These measures shall include, awritten Method Statement to allow appropriate planning, co-ordination, controland close supervision of these lifting operations.

These procedures shall also be documented in the sites Safety and Health Plan.

Furthermore, these control measures shall also apply to cranes used on adjacentsites.


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5 Selection, Responsibilities And Minimum Requirements Of

Personnel

5.1 GeneralSafe operating of cranes depends on the selection of trained personnel who arecompetent to carry out the required duties.

Records of training and experience of persons, such as the crane driver, willassist the selection of competent personnel. Those responsible for the selectionshall ensure that the personnel involved in the operation are efficiently organisedin order to ensure good teamwork in the working situation. No person may be amember of the team if their efficiency is impaired by alcohol, drugs or other

influences. All personnel in the team shall be aware of their duties (seeparagraphs 4.2 to 4.7). Where personnel are under training they shall beadequately supervised.

Note In some circumstances it may be appropriate for one person to undertake morethan one of the duties described in paragraphs 5.2 to 5.7.

5.2 Duties of the person appointed to control the crane operationThe appointed persons duties includes the following:

(a) assessment of the crane operation to provide such planning, selection of

crane(s), lifting gear and equipment, instruction and supervision as isnecessary for the task to be undertaken safely; (This includes consultationwith other responsible bodies, if necessary, and ensuring that wheredifferent organisations are involved they collaborate as necessary.)

(b) ensuring that adequate checks, inspections and maintenance of theequipment have been carried out;

(c) ensuring that there is an effective procedure for reporting defects andincidents and taking any necessary corrective action;

(d) responsibility for the organisation and control of the crane operation, i.e.ensuring that competent personnel are assigned as driver and other liftcrew personnel;

The appointed person shall be given the necessary authority for the performanceof all these duties and, in particular, authority to stop the operation whenever s/heconsiders that danger is likely to arise if the operation were to continue.

Duties, but not responsibilities, may be delegated to another competent person,e.g. slinger/signaller, site foreman, site engineer, and other site personnel,


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including sub-contractors, in writing where considered appropriate.

As the crane driver is required to be at the controls of the crane when it ishandling loads, it may be appropriate to appoint the driver to be in control ofbasiclifting operations.

(See also paragraphs 6.3, 8.2, 8.3.3, 9.4, 10.3, 11.3.1 and Annex A, regardingduties of the appointed person.)

5.3 Crane driver

5.3.1 DutiesThe crane driver is responsible for the correct operation of the crane inaccordance with the manufacturers instruction and within the safe system of

work (see paragraph 3.1). The crane driver, at any one time, shall respond onlyto the signals from one slinger/signaller who shall be clearly identified (seeparagraph 5.2). The only exception is when an emergency stop signal isreceived.

5.3.2 Minimum requirementsThe crane driver shall be:

(a) competent and assessed, and able to present a record of same;

(b) not less than 18 years of age

(c) for the purpose of training be under the direct supervision of acompetent person;

(d) fit, with particular regard to eyesight, hearing and reflexes;

(e) physically able to operate the crane safely;

(f) able to judge distances, heights and clearances;

(g) adequately trained for the type of crane being operated and have

sufficient knowledge of the crane and its operational control andsafety devices;

(h) fully competent in slinging and signaling including the crane signalcode or any other accepted method used for relaying signals (thesignal code is given in figures 1a and 1b); (For all new Tower CraneOperators the driver shall have operated as a slinger/signaller for aperiod of six months within a two-year period.)

(i) familiar with any fire appliances on the crane and trained in their use;


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(j) familiar with any means provided for escape in case of emergency;

(k) authorised to operate the crane.

Note 1 Evidence that the driver is medically fit to drive a crane shall be obtained atnot more than five-year intervals.

Note 2 - Training of crane driverThe requirements relating to the training of crane drivers will be covered in a separatePart of this Code of Practice in relation to each specific crane type.

Note 3 - Regulation 6(6), (6A) and (7), Regulation 9(4) and (5) and Regulation 14of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations, 2001, as theyrelate to the Ninth Schedule to the Regulations [as amended through the Safety, Healthand Welfare at Work (Construction)(Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. No. 277 of2003) on the FAS Construction Skills Certification Scheme].


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Figure 1a

RECOMMENDED CRANE SIGNALS

OPERATIONS START(Follow my instructions) STOP EMERGENCYSTOP

HOIST

(Clench and unclench fingers to signalinch theload) LOWER SLOWLY LOWER

SLEW IN DIRECTION INDICATED

JIB UP JIB DOWN

DERRICKING JIB


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Signal with one hand other hand on head

EXTEND JIB RETRACT JIBTELESCOPING JIB

TRAVEL TO ME TRAVEL FROM MESignal with both hands

TRAVEL IN DIRECTION INDICATEDOPERATIONS CEASE

(Or cease to follow my instructions)

Figure 1b

RECOMMENDED CRANE SIGNALS


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5.4 Slinger/Signaller

5.4.1 DutiesThe slinger/signaller is responsible for attaching and detaching the load to andfrom the cranes load-lifting attachment and for the use of the correct lifting gearand equipment in accordance with the planning of the operation for properpositioning of loads. S/he shall also know the safe system of work.

The slinger/signaller is responsible for initiating the planned movement of thecrane and load (see paragraph 4.4.2 (j)). If there is more than oneslinger/signaller, only one of them may have this responsibility at any one timedepending on their positions relative to the crane.

To ensure continuity of signaling where the slinger/signaller is not visible to thecrane driver a second slinger/signaller may be necessary to relay the signals tothe crane driver. Alternatively, other audio or visual methods may be used,including the use of Two-Way Radio and hand signals.

If, during the crane operation, responsibility for directing the crane and load is tobe transferred to another nominated person, the slinger/signaller shall clearlyindicate to the crane driver that this responsibility is being transferred and towhom. Furthermore, the driver and the new nominated person shall clearlyindicate that they accept the transfer of responsibility.

See also Annex C, regarding an example of a communication system.

5.4.2 Minimum requirements

The slinger/signaller shall be:


(b) not less than 18 years of age;

(c) for the purpose of training, be under the direct supervision of acompetent person;

(d) fit, with particular regard to eyesight, hearing, reflexes and agility;

(e) physically able to handle lifting gear and equipment;

(f) trained in the techniques of slinging;

(g) capable of selecting lifting gear and equipment in suitable conditionfor the load to be lifted;


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(h) trained in the techniques of signaling and understand the signalcode (see figures 1a and 1b);

(i) capable of giving precise and clear verbal instructions where audioequipment (e.g. radio) is used, and capable of operating theequipment;

(j) capable of initiating and directing the safe movement of the craneand load;

(k) authorised to carry out slinging and signaling duties;.(l) know the relevant statutory requirements, e.g. those relating to

lifting gear.

Note 1 : Proof of the above training shall be available on site. Regulations 6, 9 and 14and the Ninth Schedule to the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Construction)Regulations, 2001, refer.

5.5 Crane erector

5.5.1 DutiesThe crane erector is responsible for the erection of the crane in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions and safe system of work (see Sections 4 & 8).

Where two or more crane erectors are required, one shall be appointed aserector in charge to control the operation at any one time.

5.5.2 Minimum requirements

The crane erector shall be:


(b) not less than 18 years of age;

(c) for the purpose of training, be under the direct supervision of a competentperson;

(e) fit, with particular regard to eyesight, hearing, reflexes and agility;

(f) physically able to handle safely the loads involved in crane erection;

(g) able to work confidently and safely at heights;

(h) able to establish masses, balance loads, and judge distances, heights andclearances;


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6 Safety

6.1 GeneralThe person or organisation having overall control of the place of work, and theemployers of personnel involved in the crane operation, have responsibility forsafety. In order that this responsibility may be effectively discharged, theappointed person (see paragraph 4.2) shall be given the necessary authority toensure that adequate systems to achieve safety are in operation. Safety mattersrelating to crane operations will include the use, maintenance, repair and renewalof safety equipment and the instruction of, and allocation of responsibilities to, thevarious personnel in relation to the equipment.

All personnel not directly involved in the lifting operation shall be kept clear of thearea. Where practical, loads shall not be carried or suspended over occupiedareas.

It is recommended that a minimum clearance of 1.5 m be maintained between acrane, and any obstacle or obstruction, with the exception of overhead powerlines (see section 7.3).

6.2 Identification of person directing crane movementsThe person directing crane movements (slinger/signaller) shall be easilyidentifiable to the crane driver, e.g. by wearing uniquely identifiable high-visibilityclothing, and/or by using radio call signs.

Note1 When choosing high-visibility clothing, the background, type of illumination,

and other relevant factors shall be considered 1. (I.S. EN 471:1994).

6.3 Personal safety equipmentThe appointed person shall ensure that:

(a) personal safety equipment appropriate for the conditions of the location isavailable;

All personnel on a site, whether working, visiting, or in the vicinity of a

crane, shall be inducted in and/or made aware of the requirements relatingto their personal safety and to the use of the personal safety equipmentprovided.

Personnel shall be instructed in the correct use of the appropriate personalsafety equipment provided and shall be required to use it.

(b) personal safety equipment is inspected before and after use andmaintained in good working order or replaced where appropriate;


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(c) a record of inspection and repairs is maintained where appropriate;

Certain activities, in particular some inspection/maintenance activities, will requireaccess to work at a height. These activities are high risk and will requireparticular control measures. These measures will be dealt with in a separate Partof this Code of Practice relating to Inspection and Certification, and Crane types.

Certain safety equipment (e.g. helmets and safety harnesses) may deterioratewith age and shall, therefore, be considered for renewal periodically, in line withthe manufacturers recommendations. Safety equipment damaged by impactshall be replaced immediately.

6.4 Access and emergency escape

5.4.1 GeneralSafe access and means of escape shall be provided and maintained in goodcondition for the driving position(s) of the crane and for inspection, examination,maintenance, repair, erection and dismantling of the crane.

6.4.2 Boarding and leaving the craneNo person(s) may be permitted to board or leave the crane or enter its physicallydesignated area without first obtaining the drivers permission. The driver shall beaware of the precautions that are necessary while person(s) are boarding orleaving the crane.

If the boarding or leaving point is out of sight of the driver, means shall beprovided to ensure that the driver is aware of the other person(s) whereabouts.

6.4.3 Instruction of personnelPersonnel shall be instructed to use only the proper access and means ofescape.

6.5 Fire extinguishersThe cab of every crane shall be equipped with suitable fire fighting equipmentappropriate for the fire hazards associated with the particular crane. All fireextinguishers shall be scheduled for periodic inspection. With regard to the

mounting of any fire extinguisher, please refer to the product-specific standards.

6.6 Documentation

6.6.1 Rated capacity chartsA copy of rated capacity charts applicable to the various specified operatingconfigurations of the crane shall be kept available in the operators cab.


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6.6.2 Instruction manualsManuals supplied by the manufacturer shall be in English, or in the languageunderstandable by the driver or operator. Manuals shall have adequateinformation on the erection, use and dismantling of the crane and they shall bereadily available.

Certain machine types provide verbal instruction/information to the drivers. Thisshall be in the language of the driver and readily understandable.

6.6.3 Test and examination certificates and reportsCopies of all required reports or certificates of inspections, examinations andtests shall be kept readily available in the crane cab at all times and, in the caseof Tower Cranes, in the Site Office. Regulation 97 of the Safety Health and

Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulation, 2001, refers.

6.7 Safety DevicesSafety devices are required on all cranes. These include Automatic Safe LoadIndicators, Load Radius Indicators, Wind Speed Indicators and Overload CutoutDevices. These and other similar safety devices will be referred to further in aseparate Part of this Code of Practice relating to crane type.


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7. Selection Of Cranes

Cranes are available in a number of forms and the characteristics of the varioustypes of cranes shall be considered in relation to the job requirements. Havingdecided upon the type of crane, and knowing the overall requirements involved, acrane that will safely meet all the requirements of a planned lift shall be selected.Points to be considered in making the selection include the following:

(a) masses, dimensions and characteristics of loads;

(b) operational speeds, radii, heights of lifts and areas of movement;

(c) number, frequency and types of lifting operations;

(d) length of time for which the crane will be required, or anticipated lifeexpectancy for a permanently installed crane;

(e) site, ground and environmental conditions or restrictions arising from theuse of existing buildings;

(f) space in which the crane shall operate;

(g) any special operational requirements or limitations imposed.

(h) suitable for necessary task.


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8. Siting Of Cranes

8.1 GeneralSiting of the crane shall take account of all the factors that may affect its safeoperation, particularly the following:

(a) the presence and proximity of other hazards;

(b) the effect of wind during in-service and out- of- service conditions;

(c) the adequacy of access/ egress to allow the placing or erection of thecrane in its working position and for dismantling and removal of the cranefollowing completion of lifting operations.

8.2 Crane standing or support conditionsIn the case of Tower Cranes, including self erecting tower cranes, a written reportshall be prepared on the crane standing and support conditions and shall bemade available for inspection; (This duty is co-ordinated by the ProjectSupervisor for the Construction Stage. Regulations 3 and 6 of the Safety Healthand Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations, 2001, refer.)

The appointed person shall ensure that the loads imposed by the crane can besustained by the ground or any means of support, and that these are assessedby a competent person and certified.

The loads imposed by the crane whilst in service, out of service and duringerection and dismantling shall be obtained from the crane manufacturer or otherauthority on crane design and construction. The loadings shall include thecombined effects of the following:

(a) dead weight of the crane (including any counterweight, ballasting orfoundation where appropriate);

(b) dead weight of the load(s) and any lifting attachment(s);

(c) dynamic forces caused by movements of the crane;

(d) wind loadings, resulting from wind speeds up to the maximum permitted,taking into account the degree of exposure of the site.

In and out-of-service and erection/dismantling conditions shall be taken intoconsideration.

The appointed person shall ensure that the ground or means of support is suchthat the crane can operate within the levels and other parameters specified by


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the manufacturer.

8.3 Proximity hazards

8.3.1 GeneralConsideration shall be given to the presence of proximity hazards such as nearbystructures, other cranes, or transport vehicles, stacked materials, public accessareas - including highways, railways and rivers. Where any part of the crane or itsload cannot be kept clear of such hazards, the appropriate authority shall beconsulted.

The danger to or from underground services, such as gas mains or electriccables, shall not be overlooked. Precautions shall be taken to ensure that thecrane foundation is clear of any underground services or, where this is not

possible, that the services are adequately protected to safeguard againstdamage being caused.

8.3.2 Overhead electric lines and cablesWhen operating a crane in close proximity to aerial conductors, the followingprecautions shall be observed by the appointed person, operator and otherpersons working with the crane:

(a) When operating in an unfamiliar area, check for the presence of aerialconductors;

(b) Consider all such conductors to be live unless it is positively known (e.g.by confirmation in writing) that they have been switched out and earthed,by the electrical utility company.

(c) Each crane type has different operating/equipment characteristics thatdictate varying requirements for safe operating distances from electricaloverhead conductors. Where contact can be made with live power lines,advice from the electrical utility company shall be sought prior tocommencement of any work;

The load and crane shall not approach the power lines any closer

than shown in figure 1.

A prior Risk Assessment will help identify situations where any liftingor crane movements are likely to be in such close proximity to liveoverhead conductors that, in conjunction with the electrical utilitycompany , such lines be switched out and earthed, with writtenproof that this has been done prior to under taking such lifts.

(d) Cranes shall not be used to remove material from under a power line ifany part of the crane, lifting attachments or jib is capable of contacting or


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coming within the danger zone of the power line, unless approved by theelectrical utility company engineer. Overhead power lines shall beprotected/demarked in accordance with the electrical utility companyguidelines (see figure 1).

(e) Where wind speed and wind direction are factors, these shall also betaken into account when lifting loads close to overhead lines. (The use ofanemometers will be dealt with in a separate Part of this Code of Practicerelating to Tower Cranes.)

The criteria above, along with suitably detailed Method Statements, shall beoutlined in writing in the Safety and Health Plan for projects.


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8.3.3 Crane control in the vicinity of aerodromes/airfields(a) The appointed person shall observe the local Aviation Authoritys rules

where the crane is to be used near an aerodrome or airfield.

Figure 2 Clearances from live aerial conductors

(a) Distribution lines on poles Low Voltage 10KV 38KV

Distance 10m unless designated otherwise by electrical utility company(b)Transmission lines110KV400KV


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9. Erection And Dismantling

9.1 PlanningErection and dismantling of a crane shall be thoroughly planned and properlysupervised, in the same way as the crane operation (see Section 4).

A correctly planned erection and dismantling procedure shall ensure that:

(a) erection of the crane does not commence until an instruction manual,written in the language of the country in use and, clearly understood byerection staff, is available for their use on site;

(b) the erection/dismantling manual is appropriate to the particular crane andclearly marked with the crane manufacturers serial and type numbers andthe owners identification;

(c) the entire erection and dismantling operation is in accordance with themanual and is controlled by the erector in charge (see paragraph 4.5);

(d) all personnel involved have a sound knowledge of their part in theoperation, are trained and know the safe system of work;

(e) only correct parts and components are used when replacement isnecessary;

(f) the manufacturers recommendations for the method of moving a cranefrom the place of erection to its place of work are followed;

(g) the crane is level to within the limits specified by the manufacturer.

Any departure from prescribed procedures or specifications shall be approved by

the designer of the crane or a competent engineer.

9.2 Identification of componentsAll major components that form part of a crane and are dismantled fortransportation (particularly those that are load-bearing or ensure the stability ofthe assembled crane) shall be clearly identifiable to ensure that they can bedistinguished for inspection or thorough examination and test.


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Note 1 - Where a crane is put into service, or placed on the market in the EuropeanCommunity, or has been imported from outside the European Community on or after the1st January 1995, it shall conform to the requirements of the European Community

(Machinery) Regulations, 2001 (S.I. No. 518, of 2001).

9.3 Electrical supplyElectric supply to a crane shall comply with the manufacturers requirements andshall be supplied in accordance with the provisions of Part VIII of the Safety,Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations S.I. 44, 1993, andthe Electro Technical Council of Ireland (ETCI) Rules.

The following points - apart from design requirements - shall be noted if the craneis electrically operated from a power source external to the crane:

(a) The characteristics of the power supply and of the crane equipment shallbe checked for compatibility before connection;

(b) Electrical fuses or circuit breakers shall be provided to interrupt the powersupply in the event of an electrical overload or earth fault occurring;

(c) Care shall be taken to ensure that any trailing cable is not damaged duringoperational movement or when the crane is traveling. The travel distanceshall be well within the length of the trailing cable;

(d) In addition to any isolator within the crane capable of cutting off the

electrical supply to the crane motions, there shall be an identified isolatorremote from the crane, which can be used to cut off the electrical supply tothe crane itself.

Tower Cranes shall be correctly earthed in accordance with the current NationalRules for Electrical Installations, and shall be protected against lightning.

9.4 Use of Safety HarnessesWhen erecting a jib configuration, the crane erector (usually the driver in the caseof mobile cranes) or other person may be required to work at a height that

exceeds two metres (e.g. when walking on the main jib). The appointed personshall carry out a risk assessment on all erection/ dismantling operations and shallprovide an appropriate safe system of work. If a safety harness is incorporatedinto the safe system of work it is essential to consider the attachment of theharness, to ensure sufficient freedom of movement of the wearer.

Note: - If the freedom of movement of the wearer of the safety harness isrestricted, the hazard could be increased, and therefore needs to be reassessed.Safety harnesses, ladders and ancillary equipment shall be used in accordancewith the safety procedures specified in the crane manual. The crane erector shallbe trained in correct use of all personal protective equipment required to safely


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erect and dismantle the crane, and ensure that personal protective equipment isused at all times.


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10 Procedures And Precautions

10.1 Crane operationWhenever a crane is moved, whether or not it is lifting a load, it shall only bedriven by a trained and competent driver nominated by the appointed person.

The appointed person may nominate a trainee driver under the direct supervisionof a competent driver.

Maintenance personnel who are required to move cranes during maintenancework and testing shall be competent in crane driving to the extent necessary toenable them to carry out their duties safely.

10.2 Working on cranes

10.2.1 GeneralWhen personnel are required to work on cranes for inspection, maintenance orother reasons, the crane shall be taken out of normal operating service. A safesystem of work, including appropriate warning notices, shall be put into operationto ensure that they are not endangered by movement of the crane and that asecure working place is provided.

For small cranes, where the driver has a clear view of all the moving parts, thesystem may be by means of verbal communication provided that it is clearlydefined and readily understood by all personnel. For larger and more complexcranes, a permit-to-work system may be necessary. The appointed person shalldecide whether such a permit-to-work system may be necessary.

10.2.2 Permit to workAn effective permit-to-work system will ensure that the crane is physicallyincapable of movement (by removal of fuses or some other means) before writtenauthority is given to the person who is to undertake the work.

The recipient of the permit to work shall sign the document and take it into safecustody, understanding that she/he is responsible for the work and the personnelassociated with that work. Upon completion of the work, the person who hasbeen responsible for the work shall sign the certificate certifying that all personnelhave been withdrawn, that all gear, tools and loose materials have beenremoved, that all guards have been replaced and that all safety devices areoperating properly.

Following the clearance of the Permit to Work form, or the cancellation by theissuer, the safety precautions taken can then be removed and the crane returnedto its normal mode of operation.


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To achieve and maintain a safe system of work for the implementation of a permitto work system, several conditions need to be met including the following:

(a) allocation of responsibilities for co-ordinating, monitoring, issuing,receiving, clearing and canceling permits to work;

(b) the crane shall be clearly identified along with its associated plant andapparatus;

(c) effective means of isolation and making it safe from all sources of danger;

(d) secure means of retaining of keys, fuses or other devices essential formaintaining the isolation of plant and apparatus;

(e) demarcation of, and any special precautions taken to maintain, a safeworking area.

10.2.3 Periodic ChecksPeriodic checks shall be carried out. The manufacturer will prescribe severaltypes of periodic checks (see Annex A).

10.2.4 Regular inspectionsCranes shall be inspected as prescribed in the Safety, Health and Welfare atWork (Construction) Regulations, 2001.

10.2.5 Testing (Condition monitoring)When a crane approaches the design constraints, a special assessment shall be made in

accordance with IS0 12482-1.

10.3 Reporting of defects and incidentsThe appointed person shall ensure that there is an effective procedure forreporting defects and incidents. This procedure shall include notification to theappointed person, recording of action taken to rectify any defects and clearanceof crane for further service. It shall include the immediate notification of:

(a) any defects found during daily or periodic checks;

(b) defects found at any time;

(c) incidents or accidents, however slight;

(d) dangerous occurrences or reportable accidents.


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10.4 Leaving the crane unattendedA crane driver shall always be present when a load is suspended from a crane.

A crane shall not be left unattended, even for short periods, unless all loads havebeen removed from the lifting attachment and the lifting attachment has been leftin a safe position, the power supplies to all motions have been switched off or theengine has been stopped, and appropriate motion brakes and locks have beenapplied to put the machine in a safe condition. The ignition key and any otherkeys shall be removed from the crane whenever the driver is absent from themachine.

For longer periods and for out-of-service conditions, isolation shall be morepermanent, i.e. switches locked off, fuel supplies cut off and any doors giving

access to machinery or control cabs locked to prevent unauthorised access.

10.5 Maintenance

10.5.1 GeneralThe crane and other equipment used in the lifting operation shall be maintainedin a satisfactory condition. Adequate information, such as manufacturersinstructions, shall be available. All maintenance shall be carried out by trainedpersonnel with adequate knowledge of current procedures. The frequency andextent of such maintenance shall take account of all factors that affect the crane

in carrying out its work.

10.5.2 Planned maintenanceTo ensure safe and satisfactory operation of the crane, a properly plannedmaintenance system shall be established and used.

Maintenance records shall be kept available for inspection.

Manufacturers instruction books recommend that specific tasks shall be carriedout at stated intervals, and these periods shall not be exceeded. They alsospecify the lubrication points that require attention, the interval or frequency of

greasing and oil changes, and the grades and quality of lubricants to be used.Furthermore, the instruction books will also cover other essential maintenancesuch as replacement of filters, recommended tyre pressures, frequency forchecking the security of fixing bolts and recommended torque settings and otheradjustments, e.g. clutches, brakes.

Regular inspection shall be carried out at intervals recognising the frequency ofuse of the crane and the environmental conditions.

An effective planned maintenance system shall recognise the possible need to


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prohibit use of the crane until essential maintenance work is carried out.

10.5.3 Replacement componentsReplacement components shall conform to the manufacturers specification or anequivalent standard.

10.5.4 RepairsIf it is necessary to carry out any significant repairs to any part of the cranestructure, it is essential that the correct procedure laid down by the manufacturerbe strictly followed. If the manufacturers procedures are not available, suitableprocedures shall be provided by an expert engineer.

Note 1 The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations, 2001,requires that cranes which have had substantial repairs or alterations are retested in

accordance with the requirements of the act..


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11 Operating Conditions

11.1 Rated capacityThe rated capacity of the crane shall not be exceeded, other than for the expresspurpose of a test of the crane. (The stability of the crane shall be maintainedduring test).

Care shall be taken to prevent pendulum swinging of the load by careful controlof the operating motions to match the swing of the load and to keep it undercontrol at all times (see figure 3).

Note Loads shall always be lifted gently and crane motions shall be operatedsmoothly to avoid swinging (a swinging load will increase the overturning moment of thecrane). Tag lines shall be used where necessary and where the load presents a wind-catching area. Travel shall always take place with the load near to ground level so thatload swinging can be controlled.

Figure 3 Adverse effect of a swinging load on load radius (see paragraph11.1)


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The hoisting, slewing, traversing, luffing or travelling motions of a crane shall notbe used to drag any load along the ground with the hoist rope out of the verticalposition. Before lifting a load, the hoist line shall be plumb (see figure 4). Failureto observe these points may adversely affect the stability of the crane orintroduce loadings (stresses) into the crane for which it has not been designedand, even with an automatic safe-load indicator fitted, a structural failure mayresult without any warning being given.

Note -Typical operational conditions imposing a side loading on the jib of a crane are

shown in figure 4. Jibs are not designed for high side loads in crane service. Loads shallnot be pulled or dragged sideways using either the slewing motion or hoist line. Thehoist line shall always be in the plane of the jib and hanging plumb. Side loading of the

jib shall be avoided.

Figure 4 - Side- loading on jib


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11.2 Operation and control

11.2.1 GeneralBefore starting any lifting operation with a crane, the following shall be observed:

(a) The driver shall check for the presence of lockout and tag out devicesinstalled on the equipment or controls before start of operation.

(b) The driver shall be familiar with the controls and their layout.

(c) The driver shall have a clear and unrestricted view of the load andoperational area. If not, the driver shall act under the directions of theslinger/signaller who shall be positioned to have a clear and uninterruptedview. The driver and/or the signaller shall ensure that loads and the crane

hoist ropes are well clear of obstructions.

(d) Where telephone, radio or closed circuit television communications arebeing used, the driver shall ensure that the calling signal is functioningsatisfactorily and that verbal messages can be clearly heard;

(e) Where air or hydraulic systems are used, the driver shall ensure that thegauges are functioning and that the systems are at the correct operatingpressures;

(f) Free fall systems are not allowed for the lifting or lowering of loads.

(g) Cranes with free fall systems are prohibited from lifting persons under anycircumstances.

The hoist rope shall be vertical throughout the hoisting operation. The load shallinitially be lifted just clear of the supporting surface and be brought to rest whilethe slings, balance of the load, etc. are checked, before proceeding. The drivershall exercise proper care at all times to avoid shock or side loadings on the jib orstructure. Care shall be taken to avoid the load-lifting attachment coming intocontact with the structure.

Motion motors shall not be reversed before the motor has come to rest, unlessthe control mechanism is specifically designed to allow this to be done.

The crane safety devices shall not be used as a routine means of stopping themotion(s).

Traveling cranes which move close to where personnel may be located shall beequipped with an appropriate warning device. A warning bell or klaxon shall befitted for this purpose. Alternatively, any device that would provide an equivalentor higher degree of safety warning may be used.


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11.2.2 Remote-controlled cranesTo prevent unauthorised use, the driver of a crane, which is controlled bytransmitted signals, e.g. radio, shall either:

(a) always retain the transmitter or key in his or her physical possession, or

(b) when the crane is not in use remove the key and, for short periods, retainthe key in his or her possession, or for longer periods deposit thetransmitter or key in safe storage.

Note: Provision shall be made for the security of the transmitter when the crane is notin use.

When the transmitter is fitted with a belt or harness, the driver shall be wearingthe harness before switching on the transmitter so that accidental operation ofthe crane is prevented. The transmitter shall only be switched on when operatingthe crane and shall be switched off before removing the harness.

The controlled-range feature, where provided on a remote-controlled crane, shallbe tested at regular intervals, to ensure that it operates within the limits specified.

Where crane movements are controlled remotely, e.g. use of radio control, pre-planning and preparation will be necessary to ensure that there is no interference

from other remote controlled devices in the vicinity. In the event of loss of powerto the operating unit while the machine is cycling, the machine shall be fitted witha suitable cutout mechanism that will halt the machines movement, until control

is re-established3, (I.S. EN 61000-6-2: 2001).

11.3 Multiple lifting

11.3.1 GeneralLifting a load with two or more cranes or hoists requires greater attention toplanning and supervision than lifting with one crane, because the effects of therelative motion between the cranes may induce additional loadings on the

cranes, the load and the lifting gear. Because of this, and the difficulty inmonitoring these additional loads, multiple lifting shall only be used when thephysical dimensions, characteristics, mass or required movement of the loadprevent the operation being carried out by a single crane.

The Safe Working Load (SWL) of each crane for the required jib length andoperating radius shall be at least 25% in excess of the calculated share of theload of each crane.

Multiple lifting shall be planned by the appointed person with extreme care (seeSection 4) and shall include an accurate assessment of the proportion of the load


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to be carried by each crane. It is essential in the planning to ensure that the hoistropes remain vertical. The cranes shall not be subjected to forces in excess ofthose that would occur were they handling their rated capacity as single lifts.

11.3.2 Main factors to be considered when planning multiple lifting

11.3.2.1 Mass of the loadThe total mass and its distribution shall be either known or calculated. Where theinformation is taken from a drawing, due allowances shall be made for castingand rolling margins and manufacturing tolerances.

11.3.2.2 Centre of gravityOwing to the variable effect of manufacturing tolerances and rolling margins,

quantity of weld metal, etc., the centre of gravity may not be known accuratelyand the proportion of the load being carried by each crane may therefore beuncertain. When necessary, steps shall be taken in advance to accurately locatethe centre of gravity.

11.3.2.3 Mass of the lifting gearThe mass of the lifting gear shall be part of the calculated load on the cranes.When handling heavy or awkwardly shaped loads, the deduction from the safeworking load(s) of the cranes to allow for the mass of the lifting gear may well besignificant. Therefore, the mass of the lifting gear, and hook blocks whereappropriate, and its distribution shall be accurately known.

11.3.2.4 Capacity of the lifting gearThe distribution within the lifting gear of the forces that will arise during the liftingoperation shall be established. The lifting gear used shall, unless speciallydesigned for the particular lifting operation, have a capacity margin well in excessof that needed for its proportioned load. Special lifting gear may be necessary tosuit the maximum variation in distribution and direction of application of loads orforces that can occur during multiple lifting.

11.3.2.5 Synchronization of crane motionsIf the variations in the direction and magnitude of the forces acting on the crane

during the multiple lift are to be kept to a minimum, it is essential that the cranemotions shall be synchronous in their effect. Cranes of equal capacity and similarcharacteristics shall therefore be used whenever possible. In practice, there willalways be some variation due to differences in response to the activation of themotion controller and the setting and efficiency of the braking system.

The rated capacity of a crane is calculated on the assumption that the load will beraised and lowered in a vertical plane. The crane structure will have beendesigned to withstand any lateral loads imposed by accelerations in the variouscrane motions, but it is unsafe to rely on this lateral strength to withstand


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horizontal components of out-of-plumb lifts. Since it is unlikely, particularly if thecranes have dissimilar characteristics, that the motions of the two cranes will beaccurately synchronised, an assessment shall be made of the effect of variationin plumb of the hoist ropes, which may arise from inequalities of speed, togetherwith a determination of the means for keeping such inequalities to a minimum.

11.3.2.6 InstrumentationInstruments are available to monitor the angle of the load and verticality and theforce in each hoist rope constantly throughout the lifting operation. The use ofsuch instruments can assist in the control of the loads on the cranes within theplanned values.

11.3.3 SupervisionOne competent person shall be in attendance and in overall control of the

multiple crane operation. Only this person shall give instructions to personneloperating or driving machines, except in an emergency, when a commonlyrecognised stop signal may be given by any person observing a situation leadingto danger.

If all the necessary points cannot be observed from one position, other personnelwill be required at various positions to observe and report to the person in chargeof the operation.

11.3.4 Capacity requirements during multiple liftingIf the appointed person is satisfied that all the relevant factors in paragraphs

10.3.2.1 to 10.3.2.6 have been accurately identified and are being monitored byinstruments, the cranes may be used up to their rated capacity.

When all the factors cannot be accurately evaluated, an appropriate down ratingshall be applied to all the cranes involved. The down rating may have to be 25 %or more.

11.4 Special duties

11.4.1 GeneralThe mass of any special lifting attachment shall always be included as part of the

load to be lifted. The attachment shall be tested, certified and plainly marked withthe safe working load and mass of the attachment. Attachments shall only beused for the purpose for which they were designed.

11.4.2 Grabbing and magnet crane service

11.4.2.1 GeneralWhen using cranes for special duties such as grabbing or magnet crane service,allowance shall be made not only for the mass of the grab, magnet or otherattachments, together with load, but also for additional loadings imposed on the


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crane resulting from fast slewing, grab suction effects, impacts, etc.Consequently the mass of the grab and contents, or the masses of the magnetand load, will be less than the corresponding safe working load for normal craneduty. Reference shall be made to the crane designer or another competentengineer for details of special duty ratings.

11.4.2.2 Grabbing serviceIn case of grabbing cranes, the load lifted is the mass of the grab and itscontents. The mass of the latter depends on the density of the material handled.It is essential that any grab used shall be of appropriate capacity for the material,having regard to the safe working load of the crane. A check shall always bemade in cases of doubt.

11.4.2.3 Magnet service

The magnet shall be marked with the safe working load as determined by themanufacturer, or subsequently limited by tests using masses of the samecharacteristics as the load for which the device is intended to be used.

The power to the magnet shall not be switched on until the magnet has beenlowered on to the load to be lifted. The magnet shall be carefully lowered on tothe load and shall not be allowed to strike a solid obstacle while in use. It shallnot be used on hot metal unless specifically designed for this duty.

When not in use, the power shall be switched off to avoid the magnet becomingtoo hot. The magnet shall not be deposited on the ground but shall be rested on

a wooden platform.

11.4.3 Vacuum lifting devices

11.4.3.1Vacuum-lifting attachments shall be regularly inspected to ensure thatadequate suction is maintained over the required period.

Every vacuum lifting device shall be fitted with a device that gives a visualindication to the crane driver of the state of the vacuum at any time, and anaudible warning to the driver and any person working in the vicinity at groundlevel when the vacuum is 80 % or less of the designed working vacuum and/or in

the event of failure of the vacuum-inducing pump.

11.4.3.2 Every vacuum lifting device shall have means that, in the event of failureof the vacuum-inducing pump, will maintain sufficient vacuum to continue tosupport the load suspended for a sufficient time (allowing a safety margin) forthat load to be safely deposited from the maximum height of lift of the crane toground level.

Every vacuum-lifting device shall be fitted with a suitable vacuum gauge that is ofsufficient size and situated in a position where the gauge reading may be easily


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read at the attachment and release positions of the load. The gauge shall bedistinctively marked in red to indicate the vacuum below which the applianceshall not be used.

A vacuum-lifting device shall only be used to lift loads that have a surfacesuitable for vacuum lifting pads.

11.4.3.3 The vacuum device shall be constructed so that:

(a) each pad supports an equal part of the load, as far as is practicable;

(b) the contact surface of the load is suspended horizontally as far as ispracticable;

(c) the surface of the load is clear of any loose material that would preventany vacuum pad from making an effective contact with the surface.

11.4.3.4 Before being used for the first time, or after any substantial repair, thevacuum device shall be tested by a competent person by application of a testload. The test load surface shall, as far as is practicable, be similar to the worsttype of surface on which the device is intended to be used.

The vacuum device, particularly the hoses and vacuum pads, shall be inspectedbefore use at the beginning of each shift or day, and the warning device shall betested at the beginning of each week.

11.4.3.5 In the event of using vacuum lifting devices not fitted with vacuumpumps (mechanically induced vacuum) safety nets shall be used.

11.4.4 Demolition and other special operationsThe requirements relating to the use of cranes in demolition work and otherspecial operations will be covered in a separate Part of this Code of Practice.

11.5 Weather conditions

10.5.1 GeneralThe operation of cranes in situations where they are likely to be affected by theweather shall be given careful consideration. Certain weather conditions such asstrong wind, heavy rain, ice or snow, can impose loads on a crane and adverselyaffect the safety of crane operations.

11.5.2 WindThe crane shall not be operated in wind speeds that are in excess of thosespecified in the operating instructions for the crane. Gusting wind conditions mayhave an additional adverse effect on the safe handling of the load and the safety


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of a crane. Even in relatively light wind conditions, extra care shall be taken whenhandling loads presenting large wind-catching areas.

The limitations on wind speed for erecting, testing and dismantling the crane maybe lower than the limitation for normal operation (especially in the case of selfclimbing cranes). In cases of doubt the designers or another competentengineers advice shall be obtained. The testing of a crane shall not be carriedout in weather conditions in excess of the manufacturers recommendations.

Advice issued by the crane manufacturer regarding the out-of-service conditionsshall be strictly followed.

All Cranes shall be fitted with an anemometer at the highest point, with a windspeed meter, so that the wind speed can be readily determined.

Note: - All Tower Cranes shall be fitted with a wind speed meter.

11.5.3 VisibilityIn poor visibility, suitable means of communication shall be provided to ensurethe safe operation of the crane. In extreme conditions, crane operations shall bestopped until there is sufficient improvement in visibility to enable operations tobe resumed safely.

11.5.4 Rain, snow or ice

During adverse weather conditions, the appointed person shall ensure thatadequate precautions are taken to avoid danger when the crane or the load isaffected by rain, snow or ice.


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12 SLINGING AND HANDLING OF LOADS

12.1 Load estimation, mass and centre of gravity (C of G)

12.1.1 Mass of the loadThe mass of the load shall be obtained by one or more of the following methods:

(a) See if the mass is marked

(b) Check the mass stated on any documentation, as provided by the supplier

(c) Look at drawings of the load to see if the mass is marked

(d) Use a weighbridge to assess the mass

(e) Estimate the mass of the load by using tables of masses

12.1.2 Centre of gravityThe centre of gravity, as defined in paragraph 2.7, is the point at which the totalmass of a body may be regarded as being concentrated, or about which the partsof a body exactly balance each other.

12.1.3 Hooks and hook blocks

To prevent displacement of an unloaded lifting attachment, the hook shall beprovided with a safety catch or other efficient device. Alternatively the hook shallbe of such a shape as to minimize the risk of the sling or load becomingdetached.


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13 RAISING AND LOWERING OF PERSONSOnly when the General Principles of Prevention imply that the use of a scaffold,hoist, mobile elevating platform, or similar working platform is not practicable, isthe raising and lowering of persons by crane permitted (see Annex B).


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14 TESTS, INSPECTIONS AND CONDITION MONITORINGVarious tests and inspections are required to ensure that a crane is safe for use.The relevant requirements will be covered in a separate Part of this Code ofPractice.


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ANNEX A(Informative)

PERIODIC CHECKS

A.1 General

The appointed person shall ensure that the checks given in Sections A.2, A.3 andA.4 below have been carried out.

Note The crane driver may be authorised to carry out periodic checks to theextent that he is considered to be competent.

A.2 Daily Checks

At the beginning of each shift or working day, or within another safe interval asspecified by the manufacturer that the crane is in use, the following routinechecks, as appropriate for the type of crane concerned, and as required by themanufacturers handbook, where practical shall be carried out:

(a) check that all ropes are correctly positioned on their sheaves, and thatdrums have not been displaced;

(b) visually check that no electrical equipment is exposed to contamination byoil, grease, water or dirt;

(c) visually check, that no loss of fluids such as lubricating oil and coolant isapparent;

(d) check the operation of all limiting devices or cutouts and the dead manshandle or lever, using caution in making checks in case of malfunction;

(e) check that the crane rated-capacity\ automatic safe load indicator isfunctional and that the required daily test of the device is carried out;

(f) check that the load-radius scale is appropriate to the jib configuration fitted

if the equipment is separate from that in paragraph (e);

(g) by varying the load-lifting attachment radius without load, check thecorrect movement of the equipment in paragraphs (e) and (f);

(h) check that the correct air pressure is maintained in any pneumatic controlsystem, e.g. brakes;

(i) check that the lights, windscreen wiper(s) and washers operate efficiently;


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(j) visually check the security of wheels and the condition of tyres, includingtyre pressures, tread and wall wear on wheel-mounted cranes. Also checkwheel nuts for tightness;

(k) check correct function of all crane controls without load;

(l) check satisfactory operation of all audible and visual warning devices, asrequired by the manufacturers instructions;

(m) in the interests of safety and fire prevention, check that the crane is in atidy condition and free from tins of oil, rags, tools or materials other thanthose for which storage provision is made, that means of access andegress are not obstructed and that the appropriate fire-fighting equipmentis available;

(n) check that the storm anchorages (where fitted) are satisfactory and thatthere are no obstructions in the path of travel of the crane;

(o) check effectiveness of brakes and clutches before start of operation;

(p) check that no tag out or layout devices are installed on the equipment orcontrols before the start of operation.

A.3 Weekly Checks

Normally once a week - or within another safe interval as specified by themanufacturer or as more appropriate to the usage of the crane - when the craneis in use, in addition to the checks in A.2 the following checks as appropriate forthe type of crane concerned shall be carried out.

(a) checks as required by the manufacturers handbook;

(b) visually inspect all ropes for broken wires, flattening, bird caging or othersigns of damage, excessive wear and surface corrosion, and on TowerCranes, check that the trolley rope break device is serviceable;

(c) check all rope terminations, swivels, pins and retaining devices and checkall sheaves for damage, worn bushes or seizure;

(d) inspect the structure for damage, e.g. missing and bent bracings onbridges and strut jibs, bulges, indentations and unusual rubbing marks ontelescopic jibs, cracked welds, loose bolts and other fasteners, etc.;

(e) check hook(s) and other load-lifting attachments, safety catch(es) andswivel(s) for damage, free movement or wear. Check the hook shankthread and securing nut for undue movement, which may indicate wear or


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corrosion;

(f) on hydraulic machines check for creep of hydraulic rams;

(g) on rail-mounted cranes check rails, end stops and ties, if fitted, and checkexistence and condition of guards to remove foreign material from rails;

(h) check slew lock, if fitted, and free slew, if applicable;

(i) enter results of checks in the record of inspections (where applicable,statutory forms shall be used);

(j) examine all crane ropes (see Section A4 below).

Note:- It is recommended that crane ropes be examined every six months, and atmore regular intervals when used in corrosive environments. (Rope inspectionswill be dealt with in a separate Part of this Code of Practice.)

A.4 Crane not in regular use

In cases where a crane is not in regular use, it may be necessary to carry out aprogramme of checks before it is used. The extent and thoroughness of thisprogramme will depend not only on the length of the period that the crane wasout of use but also on the location of the crane during this period. A crane

standing under cover or inside a workshop may require very few checks inaddition to the checks recommended in Sections A.2 and A.3, but a crane thathas been out of use in the open and therefore exposed to the weather andatmospheric pollution, etc. may require an extensive appraisal to ensure itsfitness for work.

The appraisal shall include at least the following:

(a) any checks which may be recommended by the manufacturer;

(b) examination of all crane ropes for signs of corrosion and damage and

ensuring that there is thorough lubrication;

(c) examination of all control linkage for evidence of seizure or partial seizureand ensuring that there is correct lubrication;

(d) testing of every crane motion for several minutes without load, eachmotion individually at first, then by combination of two or more motionssimultaneously as appropriate. The test shall then be repeated with a loadon the crane;


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(e) checking the correct functioning of all the crane safety devices;

(f) checking of hoses, seals or other components for evidence ofdeterioration.

The result of all the tests shall be recorded with details of any corrective actiontaken to overcome any defects prior to the crane being returned to service.


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ANNEX B

(Informative)

RAISING OR LOWERING OF PERSONS

B.1 General

The raising or lowering of persons by crane shall only be undertaken inexceptional circumstances when it is not reasonably practicable to gain accessby less hazardous means.

Persons shall only be carried in properly designed platforms or cradles providedwith suitable means to prevent persons or tools from falling out. Means shall be

provided to prevent the platform or cradle from spinning (e.g. by the provision ofa swivel or the use of multi-fall ropes) or tipping and it shall be clearly andpermanently marked with the load that it can safely carry. The platform or cradleshall be inspected before use to ensure that it is still in a safe condition to carrypersons. A record of all inspections shall be kept.

No crane function shall be performed while a person is on the hook, load, man-liftplatform, boom or other personnel-lifting device attached to the crane load line orboom, unless each of the specific special following requirements are met.

B.2 Crane equipment

The crane shall be equipped with:

(a) a hoisting limiter;

(b) automatic brakes, such that when the controls are released the motionsare brought to rest (dead mans handle type control);

(c) power load-lowering. Note that raising and lowering of persons is onlypermitted on cranes with a free-fall capability disabled beyond use;

(d) for below ground-level operation, a hoist-lowering limiter;

(e) for hydraulic cranes with derricking or telescopic duties, check valves shallbe employed when raising or lowering personnel;

B.3 Special procedures

The following special procedures shall be followed when personnel are to belifted:


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(a) The person specifically responsible for the overall work function to beperformed shall determine that it is the least hazardous way to perform thenecessary work or gain access to the area and s/he shall authorise itsusage. The person responsible for the task shall issue a written statementdescribing the operation and its time frame. The statement, after beingapproved by the authoriser, shall be retained;

(b) For each instance of personnel lifting, the person responsible for the taskshall determine that each of the following requirements below has beenmet;

(c) When used for lifting personnel, the crane shall be inspected daily;

(d) The lifting and supporting shall be made under controlled conditions and

under the direction of an appointed signal person;

(e) A planning meeting, attended by the crane driver, slinger, person(s) to belifted and supported and the supervisor responsible for the task shall beheld to review procedures to be followed, including procedures for enteringand leaving the personnel platform or cradle and to identify the location(s)persons will enter and leave;

(f) The driver and slinger shall conduct a test lift with equivalent mass of thatto be lifted applied to the platform or cradle and verify adequacy of footing;

(g) Communication between the crane driver, slinger and person(s) beinglifted shall be maintained;

(h) When welding is done by personnel from the platform or basket, theelectrode holders shall be protected from contact with metal componentsof the platform or cradle;

(i) Personnel being lifted or supported shall wear safety harnesses withlanyards attached to designated anchor points within the personnel cradle;

(j) The operator shall remain at the controls when the platform is occupied;

(k) Movement of the work platform carrying personnel shall be done in a slow,controlled cautious manner, with no sudden movements of the crane orwork platform. The lifting or lowering speed shall not exceed 30 m/min (0.5m/s);

(I) Mobile cranes shall not travel while personnel are on a platform or in thecradle;

(m) The personnel being lifted or positioned shall remain in continuous sight or


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in communication with the operator or signal person;

(n) Cranes with outriggers shall have the outriggers extended and blocked;

(o) The total mass of the lifted load (including personnel) shall not exceed50% of the crane rating under the planned conditions of use. The craneshall have a rated capacity of at least 1 000 kg;

(p) Suspended personnel platforms shall be used only for personnel, theirtools and sufficient materials to do their work. They shall not be used fortransporting bulk materials;

(q) Personnel shall keep all parts of the body inside the suspended platformduring raising, lowering and positioning to avoid pinch points. Personnel

shall not stand on or work from the top rail, midrail or toeboard of thesuspended platform;

(r) If the platform cannot be landed, it shall be tied to the structure beforepersonnel get off or on;

(s) Work platforms shall not be used in winds in excess of 7 m/s (25 km/h),electric storms, snow, ice, sleet or other adverse weather conditions whichcould affect the safety of personnel;

(t) After positioning of the work platform, all brakes and locks on the lift crane

shall be set before personnel perform any work.

B.4 Rules for design and construction

A platform which is designed and constructed in accordance with the followingshall be used:

(a) The platform shall be designed by an appropriate and experienced person;

(b) The platform shall be limited to a capacity of three persons;

(c) The platform and attaching devices shall have a minimum design safetyfactor of 5;

(d) The platform shall have a plate specifying the mass of the empty platformand the maximum number of persons and mass for which the platform israted;

(e) The platform shall have suitable fencing (e.g. with wire mesh or similarprotection to a height not less than 950mm above the platform);


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(f) A grab rail shall be provided inside the suspended work platform tominimise hand exposure;

(g) It is recommended that the sides of the platform shall be enclosed fromfloor to midrail;

(h) If access doors are installed they shall open only to the interior of theplatform. Access doors shall be equipped with a device to restrain the doorfrom inadvertent opening;

(i) The platform shall have overhead protection, which shall not obstruct thevisibility of the operator or occupant, when there is an overhead hazard;

(j) The platform shall be easily identifiable by high-visibility colour or marking;

(k) The platform shall be attached and secured by means such as (but notlimited to) a shackle, hook (latched or moused) or wedge and socketattachment. A wedge and socket attachment shall have a clip on the freeend of the load line;

(I) The suspension system shall minimise inclination of the platform due tothe movement of personnel on the platform;

(m) All rough edges shall be ground smooth;

(n) All welds shall be inspected by a qualified person;

(o) All welding shall be performed by a competent welder.


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ANNEX C(Informative)

EXAMPLE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

C.1 General remarksIt shall be noted that:

a limited number of signals shall be used for the purpose ofcommunication

signals shall be clearly different from each other to avoidmisunderstanding

hand signals shall only be used when conditions permit a clearunderstanding of them for the driver

hand signals shall be as close as possible to intuitive gestures

single-arm signals may be given by either arm

Where audio or visual methods are used, the equipment or its means of use shallbe such that the driver(s) will be immediately aware of failure of the equipment, toenable the driver(s) to stop crane movements.

C.2 Typical examples(a) A blank screen on a television monitor shall immediately require a driver to

stop all crane movements;

(b) a slinger using a radio shall continuously instruct the driver to lower a load,e.g. by repeating Lower, lower, lower, ~~ and failure of this continuousinstruction from the slinger shall require the driver to stop all cranemovements.

In the event of the driver not fully understanding the signal, he shall not initiateany crane motion. Before starting the lifting operation, the driver and the signallershall decide upon a system of communication in the event of such acircumstance.

C.3 Voice MessagesCrane voice messages, shall be clearly understandable and given in thelanguage of the driver/user.


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Information Sources

Statutory Provisions

Safety Health and Welfare at Work Act, 1989Safety Health and Welfare at Work (General Applications) Regulations, 1993Safety Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations, 2001

Irish Standards

IS/EN 471:1994 High-Visibility Warning ClothingIS/EN 61000-6-2:2001 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

International Organization for Standardization

ISO 12480 1: 1997 Cranes Safe use Part 1: General

British Standards, Codes and Other Standards

BS 7121-1:1989 Code of practice for Safe use of cranes, Part 1. GeneralBS 7121-3:2000 Code of practice for Safe use of cranes, Part 3. Mobile cranes

References

1 I.S. EN 471: 1994 High Visibility Warning Clothing3

I.S. EN 61000-6-2: 2001 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

Safe Use of Crane in Construction Industry

Documents

Transcript of Safe Use of Crane in Construction Industry