Safe Schol toolkit Nepali

Eff]lnsf] nflu /fd|f] kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ afnaflnsfdf cfh}b]lv nufgL u/f}“

;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

Knfg g]kfn/fli6«o sfof{no

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© Knfg g]kfn, @)!# -k|:t't ;Gbe{;fdu|L gf]/f8sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf Knfg OG6/g];gnn] g]kfndf sfof{Gjog u/]sf] ;'/lIft ljBfno kxn ;g\ @)!@÷!# sf] l;sfOsf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] xf] ._

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km\ofS; M )! –%%#^$#!O{d]n M [email protected]]a;fO6 M www.plannepal.org

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8f= w|'j uf}td sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs/fli6«o ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f s]Gb| -Pg8Lcf/;L_ g]kfn;Ëd rf]s, afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}F

kmf]g÷km\ofS; M )! –$!!%^!(, (*%!)–(%*)*Od]n [email protected], [email protected]

cfVofg M o; ;Gbe{;fdu|Ldf k|:t't ul/Psf ljifoj:t', To;sf] JofVof / lgisif{ zf]wstf{sf lghL x'g\ h;n] Knfg g]kfnsf] ljrf/nfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/n] k|ltljlDat ub{}gg\ . o; ;fdu|Ldf ;dfj]z ul/Psf tYofª\ssf] z'4tfsf] k|Tofe"lt Knfg g]kfnn] ub}{g . yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu zf]wstf{ jf Knfg g]kfn;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|fSsygljBfno ;fgf afnaflnsfsf nflu bf];|f] 3/ xf] . oBlk, ha;Dd afnaflnsfn] eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpFb}gg\ ta;Dd ljBfnon] bf];|f] 3/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb}g . k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 x'g] k|sf]kåf/f pTkGg ljkb\ xf];\ jf dfgjLo sf/0faf6 x'g] 36gfaf6, ljkb\sf] ;jf{lws hf]lvddf afnaflnsf g} /x]sf x'G5g\ . cem cNkljsl;t d'n'sx¿df ;'/lIft ljBfno tyf u'0f:t/Lo lzIffnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o; ;d:ofaf6 g]kfn klg cnu /x]sf] 5}g . oxL b[lisf]0fsf cfwf/df ljBfno ;'/lIft / Go"gtd ;'ljwfo'Qm x'g'kg]{ oyfy{nfO{ b[li6ut u/L a[xQ/ ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrfsf] ljZjJofkL cjwf/0ffcg'?k of] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

k|:t't ;Gbe{;fdu|L g]kfndf /x]sf ljkb\hGo hf]lvd / To;af6 k/]sf] k|efj, afnaflnsfsf] c6'6 ¿kdf lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . of] ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf] tof/Lsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf ¿kdf ;/sf/åf/f sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] ljBfno ;'wf/ sfo{qmd, Knfg g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] ;'/lIft ljBfno kl/of]hgf / lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf] l;sfO /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{;fdu|Ln] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;'/lIft ljBfnosf Go"gtd cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L Xof]uf] sfo{;+/rgf @))%–@)!%, ljkb\ hf]lvd /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ / ljkb\ tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL pknAw ;"rgf, ljBfnodf eO/x]sf c;n cEof;nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfg]/ of] ;fdu|L tof/ ePsf] 5 .

ax"ljkb\sf] hf]lvddf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;'/lIft ljBfnosf Go"gtd cfwf/ tof/ ug{ of] ;Gbe{;fdu|L pkof]uL x'g] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk, k|:t't ;Gbe{ ;dfu|LnfO{ Knfg g]kfnn] k/LIf0fsf ¿kdf k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . o; qmddf ;'/lIft ljBfnosf nflu ;/sf/åf/f hf/L ePsf jf x'g] gLltlgb]{zgnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L cfufdL ;dodf k"0f{tf lbOg]5 .o; ;fdu|Lsf] tof/Ldf k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] 8f= w|'j uf}tdnufot ;fdu|Lsf] tof/Lsf qmddf ;xof]u ug]{ lzIff dGqfno;Da4 clwsf/Lx¿ 8f= /f]hgfy kf08], lzIff ljefusf >L emKk/ l;+x ljZjsdf{nufot lj1x¿, lhNnf lzIff sfof{{no dsjfgk'/, ljBfno, lzIfs, cleefjs tyf ljBfyL{x¿, ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ / g]kfnL efiff ;Dkfbgdf ;xof]uL Osf]–g]kfnsf cWoIf >L /fdrGb| Gof}kfg]k|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 .

Knfg g]kfn /fli6«o sfof{no

;'/lIft ljBfno kl/of]hgf

;+lIfKt zAbfjnL

;LaLcf] (CBO) ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf ;L;LP (CCA) hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng8Lcf]O (DOE) lzIff ljefu 8LOcf] (DEO) lhNnf lzIff sfof{no8Lcf/cf/ (DRR) ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f hLPncf]Pkm (GLOF) lxdtfn ljikmf]6af6 pTkGg af9L PreLcf/;LP (HVRCA) k|sf]k, ;ª\s6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf PghLcf] (NGO) u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfkL6LP (PTA) cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3P;8LPd;L (SDMC) ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt P;8LPdkL (SDMP) ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf P;Pd;L (SMC) ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

ljifo;"rL

;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf ;DaGwdf s= ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L s] xf] <============================================ !!

v= of] ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]hg s] xf] <========================================================= !!

u= k|:t't ;fdu|Lsf] s;/L k|of]u ug]{ <================================================= !!

3= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L s–s;sf nflu xf] < ================================================ !@

ª= of] ;fdu|L s;/L tof/ ul/of] < ===================================================== !@

;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L M ;+/rgfTds :j?k != k[i7e"ld

!=! ;'/lIft Bfno========================================================================== !#

!=@ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] cf}lrTo =========================================== !#

!=# g]kfndf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] cj:yf=============================================== !&

@= ;'/lIft ljBfnosf cfwf/:De================================================================= !&

@=! cfwf/:tDe ! M ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfx¿======================================= !*

@=!=! ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6================================================================= !*

@=!=@ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut nf]vfhf]vf==================================== @)

@=@ cfwf/:tDe @ M ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ======================================== @^

@=@=! ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ========================== @&

@=@=@ ljleGg sfo{bnx¿ u7g ======================================================== #$

@=@=# ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf ============================================= #%

@=@=$ ;~rf/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ =================================================== #(

@=@=% ;r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ k"jf{Eof; -l8«n_ ;~rfng ==================================================================== $)

@=# cfwf/:tDe # M hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff =========================================== $!

@=#=! cf}krfl/s tyf cgf{krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;dfof]hg ug]{ ================================== $!

@=#=@ lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{====================================== $@

@=#=# ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ============================================ $#

@=#=$ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{ ======================= $#

@=#=% lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ================================================ $$

@=#=^ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg;DaGwL ;DefJo r'gf}tL tyf cj/f]w

x6fpg] ================================================================================ $%

cg';"rLx¿ Mcg';"rL ! M g]kfndf ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL kxnx¿ -;g\ !(** – @)!@_===== $&

cg';"rL @ M cfwf/e"t ;'/lIft ljBfno dfkb08 ========================================= %!

cg";"rL # MljleGg sfo{bnsf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTj ===================================== %!

cg';"rL $ M ljkb\ pTyfgzLn ljBfnosf dfkg -:jd"Nofª\sg kmf/fd_ =========== %#

cg';"rL % M g]kfnsf k|d'v k|sf]kx¿========================================================= ^)

cg';"rL ^ M ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfsf nflu ;fdfGo ;'emfjx¿ ======================== &)

cg';"rL & M x'/Latf;, cfuf], af9L / e"sDkLo c;/af6 ;'/lIft /xg df}h'bf ljBfno ejgsf] k|anLs/0f cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf k/LIf0f ;"rL === &%

9

;'/lIft ljBfno

;Gbe{ ;fdu|LKnfg g]kfn

;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf ;DaGwdf

s= ;'/lIft ljBfno ;|Gbe{ ;fdu|L -Toolkit_ s] xf] <

;'/lIft ljBfnosf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ n]vfhf]vf, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf nflu ;Gbe{sf] ¿kdf ;xof]uL xf];\ eGg] cfzon] tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|L g} ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L xf] . o;n] ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] tLg cfwf/:tDenfO{ k|:t't u5{, tL x'g\ !_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿, @_ ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, / #_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lZfIff .

k|:t't ;fdu|L ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] of]hgf tyf of]hgfsf] 9fFrf tof/ ug{;d]t pkof]uL 5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf k|Kt ePsf c;n cEof; / l;sfOnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ o; ;fdu|LnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

v= of] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]hg s] xf] <

cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ljsl;t a[xQ/ ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrfdf cfwfl/t eP/ tof/ ul/Psf] o; ;fdu|Ln] ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL ;/n, ;+lIfKt / ;';ª\ut hfgsf/L k|bfg u5{ . o;n] ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kf5{ . ljBfnodf kg{;Sg] ;DefJo k|sf]k / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] ljkb\sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{, ljkb\ k|ltsfo{sf nflu pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf] klxrfg ug{, ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ / ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;'b[9 agfpg] ;Gbe{df o; ;fdu|Ln] ljleGg pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

u= k|:t't ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ <

ljBfno ;'/Iffsf ;jfndf 5l/tf] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsof];\ eg]/ k|:t't ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . k|of]ustf{n] o;nfO{ cfkm\gf] :yfgLo kl/j]z cg's"n u|x0f / pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . o; ;fdu|Ln] ;/n ljlw / tl/sfx¿ k|of]u u/L ljBfnonfO{ s;/L

;'/lIft ljBfno


10

;'/lIft agfpg] eGg]af/] Jofjxfl/s pkfox¿ ;'emfpF5 .

3= ;Gbe{;fdu|L s–s;sf nflu xf] <

k|:t't ;fdu|LnfO{ z}lIfs of]hgfsf/, gLltlgdf{tf, sfo{qmd lgdf{tfsf ;fy} dfgjLo ;xfotf k|bfos / ;'/lIft ljBfnocg'¿ksf] ljZjJofkL lzIffsf kIfw/x¿sf nflu l;kmfl/; ul/G5 . To;}u/L ljkb\ pTyfgzLn ljBfno lgdf{0fsf cg'ofoLx¿sf nflu of] ;fdu|L cem pkof]uL x'g]5 . o; ;fdu|Laf6 nfe lng;Sg] nlIft ju{x¿ b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\ M

• ;fd'bflos tyf lghL ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt,• cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3,• lzIfs tyf ljBfnosf sd{rf/L,• ljBfyL{, afnaflnsf tyf o'jf,• :yfgLo lgsfo -ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt_,• ;|f]t s]Gb|, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no,• ljBfno ejgsf] vfsflrq (Design), nfut cg'dfg / lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg k|fljlws,• u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf, • ljBfnonfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg] sfo{df ¿lr /fVg] ;a} JolQm, /• ;'/lIft ljBfno;Da4 cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg ;+:yf tyf JolQm .

ª= of] ;fdu|L s;/L tof/ ul/of] <

lzIff;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] JolQmx¿;Fu a[xt\ tyf ;"Id b'j} :t/df k/fdz{ u/L of] ;fdu|L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o tyf lhNnf txdf a[xt\ / :yfgLo txdf ;'Id ¿kdf k/fdz{ ul/of] . /fli6«o txdf lzIff ljefu, lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t lgsfox¿, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] u7aGwgcGtu{t ljkb\ Joj:yfkg sfo{bnsf ;b:ox¿ / z}lIfs If]qsf k]zfsdL{x¿;Fu k/fdz{ ul/Psf] lyof] . lhNnf txdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L, ;|f]t s]Gb| k|d'v / lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;d'bflos ;+:yfsf ;b:ox¿;Fu k/fdz{ ul/Psf] lyof] . :yfgLo txdf ljBfno k|zf;s, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3, lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿;Fu z[ª\vnfa4 5nkmnx¿ ul/Psf lyP . k|:t't ;fdu|LnfO{ dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] Ps ljBfnodf k/LIf0f u/L ;f] qmddf cfPsf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ljrf/ / rf;f]nfO{ qmlds ¿kdf ;dfj]z u/L k|of]ufTds agfpg k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

11

;'/lIft ljBfno


;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M ;+/rgfTds :j¿k

!= k[i7e"ld

!=! ;'/lIft ljBfno

ljkb\hGo hf]lvd gePsf] If]qdf cjl:yt jf ljkb\sf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg]u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ljBfnonfO{ g} ;'/lIft ljBfno elgG5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno ljkb\ / cGo sf/0faf6 x'g] Ifltaf6 ;'/lIft x'G5 . olb ljBfno Ifltu|:t eOxfNof] eg] klg ;DalGwt æljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltÆ / æcleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3Æ To:tf] ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ .

!=@ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] cf}lrTo

;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] cf}lrTonfO{ lgDg kl/R5]bx¿n] k|i6 kf5{g\ M

s_ ljkb\n] afnaflnsfnfO{ 3fOt] agfp“5 / pgLx¿sf] d[To'b/ a9fp“5

ljBfno;Fu ljkb\sf] ;fdgf Ifdtf sdhf]/ eP ljkb\df k/]/ ljBfyL{sf] d[To'b/ a9\g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ljkb\n] ljZjsf nfvf}+ afnaflnsfnfO{ 3fOt] agfpF5, ljkb\sf sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ rf]6k6s nfU5 h'g pgLx¿sf] hLjge/ klg /xg ;S5 . cem ljBfnox¿df x'g] afnaflnsf tyf lzIfsx¿sf] d[To'n] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo tyf /fi6«df g} ck'/0fLo Iflt k'¥ofpF5 .1 cWoog pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿n] %) k|ltzt ;do ljBfnodf g} latfpg'kg]{ oyfy{ eP klg k|foM ljBfnox¿ ljkb\ pTyfgzLn x'g]u/L lgdf{0f jf dd{t;Def/ ul/Psf x'Fb}gg\ .

ljkb\ k|lt/f]wL ljBfno ejgx¿sf] b'O{ k|d'v pkof]lutf b]lvG5 . klxnf], ljkb\sf] ;dodf ejg Iflt eP/ ToxfFleq /x]sf dflg;dfly v:g] / 3fOt] x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ 36fpF5 . bf];|f], ljkb\sf] ;dodf cf>o:yn / ljkb\kZrft /fxts]Gb|sf] nflu 7fpF pknAw u/fpF5 . ljBfno ejgx¿ bl/nf] ;fdflhs d"No :yfkgf ug{] pTs[i6 :yn x'g\ h;n] ;a} txdf ;'/Iff tyf pTyfgzLn ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf nflu 1fg, gjLgtf / lzIffnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ d~rsf ¿kdf sfd u5{g\ . ;'/lIft ljBfno ejgn] hLjgnfO{ ;'/lIft

1 o"PgcfO{P;8Lcf/, OgL tyf hLPkm8Lcf/cf/ M ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfu{bz{g l6kf]6 .

;'/lIft ljBfno


12

/fVg'sf ;fy} afnaflnsf, lzIfs / sd{rf/LnfO{ rf]6k6s nfUgaf6 arfpF5 .

afnaflnsf / o'jfdf ljkb\n] 7"nf] k|efj kf5{ . cem pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s / af}l4s Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ z}lIfs ;+:yfdf ljkb\sf] k|efjn] pgLx¿sf] efjL hLjgdf gs/fTds c;/ k5{ . ljkb\sf] k|j[lQ / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;DefJo kl/0ffd;DaGwL ul/Psf kl5Nnf cWoogx¿n] klg x/]s jif{ k|fs[lts k|sf]k;Fu ;Da4 ljkb\af6 dfq !& s/f]8 %) nfv afnaflnsf k|efljt x'g;Sg] b]vfPsf] 5 .2 ljZje/ k|fylds tyf dfWolds ljBfnox¿df sl/a ! ca{ @) s/f]8 afnaflnsf egf{ x'G5g\ h;dWo] *& s/f]8 %) nfv afnaflnsf pRr e"sDkLo hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf /xG5g\ eg] s/f]8f}F afnaflnsf lgoldt cfpg] af9L, klx/f], x'/Latf;, ;d'b|L cfFwL / cfuf]af6 pTkGg ljkb\sf] ;fdgf ug{ afWo x'G5g\\ .

v= ljBfno ejgx¿ cfktsfndf cf>o:ynsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5g\

ljkb\af6 pTkGg cfktsfndf lj:yflkt x'g] 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf dflg;nfO{ /fVg ljBfnox¿nfO{ cf>o:ynsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . sIffsf]7fx¿ a:g] / vfg] 7fpFdf kl/0ft x'Fbf lgoldt sIff ;~rfngdf cj/f]w cfpF5 . /fxt Joj:yfkgdfkm{t\ lj:yflktx¿nfO{ csf]{ 7fpFdf g;f/];Dd ;'/lIft c:yfoL cfjf;sf ¿kdf ljBfnon] sfd ug{ ;Sg' ;sf/fTds kIf eP klg clwsf+z ljBfnox¿ cfktsfnLg cf>o / cWoog b'j} k|of]hgdf cfpg;Sg] u/L agfOPsf x'Fb}gg\ h;n] cGttM lzIffdf gsf/fTds c;/ kf5{ . cfktsfndf afnaflnsfsf] lzIff ;'/lIft ug'{sf] cy{ ljkb\ pTyfgzLn x'g / cfkm\gf] Pj+ ;d'bfosf] /Iff ug{ cfjZos hLjg/Ifs tyf hLjga4{s (life saving and life enhancing) ;Lk Pj+ hfgsf/Ldf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr 5 eGg] xf] .3

hf]lvd / ;ª\s6f;Ggtf ljBfnoleq dfq xf]Og, afnaflnsf a;f]af; ug]{ :yfg / ljBfno cfpg]–hfg] dfu{df klg x'G5g\ . ;'/lIft dfu{sf] cefj x'g', klx/f] tyf af9Ln] dfu{ cj¿4 ug'{h:tf sf/0fn] x/]s jif{ jiff{ofddf ljBfyL{x¿sf] k9fOdf afwf pTkGg x'G5 .

2 of] cfFsng /]8qm; cGt/f{li6«o dxf;ª\3 / /]8lqm;]G6 ;f];fO6Låf/f k|sflzt æljZj ljkb\ k|ltj]bg, @))^Æ sf] tYofª\sdf cfwfl/t 5 .

3 http://www.ineesite.org/uploads/files/resources/doc_1_n}lËs ;dfgtf– afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfsf] lzIff= kL8LPkm .

13

;'/lIft ljBfno


u= ljkb\n] aLr}df ljBfno TofUg] b/ pRr agfpg'sf ;fy} lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df k|efj kf5{ .

ljkb\sf k|d'v kl/0ffd jf k|efjdWo]] afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf kg]{ k|efj dxTjk"0f{ ;jfn xf] . xfn;Ddsf cEof;n] klg ljkb\kZrftsf] klxnf] sfo{ ljBfno aGb ug'{ b]vfPsf] 5 .4 ljBfnosf] lgoldt ultljlwdf cj/f]w cfpFbf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s ;'/Iff / dgf]j}1flgs :jf:Yo b'j} hf]lvddf k5{ . ljkb\af6 JolQmut ¿kdf x'g] Ifltn] dfq xf]Og, lzIffdf x'g] cj/f]wn] klg :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;d[l4 a[xt\ ¿kdf vl:sg] x'Fbf afnaflnsfsf] lxt tyf eljiodfly g} bL3{sfnLg c;/ k5{ . ha ljkb\af6 afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf afwf pTkGg x'G5, pgLx¿ :yfoL ¿k d} ljBfnoaf6 aflx/ /xg'kg]{ ;Defjgf a9\5 .5

Affnaflnsf ;dfhsf] ;a}eGbf a9L ;ª\s6f;Gg ju{ x'g\ / ljkb\sf] df/df pgLx¿ g} a9L kb{5g\ . afnaflnsfx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd ljBfnoaf6 aflx/ /xg'kbf{ k9fO 5f]8\g]]] qmd a9\5 . o;sf] bL3{sfnLg k|efj yk lzIff k|flKtdf dfq xf]Og, /f]huf/L / cGo cj;/df klg k5{ . x/]s k6s ljkb\ cfpFbf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf ljBfyL{x¿ ljBfnoaf6 aflxl/G5g\ . ljkb\af6 kl/jf/sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf x'g] Iflt / cGo kfl/jfl/s sf/0fn] ubf{ clwsf+z ljBfyL{ slxNo} ljBfno kmls{+b}gg\ . ljkb\kZrft klg afnaflnsfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf hf]lvd pTkGg x'G5 . d[To', zf/Ll/s czQmtf / rf]6k6ssf ;jfndf pgLx¿ sd ;'/lIft x'G5g\, pgLx¿n] 6'x'/f]kg / ul/aLsf] ;fdgf ug'{k5{ , z}lIfs cj;/af6 k"0f{¿kn] jl~rt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 .

ljutsf cg'ej tyf k|df0fn] klg z}lIfs If]q cGo If]qeGbf sd k|efljt gx'g] b]lvG5 . ljkb\sf sf/0f ljBfnosf k"jf{wf/ Iflt x'Fbf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df klg k|ToIf k|efj k5{ .

3= ljkb\n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t clwsf/ k|flKtaf6 jl~rt u5{

ljkb\n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|flKtaf6 jl~rt ug{ ;S5, pgLx¿sf] df}lns clwsf/ s'l07t ug{ ;S5 . ;'/lIft z}lIfs cj;/x¿n] ljz]ifu/L aflnsfx¿nfO{ zf]if0f tyf xflgaf6 ;'/Iff u5{ / ljkb\sf] ;dodf ;fdfGo cj:yfsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg ;S5 .6

4 o'lg;]km tyf Knfg OG6/g];gn -@)!!_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu ckgfOg] afns]lGb|t k4ltsf nfe .5 n]lj;, Pd / nsxL8, Pd -@))^_ cIfDo cg'kl:ylt M cem} klg ^ s/f]8 aflnsf ljBfnodf lsg 5}gg\ / o;

;DaGwdf s] ug]{ . ljZj ljsf; s]Gb| Pg jfg{/, c~h' dNxf]qf / Pln;g Dofsuf]gfUnsf] aflnsf lzIff, ;zQmLs/0f tyf jo:sfj:yfdf ¿kdGt/0f M ;femf Ph]G8f df p4[t . dlxnf cg';Gwfg cGt/f{li6«o s]Gb| .

6 http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/ lzIff kv{g ;Sb}g=kL8LPkm .

;'/lIft ljBfno


14

lzIff If]qn] ljkb\hGo r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / k|sf]knfO{ ljkb\df ?kfGt/0f x'gaf6 /f]Sg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;S5 . lZfIffn] ljkb\af6 ;'/lIft / tof/L /xg] hLjg/Ifs hfgsf/L lbG5 h;n] hLjg/If0f ;Lk / ;fdgf ;+oGqnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpF5 . ljkb\ k|efljt afnaflnsfdf ;fdfGo cj:yf dx;'; u/fpg / cfktsfndf cg'e"lt x'g] dgf];fdflhs tgfjnfO{ Go"g ug{ z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf cfjZos 5 . afnfaflnsfsf] lzIff k|flKtsf] clwsf/ k"/f ug{ ;'/lIft l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f clgjfo{ x'g'k5{ .

ª= afnaflnsf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pTs[i6 ;+jfxs x'g\

ljkb\sf ;Gbe{df afnaflnsf ;a}eGbf a9L ;ª\s6f;Gg ju{ t x'g\ g} t/ ljkb\ pTyfgzLn jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ pTs[i6 ;+jfxs klg x'g\ . afnaflnsf cfkm" / cfpFbf] k':tfnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg] gofF 1fgk|lt w]/} u|x0fzLn x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ cfˆgf]

3/kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf ljkb\sf] ;fdgf tyf hLjg /Iffljlwsf] k|jfxsf nflu 1fg k|a4{g tyf k}/jLstf{ / pTk|]/s x'g\ . ljkb\af/] cfkm\gf] kl/jf/, ;dfh / ljBffnonfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;r]t u/fpg ;Sg] kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs x'g\ . afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf u/fP/ ljBfno k|zf;gn] ;'/lIft jftfj/0f / ;'/lIft ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug{ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ .

;d'bfodf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL ;r]tgf km}nfpg ;'/lIft ljBfno Ps k|efjsf/L dfWod xf] . l;sfOsf] s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf

sfd ug{, ;d'bfonfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{ / ljkb\ pTyfgzLn ;dfhsf] ljsf;df ;3fpg ljBfnox¿sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k'/fgf ljBfnosf] k|anLs/0f / gofF lgdf{0f x'g] ejgdf ;'/lIft pkfox¿sf] cjnDagdf hf]8 lbFb} ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;'/lIft ejgsf] cfjZostf / dxTjaf/] ;d'bfodf ;Gb]z km}nfpg afnaflnsfsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

r= cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿sf] d'Vo Ph]G8f

k'/fgf ljBfnosf] :t/f]Gglt u/L ;'/lIft agfpg' / ljkb\sf ;dodf ;'/lIft /xg] gofF ljBfno ejg lgdf{0f ug'{ s'g} klg /fi6«sf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] cleGg cª\u x'g'k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] nflu bjfa lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljkb\sf] cfj[lQ a9]sf] / o;sf] k|lts"n k|efj ljBfnodf w]/} b]lvg yfn]kl5 vf;u/L ;g\

15

;'/lIft ljBfno


@))) otf of] cleofg cl3 a9fOPsf] xf] . lzIff If]qn] k|sf]knfO{ ljkb\ x'gaf6 /f]Sg pNn]Vo of]ubfg ug]{ s'/fdf ;a} lgsfox¿ ;xdt 5g\ . tflnsf @ df ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg;DaGwL k|d'v kxnx¿nfO{ ;doqmdcg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

!=# g]kfndf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] cj:yf

ljZjel/ g} a9\bf] cfj[lQ, r/d df};dL 36gf / clglZrttf;lxt ljkb\sf 36gf eO/x]sf 5g\ .7 hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt ;ª\s6nufot k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo sf/0faf6 l;lh{t k|sf]kaf6 x'g] ljkb\x¿n] g]kfndf dfgjLo tyf ljsf;hGo r'gf}tL l;h{gf u5{g\ . ljkb\ g]kfnsf nflu gf}nf] xf]Og . oxfFsf] ;+j]bgzLn ef}ule{s agf]6 / le/fnf] ef}uf]lns ;+/rgfn] o; /fi6«nfO{ ljZjsf] aL;f}F clt ljkbf]Gd'v d'n's agfPsf] 5 . g]kfn hnjfo' kl/jt{g, e"sDk, af9L tyf klx/f]sf ljkb\sf] ;Gbe{df ljZjdf qmdzM rf}yf], P3f/f}F / tL;f}F :yfgdf kb{5 .

g]kfn af9L, klx/f], e"sDk, cfunfuL, cl;gf, x'/Latf;, v8]/L, r6Øfª, lxdtfn ljikmf]6gaf6 pTkGg af9L, lxdklx/f] / dxfdf/Lh:tf ax'k|sf]k b[li6sf]0fn] ;ª\s6f;Gg 5 . b]zsf] a9\bf] hg3gTj, pRr jftfj/0fLo x|f;, sdhf]/ e"–agf]6, Jofks ul/aL, ejg -cfjf; tyf ljBfno_ lgdf{0f ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogsf] cefj / cfktsfnLg k"j{tof/Lsf] ckof{Kttf cflbn] ljkb\af6 x'g] Ifltsf] dfqf a9fpF5g\ . sdhf]/ ¿kdf lgdf{0f ePsf] ljBfno ejg k|fs[lts ljkb\sf] kl/0fltaf6 afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff ug{ c;kmn x'G5g\ .

@= ;'/lIft ljBfnosf cfwf/:tDe8

;'/lIft ljBfno k4ltsf tLg d'Vo cfwf/:tDe 5g\ M -s_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf

7 ;g\ @)!@ df Knfgn] #^ j6f ljkb\ tyf cfktsfndf cfkm\gf] bfloTj lgjf{x u¥of] / ljkb\ hf]lvd cNkLs/0fdf ^ s/f]8 o'/f] vr{ u¥of] -Knfg OG6/g];gn jflif{s ;dLIff @)!@_ . Knfg ;g\ @))) b]lv ljkb\af6 k|efljt clwsf+z d'n'sx¿ / !) hnjfo'hGo hf]lvdf]Gd'v d'n'sdWo] * d'n'sdf sfd ub}{cfPsf] 5 . -Dofknqmkm\6 hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;ª\s6f;Ggtf ;"rsfÍ @)!!_ .

8 Knfg OG6/g];gnsf] b[li6sf]0fdf ;'/lIft ljBfno k4ltsf tLg cfwf/:tDe x'g'k5{ M-s_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfx¿, -v_ ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, / -u_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff .

;'/lIft ljBfno


16

k"jf{wf/x¿, -v_ ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf, / -u_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff . ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿df ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6, k|f¿k lrq0f, lgdf{0f tyf dd{t;Def/ kb{5g\ eg] oL k"jf{wf/x¿df ;'/lIft Pj+ lg/Gt/ kx'Fr kb{5g\ .9 ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkgn] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08cg'¿k ;'/lIft l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f tof/ug{ / z}lIfs lg/Gt/tfsf] of]hgf agfpg ul/g] Joj:yfksLo sfo{nfO{ ;d]6\5 .10 hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffn] pTyfgzLn ;d'bfo / ;'/lIft ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ lgoldt z}lIfs kf7\Øqmd tyf lzIfs k|lzIf0fsf kf7\of+zdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg"s"ngsf ljifo ;+nUg u/fpg'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;fd]n u5{ -lrq g+ ! x]g'{xf];\_ .11

@=! cfwf/:tDe ! M ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfx¿

;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿df k|sf]k tyf ;ª\6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf u/L 5gf]6 ul/g] ;'/lIft :yfgÙ ejglgdf{0f ;+lxtf tyf dfkb08cg'¿k ljkb\ pTyfgzLn k|f¿k lrq0fÙ ejglgdf{0f, ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg, lg/LIf0f / k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu tflnddfkm{t\ Ifdtf clej[l4Ù z}lIfs ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] k|anLs/0f, ;'ljwfx¿df ;'/lIft kxF'r -vf;u/L ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf]_ kb{5g\ . oL cfjZos tTjx¿ tflndk|fKt OlGhlgo/, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs– lzIfs ;ª\3sf ;b:ox¿, lhNnf lzIff sfof{nob]lv lzIffljefu;Ddsf gLltlgdf{tfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdfkm{t\ k"/f ul/g'k5{ .

lrq !M ;'/lIft ljBfno 9f“rfsf] k|jfx lrq

cfwf/:tDe !_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿Ù cfwf/:tDe @_ ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkgÙ cfwf/:tDe # _hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff

ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{ r/0fa4 lgb]{lzsf tnlbOPsf] 5 . -lj:t[t ljj/0fsf nflu cg';"rL @ x]/f}F _.

@=!=! ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6

s'g} klg ljBfno ;'/lIft x'g ;f] ljBfno ;'/lIft :yfgdf x'g'k5{ . ;'/lIft :yfgdf /x]sf ljBfnox¿ ax'k|sf]kx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ a9L ;Ifd x'G5 . k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf sf/0f pTkGg

9 a[xt\ ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrf, dfr{ @)!# .10 a[xt\ ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrf, dfr{ @)!# .11 a[xt\ ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrf, dfr{ @)!# .

lrq ! M ;'/lIft ljBfno 9fFrfsf] k|jfx j[Qlrq

17

;'/lIft ljBfno


x'g;Sg] yk k|sf]kx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ljBfno :yfkgf ug]{ 7fpFsf] ;fjwfgLk"j{s n]vfhf]vf ul/g'k5{ . h:t}M k|d'v k|sf]k e"sDksf sf/0f ejgleqsf a:t'x¿ v:g] / ejg k"/} 9lNsg]h:tf yk k|sf]k pTkGg x'G5g\ . g]kfndf afn–aflnsfsf] k9fOdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/fpg PsfGt:yndf ljBfno lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ eGg] unt hgljZjf; 5 . g]kfndf clwsf+z ljBfnox¿ gbLsflsgf/, le/fnf] hldgsf] km]bL, klx/f] hfg;Sg] 8fF8fsf] 5]p / bftfåf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] jf ;/sf/åf/f 5'6\ofOPsf] Go"g u'0f:t/sf] ;fj{hlgs hUufdf ag]sf x'G5g\ . :yfgljz]ifdf cfOkg]{ k|sf]kn] ljBfnosf] ef}lts tyf u}/ef}lts ;ª\s6f;Ggtf a9fpF5 eg] ef}uf]lns b'u{dtfn] ljBfno / cGo lgsfonfO{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ ug{ cem r'gf}tL yKg] sfd u5{ .

;'/lIft :yfg 5gf]6sf nflu—

n ljutsf 36gfsf cfwf/df To; If]qsf] ;DefJo k|sf]ksf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

nljBfno / To; j/k/ k|To]s k|sf/sf] k|sf]kn] kfg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf] nf]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .nk|sf]kgS;fª\sg tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;xeflutfd"ns ¿kdf k/fdz{ u/L ljleGg

;ª\s6tkm{ pGd'v :ynx¿ klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .nv'nf tyf km/flsnf], k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft, ;lhn} k'Ug ;lsg], ;fdflhs ;'ljwf -h:t} :jR5

kfgL, ljB't\ / ;~rf/ ;~hfn_ af6 glhs /x]sf] 7fpF klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .ncUnf ¿v / v'nf kf]v/L jf Ogf/ glhs /x]sf] 7fpF 5gf]6 gug'{xf];\ . ¿vx¿n] ljBfno

ejgnfO{ x'/Latf;sf] k|ToIf k|efjaf6 hf]ufP klg tL ¿v g} 9n]/ ejgnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . 5]sjf/ jf ;'/Iffsf cGo Joj:yf gePsf] v'nf kf]v/Ldf afnaflnsf b'3{6gfa; 8'Ag] hf]lvddf x'G5g\ .

ne"sDkn] lr/f kfg{;Sg] :yfgsf] 5gf]6 gug'{xf];\ . tnsf] hldg s8f ePsf], e"ldut hn:t/ ejgsf] hueGbf w]/} tnePsf] :yfg pko'Qm x'G5 .

nsDtLdf klg %) jif{ otfsf] af9Lsf] k'g/fj[lQsf] cWoog u/L af9L 8'afg x'g]eGbf cUnf] e"efu 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ . 9n tyf kfgL lgsf;–k|0ffnLdfkm{t\ af9Lsf] kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft lgsf; lbg'k5{ . jiff{ofddf hndUg x'g] vfnsf] xf]rf] 7fpF 5gf]6 ug'{ x'Fb}g .

;'/lIft ljBfno


18

njiff{sf] kfgL ;lhn} au]/ hfcf];\ eGgfsf nflu gfnf tyf 9nsf kfOk lgoldt ¿kdf ;kmf ul/g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

nljBfnoleq / jl/kl/ 8'afg / ;DefJo IfltnfO{ 6fg{ kfgLsf] lgsf; x'g] gfnfsf] ;'wf/ ug'{xf];\ .

njftfj/0fLo tyf e"ld k|of]udf cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . lsgls o:tf kl/jt{gn] klx/f] hfg] tyf uN5L lgdf{0f x'g] hf]lvdnfO{ tLj| agfpF5g\ .

n7f]; tyf ;'Vvf, e"ldut kfgLsf] :t/eGbf sDtLdf @ ld6/dfly /x]sf] e"ldsf] 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ . le/fnf] hldgsf] xsdf !% l8u|LeGbf sd le/fnf] ePsf] 7fpF 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ .

@=!=@ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut nf]vfhf]vf

;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut b'j} kIfdf s]lGb|t x'G5g\ . ;'/lIft :yfgdf /x]sf ;+/rgfut ¿kdf alnof ljBfno k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ .

-;+/rgfut n]vhf]vfsf ;fdfGo ljlwx¿sf] nflu cg';"rL % / e"sDk, x'/Latf;, cfunfuL, af9Lh:tf k|sf]k lj¿4 ljBdfg ljBfnox¿sf] k|anLs/0f cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf ug]{ k/LIf0f ;"rL (Checklist) sf nflu cg';"rL ^ x]/f}F ._

s= ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vf

s'g} klg ejgsf ;+/rgfTds tTjx¿n] :jo+ To; ejg, To;leq /x]sf dflg; Pj+ j:t'sf] ef/ / k|fs[lt zlQmsf] bafa jxg u5{g\ . oL ef/ axg ug]{ tTjx¿df aLd, ufx|f], vDafnufot kb{5g\ .

e"sDk, af9L, x'/Latf; tyf cGo k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf ePsf If]qdf :yflkt ljBfnox¿n] tL k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] ;+/rgfTds Ifdtf eP gePsf] lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/df hfFr ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ dfkb08df bVvn ePsf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L clwsf/L jf OlGhlgo/n] k|dfl0ft ug'{k5{ . o;df ejgsf k|sf/af/] ;fwf/0f hfgsf/L, ef/ jxg dfu{, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L, ejgdf x'g;Sg] Iflt / o:t} cGo cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L /xG5g\ .

;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vf ax'k|sf]k hf]lvd n]vfhf]vfdfkm{t\ ul/G5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f

19

;'/lIft ljBfno


/ sfo{of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu of] pkof]uL 5 . s'g} klg ljBfno ejg /x]sf] :yfg, To;sf] ;+/rgfTds :j¿k / lgdf{0fsf] cj:yfn] pQm ejgsf] cfunfuL, e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], lxdkft jf x'/Latf;sf b[li6n]] ;ª\s6f;Ggtf a9fpF5 jf 36fpF5 . ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfdf ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6, gofF ejg lgdf{0f / ljBfdfg ljBfno ejgx¿sf] ef}lts nf]vfhf]vf kb{5 .

ljBfno ejgx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ltgsf] ljkb\hGo 36gfsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] ;+/rgfut kof{Kttfsf nflu ul/g'k5{ . k'/fgf ejgx¿ gofF ejgx¿sf] t'ngfdf a9L ;ª\s6f;Gg x'G5g\, lsgls o:tf ejg ljkb\sf] dfkb08nfO{ Wofgdf g/fvL agfOPsf x'g ;S5g\ jf ;dosf] nfdf] cGt/fndf k'/fgf] eP/ sdhf]/ ePsf x'g ;S5g\ jf tL ejgx¿ ljutdf ePsf k|sf]kaf6 Ifltu|:t ePsf x'g ;S5g\ .

ljBfno ejg ;+/rgfsf] zL3 nf]vfhf]vfdf b]xfosf k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsG5 M

ns] ejgdf k"0f{ -x'/Latf; tyf e"sDkLo_ 7f8f] ef/ dfu{ (Verticalload path) 5 <ns] ejgdf k"0f{ -x'/Latf; tyf e"sDkLo_ t];f]{ ef/ dfu{ (lateralload path) 5 <ns] ufx|f] / k|m]d e'OF tyf 5t;Fu alnof];Fu hf]l8Psf 5g\ <ns] hun] /fd|/L sfd ul//x]sf] 5 jf To;sf] hf]8fO rls{Psf] 5 <ns] ejgsf] gS;f / ;+/rgfTds :j¿k (Layout) n] alnof] ejgsf nflu cfjZos

Go"gtd lgb]{lzsf k"/f u/]sf] 5 <ns] 5fgf gp8\g] u/L d'Vo ejgsf] ;+/rgf;Fu alnof] u/L hf]l8Psf] 5 < -h:tfsf]

5fgfsf] xsdf_ .ns] ufx|f] / e'OFdf ePsf ghf]l8sf efunfO{ 58 jf 808L xfn]/ alnof] agfOPsf] 5 <ns] s'g} kSsL ;+/rgf (concrete or masonry) km'6]sf] jf rs]{sf] 5 <ns] alnof] agfpg k|uf]u ul/Psf] :6Ln 808L kof{Kt 5 / alnof];Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 <ns] lgdf{0f ;fdu|L tyf lgdf{0f u'0f:t/n] ejg g6'lqmg] u/L alnof] 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt u5{ <

;fdfGo ¿kdf ul/g] o; zL3| n]vfhf]vf ljBdfg ejgx¿dWo] s'grflx+ ljkb\hGo 36gfk|lt a9L ;ª\s6f;Gg 5 eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]uL 5 . tyflk o; k/LIf0f ;"rLdf s'g} ejgn] pRr cª\s k|fKt u/] klg ;'/lIft ljBfnosf kof{Kt u'0f eP–gePsf] yfxf kfpg /fd|/L lg/LIf0f tyf k/LIf0f ul/g'k5{ . o;af6 clwsf+z k'/fgf ejgx¿sf] :t/f]Gglt ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf x'g;S5 .

gofF ljBfnosf] ;+/rgfTds vfsf (Design) tof/ ubf{ Wofglbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

n;a} gofF ljBfno ejgn] ;+/rgfTds vfsf, :yfg 5gf]6, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / tl/sf, lg/LIf0f, cg'udg tyf dd{t;Def/df ljkb\ pTyfgzLn k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] ejglgdf{0f ;+lxtf kfngf ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

;'/lIft ljBfno


20

nh;/L k|sf]ksf] ljz]iftf To;sf] k|sf/, tLj|tf / cfj[lQcg';f/ km/s x'G5g\, To;/L g} ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf k|sf]k;Fu ;Da4 hf]lvd / ;ª\s6f;Ggtf km/s x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] dgg\ ug'{xf];\ . Ps} k|sf/sf tl/sf ;a} kl/l:yltdf pko'Qm x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fsf] klg :d/0f ug'{xf];\ . To;}n] k|To]s ljBfnon] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;Defljt k|sf]k / o;sf vf; hf]lvdx¿sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ n]vfhf]vf ul/g'k5{ . ljBfno ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds vfsfn] ax'k|sf]ksf] k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ .

nljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3 / lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf clwsf/Lnufot lzIff;Fu ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6, ;+/rgfTds vfsf tof/L cyf{t l8hfOg, lgdf{0f tyf dd{t;Def/sf sfo{df ;fd]n u/fpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{x¿n] k|of]u ug]{ ljBfnodf ;a} kIfaf6 lgoldt ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw x'g] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt u/fpg] k|lqmofdf klg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;fd]n u/fpg'k5{ .

nljBfnosf] ef}lts ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L k|anLs/0faf6} alnof] agfpg ;lsG5 jf k|lt:yfkg ug'{k5{ jf 7fpF ;fg'{kg]{ b]lvG5 ;f]sf] l;kmfl/; ug'{xf];\ . ljkb\ pTyfgzLn vfsf tof/ u/L ljBfnonfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg ;f]cg'?k lgdf{0f ug'{k5{{ .

nx'/Latf; / e"sDkLo bafasf] k|efj sd ug{ oyf;Dej xf]rf] ejg / :yn (lowest profile) k|of]u ug'{xf];\ lsgeg] prfOcg'¿k g} x'/Latf; / e"sDkLo hf]lvd a9\g] u5{ .

n;b}j Ps} k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfTds cfsf/ 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ . juf{sf/, cfotfsf/ -a9Ldf #M! nDafO / rf}8fOsf] cg'kft_ / j[Qfsf/ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf cfsf/ x'g\ . cª\u|]hL Pn (L), 6L (T) / o" (U) cfsf/df ejg lgdf{0f gug'{xf];\ .

nejgsf] ;txdf x'/Latf;sf] cl:y/tf l;h{gf ug]{ / zf]if0f zlQm (suction forces) a9fpg] clgoldt ;tx 36fpg'xf];\ .

n7f8f] ufx|f]nfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd lgoldt / ;/n k|sf/sf] agfpg'xf];\ . em\ofn jf cGo k|of]hgsf nflu k|To]s tnfdf /flvg] v'nf :yfg ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf /fVg'xf];\ . OF6fsf nx/ tyf ef/jxg ufx|f]nfO{ Ps csf]{dfly vK6\ofP/ /fVg'xf];\ . le/fnf] jf c;Gt'lnt tj/n]lgdf{0f gug'{xf];\ . ufx|f], :Nofa, aLd / cGo :yfgx¿df w]/} v'nf :yfg g/fVg'xf];\ .

nejgsf] tNnf] efudf afSnf] tyf km/flsnf] e'OF agfpg'xf];\ . w]/} ef/ axg ug{;Sg] ufx|f]dfly xn'sf / nlrnf 5fgfsf] k|of]u gug'{xf];\ . ef/ axg ug]{ ufx|f]df s8f rf}8f ;+/rgf agfpg'xf];\, OF6fsf nx/sf] k|of]u gug'{xf];\ .

nejgsf cfGtl/s ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ Ps csf{df ;6fP/ gagfpg'xf];\ lsgls tL ejgx¿ ljleGg lbzfdf rnfodfg x'G5g\ / k|sf]ksf 36gfsf sf/0f x'g] IfltnfO{ emg} a9fpF5g\ . ejgx¿ :jtGq¿kdf rnfodfg x'g;Sg] u/L Ps csf{af6 cnu /flvg' k5{ .

nejgsf] hu af9Lsf] ;txeGbf dfly /fVg'xf];\ . olb o;f] ug{ ;Dej geP tn ulx/fOaf6 ejg yfDg] :tDex¿ p7fP/ af9Lsf] ;Defljt :t/eGbf dfly x'g]u/L e"OFtnf agfpg'xf];\ . af9L k:g glbg ejg jl/kl/ af9L cj/f]ws ufx|f] agfpg'xf];\ .

21

;'/lIft ljBfno


k'/fgf ejgx¿sf]lj:t[t ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfljlw M

nejgnfO{ Psn OsfO{sf ¿kdf hf]8\g] aN5L z}nL k|of]u u/L x'/Latf;af6 x'g;Sg] Iflt /f]Sg ;lsg] jf g;lsg] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . To;}u/L cly{ªsf] k|of]u u/L r6\ofªsf] hf]lvd sd ug{ ;lsg] jf g;lsg] klg n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .

nsf]7fsf] :yfoL tfkqmd sfod ug{ 9'Ëfsf ufx|f] sDtLdf !^ OGr rf}8f / OF6fsf ufx|f] sDtLdf ( O~r rf}8f eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . .

nrf]6k6saf6 /Iff ug{ 8]:sa]Gr tyf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] s'gfx¿ sfl6Psf]] jf gsfl6Psf], e¥ofª\sf v'8lsnfx¿ glrKng] agfOPsf] jf gagfOPsf], zf/Ll/s ckfª\utf ePsfsf] ;xh cfjfudgsf] nflu v'8\lsnf lagfsf] af6f] agfOPsf] jf gagfOPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .

nk'gMlgld{t ejgx¿ ()–!@) ;]dL rf}8fO ePsf] hudf /x]–g/x]sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . -df6f]sf] k|s[lt ;'xfFpbf] husf] ulx/fO x'g'k5{_ . tn / dflysf] efunfO{ 5'6\ofpg] ufx|f] tyf k|m]dsf] s8fkg dflyNnf] / To;}sf] ;dfgfGt/ tNnf] ef/nfO{ yfDg pFef] / pFwf] b'j} ef/nfO{ yfDg ;Sg]u/L bx|f] eP–gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . To;}u/L g/d kmnfd] 808L, l;d]G6 / lu6\6Lsf] ld>0f qmdzM !M@M$ sf] cg'kftdf g36fO{ k|of]u u/L hunfO{ bl/nf] / l6sfp agfP–gagfPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .

nef/jxg ug]{ ;a} ufx|f] jf ufx|f]sf] df]6fO @# ;]=dL= eGbf sd eP–gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . ;fdfGotM Knfi6/ ul/Psf] OF6fsf uf/f]sf] df]6fO @% ;]=dL= / 9'Ëfsf uf/f]sf] df]6fO $) ;]=dL= x'g'k5{ .

n5tdf afFlwPsf /8x¿ ufx|f]x¿;Fu afFlwPsf] jf gafFlwPsf] / ufx|f]df agfOPsf Kjfnx¿ l;d]G6 lu§Ln] 6flnPsf] g6flnPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . 5t agfpFbf l6gsf] kftf k|of]u ul/Psf] gul/Psf] / tL kftfx¿ 5]psf ;tx lgdf{0fsf 58x¿ / aN5L cfsf/sf x'sx¿;Fu hf]l8P jf ghf]l8Psf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ . aLd / vDafdf k|of]u ul/Psf l/ªx¿ ;a} aLd / vDafsf] ;ª\ud cyf{t\ hf]l8g] 7fpFsf] w]/} lgs6 -hf]l8g] :yfgdf k|lt $ OGrsf] b"/L / cGoq k|lt ^ OGr b"/L_ /flvPsf] 5 5}g hfFr ug'{xf];\ . x'/Latf;sf] hf]lvd Go"g ug{ 5]p5fpdf hf]l8Psf 58x¿ / cGo ;xof]uL cjojx¿nfO{ kmnfd] kftfx¿n] Pscsf{;Fu /fd|f];Fu afFlwP gafFwPsf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ .

nljBfno ejgsf] hu ;'/Iff ug{ agfOPsf] jl/kl/sf] k]6L huleq kfgL hfgaf6 /f]Sg;Sg] u/L rf}8f agfOPsf] 5 jf 5}g n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . -;fdfGotM /8–l;d]G6– sª\lqm6sf] k]6L km]bdf &% b]lv !)) ldlnld6/ df]6f], ;ª\3f/df !%) ldlnld6/ df]6f], 5tsf] ;txdf &% ldlnld6/, l:6rdf &% ldlnld6/ / em\ofnnufot cGoq lgsflnPsf] k]6L &% ldlnld6/ x'g'k5{ ._

;'/lIft ljBfno


22

n 5]psf] efusf] s8fkg / ef/ljt/0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ejgsf] 7f8f]kgdf pko'Qm eP gePsf] / 5]psf] efusf] ef/ axg ug]{u/L ufx|f] jf ufx|f] l8hfOg ul/Psf] gul/Psf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . ;fdGotof ;a} ufx|f] jf ufx|f]sf] s'gf 58–l;d]G6–sª\lqm6 k|of]u u/L alnof] agfOg'k5{ / x/]s )=^& ld6/sf] lgoldt cGt/fndf 58 a'g]/ l;d]G6 / sª\\lqm6 k|of]u u/L aGwg (stitch bands) lgdf{0f ul/g' k5{ . hf]l8Psf] :yfgdf (diaphragm) kg]{ ef/nfO{ ;xL 9ª\un] ;xof]uL ufx|f] jf ufx|f]df :yfgfGt/0f ug{ tL :yfgx¿ ;'/lIft tl/sfn] ufx|f]x¿;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'g'k5{ . ufx|f] klN6gaf6 hf]ufpg dflyNnf] prfO;Dd To;nfO{ afFw]/ /fVg] k|aGw;lxt lqe'hfsf/ ufx|f] agfOg'k5{ . lqe'hfsf/ ufx|f] / 5fgfsf] aLdaLr ;'/Iff sjrsf] ¿kdf alnof] ufx|f] tof/ ug{ 8fougn aGwg /flvg'k5{ .

v= u}/;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vf

;'/lIft ljBfno / u'0f:t/Lo jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfsf] e"ldsf hlt dxTjk"0f{ 5, Tolt g} u}/;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfsf]] klg /xG5 . u}/;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfn] ljBfno tyf o;sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df vt/f pTkGg u/fpg;Sg] ;a} tTjnfO{ ;d]6\g'k5{ .

u}/;+/rgfut tTjx¿n] ejgsf] ef/ jxg ub}{gg\ . oL tTjdf em\ofn, 9f]sf, l;F9L, kfOk / gnLx¿ kb{5g\ . oL ejg;Fu ufFl;Psf x'G5g\ / lognfO{ k|foM v;]/ Iflt k'¥ofpg] k|sf]ksf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . oL tTjn] ljBfyL{ tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu vt/f pTkGg u/fpF5g\ / ;xL ¿kdf Ps csf{df gafFlwPdf yk ;ª\s6f;Ggtf yK5g\ . o:tf vt/f ljBfno ejgaflx/ klg x'g ;S5g\ .

ljBfno ejgleqsf k|sf]k jf hf]lvd M

n7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf ljBfyL{ aflx/ lgl:sg] xn jf l;F9Lsf]] dfu{sf] cfsf/,

nleqlt/ v'Ng] 9f]sf tyf em\ofn,nem\ofndf h8fg ul/Psf l;;fsf vfkf,nlah'nLsf] c;'/lIft tf/,nufx|f];Fu h8fg gul/Psf k':ts /fVg] b/fh ncfuf] lgefpg] pks/0fsf] cefj,ncGo rnfodfg, v:g;Sg] / af6f] cj/f]w ug]{ a:t', n5tdflysf] kfgL6]ÍL, 5]pdf /flvPsf v'nf udnf cflb .

3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'NsL, cf]tnflu ;dft cEof;

23

;'/lIft ljBfno


ljBfnoejg aflx/sf k|sf]k jf hf]lvd M

nljB't\ k|zf/0f k|0ffnL jf nfOg, n7"nf, cUnf, k'/fgf / w]/} xfFuf ePsf ¿v,nsf};L jf afb{nLsf] l8n, 5tsf 6fonx¿, lrdgL, l;;f cflb,nufx|f] /x]sf af6f]x¿,nd"n ;8s, rf]s, ahf/ naf/ gePsf v'nf Ogf/,nt];f]{ l;F9L gePsf af6f]x¿, ;dfTg] af/x¿ cflb .

hf]lvd 36fpg] sfo{x¿ M

nkmlg{r/ tyf dfn;fdfg ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg]{,nu}/;+/rgfut tTjaf6 x'g] hf]lvd sd ug{ To:tf a:t'x¿nfO{ /fd|/L afFWg], nk|sf]k x6fpg jf hf]lvd sd ug{ k|fljlws;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{, nv:g] a:t'af6 x'g] hLjg u'dfpg] hf]lvd /f]Sg o:tf j:t' k|of]u ug]{ JolQmx¿dfem

;r]tgf hufpg] .

u}/;+/rgfTds n]vfhf]vfljlw M

nr6ØfªnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;Sg] ljBfno j/k/sf cUnf ¿v, ljBfno kl/;/ x'Fb} uPsf] ljB't\k|;f/0f cyf{t pRr ef]N6]hsf] ljB't\ k|zf/0f nfOg, x'/Latf; jf af9Lsf sf/0f n8\g;Sg] ljB't\ tf/ 6fFlug] sf7sf vDaf / afnaflnsf 8'Ag] vt/f ePsf v'nf Ogf/, tnfp jf kf]v/Lsf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .

nljBfnosf] ufx|f] jf af/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . plrt af/sf] cefjdf hgfj/x¿ leq k;L afnaflnsfnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . o;/L g} sfF9] tf/n] 3fp agfpg ;S5 .

n/]lnª / 5tsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . 5t, l;F9L / afb{nLdf ePsf] /]lnªn] vt/f jf hf]lvd 36fpF5g\ . /fd|f];Fu afFlwPsf], x's ul/Psf] jf df]l8Psf] l6gsf] kftfx¿ xfjfn] p8fpg] jf pKsfpg] ;Defjgfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;S5g\ . t];f]{ ;dtn af6f] gePdf jf ePklg /]lnª gePdf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm JolQmx¿sf] cfjfudgdf afwf kg{ ;S5 .

nxft] kDk jl/kl/ xftn] ;dfTg] /]lnª\ eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . lsgls xft] kDk jl/kl/sf] e"FO k|foM n]p nfu]/ lrlKng;Sg] x'G5 .

nv]n d}bfgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . w]/} vfN8fv'N8L;lxtsf lxnfDd] d}bfgdf afnaflnsf lrlKng ;S5g\ / ;k{x¿ klg cfpg ;S5g\ . jl/kl/ emf8Lx¿ ePdf / 5]ps'gfdf kmf]xf]/d}nf y'kfl/P d';f, ljiffn' sL/f tyf ;ª\qmfds hLjf0f' /xg ;S5g\ .

nemØfn tyf 9f]sfx¿sf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . emØfndf lu|n 5 <

;'/lIft ljBfno


24

9f]sfx¿ aflx/lt/ v'N5g\ < cfktsfndf aflx/ ;'/lIft lgl:sg ;xh xf];\ eGgfsf nflu 9f]sfx¿ aflx/lt/ v'Ng'k5{ .

nsDKo'6/ ;]6, kmlg{r/, efG;fsf ;fdfg / ljB't\ pks/0fx¿ /flvPsf 7fpF tyf ltgLx¿sf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . e"sDk tyf x'/Latf; cfpFbf gv;'g\ eGgfsf nflu oL ;a} j:t'x¿ leQfdf /fd|f];Fu afFlwPsf 5g\ jf ;'/lIft tl/sfn] /flvPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

n;'/lIft 7fpF, ;'/lIft ¿kdf lgl:sg] af6f] / e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft ynf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .n k|To]s sf]7fdf leq–aflx/ ug]{ 9f]sf eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . o;n] ;'/lIft

¿kdf lgl:sg ;xof]u u5{ . ljBfnodf lglZrt b"/Ldf k|j]z ug]{ / lgl:sg] b'O{ 5'§f5'§} åf/ eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . ;'/lIft cfjfudgsf tL åf/x¿ ejgaf6 s]xL k/ x'g'k5{ .

n8]:sa]Grsf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . ufFl;Psf 8]:sa]Grn] æ3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'Ns, cf]t nflu ;dftÆ cEof;df / cfkt\sfndf ;'/lIft ¿kdf aflx/ lgl:sg afwf k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ .

nljutsf] 8'afg:t/nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} af9L / 8'afgsf] ;fdgf ug{ ejg, zf}rfno / 6\o"aj]nsf] ;tx kof{Kt dfqfdf p7fOPsf] gp7fOPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . pko'Qm dfqfdf gp7fOPsf] eP e/fgljlw k|of]u u/L prfO a9fpg] jf kfgL 5]Sg tyf lgsf; lbg / ;DefJo Iflt 36fpgsf af9L 5]Sg] ufx|f] jf gfnf agfpg ;lsG5 .

nzf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm / sdhf]/ JolQmx¿sf nflu sIffsf]7fdf ;xh¿kdf k'Ug ;dtn af6f] eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . To;}u/L kfgL / ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf] klg n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .

nx'/Latf;sf] k|efj kg]{, tfkqmd a9L x'g], blIf0flt/af6 sIffsf]7fx¿df ;"o{sf] k|sfz gcfpg] u/L ljBfno ejgsf] df]x8f pQ/lt/ kms]{sf] gkms]{sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .

@=@ cfwf/:tDe @ M ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkgn] ;'/lIftl;sfOsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 / cfktsfndf

25

;'/lIft ljBfno


klg z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt u5{ . of] efu d'VotM u}/;+/rgfut tTjx¿df s]lGb|t 5 . k|efjsf/L ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu b]xfosf sfo{ pkof]uL x'G5g\ M

@=@=! ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g

;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] k"j{tof/Lsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{, ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug]{, To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ / ;dofg's"n cBfjlws ug]{h:tf sfo{dfkm{t\ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf k|of;sf] g]t[Tj ug{ ;S5 . ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf k|d'v bfloTj b]xfo adf]lhd x'g;S5g\ M

n:yfglglb{i6 k|sf]k, ;ª\stf;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtfsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / ljkb\ kl/xfn]df k|ltsfo{ ug]{ of]hgf agfpg' .

nljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yf ug'{ / of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLltut lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug'{ .

n;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng Pj+ ;xof]u ug'{ .

nljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf klxrfg ul/Psf] ;'/lIft 7fpFdf lgl:sg ljBfyL{, aflx/sf afnaflnsf, lzIfs / ;d'bfosf dflg;nfO{ ;lDdlnt u/fO{ ;do–;dodf æ3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'Ns, cf]t nfuL ;dftÆ ljlwsf] cEof; u/fpg' .

nafnaflnsfsf] 1fg tyf ;LknfO{ ltvfg{ lrqsnf, jfbljjfb, xflh/L hjfkm tyf lgaGw k|ltof]lutfh:tf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{ .

nljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfg / ;|f]t–;fwgcg'?k k4lt, gLlt, lgb]{lzsf / :t/Lo ;~rfng sfo{ljlw tof/ ug'{ .

k|sf]k, ;ª\stf;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf

;'/lIft :yfgx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ k|sf]k, ;ª\stf;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfljlw k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . ;f] n]vfhf]vfn] ljBfno ejg / o; j/k/sf] ;+/rgfut, u}/;+/rgfut / sfo{ut kIfx¿sf] vf]hL u5{ . ljBfno tyf ToxfFsf ;d'bfo ;ª\s6f;Ggtf / hf]lvdk|lt slQsf] ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ eGg] yfxf kfpg ljBfno ejg /xg] :yfgsf] 5gf]6 ug'{k"j{ o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 .

s= k|sf]k n]vfhf]vf

k|sf]k Ps e"–ef}lts, jfo'd08nLo jf hnhGo 36gf xf] h;n] xflg jf Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 . e"sDk, klx/f], x'/Latf;, af9L jf v8]/Lnufotsf 36gfnfO{ o; cGtu{t lng ;lsG5 . k|sf]k k|fs[lts / dfgjl;lh{t b'j} 36gfsf] ¿kdf cfpF5 . k|sf]k jf:tjdf dfgjhLjgsf vt/f x'g\ . a[xt\ ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ k|fs[lts Pj+ dfgjLo ;lqmotf / lgliqmotfsf sf/0f

;'/lIft ljBfno


26

g} k|sf]ksf] pTkGg x'G5g\ . -g]kfndf x'g] k|d'v k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿sf] nflu cg';"rL % x]g'{xf];\_ .

k|sf]ksf] n]vfhf]vfn] vt/fx¿ klxrfg ug{ / ltgsf k|s[lt tyf Jojxf/ a'em\g ;xof]u u5{ . o;n] ljBfnon] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] ;DefJo k|sf]kx¿sf] k|s[lt tyf Jojxf/ls6fg u5{ . ;DalGwt ljBfno s'g k|sf]k x'g;Sg] If]qdf k5{ eGg] hfgsf/L pknAw x'G5 . ;fy} k|sf]kaf6 csf]{ k|sf]k l;lh{t x'g] cj:yfsf] klg klxrfg x'G5g\ . h:t} vx/]af9Ln] klx/f], v8]/Ln] dxfdf/L / e"sDkn] cfunfuLsf 36gf pTkGg u/fpg ;S5g\ . k|sf]ksf] Jojxf/lgDg cfwf/df klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 M

nk|sf]ksf] cfj[lQ,nk|sf]ksf] 36gfsf] ;ª\s]t, nk|sf]k pTyfgsf] ult,nk|sf]k x'g] ;do, /nk|sf]ksf] cjlw .

tnsf tflnsfdf b]vfPcg'¿k k|sf]ksf rf/ :j¿k x'G5g\ M

tflnsf ! M k|sf]ksf :j¿k

hn tyf hnjfo';Da4 e"ue{;Da4 b'3{6gf;Da4 h}ljs;Da4

• af9L• cl;gf • d';nwf/] jiff{ • r6Øfª• tftf] nx/ æn"Æ• zLtnx/ • lxdkft / lxdklx/f]• v8]/L

• klx/f]• e"sDk

• jg tyf ufpFa:tLdf x'g] cfunfuL

• ejg elTsg]] • ad jiff{ / ljikmf]6g• rf8kj{sf ;dodf x'g]

b'3{6gf • ljB't\;Da4 36gfx¿ • xjfO tyf ;8s b'3{6gf

• dxfdf/L• sL6 cfqms0f • kz'df x'g]

dxfdf/L • vfB ljiffQmtf

;|f]t M ef/tdf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

k|sf]k n]vfhf]vfsf] k|of]hg eg]sf] ljBfnodf x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;DefJo k|sf]k tyf vt/fsf] k|s[lt ls6fg ug'{ xf] . of] n]vfhf]vfn] lgDg s'/f ;d]6\g'k5{ M

-s_ k|sf]ksf] zlQm,-v_ k|sf]ksf 36gfsf] ;ª\s]t,-u_ k"[j{;"rgf, -3_ k|sf]k pTyfgsf] ult,-ª_ k|sf]ksf] cfj[lQ,

27

;'/lIft ljBfno


-r_ k|sf]k x'g] ;do, /-5_ k|sf]ksf] cjlw .

s]xL k|sf]kn] yk k|sf]ksf 36gf pTkGg u/fpg ;S5g\ eGg] hfGg cfjZos 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu v8]/Ln] dxfdf/L, sL/f tyf hLjsf] ;ª\qmd0f jf clgsfn / e"sDkn] cfunfuL tyf klx/f] pTkGg u/fpg ;S5 . k|sf/, tLj|tf / cfj[lQcg';f/ k|sf]ksf] ljz]iftf km/s x'G5 . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3sf ;b:o tyf cGo k|fljlw1x¿ o; n]vfhf]vfdf ;+nUg x'g'k5{ .

k|sf]k n]vfhf]vfljlw M

nljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf ljut %) jif{otf ePsf ;a} k|fs[lts / dfgjl;lh{t k|sf]ksf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . ;"rL agfpFbf ;do/]vf, ljkb\ k|j[lQljZn]if0f, df};dL kfqf] cflbsf] ;xof]u lng'xf];\ .

nljutdf ePsf / clxn] jf eljiodf x'g;Sg] ;Defjgfaf/] ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . e/kbf]{ tYofª\s k|fKt ug{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf tYofÍ k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . :jefjtM s]xL k|sf]k ;w}F ljBdfg x'G5g\ eg] s]xL df};dL, s]xL a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . To;}u/L s]xL k|sf]k lj/n} x'G5g\, t/ tL cjZo x'g] ;Defjgfdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . k|To]s k|sf]ksf] ;DefjgfnfO{ ;fdfGo ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df ! b]lv % ;Dd :t/Ls/0f ug'{xf];\ .

nx/]s k|sf]ksf] k|efj slt uDeL/ x'g;S5 egL ! b]lv % ;Dd :t/Ls/0f ug'{xf];\ . d"Nofª\sg tyf lg0f{osf] nflu tnsf k|efj ;"rL k|of]u ug'{xf];\ M

o dfgj – d[ts, 3fOt], ckfË .o ef}lts – Iflt ePsf ejg, pks/0f, cfk"lt{ ;+oGq ;ª\Vof / Ifltsf] xb .o ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts –;fdflhs ;DklQ tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljgf; .o cfly{s – dd{t tyf k|lt:yfkg vr{, hLljsf]kfh{g / Ifltaf6 lzIffdf

kg]{ c;/ .o jftfj/0fLo – k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf jf;:yfgx¿df x|f; .o dgf];fdflhs – z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf, cfzf / ;kgfdfck]Iffdf x'g] Iflt .

tflnsf @ M k|sf]ksf k|sf/, k|sf]k cfpg] ;Defjgf / ufDeLo{tf

qm=;= k|sf]ksf k|sf/ k|sf]k cfpg] ;Defjgf k|sf]ksf] uDeL/ k|efj

! @ # $ % ! @ # $ %

afs; ! M ljBfno / jl/kl/ /x]sf d'Vo k|sf]kx¿

ljB't\ 6«fG;kmd{/

ljB't ljt/0f (High-tension) tf/ sf7sf ljB'tk|;f/0f vDaf

/]lnªljgfsf l;F9L

vfN8fv'N8L ePsf] ljBfno d}bfg

v'nf Ogf/ tyf kf]v/L

ljBfno glhs} /x]sf] Jo:t ;8s

k'/fgf cUnf ¿v

hL0f{ ljBfno ejgx¿

7"nf] dfqfdf ljBfno glhs /x]sf r§fgx¿

ljBfno glhs vf]nf, vf]N;f / gbLx¿

ljBfno glhs 7f8f] eL/

ljBfno glhssf k|sf]kLo 36gf l;lh{t ug]{ snsf/vfgfx¿

;'/lIft ljBfno


28

ljBfnoleq dfq x'g] t/ ljBfno aflx/sf] a[xQ/ ;d'bfodf k|efj gkfg]{ ;DefJo k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ . o:tf ;DefJo vt/fdf ljBfno glhs ePsf ljB't\\ 6«fG;kmd{/, ljBfno d}bfg x'Fb} hfg] ljB't\ k|;f/0f k|0ffnL / ljBfno glhssf v'nf Ogf/ kb{5g\ . cfunfuL / ;8s b'3{6gf klg ljBfnoleq dfq x'g] 36gfdf kg{ ;Sg5g\ . oL hfgsf/LnfO{ tn tflnsf # df b]vfPadf]lhd tflnsLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .

tflnsf # M k|sf]kx¿, ltgsf] cfj[lQ tyf :t/ / ltgn] ug]{ Iflt

jif{ jf ;fn d'Vo k|sf]k :t/ -p÷d÷lg_ ePsf] Iflt ;fdgf ;+oGq

Gff]6 M p – pRr, d – dWod, lg –lgDg

P]ltxfl;s hf]lvdsf] ¿k/]vf -profile_n] hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . o;n] P]ltxfl;s k|j[lQ tyf cfj[lQ b'j}nfO{ b]vfpF5 . tnsf] tflnsfn] hf]lvdsf k|efjsf] eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lhnf] pkfo k|:t't u5{ .

tflnsf $ M P]ltxfl;s hf]lvdsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ ug]{ljlw

jif{ jf ;fn k|sf]ksf k|sf/ :yfg

- ljBfnoleq /

aflx/_

hf]lvd hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo kxnx¿

k|sf]ksf tTjx¿sf] k|s[lt / ljBfno If]qaf6 ;f] tTjx¿sf] lgs6tf;Fu hf]lvd ;DalGwt x'G5 . b"/L hlt lgs6 x'G5 Tolt g} hf]lvdsf] dfqf a9\5 . ljleGg k|sf]ksf tTjx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf] tflnsf g+= % k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf % M k|sf]ksf tTjx¿ / ljBfno;Fu /x]sf] lgs6tf

k|sf]k ljBfnoaf6 w]/}

glhs -! sL=dL=

eGbf sd_

ljBfnoaf6

6f9f -!–@

sL=dL=leq_

ljBfnoaf6 6f9f

-@ sL=dL=eGbf k/_

hf]lvd

k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd lgDTofpg ;Sg] snsf/vfgf

Jo:t ;8s

cUnf uugr'DaL ejg

29

;'/lIft ljBfno


k]6«f]n kDk -cToflws k|HHjngzLn kbfy{ /xg]_

v'nf ¿kdf /x]sf hfd ePsf tyf ;kmf gul/Psf 9n

k]6«f]n kDk

cGo

v= ;ª\s6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf

ljleGg k|sf]ksf] hf]lvddf /x]sf tTjx¿ -dflg;, ljBfno / cGo ;+/rgf_ sf sdhf]/L cfsng ug]{ / oL tTjx¿nfO{ hf]lvddf /fVg] d"n sf/0fx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|lqmof g} ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] n]vfhf]vf xf] . ;ª\s6f;Ggtfn] ljkb\sf ;dodf ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf] ;fdgf ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 . ;ª\s6f;Ggtf kL8fbfos xflg–gf]S;fgL k|ltsf] em'sfj xf] . o;sf] ;DaGw k|sf]ksf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{, ;fdgf ug]{, /f]Sg] / o;sf] k|efjaf6 pTyfgzLn x'g] ljifo;Fu /xG5 . ef}lts, jftfj/0fLo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts tyf ;+:yfut tTjx¿n] ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f u5{g\ . ;ªs6f;Ggtf To:tf ljBdfg jf kl/0ffdL cj:yfsf] ;d"x xf] h;n] k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿sf] /f]syfd ug]{, Go"g ug]{, k|ltsfo{sf nflu tof/L ug]{ / k|ltsfo{ ug]{ ;d'bfosf] Ifdtfdf k|lts"n c;/ kf5{ . ;ª\s6f;Ggtf Psk|sf/sf] sdhf]/L klg xf] . ;ª\s6f;Ggtf ef}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / jftfj/0fLo tTjx¿n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ To:tf] cj:yf xf] h;n] k|sf]ksf] ;Defljt k|efjk|lt ;d'bfosf] em'sfj a9fpF5 .

;ª\stf;Ggtf n]vfhf]vfsf nflu lgDg ljlw pkof]uL 5g\ M

nk|sf]ksf] klxrfg / tL k|sf]kn] ljBfno tyf jl/jl/sf] ;d'bfodf l;lh{t u/]sf] ;ª\s6f;Ggtf dfkgsf] nflu ;ª\s6f;Ggtf gS;fª\sg,

nljBfno / ToxfFsf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf] ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] dfqfnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yfx¿sf] klxrg ug]{ uf]nfsf/lrq (Venn diagram),

njiff}Fotfsf] ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] :t/ kQf nufpg] df};dL kfqf],n;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf cjojx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;d:of j[If ljZn]if0f . ;ª\s6f;Ggtf ljZn]if0f k|foM hl6n x'G5 . o;sf nflu jt{dfg Ifdtf / ;|f]t,

;'/lIft ljBfno


30

;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] l:ylt, ;d:ofx¿sf] k|s[lt tyf ltgsf] k|efj / ;+:yfut ;xof]udf kx'Fr;DaGwL s'/fx¿sf] lj:t[t ;"rL tof/ ul/g' k5{ .

;ª\s6f;Ggtf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] xft]dfnf]sf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;fd"lxs xft]dfnf] h'6fpg ;ª\s6f;Ggtf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljutdf ePsf k|of;sf] ljZn]if0f ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;df Ifdtf clej[l4, k}/jL jf clwjfrg;DaGwL cleofg / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogh:tf kIfx¿ x'g;S5g\ .

u= hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf

k|sf]ksf ljz]iftf / cfj[lQ, ljBfno tyf jl/kl/sf] ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k k|ltsf] ;Dd'vtf dfqf jf :t/ / ltgLx¿sf] ;ª\s6f;Ggtf jf pTyfgzLntfsf] dfqf ;a}sf] ;+o'Qm :j¿k g} ljkb\ hf]lvd xf] . csf]{ cy{df vf; k|sf]ksf 36gf / o;n] ug]{ Ifltsf] ;DefJotf g} hf]lvd xf] . k|sf]k, ;ª\s6f;Ggtf / Ifdtf ljZn]if0faf/]sf] a'emfOn] hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . ;'/lIft jlxu{dg of]hgf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu Ps dxTjk"0f{ xltof/ xf] .

hf]lvd n]vfhf]vfljlw M

nHff]lvdsf d"n sf/s tTj klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .nljBfno / o;sf] ;]/f]km]/f]sf] hf]lvdsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ ug'{xf];\ -tflnsf ^ x]/f}F_ .nx/]s k|sf]kn] k|:t't u/]sf] jf ug{;Sg] d'Vo hf]lvdx¿sf] cGj]if0f ug'{xf];\ .nljutdf x/]s k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf ;+oGq klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .nhf]lvdsf] :t/ 36fpg k|of]u ul/Psf ;dGjofTds ;+:yfut k|of; klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .n;Íng ul/Psf ;"rgf k|of]u u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .nTfflnsfdf lbPadf]lhd hf]lvd ¿k/]vf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

tflnsf ^ M ljBfno / ;]/f]km]/f]sf] hf]lvd ¿k/]vf

hf]lvd pTkGg u/fpg] sf/s tTjx¿ hf]lvd ;fdgf ug]{ ;+oGq cGo ;+:yfx¿;“u ;dGjo

k]6«f]n kDk

dfgj a:tL

gbL÷vf]nf

ljBfno jl/kl/ emf8Lo'Qm hldg

ljB't\\ nfOg

31

;'/lIft ljBfno


v'nf Ogf/

;fgfltgf vx/] tyf vf]N;f

=====

=====

3= Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf

Ifdtf eGgfn] 3/kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;d'bfodf ljBdfg ;|f]t;fwg Pj+ ;fdYo{ a'lemG5 h;n] ljkb\sf] ;fdgf ug{, k|ltsfo{sf] nflu tof/L ug{, /f]syfd ug{ jf zL3| k'gnf{esf] nflu ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfdf ljBfno;Fu ePsf tL ;|f]tsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 h;n] ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . pknAw ;|f]tdfly lg0fGq0f tyf kx'Fr /xG5 .

k|sf]ksf 36gf hxLFtxLF x'G5g\ t/ ltgLx¿n] ljkb\sf] ¿k tadfq lnG5g\ ha ;ª\s6f;Ggtf eGbf ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf sd x'G5 . k|sf]ksf] cfj[lQ jf ;Defjgf / ;d'bfosf] ;ª\s6f;Ggtfn] uDeL/ ¿kdf k|efljt x'g] hf]lvdnfO{ a9fpF5g\ .

Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfljlw M

npknAw ;|f]t–;fwgsf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ . n1fg, ;Lk, k|ljlw / ;fwgx¿ ePsf JolQmx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ . ljkb\ hf]lvd 36fpg

/ zL3| k'gnf{esf nflu pgLx¿n] Tof] IfdtfnfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] vf]hL ug'{xf];\ .

nljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf /x]sf On]lS6«l;og, cfunfuL lgoGqs, KnDa/ / :jf:Yo sd{rf/Lx¿h:tf :yfgLo:t/df pknAw x'g] k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] ;Dks{ ljj/0f;lxt ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

nk|sf]kaf/] ;d'bfosf]] ljutsf] cg'ej, pgLx¿n] k|sf]ksf] s;/L ;fdgf u/] / pgLx¿n] pkof]u u/]sf] ;Lk ljsf;sf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .

nljkb\ hf]lvd 36fpg ljBfnodf s]–s:tf ;|f]tx¿ pknAw 5g\ / k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5, tL ;|f]tdfly s;sf] kx'Fr / lgoGq0f 5 eGg] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .

ntflnd cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf u/L cfjZos Ifdtf a9fpg tflnd k|bfg ug'{xf];\ . k|sf]k, ;ª\s6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd / Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfaf6 ljsl;t u/]sf] gS;fnfO{ 7"nf] sfuh jf ;"rgf kf6Ldf b]vfpg'xf];\ . o; gS;fdf :ki6 ;ª\s]t ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ . ljBfno / glhssf ;d'bfosf ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg / ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;r]tgf hufpg pQm gS;fnfO{ ljBfno glhs} pko'Qm :yfgdf /fVg'xf];\ .

;'/lIft ljBfno


32

afs; @ M ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k, ;ª\s6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf gS;fª\sgdf

b]vfpg'kg]{ ljifoj:t'

nk|sf]kpGd'v ljleGg If]qx¿,

nk|j]z ug]{ tyf aflx/lgl:sg] dfu{,

ncfkt\sfndf aflx/ lgl:sg] ;'/lIft af6f],

ncfktsfndf e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft 7fp“,

nejg tyf 6fpsf] dfly /x]sf vt/fx¿,

nhf]lvd pTkGg ug{;Sg] ;fdu|Lx¿ /flvPsf] 7fp“,

nclUg;dgs pks/0fx¿ /flvPsf 7fp“,

nk|fylds pkrf/ ul/g] 7fp“

nckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx¿ tyf ;fgf afnaflnsf .

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k, ;ª\s6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf gS;fª\sgdf b]vfpg'kg]{ ljifoj:t'

nk|sf]k pGd'v ljleGg If]qx¿,

ncfkt\sfndf lgl:sg] ;'/lIft af6f],

ncfktsfndf e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft 7fp“,

n;'/lIft cf>o:ynx¿

n;d'bfodf / glhs /x]sf :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿

nk|sf]k l;h{gf ug{;Sg] ;fdu|Lx¿ /flvPsf 7fp“,

n;d'bfodf ljz]if k|fljlws Ifdtf ePsf ;|f]t JolQmx¿

nj[4j[4f, ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx¿h:tf ;ª\s6f;Gg dflg; a;f]af; ug]{ ejg

n;d'bfodf ;ª\s6f;Gg ejg, ;8s tyf ;'ljwfsf ;+/rgfx¿

@=@=@ ljleGg sfo{bnx¿ u7g

hf]lvdk"0f{ ljBfnosf glhs a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿ ljBfnosf pTs[i6 ;|f]t JolQm x'g\ . pgLx¿;Fu To; 7fpFdf x'g] k|sf]k / To;sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ a'emfO{ aflx/af6 cfPsf dflg;sf] t'ngfdf uxg / e/kbf]{ 1fg /x]sf] x'G5 .

ljBfno afnaflnsf tyf o'jf ;~rf/sf pTs[i6 ;+jfxs x'g\ . t;y{ sfo{bndf :yfgLo JolQm, o'jf tyf ljBfnosf afnaflnsfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g'k5{ .

cfjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg sfo{bnx¿ u7g ul/g'k5{ . oL sfo{bn ;"rgf k|jfx tyf r]tgf clej[l4, ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, vf]h tyf p4f/, k|fylds pkrf/, clUg ;'/Iff

33

;'/lIft ljBfno


/ dgf];fdflhs ;xfotf sfo{bn x'g ;S5g\ . x/]s sfo{bnnfO{ lbOg] :ki6 e"ldsf tyf bfloTjn] cfktsfnLg ;dodf ;f] sfo{bnnfO{ a9L hjfkmb]xL Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfpF . sfo{bnx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTjaf/] :d/0f u/fpFg / pgLx¿sf] 1fg tyf a'emfOnfO{ ltvfg{ a]nf–a]nfdf s[ltd cEof;sf] cfof]hgf ul/g'k5{ -lj:t[t ljj/0fsf nflu cg';"rL # x]/f}F_ .

@=@=# ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf

ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug'{ ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ljBfnodf cfwfl/t 7f]; of]hgf -tflnsf g+= !@ x]g'{xf];\_ n] ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ tfls{s lgisif{df k'¥ofpg ;S5 . of]hgfn] ;+/rgfut ;'/Iff, dd{t;Def/, u}/;+/rgfut cNkLs/0f, :yfgLo k"jf{wf/, jftfj/0fLo hf]lvd cNkLs/0f / clUg ;'/IffnfO{ ;d]6\g'k5{ . x/]s ljBfnodf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf Ps hLjGt b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf /xg'k5{ . csf]{ zAbdf, of]hgfnfO{ lg/Gt/ k|ultsf] qmddf /x]sf], ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g x'Fb}hfg] / slxNo} g6'lËOg] b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf lnOg'k5{ . oyfy{k/s of]hgfn] of]hgf th'{dfnfO{ pkhsf] ¿kdf xf]Og k|lqmofsf ¿kdf lnG5g\ .

ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf ;ª\s6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf, of]hgf th'{df, ef}lts ;+/If0f / k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] Tof] k|lqmof xf] h;nfO{ tnsf sfo{ ug{

;'/lIft ljBfno


34

tof/ ul/G5 M

nljBfyL{ tyf ljBfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s rf]6k6s nfUgaf6 arfpg,

n;a} afnaflnsfsf nflu lzIffsf] lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt ug{

n;'/lIft ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/L To;df cEo:t agfpg .

ljkb\sf] ;dodf afnaflnsf tyf sd{rf/Lx¿ pNn]Vo hf]lvddf /xg] x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ Pp6} ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg'{kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ x/]s ljBfnosf] ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf x'g' h¿/L 5 . ljBfno;Fu w]/} ;|f]t x'G5 / ;fd'bflos e]nf x'g] ynf] klg aG5\ . t;y{ glhssf] ;d'bfok|lt ljBfnosf] klg bfloTj x'G5, h;/L l5d]sL ;d'bfo ljBfno;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgfn] k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf ;fy} cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{df ;dGjo, lgoGq0f / ;~rf/sfo{ ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTjnfO{ kl/eflift ug'{k5{ .

tflnsf * M ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] k|f¿k

;'/lIft ljBfnocGtu{t ul/g] sfo{sf k|sf/ s;n] ug]{ ;dofjlwck]lIft kl/0ffd

cfjZos ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg

;'/lIft ljBfnosf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿!=

@=

ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

!=@=hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff!=

@=

ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgfn] ljBfnosf] ;'/Iff cfjZostfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{ . ljBfno;Fu ;Da4 k|sf]k tyf ;ª\s6f;Ggtfaf/] ul/g] r]tgf clej[l4n] lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ljBfnosf cfjZostf tyf dxTj klxNofpg ;xh t'NofpF5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg ;~rfng ug'{ ljBfno tyf ljBfyL{x¿ cfpg] l5d]sL ;d'bfox¿sf] bfloTj xf] . c;n g]t[Tj;lxtsf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3n] ;|f]t h'6fpg, k|fljlws ;xof]usf nflu bIf dfgj;+;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ / ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ .

Afnaflnsf;Fu k/fdz{

35

;'/lIft ljBfno


ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/Lljlw M

n;xeflutfd"ns 9Ën] ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf];\ . k|fo cf]em]ndf kg]{, ljBfno ghfg] afnaflnsf, ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsf / aflnsfsf d'2f tyf cfjZostfnfO{ of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{xf];\ .

nk|sf]k, ;ª\s6f;Ggtf, Ifdtf tyf ;|f]tsf] a[xt\ n]vfhf]vf / ef}lts hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, ;'/lIft k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, cNkLs/0f / k"j{tof/L of]hgfsf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t eP/ of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ .

nof]hgfaf/] lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug'{xf];\ . of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ pgLx¿ klg of]hgf;Fu kl/lrt x'g'k5{ .

nljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgfaf/] lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg cfjlws a}7ssf] cfof]hgf ug'{xf];\ . hfgsf/L lbg >Job[io k|:t'ltljlw ckgfpg'xf];\ . o;n] ;|f]t ;Íng tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f tof/ ub{5 . cNkLs/0f, k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{ of]hgfx¿ tof/ ug{ Pj+ ltgsf] ;dLIff ug{ o:tf a}7s dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .

nof]hgfnfO{ pRr u'0f:t/Lo cEof;df kl/0ft ug{ Ifdtf clej[l4sf ultljlwnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'xf];\ .

nljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf Joj:yf ul/Psf ;a} lqmofsnfksf] lglj{£g sfof{Gjog xf];\ / ;fdu|L, ljQLo jf dfgj;|f]tdf Jojwfg gcfcf];\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ e}k/L of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf];\ . e}k/L of]hgfn] ljkb\kl5 oyf;Dej zL3| lzIff k'gM cf/De ug{ lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;xh t'NofpF5 .

nljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] lbuf]kgf ;'lglZrt ug{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f of]hgf lgdf{0f, cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{, k|fylds pkrf/, clUg ;'/Iff, vf]h tyf p4f/df tflnd lbP/ cEo:t agfpg'xf];\ .

ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ubf{ cNkLs/0fsf d'2fx¿ klg ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ / ;ª\s6f;Ggtf Pj+ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ lgoldt cBfjlws ul/g'k5{ . o;sf nflu b]xfosf sfo{ ul/g'k5{ M

n olb ljBfno ejg gbLsf] lsgf/ jf af9LpGd'v If]qdf cjl:yt 5 eg] af9Lsf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . af9Ln] c;/ ug{;Sg] jf af9L k:g;Sg] 7fpFdf cfjZostfcg';f/ afFw, :k/, 7f]s/, t6aGwnufotsf af9L cj/f]ws lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . tLj| ultdf aUg] af9Lsf] kfgLn] e"Ifo dfkm{t\ ljBfno If]qdf Iflt ug{;S5 . j[Iff/f]k0fn] df6f]nfO{ aUg glbO{ e"Ifo Go"g ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . To;}n] To:tf 7fpFdf j[Iff/f]k0f ug'{xf];\ .

nljBfno af9Lsf] ;txeGbf dfly lgdf{0f ul/P klg ljBfno l5g]{ dfu{x¿ af9L

;'/lIft ljBfno


36

k:g;Sg] ;txdf k5{g\ eg] afnaflnsf ljBfno hfg jf cfktsfndf efUg ;Sb}gg\ . dflg;x¿ ljBfno ejgleq gkm;"g\ jf ljBfno ejg k'Ugaf6 g/f]lspmg\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ prflnPsf lgsf; dfu{ lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos 5 . xNsf le/fnf] x'g] u/L df6f] eb}{ / lyRb} o:tf] af6f] agfpg ;lsG5 .

n;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] kl/rfng ug{ pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf, bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]lxtf :ki6;Fu kl/eflift ul/g'k5{ .

ncfjlws ;~rfng tyf dd{t;Def/sf nflu ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng ug{ ;'/lIft ljBfno cNkLs/0f of]hgfnfO{ ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf;Fu ;dfof]hg ul/g'k5{ .

ncNkLs/0f of]hgdf x/]s k|sf]kn] k'¥ofpg] ;DefJo IfltnfO{ Go"g ug]{ pkfox¿ ;dfj]z ulg'k5{ . ljBfno cNkLs/0f of]hgf ;w}F ultzLn x'G5 . k|sf]k, ;ª\s6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfdf cfwfl/t eO{ of]hgfdf ;do ;fk]If kl/jt{g x]/km]/ ul/g'k5{ . o;n] ljkb\af6 x'g] d[To' tyf 3fOt] ;ª\Vof / ;fdflhs–cfly{s k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

ljBfno ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf t'¿Gt} xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] s'/f xf]Og . o;sf nflu ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] lg/Gt/ ;xeflutf, k|of; / ;dk{0fsf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;'/lIft l;sfO jftfj/0f sfod ug'{k5{ / z}lIfs lg/Gt/tfsf nflu of]hgf agfpg'k5{ . oyfy{ ;+nUgtf tyf /fhgLlts k|lta4tfn] ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ / k7g–kf7gsf] lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkgn] u}/;+/rgfut cNkLs/0f, ejg dd{t;Def/ / k|ltsfo{sf] k"j{tof/LnfO{ ;d]6\g'k5{ .

ljBfnosf] lg/Gt/tf of]hgf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3sf ;b:o / lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf clwsf/Lsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf tof/ ul/g'k5{ . pTyfgzLntf lgdf{0f ug{ cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3 tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:o, ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] lzIff ;ldlt, lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf clwsf/L, ljBfyL{ / cGo afnaflnsfdf Jojxf/hGo kl/jt{g x'g cfjZos 5 .

;'/lIft ;+:s[ltk|lt k|lta4, hf]lvdk|lt ;r]t, ljkb\ tyf cfktsfndf k|ltsfo{sf] nflu tof/ x'g] ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf] ljsf; ug{ / ljkb\ To;kl5sf] cj:yfdf lzIffdf Go"gtd cj/f]wsf] ;'lglZrtf ug{ u}/;+/rgfTds tTjx¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . oL tTjdf Wofg lbg ;s]sf] v08df dfq :j:y l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf x'g ;S5 .

s'g} klg ljBfnon] x/]s ljkb\sf] k|efj wfGg ;Sb}g . ljkb\sf sf/0f d[To' / 3fOt] x'gaf6 aRg ;a} ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿ ;'/lIft :yfglt/ lgl:sg'kg]{ ;do klg cfpg;S5 . x/]s ljBfnon] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f dfu{ / glhs} ;'/lIft ¿kdf e]nf x'g ;lsg] :yn lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ . tL ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f dfu{ / e]nf x'g] :yfgaf/] ljBfnosf afnaflnsf tyf

37

;'/lIft ljBfno


cleefjsx¿nfO{ clu|d hfgsf/L lbOg'k5{ . ljBfyL{, cleefjs tyf :yfgLo ;fd'bflos cu'jfx¿df cGof}ntf x6fpg oL :yfgx¿ lrq0f ul/Psf] gS;f x/]s sIffsf]7f tyf sl/8f]/df 6fFl;g'k5{ . To;}u/L cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf cGof}ntf l;h{gf gxf];\ / ;a} ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;s"g\ eGgsf nflu s[ltd cEof; lgoldt ¿kdf cfof]hgf ul/g'k5{ . ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f of]hgf glhssf k|x/L rf}sL, clUg lgoGq0f sfof{no tyf c:ktfn clwsf/L x¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOg'k5{ . cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf cfjZos hgzlQm t'¿Gt} pknAw x'g ;s"g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ oL ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;~rf/ ;DaGw / ;~rf/sf] ;+oGq :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ . cfkt\sfndf ljt/0f ug{ cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ ;'/lIft :yfgdf e08f/0f ul/g'k5{ .

@=@=$ ;~rf/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf;

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn] ;'/lIft ljBfno tof/ ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . lqmofzLn ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ePsf] v08df dfq of] k|efjsf/L x'G5 . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ Joj:yfn]] cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{ ;xof]u u5{ . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ k|0ffnLn] cfktsfnLg ;~rf/ / cfGtl/s ;"rgf ;+oGq :yfkgfdf klg ;xof]u u5{ .

;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;ljlw M

n ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;Dks{ljj/0f pknAw x'g'k5{ . ;Dks{ljj/0fnfO{ lgoldt hfFr / cBfjlws ul/g'k5{ . o; sfo{n] cfjZostf k/]sf] a]nf pgLx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;xh x'G5 .

nsfo{bnn] ;Dks{ ;"rLsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . ;f] ;"rLdf k|To]s ;b:osf] gfd, 7]ufgf / cfjf;Lo tyf df]afOn b'j} kmf]g gDa/ x'g'k5{ .

n ljkb\sf] ;dodf lqmofzLn /xg] ;"rgfsf] e/kbf]{ afXo ;|f]tdf kx'Fr a9fpg / cfGtl/s ;~rf/ k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{ k|of; ul/g'k5{ . o;f] ePdf dfq ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ljkb\sf] cj:yfaf/] cBfjlws hfgsf/L kfpg ;S5g\ / ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;dod} cfkm\gf] ;Lk, k|lzlIft hgzlQm, cf}hf/ tyf pks/0fnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;S5g\ .

n cfktsfnsf] Joj:yfkgdf zL3| ;~rf/sf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf x'G5 . o;n] ;do tyf ;|f]tsf] art dfq ub}{g, cfktsfnLg cj:yfcg'¿k bIf JolQmx¿nfO{ klg kl/rfng u5{ . ;~rf/sf] ;Dks{ ;"rLn] ljBfno k|zf;sx¿sf] cfTdljZjf; a9fpF5 / cfktsfnLg ;dodf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|ltsfo{sf nflu tof/ u5{ .

Kff}8L ;LknfO{ tLI0f agfpFb}

;'/lIft ljBfno


38

tflnsf ( McfktsfnLg ;dodf ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsg] lgsfox¿sf] ;"rL

dxTjk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Dks{ JolQmsf]

gfd / 7]ufgfdf]afOn

ljBfnoaf6

b"/L

sfof{nosf]

kmf]g gDa/

lhNnf cfktsfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb|

lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no

:yfgLo c:ktfn÷:jf:Yo rf}sL÷cf}iflw k;nlgs6td cf}iflw ljqm]tfaf?0foGq sfof{no

:yfgLo k|x/L

g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L

ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt

k|wfgfWofks

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;b:ox¿

cleefjs– lzIfs ;ª\3

lhNnf lzIff sfof{nolhNNff ljsf; ;ldltcGo

@=@=% ;r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ k"jf{Eof; ;~rfng

qmda4 tyf ljifout s[lqd cEof;n] ;/f]sf/jfnf / afnaflnsfdf ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{sf nflu ;kmntfk"j{s ;r]tgf clej[l4 u5{ . jf:tjdf s[lqd cEof; dxTjk"0f{ l;sfOljlw xf] . h:t} ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf] s[lqd cEof;n] afnaflnsf tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, p4f/, clUg;'/Iff / k|fylds pkrf/df /x]sf] pgLx¿sf] 1fg k|bz{g Pj+ k/LIf0f ug{ l;sfpF5 .

cEof; cfof]hgfljlw M

nx/]s k|sf/sf] cEof;sf nflu ljifolgwf{/0f u/L afnaflnsf tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ o;sf] k|lqmof tyf tl/sf;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg'xf];\ . cEof; Ps cg'ejhGo l;sfOsf] cj;/ xf] h;n] ;}4flGts 1fgnfO{ k/LIf0f u5{ .

nck]lIft / bf]xf]l/g] ljkb\sf nflu lgoldt cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ / ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ .

nsIff ;'¿ x'g'k"j{ e]nf x'g] 7fpF jf sIffsf]7fdf clu|d ¿kdf cfjZos ;Lk k|bfg ug'{xf];\ . Ps z}lIfs jif{df ljleGg cEof; u/fOg'k5{ . o:tf] cEof; ljBfnon] dgfpg] lbj;

39

;'/lIft ljBfno


kf/]/ ubf{ cem /fd|f] x'G5 . kof{Kt cEof; x'g ;sf];\ eGgfsf nflu s'g} ;"rgfljgf g} klg cEof; u/fOg'k5{ . l;sfOsf] k|ltljlDat ug{ / ;'wf/sf nflu ;do lbg'k5{ .

nljkb\ Joj:yfkg k|lqmofdf sfo{bn, ;d'bfosf JolQm / :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ ;Lk / ;r]tgfsf] k|jfx ug'{xf];\ . cEof;n] dlitisdf ;LknfO{ 7f]; k|ltljlDat u/fpg ;xof]u u5{ .

nlgoldt cEof;dfkm{t\ afnaflnsf;Fu ejgaf6 ;'/lIft lgl:sg] cfwf/e"t lgod tyf pkfo cfbfgk|bfg ug'{xf];\ . o:tf lgodx¿df …s'/f gu/f}F, gbu'/f}F, s'/f gu/f}F / k5fl8 kms]{/ ghfcf}FÚ cflb k5{g\ .

n;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg, vf]h tyf p4f/, k|fylds pkrf/, cfuf] lgefpg], hn ;'/Iff / kf}8L ;Lkh:tf ;Lk h:tf ljifodf cEof; u/fpg'k5{ . -ljkb\ pTyfgzLn ljBfno dfkb08 M :jd"Nofª\sg kmf/fdsf nflu cg';"rL $ x]/f}F_ .

@=# cfwf/:tDe # M hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffcGtu{t ;'/lIft ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{, pTyfgzLn ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf] ljsf; ug{ ljBfnosf kf7\oqmd, lzIfs k|lzIf0f / cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{nfO{ lnOG5 . cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s b'j} k|sf/sf lzIffn] a[xt\ kl/jf/df ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngaf/] 1fg k|jfx ub{5 .

@=#=! cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngnfO{ ;dfof]hg

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL hLjgko{Gt l;sfOsf] Ps cleGg efu x'g'k5{ . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL k|rng km}nfpgsf nflu lzIff Ps k|efjsf/L ;fwg xf] .

cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;dfof]hgljlw M

nljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfn, 1fg / Jofjxfl/s cg'ej b'j} ljsf; ug{ ljBfnosf] lgoldt kf7Øqmddf ;dfof]hg ul/g'k5{ egL z}lIfs If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ldn]/ cleofg ;~rfng ug'{xf];\ .

nljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnnfO{ cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf ;dfjz]; ug'{xf];\ / o;nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfsf] ljifo agfpg'xf];\ .

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cjwf/0ffnfO{ lrqsnfdfkm{t k|ltlalDat ub}{

;'/lIft ljBfno


40

cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx¿df lrqsnf, lgaGw, jfbljjfb / xflh/L hjfkm k|ltof]lutf kg{ ;S5g\ . cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;dfj]zL x'g'k5{ / o;df ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"x, ljz]ifu/L aflnsfx¿nfO{ nlIft ug'{k5{ .

n ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ Dffgj lqmofsnfk / ljkb\aLr /x]sf] ;DaGwaf/] hfgsf/L lbg clgoldt lzIffdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnx¿ ;+nUg ug]{ s'/fsf] k}/jL ug'{xf];\ .

nafnaflnsfnfO{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;dfof]hgsf ultljlwdf ;fd]n u/fpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿sf] r]tgf tyf a'emfOnfO{ a9fpg afnsaflnsfaf6 afnaflnsfdf lzIff, uLt, ljB't\Lo tyf 5fkfnufotsf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

@=#=@ lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{

lzIfsx¿n] ljBfyL{dfkm{t\ w]/} cleefjs / ;d'bfosf dflg;df ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL ;Gb]z ;~rf/ ug{ ;S5g\ . lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f ul/Pdf pgLx¿n] ;f] sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] ;'lglZrt x'G5 .

lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifoj:t' ;dfof]hgljlw M

nljBdfg lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L k7\of+zsf] s'g v08df s'g ;Gb]z /fVg] eGg] lgwf{/0f ug'{xf];\ .

n lzIfs, ;|f]t s]Gb| k|d'v, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3 ;b:o / lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfn ;d]6\g] pko'Qm kf7Øqmd ljsf; ug'{xf];\ . kf7Øqmddf ljkb\ hf]lvd, hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo, ljkb\ k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{af/] hfgsf/L /flvg'k5{ .

nd:of}bf kf7\oqmdnfO{ s]xL ljBfnodf k/LIf0f ;~rfng ug'{xf];\ . a[xt ljt/0fsf] nflu kf7Øqmd k|sflzt ug'{cl3 ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 k[i7kf]if0f Pj+ ;'emfj ;Íng ug'{xf];\ .

nljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnx¿ ;d]l6Psf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug'{xf];\ . o; ;fdu|Lsf] ;xfotfaf6 lzIfsn] k|sf]ksf] k|s[lt tyf cfj[lt, ljkb\x¿sf] ;Defjgfaf/] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hfgsf/Llbg / ljkb\ tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgpGd'v 5nkmndf pgLx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg ;lsG5 .

nlzIfs tflnd k|lti7fg, ljBfno / sn]hx¿sf kf7Øqmddf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL ;a} ;fdu|L, k'l:tsf, lgb]{lzsf / Go"gtd dfkb08 ;dfj]z ug'{xf];\ .

nlzIfs tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ubf{ cg's"lnt Pj+ kl/is[t kf7Øqmd k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

41

;'/lIft ljBfno


n/fli6«o lzIff gLlt tyf of]hgfdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;DalGw ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ug{ cleofg ;~rfng ug'{xf];\ .

@=#=# ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4

afnaflnsf k|efjzfnL Pj+ k|efjsf/L ;~rf/stf{ x'g\ h;n] ljBfnodf l;s]sf c;n cEof; / kf7nfO{ cfkm\gf 3/kl/jf/df pT;'stfsf ;fy atfpF5g\ . aflnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffn] pgLx¿ a:g] glhssf] jftfj/0faf/] ;r]tgf / a'emfOnfO{ k|j4{g u5{ . afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf cltl/Qm pgLx¿n] l;sfOk|lt lhDd]jf/x¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ljkb\af/] lzIff lnPsf cfhsf afnaflnsfdf ef]ln joZs x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf klg ljkb\, dfgjLo ultljlwsf] kl/0ffd / sdhf]/ jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgaf/] a[xQ/ a'emfO x'g]5 . o;sf ;fy} pgLx¿df k|s[lt;Fu ;fd~h:o ub}{ gofF k|sf/sf] ljsf; dfu{ k|j4{g ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf klg /fd|f];Fu ax; ug]{ Ifdtf x'g]5 . -cfO{P;8Lcf/, @))@_ .

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 M

n;d'bfodf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ lbuf] ¿kdf cl3 a9\g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ 8sdL{nufotsf :yfgLo lgdf{0fstf{ / lgdf{0f sDkgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f / dd{t;Def/;DaGwL k|fljlws lzIff k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

nljBfnosf] lgoldt kf7Øqmdcg'¿k :yfgLo txdf x'g] k|sf]ksf] k|s[lt tyf k|efjaf/] afnaflnsfdf ;r]tgf hufpg'xf];\ . ljkb\ /f]syfd, k|ltsfo{sf] k"j{tof/L / ljkb\ pTyfgzLn jftf/0fLo ;+/If0fsf l;4fGtaf/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . afnaflnsfn] k|fKt u/]sf 1fg / ;LknfO{ cfktsfnLg l:yltsf] ;fdgfdf k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd x'g]u/L pgLx¿sf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug'{xf];\ .

nljBfnosf afnaflnsf, lzIfs tyf ;d'bfodf hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ cleofg rnfpg'xf];\ .

@=#=$ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{

pko'Qm z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngaf/] a'em\g ;xof]u u5{ . o;nfO{ lgoldt tyf clgoldt b'j} kf7Øqmd;Fu cGt/;DalGwt ul/g'k5{ .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug{ M

ncf}krfl/s tyf cgf]krfl/s z}lIfs kf7\oqmdn] ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngnfO{ a[xt\ ¿kdf ;d]6]–g;d]6]sf] n]vfhf]vf u/L l/Qmtfx¿ klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .

nb]lvPsf l/QmtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{xf];\ . o:tf z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] ljz]ifu/L afnaflnsf, dlxnf / ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmnufotsf ;Í6f;Gg ;d"xx¿sf nflu ljkb\ /f]syfd tyf k"j{tof/Ldf s]lGb|t ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

;'/lIft ljBfno


42

nk|efjsf/L l;sfOnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ >Job[io z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug'{xf];\ ->Jo M uLt, /]l8of] ;Gb]z, gf6s cflb . b[io M lel8of], j[Qlrq, kmf]6f]u|fkm, kf]:6/, sf6{'glrq cflb_ . lg/If/, yf]/} lzIff xfl;n u/]sf / slnnf afnaflnsfn] oL ;Gb]z a'em\g ;S5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ . oL ;fdu|LnfO{ cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfk tyf lgoldt lzIffdf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 .

nljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;fGble{s ;fdu|Ldf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ljifoj:t'nfO{ kl/dfh{g Pj+ cBfjlws ug'{xf];\ .

@=#=% lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{

ljkb\sf ;dodf ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmnufot cGo ;ª\s6f;Gg JolQmx¿ clt k|efljt x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf df}lns clwsf/ tyf ljz]if cfjZostfsf] pk]Iff ul/g' x'Fb}g . zf/Ll/s ¿kdf sdhf]/ JolQmn] cfkm\gf] b}lgs hLjgofkgsf qmddf cfkm\gf] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ljBfnodf alx:sf/ / cnUofpg]h:tf Jojxf/sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'g;S5 . pgLx¿nfO{ 1fgåf/f ;zQmLs/0f u/]sf] v08df pgLx¿n] klg ;d'bfosf] pTyfgzLntf ;'b[9 agfpg pNn]Vo of]ubfg ug{ ;S5g\ . af:tjdf afnaflnsf tyf sdhf]/ Ifdtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;xeflutf tyf ;zQmLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;dfj]z u/]df ;d'bfosf] pTyfgzLntfnfO{ a9fpg] 5 .

lzIffsf] xs ;'lglZrt ug{ M

n ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ljleGg sfo{bndf km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm tyf cGo ;ª\s6f;Gg ;d"xnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg'xf];\ . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ / cfkm\gf cfjZostfx¿sf] ;Daf]wg x'g] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrtf lbnfpF5 .

nkm/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm tyf cGo ;ª\s6f;Gg ;d"xsf ;jfnnfO{ cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s z}lIfs kf7Øqmddf ;dfj]z x'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'xf];\ .

nafnaflnsfnfO{ km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm tyf cGo ;ª\s6f;Gg ;d"xnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg] sf/0fx¿af/] ;r]t u/fpg cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfk / ljBfnodf cfwfl/t cled'vLs/0f tyf ;+jfb sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]zL z}lIfs ;jfnx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ul/g'k5{ .

nkm/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm / afnaflnsfsf clwsf/ tyf cfjZostf ;Daf]wgdf s]lGb|t x'Fb} / ltgLx¿ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f Pj+ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngdf ;lqmo kfq x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ub}{ km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm cg's"n ;dfj]zL ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{xf];\ .

@=#=^ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg;DaGwL ;DefJo r'gf}tL tyf cj/f]w x6fpg]

;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgn] cem} klg w]/} r'gf}tL / cj/f]wx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{

43

;'/lIft ljBfno


kl/x]sf] 5 . o;df ;'/lIft lzIff gLltsf] cefj, ;Lldt /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3 ;b:ox¿aLrsf] :ki6 e"ldsf, bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj / ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f vlr{nf] x'G5 eGg] unt wf/0ffh:tf /x]sf 5g\ . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3sf nflu ljkb\ pTyfgzLn ljBfno lgdf{0fdf nufgL Hofb} dxFuf] /x]sf] unt hgljZjf; sfod} 5 . t/ efl6of -@))*_ sf] cWoog;lxt cGo ljleGg cWoogn] ljkb\ pTyfgzLn gofF ejgsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;fdfGo:t/sf] ejg lgdf{0fsf] t'ngfdf * k|ltzt dfq a9L vr{ nfUg] atfPsf 5g\ . ;'/lIft lgdf{0fn] lbg] nfenfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] of] yk nfut vf;} 7"nf] xf]Og . h'g;'s} kl/l:yltdf klg * k|ltzt dfq vr{ 36fpg'eGbf hLjgsf] ;'/Iff w]/} dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] .

;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf r"gf}tL tyf cj/f]w x6fpg M

nz}lIfs If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;fGble{s / oyfy{ tYofª\s;lxt qmda4 / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t ;r]tgf cleofgsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

nljBfno kf7Øqmddf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ s'g} klg kxn ul/Psf] 5}g . kl/jlt{t cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljutdf ag]sf w]/} gLltsf] ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5}g . gLlt ultzLn x'g'k5{ . :yfgLo ;|f]t kl/rfng u/L ;d'bfodf Go"g nfutsf] ljBfno ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug{ gofF k|fjwfgx¿ /fVg'k5{ .

n:yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf /fhgLlts bnx¿ ;'/lIft ljBfno jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg x'g'k5{ . pgLx¿sf] k|lta4tfljgf ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;/sf/ / s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/af6 k|fKt x'g] ;|f]t lglj{£g kl/rfng ug{ c;Dej x'g]5 . ;ª\s6f;Gg afnaflnsfsf] hLjg /Iff ug{ /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . b'ef{Uoj; ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] cfGbf]ng Hofb} sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 / o;n] :yfgLo ;/sf/ tyf /fhgLlts bnsf Ph]G8fdf :yfg;d]t kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

n;+/rgfut / u}/;+/rgfut b'j} k|sf/sf hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/g'k5{ . ;'/Iff;Fu ;Da4 ;d:of tyf sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;DefJo pkfox¿ ;'/lIft ljBfno of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ .

;'/lIft ljBfno


44

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

P8LkL;L -@))*_M lzIffIf]qdf ljkb\sf] k|efj, sDaf]l8of .

ljBfno tyf ljBfno ejgx¿sf nflu ck]n (APELL) -@))@_ M ljBfnosf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k4lt .

ljkb\ lzIff sG;f]l6{od, OG8f]g]l;of M ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ k"j{tof/L 9fFrf .

gfOh]n jfs]xd cflbkl/af -@))#_ k/fdz{bftf cfls{6]S6 M k|fylds ljBfno ejgsf] dd{t–;Def/df ljBfno tyf

;'d'bfon] k|of]u ug]{ k'l:tsf .

efl6of, P; -@))*_ M ef/tdf e"sDk k|lt/f]ws ljBfno ejgx¿ . ;x/L of]hgf tyf l8hfOg, !^! -$_, !$& – !$( .

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] s]Gb|df afnaflnsf tyf o'jf . Knfg OG6/g];gn .

ljkb\ k"j{tof/L of]hgf ;Gbe{;fdu|L -@)!)_ M s]o/ OG6/g];gn .

uf}td, w|'j -@)!@_ M g]kfnsf] t/fO{If]qsf nflu ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsf . g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIffljefu, PS;gP8

g]kfn tyf d];L{ sk{\;sf] ;+o'Qm kxn .

uf}td, w|'j -@)!)_ M clGtd d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bg . ljBfno kl/of]hgfdfkm{t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f . PS;gP8 g]kfn

tyf 8LPkmcfO{8L .

uf}td, w|'j -@)!!_ M afng]t[Tjdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng . :ynut k|of]ustf{x¿sf

nflu afn arfp g]kfnåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] 6"nls6 .

uf}td, w|'j -@)!@_ M ;'/lIft ljBfno gLlt tyf cEof; . c;n cEof;, r'gf}tL tyf efjL dfu{ . Knfg g]kfn .

;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfu{bz{gl6kf]6 -@))(_ M ljkb\ Go"gLs/0f tyf k'gnf{esf nfluljZj ;xof]u . cfO{P;8Lcf/,

OgL tyf ljZj AofÍ .

e"sDk k|ljwsf nflu /fli6«o ;dfh– g]kfn M 8sdL{ tyf lgdf{0f k|fljlw1x¿sf nflu e"sDk ;'/lIftlgdf{0f ;Lk tflnd .

e"sDk k|ljwsf nflu /fli6«o ;dfh– g]kfn M g]kfn –u'h/ft 8sdL{ cfbfgk|bfg tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd .

l8k]sf], P8LkL;L, XoflG8Sofk OG6/g];gn, O:nflds l/lnkm tyf Knfg M ;'/lIft ef]lnsf nflu ljBfnox¿nfO{ tof/ ul//

fVg] . afËnfb]zdf ljBfno ;'/Iff;DaGwL ax'k|sf]k k4lt k'l:tsf .

blIf0f Pl;ofdf ax'k|sf]ksf nflu ljBfno tyf c:ktfn ;'/Iff n]vfhf]vfljlwx¿ -6"N;_ -@)!@_ M o"PgXofla6Øf6 tyf

cfPcfO{P;8Lcf/ . ljBfno ;'/Iff 6"nls6 aS; ! M gofF l8hfOg ax'k|sf]k ;'/Iff kfngf .

blIf0f Pl;ofdf ax'k|sf]ksf nflu ljBfno tyf c:ktfn ;'/Iff n]vfhf]vfljlwx¿ -6"N;_ -@)!@_ M o"PgXofla6Øf6 tyf

cfPcfO{P;8Lcf/ . ljBfno ;'/Iff 6"nls6 aS; ! M /]6«f] dd{t–;Def/ ax'k|sf]k ;'/Iff kfngf .

ljBfno ;'/Iff;DaGwL u'¿ k|lzIf0f -df:6/ 6«]lgª_ sf nflu k|lzIf0f df]8Ø"n M /fli6«o ljBfno ;'/Iff sfo{qmd, PgcfO{8LPd .

ljkb\ Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo cGt/f{li6«o /0fgLlt -@))&_ M /f]syfd ;+:s[lttkm{ M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

ljBfnodf cf/De x'G5 / c;n cEof; tyf kf7x¿ ljBfnod}l;lsG5 . o"PgcfO{P;8Lcf/, h]g]ef .

lj:6/ aL -@))^_ M afnaflnsfn] xfdLnfO{l;sfpmg\ . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lzIff tyf 1fgsf] e"ldsfsf] ;dLIff .

cfP;8Lcf/ k|0ffnL ljifout ;d"x÷1fg tyf lzIff d~r .

45

;'/lIft ljBfno


cg';"rL ! M g]kfndf ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL kxnx¿ -;g\ !(** – @)!@_

jif{ k|d'v kxnx¿

!(** sf] e"sDkkl5

clwsf+z ljBfno sdhf]/ ef}lts cj:yfdf /x]sf / a[xt\ ;+/rgfTds Iflt ePsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ljBfno k'gM ;~rfng ug{ sl/a tLg dlxgf nfUof] .

!(**–!((% hfOsfn] d'n'se/ ljBfnox¿sf nflu e"sDk k|lt/f]ws k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u¥of] .

!(() g]kfn ;/sf/n] ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf u¥of] .

!(($ ;'/lIft ejgx¿lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ejg;+lxtf agfof] .

!((&–!(((/fli6«o e"sDk k|ljlw ;dfh / lhcf]–Xofhf8{ OG6/g];gnn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] sf7df8f}F pkTosf e"sDkLo hf]lvd Joj:yfkg kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljBfno e"sDk ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng u¥of] .

!((&ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ k"j{tof/LnfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ k"j{tof/L sfo{qmdsf] Ps c+zsf] ¿kdf lnOof] t/ ljBfno ;'/Iff tyf lzIffdf ljkb\ hf]lvdnfO{ 5'6\6} :ki6 ¿kdf cufl8 a9fOPg .

!((( g]kfn ;/sf/n] ejg P]g :jLs[t u¥of] .

!((( –@)))clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ljBfno, c:ktfn / cGo k|d'v ejgx¿sf] e"sDkLo ;ª\s6f;Ggtf cBfjlws ug{ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut ;ª\s6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/] .

!(((<

;x/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefun] o"Pg8LkL e"sDk hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k'g{nfe kl/of]hgf tyf /fli6«o e"sDk k|ljlw ;dfhsf] ;xof]udf ejgx¿;Fu ;Da4 e"sDkLo hf]lvdaf/] ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿df ;r]tgf sfo{qmd / gu/kflnsfsf clwsf/Lx¿sf nflu tflnd ;~rfng u¥of] .

!(((ljBfno e"sDk ;'/Iff sfo{qmdn] s]xL ljBfno ejgx¿nfO{ e"sDk k|lt/f]ws agfpg k|anLs/0f u¥of] .

@))# g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o ejg;+lxtf :jLs[t u¥of] .

@))#b;f}F /fli6«o of]hgf -@))@–@))&_ df ljsf; kl/of]hgfx¿sf] ljkb\ k|efj n]vfhf]vfnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/of] .

@))# b]lv clxn];Dd

clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] o'/f]lkog sldzgsf] ljQLo ;xfotfdf l8k]sf]] -DIPECHO_ cGtu{tsf ;'/lIft ljBfno kxnnfO{ ;xof]u u/] .

@))&–@))(PS;gP8 g]kfnn] ljBfno sfo{qmddfkm{t\ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwsf] vfsf tof/ u/L To;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofof] .

;'/lIft ljBfno


46

@))&;g\ @))& df ejg;+lxtfsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgaf6 o;nfO{ %* gu/kflnsf, @* lhNnf ;b/d'sfd -t/fO{sf] s'g} klg ;b/d'sfd g;d]l6Psf]_ / *! ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf nfu" ul/of] .

@))(

ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ df ;'emfOPsf dxTjk"0f{ /0fgLlts sfo{x¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ bL3{sfnLg ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sfo{of]hgf tof/Lsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ g]kfn hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;d"x gfds Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;d"x u7g ul/of] . ;f] ;d"xn] g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf nflu tTsfn} ug'{kg]{ kfFr k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q klxrfg u¥of] . ljBfno ;'/Iff sfo{qmd klxnf] k|fyldstf If]qdf kb{5 .

@))(ljBfnoIf]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -@))(–@)!%_ n] ;'/lIft ljBfno k|f]T;fxgsf nflu ;a}sf nflu lzIff, dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd, ;fd'bflos ljBfno ;xof]u sfo{qmd / lzIfs lzIff kl/of]hgfh:tf rfn" sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]5 .

ljkb\sf ljleGg k|efj

ljkb\sf ef}lts k|efj

nc;'/lIft ljBfnon] afnaflnsf tyf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 3fOt] agfpF5 jf df5{ / lzIffdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpF5 .

nljkb\n] cfhLjg zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm agfpg;S5, h;n] lzIffdf k|efj kf5{ .nljBfno / j/k/sf ef}lts ;+/rgf elTsg ;S5g\ jf Ifltu|:t x'G5g\ .nljBfnosf ef}lts ;'ljwf Ifltu|:t x'G5g\ .nv:g] jf emg]{ a:t'h:tf u}/;+/rgfTds tTjx¿n] e]nf x'g] 7fpF;Dd k'Ug] ;'/lIft

lgsf; dfu{nfO{ cj¿4 ug{;S5g\ .

ljkb\sf z}lIfs k|efj

nk9fO 5f]8\g] b/ a9\5 .nljBfno Iflt x'Fbf afnaflnsfsf] lzIff k|fKt ug{kfpg] clwsf/df cj/f]w k'U5 .nlzIffsf] u'0f:t/ vl:sG5 .nlzIffsf] j}slNks :yfg geP z}lIfs ;+/rgfdf x'g] Ifltn] afnaflnsfsf] k9fOn]

lg/Gt/tf kfpFb}g . ndxTjk"0f{ z}lIfs clen]vx¿ gi6 x'G5g\ .nafnaflnsf csf]{ ljBfnodf hfG5g\ hxfF pgLx¿nfO{ cEo:t x'g ufx|f] kg{;S5 / lzIff

l;sfOdf ca/f]w pTkGg x'g;S5 .

47

;'/lIft ljBfno


ljkb\sf cfly{s k|efj

n;DalGwt lgsfo Ifltu|:t ljBfnosf] k'glg{df{0f / gofF ljBfnosf] lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] /sd nufgL ug{ afWo x'G5g\ .

n;+/rgfx¿sf] dd{t ug{ cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3sf ;b:odfly cfly{s af]em ylkG5 .

n;|f]tsf] ;Lldttf;Fu ;Demf}tf ul/G5 h;n] Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfd} sfd rnfpg'kg]{ afWotf pTkGg x'g' eg]sf] dflg;x¿ efjL 36fgfx¿k|lt ;ª\s6f;Gg /xg' xf] .

nk'glg{df{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgfdf nufgL a9\bf cGo If]qsf] nufgL k|efljt x'G5 h;n] efjL ;dodf w]/} gs/fTds k|efj kf5{ .

ljkb\sf dgf]j}1flgs k|efj

nljkb\n] lzIff cj¿4 x'Fbf afnaflnsfn] lg/Gt/tfsf] af]w tyf cfzf u'dfpF5g\ . nafnaflnsf qf; / dfg;ls cf3fth:tf dgf]j}1flgs ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t x'G5g\ .

pgLx¿sf] lgbfpg] lbgrof{df vnan x'Fbf ljBfnodf Psfu| x'g ;Sb}gg\ . nljBfnoaf6 aflx/ a:g afWo ePsf / x]/rfx ug{ g;lsPsf afnaflnsfn] cfkm\gf]

lrGtf / tgfjnfO{ JoQm ug{ ;fdflhs ¿kdf c:jLsfo{ Jojxf/ ckgfpg ;S5g\ . ncleefjs cfkm\gf afnaflnsfnfO{ c;'/lIft ljBfno jftfj/0fdf k7fpg 8/fpF5g\ .

;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf sf];]9'ª\uf

n;g\ @)!@–@)!# M ljZje/ z}lIfs ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] k}/jL / cleofgnfO{ hf/L /fv] .

n;g\ @))(–@)!# M cfwf/e"t tYofª\s / k|ultnfO{ dfkg ub}{ cl3 a9\g] (Taking Stock

and Moving Forward) gfds sfo{qmdn] afnaflnsf tyf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ s]Gb|df /fVb}] afns]lGb|t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|of;sf w]/} pNn]Vo 36gf cWoogsf] clen]vLs/0f u¥of] .

n@)!! M o'g]:sf] tyf o'lg;]kmn] lzIff If]qsf of]hgfdf åGå tyf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug]{ z}lIfs of]hgfsf/x¿sf nflu dfu{bz{gsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/] .

n@)!)M cfktsfnLg lzIffsf nflu cGt/lgsfo ;~hfn -O{gL_n] ælzIffsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08Æ cBfjlws u/L k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{eh:tf ljifo ;dfj]z u/L ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] k|of; u¥of] .

n@))( M OgL / ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k'gnf{esf nflu ljZj a}+ssf] ;xfotf ;oGq (GFDRR) n] …;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfu{bz{g tof/ ug{ bh{gf}+

;'/lIft ljBfno


48

lj1x¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fof] . ljleGg k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] k|efjk|lt ljBfno ;+oGqsf] ef}lts ;ª\s6f;Ggtf sd ug{ tof/ ul/Psf] of] dfu{bz{g lg0f{ostf{x¿sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ clen]v lyof] .

n@))* M O{gLsf] cfktsfnLg lzIffsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08n] ljBfno ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffTds ¿k/]vf k|:t't u/]sf] 5, h;cGtu{t M -s_ ;'/lIft lgdf{0f / k|anLs/0fåf/f ;'/lIft l;sfO jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{], -v_ ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkgåf/f ;'/lIft l;sfO jftfj/0f sfod ug]{, -u_ z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgf / ljkb\ /f]syfd tyf k"j{tof/L;DaGwL lzIf0f l;sfOåf/f lzIffdf kx'Fr sfod /fVg], / -3_ kx'Fr tyf ;'/Iff ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

n@))*: ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cGt/f{li6«o ljkb\ Go"gLs/0f lbj; (UNISDR) n] z}lIfs If]qsf lg0f{ostf{x¿sf nflu ljBfno ljkb\ /f]syfd dfu{bz{g k|:t't u¥of] . z}lIfs If]qdf ljkb\sf] ef}lts, z}lIfs, cfly{s tyf dgf];fdflhs k|efjnfO{ k|:6Øfof] . o;n] a[xt\ ljBfno ljkb\ /f]syfd sfo{qmddf lgDg tLg nIo klxrfg u¥of] M -s_ hLjg arfp / rf]6k6s /f]syfd, -v_ bf]xf]l/O/xg] k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 lzIffdf x'g] cj/f]wsf] /f]syfd, / -u_ bf]xf]l/O/xg] k|sf]ksf ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;Ifd pTyfgzLn gful/s ju{sf] ljsf; .

n@))^ M ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cGt/f{li6«o ljkb\ Go"gLs/0f lbj; (UNISDR) sf] ljZj ljkb\ Go"gLs/0f cleofgcGtu{tsf] ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f 3/af6 cf/De x'G5 -@))^–@))&_, o'g]:sf]sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu z}lIfs bzs -@))%–@)!$_ / o'lg;]kmsf] cfktsfnLg l:yltdf afnaflnsfk|ltsf] cfwf/e"t k|lta4tf nufot cGo ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿n] ;'/lIft ljBfno ljsf;sf kIfdf k}/jL u/] .

n@))%M Xof]uf] sfo{9fFrf -@))%–@)!%_ sf kfFr k|fyldstf dWo]sf] t];|f] k|fyldstfn] ;'/Iff ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0fdf 1fg tyf lzIffsf] e"ldsfdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;'/lIft ljBfnon] Pp6f o:tf] l;sfO jftfj/0f k|bfg ug]{ nIo /fVb5 hxfF afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff ;w}Fsf nflu ;'lglZrt ul/G5 .

n@))$M o'g]:sf] / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo jftfj/0fLo sfo{qmd -o'g]k_ n] ljkb\sf j]nf ck]Iffs[t ;'/lIft /xg] lx;fan] ljBfnosf] :t/f]Gglt tyf lgdf{0f ug'{ /fi6«sf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] Ps c+z x'g'k5{ egL ljBfno ;'/Iffsf] dxTjdf hf]8lbPsf] 5 .

n@))) M ljZjJofkL ¿kdf k|fylds lzIffsf] k|flKt ug]{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;a} afnaflnsfn] ;dfg ¿kn] k"0f{ k|fylds lzIff k"/f ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . of] k|fjwfg ljkb\ Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf tyf kxnnfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg'kg]{ afnclwsf/;Fu hf]8\g] Ps dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ ePsf] 5 .

49

;'/lIft ljBfno


cg';"rL @ M cfwf/e"t ;'/lIft ljBfno dfkb08

nefG;fsf]7f / lj1fg k|of]uzfnf /flvg] ljB'tLo ;~hfn, pks/0f, lx6/, :6f]e, UofF; l;lnG8/, k]6«f]n / d6Lt]n k|HHjngzLn tyf k|sf]k pTkGg ug]{ a:t'x¿ ;Lldt x'g'k5{, 5'6\6} ;'/lIft ¿kdf /flvg'k5{ .

ncfunfuL jf cGo cfktsfnLg ;dodf ;'/lIft aflx/L ¿kdf lgl:sg s'g} cj/f]w gxf];\ eGgsf nflu tL dfu{x¿ v'nf /flvg'k5{ .

nk|of]u ug]{ tl/sf / k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 k'gM eg]{nufotsf cfjZos lgb]{zg;lxt clUg;dgs oGq h8fg ul/g'k5{ .

nljB't\\ k|0ffnL lgoldt ¿kdf dd{t;Def/ ul/g'k5{ / cTolws ljB't\ ef/ gx'g] ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ .

n5fgfh:tf rnfodfg j:t'x¿ x'/Latf;n] pKsfpg, p8fpg jf 6'qmØfpg g;sf];\ eGgsf nflu alnof];Fu sl;g'k5{ .

natf; jf e"sDksf sf/0f v;]/ jf lrlKnP/ rf]6k6s nufpg;Sg] jf ;'/lIft lgsf; dfu{df cj/f]w Nofpg;Sg] a:t'x¿nfO{ alnof];Fu ejgdf sl;g' jf afFlwg'k5{ .

nx/]s sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf x'g'k5{ / aflx/ lgl:sg k|of]u x'g] ;a} 9f]sf aflx/lt/ v'Ng] x'g'k5{ .

ncUnf k':ts /fVg] ¥ofs, b/fh, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu hf]8]/ s:g'k5{ / rf]6k6ssf] hf]lvd 36fpg ux|f}F j:t'x¿nfO{ 6fpsf]sf] :t/eGbf d'lg /flvg'k5{ .

nkm'6\]/ 6'qmf x'g] / rf]6k6s u/fpg ;Sg] kmf]6f] k|m]dsf tyf cGo ;L;fx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ¿kdf afFw]/ jf c+s'zdf c8\sfP/ /flvg'k5{ .

cg";"rL # MljleGg sfo{bnsf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTj k"j{;"rgf sfo{bn

ndxTjk"0f{ dflg; tyf 7fpFsf] ;Dks{ ;"rL tyf ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ -h:t} c:ktfn, :yfgLo :jf:yosdL{, bdsn, :yfgLo k|x/L cflb_,

noyfy{ ;"rgf ;Íng ug]{ / k"j{;"rgf sfo{bnsf] e"ldsfaf/] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3sf ;b:ox¿;Fu hfgsf/L cfbgk|bfg ug,

nk"j{;"rgfsf] ;ª\s]tsf lsl;d / ltgsf sfo{af/] atfpg],njif{sf] sDtLdf rf/k6s ljkb\ k"jf{Eof; ug]{,ncfktsfnLg l:yltdf bdsn, k|x/L, :jf:YosdL{, lzIff sfof{no / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfonfo

kl/rfng ug]{,

;'/lIft ljBfno


50

nclUg;dgs oGqh:tf cfktsfnLg pks/0f, ljB't\sf] d'Vo :jLr / cfktsfnLg pks/0f /flvPsf] 7fpFsf] ;~rfng ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L cfbgk|bfg ug]{ .

;"rgf k|jfx sfo{bnnaf9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, d]3 uh{g, r6Øfª, x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft /xg s:tf] Jojxf/

ckgfpg] eGg]af/]sf] lgb]{zg ;do–;dodf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ .n/]l8of] / 6]lnlehgnufot ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;Íng ul/Psf ljkb\;DaGwL ;"rgfsf]

sfo{bnsf ;b:ox¿df cBffjlws ug]{ .nckmjfx g;'Gg] t/ ;a} cflwsfl/s ;ª\s]t kfngf ug]{ / b[Zo cjnf]sg ug{ ghfg] .

lgsf; sfo{bn

n;do–;dodf ;'/lIft ¿kdf aflx/ lgl:sg] cEof; ug]{ / ;do–;dodf o;sf sfo{ljlw cBfjlws ug]{ .

nlgsf; dfu{ eP/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf k'Ug ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .n;'/lIft ¿kdf aflx/ lgl:sg ;Sg] af6f], ;'/lIft :yfg;lxtsf] gS;fª\sg tof/ ug]{ /

kl/jt{gcg'¿k cBfjlws ug]{ .npkl:yt ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{ / sf]xL x/fPsf eP hfgsf/L u/fpg] .n;"rgf ;ª\s]t tyf lgsf; of]hgfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] .n;'/lIft :yfg, lgsf; dfu{ / e]nf x'g] :yfgaf/] ljBfno kl/jf/nfO{ clu|d ;"lrt ug]{ .nvf]hL tyf p4f/ sfo{bn / cGo ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ x/fPsf JolQmx¿af/] hfgsf/L

u/fpg] .nljBfnosf] ;DklQ /Iff ug{ lgsf;kl5 ;a} afXo åf/ tyf 9f]sf aGb ug]{ .

vf]hL tyf p4f/ sfo{bn nljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿sf] clen]v /fVg] .nljBfnoleq ePsf ;ª\s6f;Gg :yfg klxNo} cª\lst ug]{ . naflx/ lgl:sg] ljleGg 9f]sf tyf åf/x¿;lxtsf] gS;f tof/ ug]{ .n;fFrf], :6«]r/, 8f]/L tyf l;F9Lsf] cu|Ld Joj:yf ug]{ .nuDeL/ l:yltdf aflx/sf vf]h tyf p4f/ 6f]nL kl/rfng ug]{ .nx/fPsf JolQmx¿af/] lgsf; 6f]nLaf6 hfgsf/L lng] . nx/fPsf JolQmx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ . n3fOt]nfO{ k|fylds pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ .n3fOt]nfO{ yk pkrf/sf nflu c:ktfn n}hfg] . nejgsf] k|To]s sf]7fsf] hfFr ug]{ / 3fOt]sf] cj:yfaf/] k|fylds pkrf/ 6f]nLnfO{

cjut u/fpg] .

51

;'/lIft ljBfno


nl;s]sf 1fg / ;LknfO{ :d/0f u/fpg / r':t agfpg a]nfa]nfdf cEof;, cled'vLs/0f / k/fdz{ lqmofsnfksf] cfof]hgf ug]{ .

k|fylds pkrf/ sfo{bn

nk|fylds pkrf/ afs;df cfjZos cf}iflwx¿ /fVg] .n3fOt]sf] cj:yfaf/] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf lzIfsx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] .nljz]if cf}ifwf]krf/ cfjZos kg]{ cj:yfsf] b[li6ut ub}{ ljBfnoaf6 lgs6

/x]sf cGo :jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb|af/] ;"lrt u/fpg] . nlgoldt cGt/fndf k|fylds pkrf/ k'gtf{huL tflndsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ .ncfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lgsf; 6f]nL;Fu k|fylds pkrf/ s]Gb|af/] k/fdz{ ug]{ .nd[To' tyf 3fOt]sf] cj:yfaf/] a'em\g :yfgLo c:ktfnsf ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿;Fu

;Dks{ ug]{ . n3fOt]x¿nfO{ ;Sbf] rfF8f] c:ktfn k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ug]{ .

dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ sfo{bn

nsl7g kl/l:ylt / ;Í6sf] 38Ldf s;/L k|ltsfo{ ug]{ eGg]af/] kl/jf/nfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ .n;+od eO{ a:g], :ki6;Fu ;f]Rg] / ljrf/ k'¥ofO{ sfd ug]{ .n;Fu} a:g] / Pscsf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .n;fgf afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f, ladf/L / czQm JolQmx¿df ljz]if x]/rfx / ;xof]u pknAw

u/fpg] .nafnaflnsf tyf kl/jf/x¿ ljkb\ k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ dfgl;s ¿kdf tof/ ePsf] /

ug{;S5' eGg] wf/0ff ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;s/fTds ;Gb]z k|jfx ug]{ .

;'/lIft ljBfno


52

cg';"rL $ M ljkb\ pTyfgzLn ljBfno dfks -:jd"Nofª\sg kmf/fd_

-tnsf] k/LIf0f ;"rLdf s"n #) dfkb08 k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . @! eGbf a9L cª\s k|fKt ePdf tkfOFsf] ljBfno pRr ljkb\ pTyfgzLn, ( b]lv @) ;Dd cª\s cfPdf dWod ljkb\ pTyfgzLn / ( eGbf sd cª\s cfPdf Go"g ljkb\ pTyfgzLn dflgg]5 .

;'/lIft ljBfno dfkb08 cª\s

;'/lIft ljBfno k"jf{wf/ tyf ;'ljwf

!= :yfg

ljBfno ef}ule{s lr/f glhs, le/fnf] :yfg, kxf8sf] km]bL, eL/dfly, af9L cfpg] If]q jf vf]nfsf] t6df 5

)=)

ljBfno /x]sf] :yfg xfn ljkb\sf] hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft 5 t/ efjL ljkb\ hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft 5}g

)=%

ljBfno /x]sf] :yfg v'nf tyf km/flsnf], k|sf]ksf] 36gf x'g] 7fpFaf6 6f9f, ;xh kx'Fr / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/sf ;'ljwf -h:t} ;kmf vfg]kfgL, lah'nL, ;~rf/ ;~hfn cflb_ pknAw ePsf] 5

!=)

s'n cª\s

@= ljBfno cjl:yt e"ldsf] cj:yf

ljBfno ;Ld;f/ -df6f] efFl;g]_ e"lddf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 )=)

ljBfno lgdf{0f ug'{cl3 df6f] lyRg] / vfFb\g] sfd ul/Psf] 5}g )=%

ljBfno lgdf{0f ug'{clw kof{Kt sl;g] bf]d6, anf}6] df6f] 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 !=)

s'n cª\s

#= ejg;+lxtfsf] kfngf

ejg;+lxtf k|fjwfgsf] cj1f ul/Psf] 5 )=)

l8hfOg ejg;+lxtf cg'¿k ul/Psf] 5 t/ lgdf{0fdf kfngf ul/Psf] 5}g )=%

ejg l8hfOg / lgdf{0f b'j}df ejg;+lxtfsf] kfngf ul/Psf] 5 !=)

s'n cª\s$= k|sf]k, ;ª\s6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf gS;fª\sg tyf cBfjlws ug]{ ;+:s[lt

of] cEof; / gS;fª\sgsf] cf}lrToaf/] cgle1tf 5 )=)

ljutdf gS;fª\sg cEof; ul/Psf] lyof] t/ cBfjlws ul/Psf] 5}g )=%

53

;'/lIft ljBfno


ljutdf k|sf]ksf] gS;fª\sg, cEof; ul/Psf] / o;nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ug]{ ul/Psf] 5

!=)

s'n cª\s

%= ef/jxg k|0ffnLe"sDksf] wSsf gyfDg] 6fOaLd ljgf OF6f, 9'Ëf / sfFrf] OF6f dfq k|of]u u/L ufx|f] nufOPsf]

5)=)

ejgsf] ufx|f] t];f]{ jf 7f8f] ¿kdf 808Låf/f k|anLs/0f gu/L agfOPsf] 5 )=%

ufx|f] jf ufx|f] 6fF8 kf/]/ jf sf6]/ agfOPsf], ;fgf em\ofn / 9f]sf /flvPsf] 5}g !=)

s'n cª\s

^= l8hfOgsf] cfsf/

ljBfno ejg cª\u|]hL …Pn-LÚ, …Pr -HÚ / …6L -TÚ cfs[ltsf] 5 )=)

nDafO / rf}8fOsf] ;x;DaGw lx;fa gu/L ejg agfOPsf] 5 )=%

cfoftsf/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ejgsf] nDafO rf}8fOeGbf bf]Aa/ 5 !=)

s'n cª\s

&= 9n tyf gfnf lgsf;sf] ;'ljwf

af9Lsf] kfgL ljBfno ejg x'Fb} jf jl/kl/af6 ;lhn} au]/ hfg ;Sb}g )=)

9n tyf gfnf 5 t/ k"j{lgwfl/t pko'Qm :yfgdf 5}g )=%

9n tyf lgsf; k|0ffnL k"j{lgwf{l/t pko'Qm :yfgdf 5 / af9L tyf 8'afgsf] s'g} ;d:of 5}g !=)

s'n cª\s

*= 58, l;d]G6 / sª\lqm6 ejgsf] 5tsf] cj:yf

jiff{sf] kfgL r'lxG5 )=)

kfgL r'lxg] ;d:of 5}g t/ cf]l;nf]kg :ki6 b]lvG5 )=%

kfgL r'lxg] ;d:of / cf]l;nf] kg 5}g !=)s'n cª\s

(= /]lnªsf] Joj:yf

/]lnªsf] Joj:yf 5Fb} 5}g )=)

l;F9Ldf dfq /]lnªsf] Joj:yf 5 )=%

l;F9L, 5t, afnsf]gL, wf/f / ;fwf/0f le/fnf] af6f] (Ramps) df /]lnªsf] Joj:yf 5 !=)

s'n cª\s

!)= ljBfno / jl/kl/ k|sf]ksf] cj:yf

;DefJo vt/f -cUnf ¿v, ljBfno d}bfgdf vfN8fv'N8L, v'nf Ogf/, ljB't\\ 6«fG;kmd{/, pRr ef]N6]hsf] ljB''t\ k|zf/0f k|0ffnL cflb_ af/] 1fg 5}g

)=)

;'/lIft ljBfno


54

plNnlvt k|sf]kaf/] 1fg ePsf] t/ hf]lvd 36fpg s'g} sbd rflnPsf] 5}g )=%

ljleGg k|sf]kaf6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd 36fpg sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 !=)

s'n cª\s

!!=k|HHjngzLn tyf ljkb\ pTkGg ug]{ j:t' -ljB't\\ nfOg tyf pks/0f, lx6/, :6f]e, PnkLhL 6Øfª\s, k]6«f]n / d6Lt]n_ ;Lldt ug]{, cnUu} jf ;'/lIft /fVg]

oL s'/faf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)

s]xL 1fg ePsf] t/ s'g} ;'/Iff pkfoaf/] sfd gu/]sf] )=%

k|HHjngzLn tyf ljkb\ pTkGg ug]{] j:t'nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] / nfu" ul/Psf] .

!=)

s'n cª\s

!@= k|of]u ug]{ / k|of]u eO;s]kl5 jf lglZrt ;dodf eg]{ nufotsf :ki6 lgb]{zg;lxt clUg;dg oGqsf] h8fg .

clUg;dgssf] k|of]uaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)

clUg;dg oGqsf] h8fg ul/Psf] t/ ;do–;dodf ge/]sf] tyf dd{t;Def/ gu/]sf] )=%

;do–;dodf eg]{nufot s;/L k|of]u ug]{ :ki6 lgb]{zg;lxt clUg;dg oGqsf] h8fg ul/Psf] !=)

s'n cª\s!#= ljB't\\ k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/ ePsf] / k|0ffnLdf cTolws af]em gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ljB't\\ k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/af/] cgle1 /x]sf] )=)

ljB't\\ k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/sf nflu sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ gu/]sf] )=%

sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ ljB't\\ k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/ ul/Psf] / k|0ffnLdf cTolws af]em gePsf] ;'lglZrt ul/Psf]

!=)

s'n cª\s

!$= cfunfuL jf cGo cfktsfnLg l:yltsf nflu ;'/lIft ¿kdf lgl:sgsf] nflu ;xh alxu{dg dfu{ / k]6L v'nf /fVg]

alxu{dg dfu{ jf k]6Lsf] cf}lrToaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)

alxu{dg dfu{ jf k]6L v'nf /fVg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog gul/Psf]

)=%

cfunfuL jf cGo cfktsfnLg l:yltsf nflu sfo{of]hgf;lxt ;'/lIft lgsf;sf nflu alxu{dg dfu{ / k]6L v'nf /fv]sf]

!=)

s'n cª\s

55

;'/lIft ljBfno


!%= x'/Latf;af6 Rofltg, p8\g jf 6'qmf–6'qmf x'gaf6 /f]syfd ug{ 5th:tf rn j:t'nfO{ s:g]

x'/Latf;h:tf k|sf]klj¿4 sfd ug{ s'g} kxn gul/Psf] )=)

sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%

sfo{of]hgf ;lxt Rofltg, p8fpg jf 6'qmf–6'qmf x'gaf6 /f]syfd ug{ 5th:tf rn j:t'nfO{ s;]sf]

!=)

s'n cª\s

!^= atf; jf e"sDksf] c;/ Go"g ug{ lrlKng, emg{ / 3fOt] agfpg jf alxu{dg dfu{ cj¿4 ug]{ vfnsf j:t'nfO{ /fd|/L afFWg]

o:tf ljkb\sf lj¿4 sfd ug{ kxn gul/Psf] )=)

;a} rn j:t'nfO{ afFWg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%

sfo{of]hgfcg'¿kg Rofltg, p8fOg jf 6'qmf–6'qmf x'gaf6 /f]syfd ug{ 5fgf tyf rn j:t'nfO{ s;]sf] / leQfx¿sf] k|anLs/0f ul/Psf]

!=)

s'n cª\s

!&= x/]s sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf ePsf] / ;a} alxu{dg åf/x¿ aflx/ v'Ng] agfOPsf]

sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf / alxu{dg åf/x¿sf] k|fjwfg g/x]sf] )=)

sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf / alxu{dg åf/x¿sf] k|fjwfg /x]sf] t/ tL slxNo} klg gvf]lnPsf] )=%

x/]s sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf / aflx/lt/ v'Ng] ;a} alxu{dg åf/x¿sf] k|fjwfg ePsf] / cfktsfnLg l:yltdf k|of]udf jf Nofpg cEof; ul/Psf]

!=)

s'n cª\s

!*= k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh, Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu oyf]lrt tj/n] ;'b[9 ug]]{ / rf]6k6ssf] hf]lvd 36fpg ux|f}F j:t'x¿nfO{ 6fpsf]sf] txeGbf tn /fVg]

k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh, Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ;'/lIft ug]{ sfo{ gul/Psf] jf ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg gagfOPsf]

)=)

k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu oyf]lrt tj/n] ;'/lIft gubf{ cfpg] kl/0ffdaf/] 1fg ePsf] / sfo{of]hgf klg tof/ u/]sf] t/ sfof{Gjog gu/]sf] .

)=%

sfo{of]hgfcg';f/ k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh, Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu sAhfåf/f oyf]lrt tj/n] ;'b[9 u/]sf] / rf]6k6ssf] hf]lvd 36fpg ux|f}F j:t'x¿nfO{ 6fpsf]sf] txeGbf tn /fv]sf]

!=)

s'n cª\s

;'/lIft ljBfno


56

!(= cª\s'zdf kmf]6f]x¿ gemg]{ u/L em'G8ØfP/ 6'qmf–6'qmf eO{ km'6\g] / 3fOt] agfpg ;Sg]l;;fsf] ;+/If0f ug]{af/] ;r]tgf tyf sfo{

rf]6k6saf6 hf]lug kmf]6f] / l;;f gemg]{u/L Joj:yfkg gul/Psf] . )=)

rf]6k6saf6 hf]lug kmf]6f] / l;;f gemg]{u/L Joj:yfkg ug]{{ sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ oyf]lrt sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] .

)=%

!(= kmf]6f]x¿ gemg]{ u/L em'G8ØfP/ 6'qmf –6'qmf eO{ km'6\g] / 3fOt] agfpg ;Sg] l;;fsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{af/] ;r]tgf tyf sfo{ ePsf]

!=)

s'n cª\s

ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

@) ;dfj]zL ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn

;ldlt tyf sfo{bn ;dfj]zL gePsf] )=)

;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn u7g ePsf] t/ lqmofzLn gePsf]

)=%

;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn u7g ePsf] / lqmofzLn ePsf] !=)

s'n cª\s

@!= of]hgfsf] k|fjwfg tyf sfof{Gjog

ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf / d"Nofª\sg of]hgfaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)

ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf / d"Nofª\sg of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ ;|f]t;DaGwL ;d:ofsf sf/0f lqmofzLn gePsf]

)=%

ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf / d"Nofª\sg of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] / sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] !=)

s'n cª\s

@@ ljkb\ cNkLs/0fsf pkfoaf/] 1fg tyf sfo{

ljkb\ cNkLs/0fsf pkfox¿ / ltgsf] k|fyldsLs/0faf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)

ljkb\ cNkLs/0f pkfox¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] t/ sfo{qmdsf] k|fyldsLs/0f gul/Psf] )=%

sfo{of]hgfcg'¿k ljkb\ cNkLs/0f pkfox¿ klxrfg ul/Psf], k|fyldsLs/0f ul/Psf] / sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf]

!=)

s'n cª\s

@# ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf ;~hfnLs/0f / ljj/0f cBfjlws

cfktsfndf cfjZoskg]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;Dks{ JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ gul/Psf] )=)

;Dks{ 7]ufgf;lxt dxTjk"0f{ JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ul/Psf] t/ cBfjlws gul/Psf] )=%

57

;'/lIft ljBfno


;Dks{ 7]ufgf;lxt dxTjk"0f{ JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ul/Psf] / lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ul/Psf]

!=)

s'n cª\s

@$= alxu{dg dfu{ tyf e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft :yfgaf/] 1fg

alxu{dg dfu{, ;'/lIft :yfg / e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft :ynaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)

alxu{dg dfu{, ;'/lIft :yfg / ;'/lIft e]nfsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfg klxrfg ul/Psf] )=%

alxu{dg dfu{, ;'/lIft :yfg / ;'/lIft ¿kdf e]nf x'g] :yfgsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] / cfjlws ¿kdf cEof; ug]{ ul/Psf]

!=)

s'n cª\s

@%= ljBfnoleq ;'/Iff pkfo

;'/Iff pkfo -a]Unf a]Un} 8]:s–a]Gr, aflx/lt/ v'Ng] 9f]sf tyf åf/_ af/] 1fg gePsf] )=)

dfly plNnlvt ljifodf 1fg ePsf] t/ sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%

dfly plNnlvt ljifodf 1fg ePsf] / tflnd tyf cEof;af6 pknAw ;Lk Pj+ 1fgsf] k|of]u u/L ;a} c;'/lIft pkfo ;RRofOPsf]

!=)

s'n cª\s

@^= ljkb\ ;'/Iff cEof;

ljkb\af6 hLjg / Iffsf nflu cEof;af/] 1fg gePsf] )=)

cEof; ul/Psf] t/ ;Defljt ljkb\sf] 5gf]6ljgf ul/Psf] )=%

cfwf/e"t of]hgf;lxt ljBfnodf jif{sf] sDtLdf b'O{ k6s cEof; ug]{ ul/Psf] !=)

s'n cª\s

@&= z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgf

z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgfaf/] yfxf gePsf] -cfktsfnsf ;dodf cf>osf ¿kdf ljBfno k|of]u ul/P klg_

)=)

z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgf ePsf] t/ sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%

bf]xf]l/g] Pj+ pRr k|efj kfg]{ ljkb\ nlIft z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgf ePsf] !=)

s'n cª\s

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff

;'/lIft ljBfno


58

@*= Ifdtf clej[l4

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4 tflndsf nflu k|fjwfg gePsf]

)=)

ljBfno sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|fylds pkrf/, vf]hL tyf p4f/, ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;Lk k|fKt u/]sf eP klg pkof]u gePsf]

)=%

ljBfno sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|fylds pkrf/, vf]hL tyf p4f/, ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;Lk k|fKt u5{g\ / ljBfnodf k|of]u ub{5g\

!=)

s'n cª\s

@(= cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfk

cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk gePsf] )=)

cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk cfof]hgf u/]sf] t/ ljkb\ / hnjfo' cg's"ng s]lGb|t gePsf] )=%

ljkb\ / hnjfo' cg's"ng s]lGb|t cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk cfof]hgf x'g] u/]sf] !=)

s'n cª\s

#)= ljkb\ / hnjfo' cg's"ngnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] z}lIfs ;fdu|L

oL ;fdu|L la'Ns'n} k|of]u gul/Psf] )=)

oL ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] t/ lgoldt tyf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk;Fu ghf]l8Psf] )=%

lgoldt tyf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf oL ;fdu|L k|of]u ul/Psf] !=)s'n cª\s

cg';"rL % M g]kfnsf k|d'v k|sf]kx¿

!= af9L / 8'afg

s= k[i7e"ld

hldg 8'afpg] u/L lj:tfl/t ePsf] a[xt\ kfgLsf] k|jfxnfO{ af9L elgG5 . gbL jf tfnh:tf hnfzosf] cfoftg a9]/ lgoldt ¿kdf kgL aUg] kl/lwaflx/ aUbf af9L pTkGg x'G5 . gbLsf] kfgLsf] k|jfx zlQm w]/} x'Fbf o;n] cfkm\gf] dfu{ 5f8]/ gfua]nL x'Fb} aflx/ aUg yfN5 .

g]kfndf lgoldt / vx/] u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf af9L x'G5g\ . jiff{sf] df};ddf gbLsf] kfgL a9]/ lsgf/aflx/ uP/ hndUg x'g' lgoldt af9L xf] . o;sf] ljkl/t cs:dft\ x'g] ef/L jiff{n] l;lh{t af9LnfO{ vx/] af9L elgG5 . vx/] af9L s]xL ;ª\s]t jf ljgf ;ª\s]t cfpF5 . o:tf] af9Lsf] cf/De / pRr k|jfxaLrsf] ;do cGt/fn 5f]6f] x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf] af9L a9L vt/gfs

59

;'/lIft ljBfno


x'G5 h;n] clwsf+z ljBfno ejg tyf cGo k"jf{wf/nfO{ If0fe/d} 9fNg / aufpg ;S5 . af9L klxNo} g} ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf b]vf kl/;s]sf] 5 / eljiodf emg} 7"nf] ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf b]vfkg]{ ;Defjgf 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f t/fO{n] eljiodf yk af9L / 8'afgsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5, lsgeg] cfufdL !)) jif{leq ljZjsf] ;txL cf}ift tfkqmd !=$ b]lv %=* l8u|L ;]lN;o;;Dd a9\g] ;Defjgf 5 .

kfgLsf] 7"nf] dfqfsf] t'ngfdf gbLsf] axfjdfu{ Hofb} g} ;fFu'/f] 5 eg] af9L cfpF5 / glhssf If]qdf 8'afg u5{ . x/]s jif{ of] ;d:of bfxf]l/O/xFbf dflg;x¿sf] d[To' x'G5, 3fOt] x'G5g\ / ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ Ifltu|:t jf gi6 x'G5g\ . af9Ln] ;8s, l;FrfO gx/, ljBfno / ljB't\\ nfOgh:tf dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/nfO{ Ifltu|:t t'NofpF5 . af9Ln] s}of}Flbg;Dd ljBfno aGb u/fP/ z}lIfs k|0ffnLnfO{ layf]N5 . af9Lsf] ;dodf cflwsfl/s ¿kdf ljBfno aGb ug]{ lg0f{o gx'Fbf emg} cGof}n pTkGg x'G5 . ljBfno / ljBfno glhssf cGo kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfdf af9Ln] k'¥ofpg] Iflt csf]{ ;d:of xf] .

v=af9Lsf sf/0f

nnfdf] ;do;Dd x'g] jiff{ -gbLsf] hn;tx a9]/ o;sf] dfu{ glhssf If]qdf 8'afg u/fpF5_ .

n5f]6f] ;dofjlwdf x'g] eLif0f jiff{ -vx/] af9L pTkGg x'G5_ .nlxd tyf e"– klx/f]n] gbLsf] dfu{ cj/f]w ubf{ kfgL el/P/ j/k/sf If]q 8'afg u5{ .

o:tf] cj/f]w cs:dft km'6\bf gbLsf] axfj dfu{ glhs kg]{ If]qdf ljWj+z dRrfpF5 . -lxdtfn ljikmf]6g x'Fbf cfpg] af9L / klx/f]sf] cj/f]w km'6\bf cfpg] af9Ln] g]kfndf 7"nf] Iflt ug]{ hf]lvd ;b}j /lxcfPsf] 5_ .

nafFwsf] c;kmntf -gbL tyf hnfzosf] afFw sdhf]/ x'Fbf km'6\g uO{ ToxfF hDdf ePsf]ljzfn kfgLsf] dfqf clgolGqt eO{ aU5 / If0fe/d} w]/} Iflt u5{_ .

u= af9Lsf] k|sf/

nvx/] af9L M ef/L jiff{ jf afFwsf] c;kmntfaf6 crfgs cfpg] of] af9L tLj| ultdf axG5 . vx/] af9L cfpg] ;ª\s]t Hofb} 5f}6f] x'G5 / s]xL ldg]6leq} pRr k|jfxdf kl/0ft x'G5 .

ngbL af9L M gbL af9L lgoldt cfpg] af9L xf] . ha af:tljs hnk|jfxsf] dfqf gbLsf] dfu{df c6fpg;Sg] eGbf a9L x'G5, gbLlsgf/eGbf aflx/ uP/ aUg yfNb5 / o;sf] 5]p5fpsf If]q hndUg x'G5 . gbL af9L lj:tf/} a9\b} hfG5 / jiff{df dfq cfpg] u5{ .

n;x/L af9L M cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f tyf cf}Bf]uLsLs/0fsf sf/0f hldgn] k|fs[lts ;f];0f Ifdtf u'dfpFbf ;x/L af9Ll;h{gf x'G5 . o:tf] af9LnfO{ k|foM sdhf]/ 9n k|0ffnLsf] kl/0ffd dflgG5 .

;'/lIft ljBfno


60

nlxdtfn lj:kmf]6g af9L M lxpF klUng] ult tLj| eP/ kfgLsf] a9L dfqfsf] bafasf sf/0f lxdtfn dflyaf6 kfgLsf] k|jfx x'Fbf jf lxdtfnsf] hldg km'6]/ o:tf] af9L pTkGg x'G5 .

ne"klx/f] lj:kmf]6g af9L M klx/f]sf] sf/0f gbL jf vf]N;f]df ag]sf] afFw PSsf;L km'6\bf o:tf] af9L cfpF5 .

3= af9Lsf] k|efj

nEff}lts Iflt M af9Ln] k|foM afnLgfnL gi6 u5{, 3/ tyf rf}kfof aufpF5 . le/fnf] :yfglt/ aUg] af9Ln] o;sf] dfu{df cfpg] ;a}yf]s aufpF5 . vx/] af9L;Fu k|foM 7"nf] dfqfdf afn'jf, lxnf] df6f], kftkltª\u/, ¿vla¿jf / 9'ª\ufx¿ au]/ tNnf] If]qdf Iflt k'Ub5 .

ndfgjLo xtfxt M Aff9Ln] dflg;sf] d[To' u/fpF5 . af9Laf6 ljz]ifu/L slnnf afnaflnsf, czQm afnaflnsf / dlxnfx¿sf] d[To' w]/} x'G5 . lgoldt cfpg] af9Laf6 k|ToIf x'g] d[To' t'ngfTds ¿kdf sd x'G5 . af9L k|efljt If]qdf ;k{b+z k|foM eO/xg] 36gf xf] .

ndxfdf/L] M af9Lsf k/f]If kl/0ffd:j¿k emf8fkvfnf, cf}nf] / cGo efO/n /f]u lelqg ;S5g\ .

nkfgL tyf vfB cfk"lt{ M af9Ln] aufP/ NofPsf] afn'jf, 9'ª\ufdf6f], ¿v la¿jf, kftkltª\u/sf lyu|]gLaf6 v'nf Ogf/ / cGo e"ldut kfgL ;ª\qmldt x'G5 .

nafnLgfnL Iflt M v]taf/L nfdf] ;do;Dd hndUg x'Fbf afnLgfnL tyf e08f/0f ul/Psf] cGg gi6 x'G5 .

nlgliqmo vfg]kfgL of]hgf M af9Ln] vfg]kfgL of]hgfnfO{ gi6 u/L lgliqmo kfg{ ;S5 .ns'kf]if0f tyf czQmtf M af9Lsf sf/0f x'g] vfB ;ª\s6 s'kf]if0fsf] d"n sf/0f xf]

h;n] d[To' jf czQmtflt/ 8f]¥ofpF5 . af9Lsf] ;dodf czQm afnaflnsf tyf k|f}9n] x]/rfx ug]{ JolQm, kfª\u|] s';L{ (Wheelchair), >j0f;xof]uL pks/0fsf] ;'ljwf u'dfpg' kg]{ x'g;S5 .

ndgf];dflhs k|efj M af9Lsf] ;do / To;kl5 afnaflnsf tyf jo:snfO{ dgf]j}1flgs cf3ft kg{ ;S5 .

ª= af9L cfPsf] jf hndUg ePsf] a]nf ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] sfd

ndf};d / af9L;DaGwL ;"rgfsf nflu lgoldt ¿kdf /]l8of] ;'Gg] / 6]lnlehg x]g]{ . naf9L;DaGwL ;"rgfaf/] a'em\g uflj;, lhj; / lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltdf ;Dks{

ug]{ / ;DalGwt :yfgdf af9Lsf] vt/faf/] k'gM a'em\g] .nl5d]sLsf] cj:yfaf/] ;r]t x'g'xf];\ / pgLx¿nfO{ k"j{;"rgf lbg'xf];\ . ljz]ifu/L czQm

JolQmx¿ h;n] ;"rgfaf/] yfxf kfPsf x'Fb}gg\, hf];Fu /]l8of], 6]lnlehgh:tf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf ;fwg x'Fb}gg\ pgLx¿nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] .

61

;'/lIft ljBfno


naf9Lsf] ;"rgf kfpg]lalQs} ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f s]Gb| jf cUnf] :yfgdf hfg] . nczQm k|f}9 tyf afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f / ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ cf>o:yn k'Ug ;xof]u

ug]{ .n;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf ;dodf czQm JolQmn] k|of]u ug]{ ;xof]uL pks/0f klg ;Fu}

af]s]/ hfg] k|oTg ug]{ . pgLx¿nfO{ af9Lsf] ;dodf / kl5 otfptf lxF8\g / ;~rf/ ;Dks{ ug{ tL pks/0fsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

n3/ 5f8\g'eGbf cufl8 lah'nL tyf Uof; aGb ug]{ . nkof{Kt vfg]s'/f / kfgL;lxtsf] cfktsfnLg emf]nf ;w}F ;fydf /fVg] .njiff{sf] kfgLsf] lgsf;sf nflu 9n tyf gfnf lgoldt ;kmf ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .nAff9Lsf] kfgLn] leh]sf] vfg]s'/f gvfg] .nAff9Lu|:t If]qdf ghfg], o:tf] If]qdf ;k{ tyf ljiffn' sL/fx¿ x'g ;S5g\ .

@= klx/f]

s= k[i7e"ld

r§fg, 9'Ëf jf df6f]sf] 7"nf] dfqf tnlt/ emg'{nfO{ klx/f] elgG5 . ;a} k|sf/sf klx/f]df b'O{ s'/f ;femf x'G5g\ . klxnf], le/fnf] kxf8L ;+/rgfdf /x]sf] df6f] tyf r§fgnfO{ u'¿Tjfsif{0f ZflQmn] tnlt/ tfG5 . bf];|f], klx/f]sf cfsf/ leGg–leGg x'G5g\ cyf{t\ Pp6f 7"nf] r§fg jf 9'Ëfdf6f] ;lxtsf] n]bf]sf] ¿kdf klx/f] emg]{ ub{5 . k|foM kfgL kbf{, af9L cfpFbf / e"sDk hfFbf klx/f] hfg] u5{ . dflg;sf unt lqmofsnfksf sf/0f klg klx/f] hfG5 .

v= klx/f]sf] sf/0f

ne"sDkn] w]/}h;f] ljWj+zsf/L klx/f] lgDTofpF5 . cltj[li6, lxdtfn ljikmf]6g af9L / jg 89]nf]n] klg klx/f]nfO{ a9fpg ;S5 . vfgL pTvgg, ;'¿ª vGg], hn;tx tn hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug]{ / le/fnf] kxf8nfO{ cfjZostf eGbf a9L ;Dofpg]h:tf dfgjLo lqmofsnfk klx/f]sf cGo sf/0f x'g\ .

na9\bf] hg;ª\Vof tyf ;x/Ls/0f;Fu} cGo k|sf]k em}F klx/f]n] klg dfgj a:tLsf] j[l4df lg/Gt/ hf]lvd pTkGg u5{ . a[xt\ dfqfdf x'g] jgljgfz, jgIf]q cltqmd0f u/L a:tL lj:tf/ tyf ;8s, afFw / k'n lgdf{0fh:tf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] klx/f]sf] dfqfnfO{ a9fpF5 .

u= klx/f]sf] k|efj

nklx/f] hfFbf 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkf jf klx/f]sf] dfu{df cfpg] ;a} s'/f gi6 x'g ;S5 . klx/f]sf sf/0f aUg] 9'Ëfdf6f] ;lxtsf] n]bf]n] ;~rf/ ;+oGqdf Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5, hnk|jfx dfu{ cj¿4 eO{ PSsf;L v'Nbf vx/] af9L cfpg ;S5, ;~rf/ k|jfxdf cj/f]w cfpg ;S5 . To;}u/L ;8s dfu{ cj¿4 x'Fbf / 3/ k"/} klx/f]n] aufpFbf p4f/ sfo{ sl7g x'g hfG5 .

;'/lIft ljBfno


62

ns]xL /f]syfdsf pkfo cjnDag ug]{ / klx/f]sf] ;"rgfnfO{ uDeL/ ¿kn] lng] xf] eg] klx/f]sf k|lts"n c;/nfO{ pNn]Vo ¿kn] 36fpg ;lsG5 . klx/f]Gd'v If]qdf 3/sf] Knf:6/, 6fON;, OF6 jf hudf gofF lr/f b]vfk5{ . emØfn / 9f]sf hfd x'G5 . klx/f]sf] c;/nfO{ Go"g ug{ a:tLleq / j/k/ af]6lj¿jf x'sf{pg], 6]jf ufx|f] agfpg]h:tf ;fjwfgLsf pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5 . t/ oltn] dfq 7"nf] klx/f] lgoGq0f x'Fb}g, o;sf nflu k|fljlws cWoog u/L 7"nf 6]jf ufx|f] nufpg' kg]{ x'g;S5 .

3= klx/f]sf] ;Gbe{df ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] sfd

neL/kx/fsf] lgs6 jf k|fs[lts e"Ifo x'g] pkTosfsf] 7f8f] le/fnf] hldgdf ejg lgdf{0f jf a;f]af; ug'{x'Fb}g .

nle/fnf] 7fpFdf 3fF;nufotsf jg:klt /f]Kg] / 6]jf ufx|f] nufpg] ug'{k5{ .nklx/f] hfg} nfu]sf] cfzª\sf ePdf t'¿Gt} klx/f]sf] If]qaf6 dflg;x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft

:yfgfGt/0f u/fpg'k5{ . nczQm, afnaflnsf, k|f}9, j[4j[4f / ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ klx/f]sf] If]qaf6 ;'/lIft hfg

;xof]u ug'{k5{ .n;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf ;dodf czQm JolQmn] k|of]u ug]{ ;xof]uL pks/0f klg ;Fu}

af]s]/ hfg] k|oTg ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ klx/f]kl5 otfptf lxF8\g / ;~rf/ ;Dks{ ug{ tL pks/0fsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

n;"rgf tyf tfhfl:yltaf/] a'em\g lgoldt ¿kdf /fli6«o / :yfgLo /]l8of] ;'Ggk5{ .n3/sf] hu, kfgLsf kfOk / j/k/sf hldgdf lr/f k/]–gk/]sf] jf Iflt eP–gePsf]

lgoldt ¿kn] hfFRg] / To:tf] s'g} ;ª\s]t b]lvP t'¿Gt} ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ .

#= e"sDk

s= k[i7e"ld

e"sDksf] ;dodf 3/ tyf ljBfno ejgx¿ elTsg] x'Fbf w]/} dflg;n] Hofg u'dfpF5g\ . /fd|/L ghf]l8Psf aLd, alnof]u/L gafFlwPsf Knf:6/ tyf cGo j:t' embf{ / slxn]sfFxL e"sDksf sf/0f cfuf] km}lnFbf dflg;nfO{ rf]6k6s nfU5 / 3fOt] x'G5g\ . e"sDkn] ug]{ ljgfzsf] dfqf o;sf] lj:tf/ tyf cjlw, pb\ud ljGb'sf] ulx/fO jf b"/L, df6f]sf] cj:yf, ljBfno:t/df ePsf] k"j{tof/L / e"sDk cfpg] ;dodf e/ kb{5 . sdhf]/ ;+/rgfsf] ljBfno ejg e"sDkaf6 w]/} k|efljt x'G5g\ .

v=e"sDksf sf/0f

ne"sDk k[YjLsf] aflx/L ;txdf crfgs pmhf{ pTkGg eP/ x'g] t/ª\uLo sDkgsf]

63

;'/lIft ljBfno


kl/0ffd xf] . ne"sDkn] klx/f] / slxn]sfxLF Hjfnfd'vL klg lgDTofpg ;S5 .n;fdfGo cy{df e"sDk zAbn] e"t/Ë pTkGg ug]{ k|fs[lts jf dfgjl;lh{t 36gfnfO{

hgfpF5 . k|foM e"sDk e"ueL{o lr/fdf x'g] xnrnn] x'g] u5{ . t/ slxn]sfFxL Hjfnfd'vL, klx/f], k/df0f' k/LIf0f / vfgL ljikmf]6sf sf/0f klg e"sDk x'g] u5{ . t/ g]kfndf eg] 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6sf] xnrn g} e"sDksf] k|d'v sf/0f /x]sf] 5 .

u= e"sDksf] k|efj

ne"sDkn] hgwgsf] 7"nf] Iflt u5{ . o;n] klx/f], afFw km'6\g] jf cfuhgL lgDTofpg ;S5 . c:ktfn, clUg lgoGq0f, ljB't\ tyf vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{h:tf ;]jf s]Gb| klg k|efljt x'g ;S5g\ .

ne"sDkn] ug]{ ljgfzsf] dfqf o;sf] cfj[lQ tyf cjlw, pb\ud ljGb'sf] ulx/fO jf b"/L, df6f]sf] cj:yf, k"j{tof/L / e"sDk cfpg] ;dodf e/ kb{5 . e"sDkn] df6f]sf] Ifdtf 36fpg ;S5 . sdnf] tyf lr;f] df6f]n] sDkgsf a]nf k"0f{ ¿kdf Ifdtf u'dfpg ;S5 / t/n kbfy{em}F ljno eP/ hfg ;S5 . o;nfO{ df6f]sf] t/n l:ylt elgG5 .

3= e"sDkcl3, e"sDksf] j]nf / e"sDkkl5 dgg ug'{kg]{ s'/f

e"sDkcl3

ne"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds ejg agfpg] -l8hfOg tyf lgdf{0fsf] ;dodf ejg;+lxtf kfngf ug]{_ .

nejg k|lt/f]ws 5}g eg] k|anLs/0f (retrofitting) ug]{ .nsk8f /fVg] b/fh tyf k':ts /fVg] ¥ofsnfO{ leQfdf sAhf nufP/ alnof];Fu 6fF:g] .n5tsf] kfgL 6\ofª\sLnfO{ jl/kl/af6 afFw]/ ;'/lIft agfpg] .nkfl/jfl/s of]hgf tof/ ug]{ .ncfktsfnLg ;fdu|L tof/ /fVg] .ncfkm\gf kfl/jfl/s ;b:ox¿sf nflu sDtLdf tLg lbg;Ddsf nflu vfgf, kfgL, sk8f

/ cTofjZos cf}iflw tof/ /fVg] . Ps xKtf;Ddsf] /fVg' cem pko'Qm x'G5 .n;lhn} e]6\g / af]Sg ;lsg] u/L s]xL k};f, u/uxgf / dxTjk"0f{ sfuhkqsf k|ltlnlk

tof/ u/L em6k6 emf]nf tof/ /fVg] .

e"sDksf ;dodf

n3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'NsL, cf]tnfuL ;dft (Drop Cover Hold) sf] cEof; ug]{ . cyf{t\ 6fpsf]nfO{ xft, kfv'/f jf cGo ;'/lIft a:t'n] 9fSb} 3'F8f v'DRofP/ a:g], To;kl5 u'8'lNsFb} ;'/lIft :yfgdf cf]t nfuL s'g} gxlNg] j:t'nfO{ ;dfTg] .

;'/lIft ljBfno


64

n6]an tyf 8]:sd'lg n'Sg] .nl;;fsf emØfnaf6 6f9f /xg] tyf rnfodfg j:t'x¿af6 cfkm\gf] /Iff ug]{ .n;Dej ePdf sf]7fx¿aLrsf b'O{ ufx|f]sf] dfu{df a:g] .nsf]7faf6 gefUg] / emØfnaf6 xfd gkmfNg] .nlrRofpg] jf cflQg] sfd gug]{ .nk/sDksf] ;Defjgf x'g] ePsfn] klxnf] wSsfkl5 t'?Gt} v'nf 7fpFdf hfg]] .n3/af6 aflx/ ePdf cUnf ejg, k'n, cfsfz] k'n, ;fFu'/f uNnL / ¿vaf6 6f9f /xg] .n;s];Dd Uof; / lah'nLsf] d]g:jLr aGb ug]{ .

e"sDkkl5

ncfkm\gf] em6k6 emf]nf;lxt kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ lnP/ ;'/lIft 7fpFlt/ hfg] .n;'/lIft 7fpFdf /xg] / k/sDkaf/] hfgsf/L lng] .nrf]6k6s nfu] gnfu]sf] hfFr ug]{ / cfjZos k/] k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ .n3/leq k:g'cl3 lah'nL, Uof; tyf kfgLsf] r'xfj6, / ufx|f]sf] lr/f cflbsf] hfFr

ug]{ .n3/leq / j/k/ km'6]sf l;;faf6 ;'/lIft x'g alnof] h'Qf nufpg] .n;/sf/L pb\3f]ifsf] k|tLIff ug]{ / ;f]xLcg';f/ ug]{ .ncTofjZs cj:yfafx]s 6]lnkmf]g w]/} k|of]u gug]{ . o;n] ;~rf/df cj/f]w u5{ .neljiosf nflu e"sDkLo hf]lvd 36fpg] .

ª=e"sDkaf6 hf]lug ;'emfj

n;f]kmf, kmfOn /fVg] b/fh, 8]:sh:tf 7"nf a:t'sf] d'lg jf 5]pdf pleg'xf];\ . ejg Ifltu|:t eOxfn] klg ToxfFsf] x'g] jf aGg] vfnL 7fpFdf tkfOF ;'/lIft /xg ;Sg'x'G5 .

nlqe'h o:tf] ;'/lIft vfnL 7fpF xf]ls ejg n8] klg tkfOFF ;'/lIft /xg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .nknª\df x'g'x'G5 eg] kN6Fb} knª\sf] jl/kl/ l8nd'lg a:g'xf];\ . a:t' v;] klg ToxfF aGg]

6fF8df tkfOF+ ;'/lIft /xg ;Sg'x'G5 .ne"|0ff;gdf cfkm"nfO{ /fvf}F . o; cf;gdf tkfO+{sf] 3'F8fn]]lrpF8f] 5f]Psf] x'g'k5{, b'j} xft

ub{gsf] k5fl8 x'g'k5{ / cg'xf/ e'OFlt/ kms]{sf] x'g'k5{ . of] ;+j]bgzLn cª\u arfpg] pQd pkfo xf] .

nslxNo} klg l;F9Llt/ ghfg] lsgeg] sDkg ;'¿ x'Fbf ejgsf] ;a}eGbf klxn] Iflt x'g] efu oxL xf] . e"sDk hfFbf l;F9L gi6 geP klg dflg;x¿ tn efUg] sf]l;;df pgLx¿sf] jhgn] emg{ ;S5 .

nb}nf]df slxNo} klg z/0f glncf}F . 9f]sfsf] rf}s; em¥of] eg] dflyaf6 tn 5t v:g]5 . rf}s; 5]]plt/ v:of] eg] tkfOF+nfO{ uDeL/ rf]6k6s nfUg ;S5 .

ne"sDksf] a]nf tkfOF+aLrsf] tnfdf x'g'x'G5 eg] dflyNnf] tnfdf hfcf}F . hlt tnfdfly

65

;'/lIft ljBfno


hfg'x'G5 Tolt g} sd ef/ tkfOF+dfly v:g]5 / Tolt g} a9L tkfOF+ ;'/lIft x'g'x'g]5 . dflyNnf] tnfsf] ef/ sd x'G5 / e"sDkdf ;f] tnf k|foM emb}{g .

ne"sDksf] a]nf tkfOF+ uf8Ldf x'g'x'G5 eg] uf8Lsf] 5]pdf kN6f}F, leq xf]Og . dflyaf6 6'qmf6'qmL v;]sf] v08df w]/} h;f] uf8Ln] cfkm\gf] 7Ls dfly sl/a tLglkm6sf] vfnL 7fpF 5f]8\5g\ . tkfOF+ uf8Lleq /xg'eof] eg] tkfOF+ r]lkg] ;Defjgf a9\\5 .

nejgsf aflx/L ufx|f] glhs tkfOFF a9L ;'/lIft x'g'x'G5 . ejgsf] aflx/L kl/lweGbf tkfOFF hlt a9Lleq x'g'x'G5 tkfOFF plDsg] af6f] Tolt g} cj¿4 x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 jf tkfOFF;Dd k'Ug] p4f/ dfu{ cj¿4 x'G5 .

r= e'O“rfnfsf] ;Gbe{df ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] sfd

tkfO{ 3/leq x'g'x'G5 eg] Mn3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'NsL, cf]t nfuL ;dft M alnof] 6]an jf vf6d'lg n'Sg] / sDkg

g/f]lsGh]n;Dd cfkm"nfO{ rf]6k6s nfUgaf6 hf]ufpg] . nsDkg eO/x]sf] ;dodf otfplt ghfg] . nzfGt a:g] /l;;fsf emØfn, 9f]sf, skaf]8{ / P]gfaf6 6f9f /xg] .n9f]sf jf l;F9Ltkm{ gefUg] .nlnkm\6 k|of]u gug]{ . aflx/ cfpFg l;F9Lsf] af6f] k|of]u ug]{ .np4f/ ul/g'kg]{ ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsf tyf lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft Pj+ ;'ud

7fpFdf n}hfg ;xof]u ug]{ .

tkfO{+ 3/aflx/ x'g'x'G5 eg] M

nglhs} /x]sf] v'nf 7fpFdf hfg] .nckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsf tyf cGo JolQmnfO{ cfjZos yk ;xof]u ug]{ .ncUnf lrDgL, ejg / lah'nLsf vDafaf6 6f9f /xg] .

sDkg /f]lsPkl5

nqmlds ¿kn] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f u/fpg] .nd'VoljB't\\ cfk"lt{ aGb ug]{ .n3fOt]x¿sf] k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ / yk cf}ifwf]krf/sf nflu ;DalGwt 7fpFdf k7fpg] .ncfktsfnLg ;]jfdf va/ ug]{ .ne"sDk;DaGwL tfhf ;"rgfsf nflu /]l8of] ;'Gg] / clwsf/Lx¿n] lbPsf lgb]{zg kfng

ug]{ .nk/sDksf nflu tof/ x'g] .ns] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]af/] ;a}nfO{ ;"lrt u/fpg / a'emfpg :ki6 ;~rf/ sfod

ug]{ . ljleGg zf/Ll/s sdhf]/L -b[Zo, >j0f, af]nL jf af}l4s czQmtf_ ePsf JolQmn] ;Gb]z a'em]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

;'/lIft ljBfno


66

5=e"sDksf] ;dodf ug{ gx'g]

nIfltu|:t Onfsf jf ejg j/k/ eL8 gug]{ .nuDeL/ ¿kdf rf]6 nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ st} klg gn}hfg] . pkrf/ ;xof]usf nflu

k|tLIff ug]{ / To;a]nf;Dd k|fylds pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .nunt ;dfrf/sf] kl5 gnfUg] / c9L s'/f gug]{, xNnf gug]{ . o:tf sfo{n] cfkm" /

c¿nfO{ klg cTofpF5 / l:yltnfO{ emg} sdhf]/ agfpF5 .

h= e"sDkLo cEof;sf nflu ckgfOg'kg]{ r/0fx¿

r/0f ! M k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn:yflkt k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn] lbPsf] hfgsf/L ;'Gg] .ncfktsfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb|af6 k|fKt ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg] .nr/0f @ ckgfpg] .

r/0f @ M ;'/lIftlgsf; dfu{df kx'“rnl:ylt ! M 9f]sfx¿ aGb eP p4f/ ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L 9f]sf kmf]g]{ .nl:ylt @ M 9f]sfx¿ aGb 5}gg\ eg] ;fdfGo ¿kdf ;'/lIft lgsf; k|lqmof yfNg] . nl:ylt # M cfuf] nfu]df clUg;dgs k|of]u ug]{ .

kx'“r dfu{sf] klxNofpg] M

n9f]sfx¿df tfNrf nfu]sf] / lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sg] u/L cfuf] nfu]sf] 5 eg] 8f]/Lsf] k|of]u u/L p4f/ sfo{ ug]{ .

nl:ylt lgoGq0fdf 5 eg] ;ª\s]t cg';f/sf] ;fdfGo tyf ;'/lIft kx'Fr k|of]u ug]{ .nr/0f # ckgfpg] .

r/0f # M ;'/lIft 7fp“ -e]nf x'g] 7fp“_ df e]nf x'g]

nk"j{lgwf{l/t jf klxrfg ePsf] v'nf / ;'/lIft 7fpFdf e]nf x'g] .n;a} sd{rf/L tyf afnaflnsfsf] pkl:ylt hfFRg] .nr/0f $ ckgfpg] .

r/0f $ M ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L lng] jf JolQm uGg] sfd

n;"rgf ;ª\sng,nx/fPsf afnaflnsf tyf lzIfs,n3fOt] tyf d[ts,nljBfno txdf cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg],nr/0f % ckgfpg] .

r/0f % M k|fylds pkrf/ tyf c:ktfn Joj:yfkgsf nflu 6f]nLx¿ kl/rfng

ne"ldsf tyf bfloTjcg';f/ 6f]nLx¿ kl/rfng ug]{ .

67

;'/lIft ljBfno


$= x'/Latf;

g]kfndf k|foM x/]s jif{ r}tb]lv c;f/;Dd x'/Latf;sf] k|sf]k cfpF5 . cGo k|sf]ksf] t'ngfdf o;af6 3fOt] jf d[To'sf 36gf Tolt w]/} gx'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ uDeL/ k|fs[lts ljkb\sf ¿kdf lnOGg . tyflk, x'/Latf;n] ;fj{hlgs tyf gLlh ;DklQdf 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . ;g\ @))( df x'/Latf;af6 g]kfnsf @# lhNnf g/fd|/L k|efljt ePsf lyP . s/f]8f}F ¿k}ofF a/fa/sf] wgdfn gi6 ePsf] lyof] eg] clwsf+z ljBfnox¿sf 5fgf p8]sf lyP . 7"nf] x'/Latf;;Fu} k|foM r6Øfª klg k5{ . o; oyfy{sf] hfgsf/L eP/ klg clwsf+z ljBfno ejgx¿ x'/Latf;sf] k|efjnfO{ ljrf/ gu/L l8hfOg tyf lgdf{0f ul/G5 .

%= cfunfuL

r}qb]lv h]7;Dd ;'Svf tyf x'/Latf; cfpg] df};ddf g]kfnn] w]/} k6s cfunfuLsf] ;fdgf ug'{k5{ . oltj]nf tfkqmd #% l8u|L ;]lN;o;eGbf a9L x'G5 . t/fO{sf clwsf+z ljBfnox¿ sf7n] ag]sf / afSnf a:tLglhs} x'g] x'Fbf cfunfuLsf b[li6n] Hofb} ;ª\s6f;Gg 5g\ . u[id ofd tyf v8]/Lsf ;dodf t/fO{sf jg tyf dfgj a:tLdf ljgfzsf/L cfunfuL x'G5 .

s=clUgl8«n

nclUg ;'/Iff ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ M afn'jf eg]{ afN6L -@ j6f_, ;'Vvf kfp8/o'Qm clUg;dgs -Pp6f_, vfnL afN6L -tLgj6f_ / kfgL hDdf ug]{ hf/ jf afN6L -Pp6f_ .

nk|fylds pkrf/ ;fdu|Lsf] clu|d Joj:yf ug]{ M o;df yk s6g /f]n -Pp6f 7"nf] b'O{j6f dWod_, yk 6fFl;g] 6]k jf sfuhsf] Knf:6/ -b'O{j6f_, l6\jh;{ -Pp6f_, hu]8f ;fa'g -Pp6f_ / cfjZostfcg';f/ cf]cf/P; -ORS_ / kfgL z'4Ls/0f rSsL df}Hbft /fVg] .

ns;}n] cfuf] nfu]sf] b]v]df t'¿Gt} kmfo/ Pnfd{ ahfpg] / /ftf] emG8f jf b[ZofTds ;ª\s]t b]vfpg] / clUg jf¿0foGq jf k|x/L rf}sLnfO{ va/ ug]{ .

n;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ sfo{bnn] af¿0foGqnfO{ af]nfpgsf lglDt t'¿Gt} hfgsf/L lbg] . ;a} sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug]{ / cfjZostf k/]df pgLx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft 7fpFdf n}hfg] .

nclUg ;'/Iff sfo{bnn] cfuf] lgefpg'k5{ / bdsn gcfpGh]n lgefpg] sfo{ hf/L /fVg'k5{ .

nclUg ;"rgf /lgsf;sf] cfb]z kfPkl5 cfunfuL ePsf] 7fpFaf6 ;'/lIft x'Fb} ;a}n] oyf;Dej rfF8f] ejg 5f8\g'k5{ .

n;'/lIft alxu{dgsf ;dodf b]xfosf s'/fdf Wofglbg'k5{ Mo nfddf x'Fbf hf]/n] glxF8\g], gs'b\g] .o lnkm\6 k|of]u gug]{, l;F9L k|of]u ug]{ .o alxu{dg ;ª\s]t -exit signs_ nfO{ k5Øfpg] .o ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsf tyf lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .

;'/lIft ljBfno


68

o sf]7f w"jfFn] el/Psf] 5 eg] 3l;|Fb} sf]7faf6 aflx/ cfpg] .o lzIfs tyf sIff df]lg6/n] ;'/lIft lgsf; u/fpFb} e]nf x'g] 7fpF;Dd k'¥ofpg]

/ cfjZos dfu{bz{g ug]{ .o cfuf]sf] ;fO/g ah]sf ;do sIffdf gePsf JolQm t'¿Gt} e]nf x'g] 7fpFdf

hfg] .naflx/ lgl:sPkl5 lzIfsx¿n] ljBfyL{x¿sf] luGtL uGg'k5{ / ;a} eP gePsf] ;'lglZrt

ug'{k5{ . ljBfyL{ 5'6]sf 5g\ eg] vf]hL tyf p4f/ sfo{bnnfO{ hfgsf/L lbOg'k5{ . hfgsf/L kfPkl5 sfo{bn vf]hLdf nfU5 . k|fylds pkrf/ sfo{bnn] 3fOt]x¿nfO{ k|fylds pkrf/ k|bfg ug'{k5{ .

nk"jf{Eof;kl5 k|wfgfWofksn] ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}7s 8fSg'k5{ / k"jf{Eof;df ;fdgf ul/Psf] ;d:of klxrfg ug{sf lglDt k"jf{Eof;sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ / ;dfwfg vf]Hg'k5{ .

cg';"rL ^M ;+/rgfTds n]vfhf]vfsf nflu ;fdfGo ;'emfjx¿ 12

s= ;+/rgf of]hgf / lgdf{0fsf cfwf/e"t lgodx¿

nPs¿ktf gePsf ejg ;+/rgf ;'/lIft x'Fb}gg\ .n;+/rgfsf OsfOx¿df Ps¿ktf sfod ul/g'k5{ .nrf}8fOeGbf tLg u'0ff nfdf] uf/f] ePsf] cfoftsf/ ;+/rgf gagfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

v= 5t jf 5fgf / ufx|f]sf ;fdfGo lgodx¿

nv08 5'6\ofpgsf nflu agfOg] ufx|f] ;Fu;Fu} lgdf{0f u/L aflx/L nfdf] ufx|f];Fu hf]8\g] . elTsg / rls{gaf6 /f]Sg of] ufx|f] @#) ldln ld6/sf] df]6fO x'g cfjZos x'G5 .

nb'O{ kfv] 5fgfeGbf rf/ kfv] 5fgf /fd|f] x'G5 lsgeg] b'O{ kfv] 5fgf y]Ug] lqe'hfsf/ ufx|f] km]bdf ;lhn} rls{g ;S5 .

nufx|f] w]/} nfdf] eP elTsg ;S5 .

u= ufx|f]lgdf{0fsf cfwf/e"tlgodx¿nsfFrf] OF6fsf] k|of]u gug]{ .nlu6L / l;d]G6sf] ld>0fn] 5f]k]sf] ! b]lv !@ ldlnld6/ 58sf] hfnL k|of]u u/L lgdf{0f

12 gf]e]Da/ @)!# df Knfgn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{zfnfsf] ;fdu|Laf6 ;fef/

69

;'/lIft ljBfno


ug]{ .ndfly / tNnf] efudf cª\s'zn] afFWg] .na9L ef/sf] ufx|f] gagfpg] .zn@#) ldlnld6/ ef/ axg ufx|f] lgdf{0f ubf{ o;nfO{ alnof] agfpg 808Lsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

3= ;+/rgfTds k|anLs/0f

ntf]lsPsf] dfkb08cg'¿k k'/fgf ;+/rgfsf] :j¿k kl/jt{g u/L alnof] agfpg'nfO{ ;+/rgfTds k|anLs/0f elgG5 .

nlgdf{0f eO;s]sf] ejgsf] s]xL ;+/rgfTds efux¿ kl/jt{g u/L alnof] agfOG5 . nejgsf] Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg k|anLs/0f ul/G5 .

k|anLs/0flsg

nk|anLs/0f ug'{kg]{ d'Vo sf/0f eg]sf] ;+/rgfsf] k|of]udf kl/jt{g, gofF ;+/rgf dfkb08, jftfj/0fLo sf/0faf6 x'g] x|f;, e"sDkh:tf cfsl:ds 36gfaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg .

nejg ;+/rgf ;'/lIft ug]{ b'O{j6f dfu{ 5g\ M k|lt:yfkg / k|anLs/0f . n;+/rgfsf] k"0f{ k|lt:yfkgn] >d tyf ;fdu|Ldf pRr nfut, ;+/rgfsf] ;~rfngdf

cfpg] cj/f]wsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] jftfj/0fLo k|efj tyf c;xhtfh:tf j]kmfObf /xG5g\ .

nk|foM k|anLs/0fåf/f dd{t jf :t/f]lGt ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

ejgsf] e"sDkLo k|anLs/0f

nljBdfg clwsf+z ;+/rgfdf jf:tljs ;+/rgfTds dfkb08sf] sdL / ;do cGt/fnsf] qmddf x'g] kl/jt{gaf6 ePsf] x|f;sf sf/0f e"sDkLo ;'/Iff dfkb08cg'¿ksf] e"sDk k|lt/f]wL Ifdtf ePsf 5}gg\ .

noL ejgx¿nfO{ k|snLs/0f u/L ;Defljt Iflt Go"g ug{ / ;'/lIft agfpg :t/f]lGt ul/G5 .

nyfd jf lkn/, 6]sf], ufx|f] cflb yk]/ ;'b[9 kfg{ ;lsG5 .n;Dk"0f{ PsfOnfO{ hf]8]/ alnof] agfOG5 . nsdhf]/ agfpg] :j¿knfO{ x6fOG5 .

ejg ;+/rgf cj:yf

nejg ;+/rgf ;fdfGotM e"sDksf sf/0f Ifltu|:t x'g;S5 .nk|anLs/0f cfly{s ¿kn] dLtJooL / ;dosf b[li6n] gofF ejg agfpg'eGbf pQd

x'G5 .

;'/lIft ljBfno


70

k|anLs/0fljlw

n]vfhf]vf

nejgsf] ;+/rgfTds Ifdtfaf/] n]vfhf]vf ug'{k5{ . ;+/rgfTd b[li6n] ejgsf] Ifdtf / ;'/lIft :t/af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 .

nk|anLs/0f sfo{of]hgfn] ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] pkfo atfpF5 . n;+/rgfTds k|anLs/0f ug{ / o;sf] lj:t[t vfsf Pj+ of]hgf agfpg ;do nfU5 .

sfof{Gjog

n58, sª\\lqm6 / l;d]G6n] ag]sf] ejg -cf/;L;LlalN8ª_n;LdfGt kl/;/ ufx|f]sf] (Shear Walls) lgdf{0f .nljBdfg husf] ;'b[9Ls/0f .n:tDe tyf aLddf yk /f]8fsf] ld>0f xfnL alnof] agfpg] .ntf/–hfnL xfn]/ Knf:6/ jf n]kg ug]{ .n:tDex¿df tf/hfnLn] afFWg] .nOkf]S;L u|fpl6ª (Epoxy grouting) ug]{

ª= ljBfno ;'/Iffdf ;dfj]z x'g'kg]{ tTjx¿ tyf Go"gtd dfkb08

k"j{tof/L:t/

;+/rgf

nejg ;+lxtfsf] hfgsf/L .ndd{t, ;Def/ / k|anLs/0f .n9nlgsf;sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf .nkfgL r'lxg] tyf /;fpg] ;d:ofsf] klxrfg .n:yfgfGt/0f lzlj/sf] Joj:yf .

u}/;+/rgf

ncfsl:ds ¿kdf aflx/lgl:sg] dfu{ .ncfunfuL lgoGq0fsf] pkfoaf/] hfgsf/L . naflx/lgl:sg] af6f] .n;ª\s]t .nGo"gLs/0f sfo{ .

71

;'/lIft ljBfno


nufgL of]hgf k|lqmof

nljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{dfdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf .n:t/Lo ;~rfng sfo{ljlw th'{df / kfngf .n;+o'Qm sfo{ of]hgf tof/L .nk'gnf{e of]hgf;lxtsf] ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf . nah]6 ljlgof]hg .ncg'udg / d"Nofª\sg / ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g . n;fd'bflos of]hgfdf ljBfnosf] ;xeflutf .

;dfj]z x'g]kg]{

nczQm afnaflnsfsf nflu k"jf{wf/ ;'ljwfsf] pknAwtf .nafnaflnsf d}qL tyf ckfª\ud}qL ljBfno If]q / ;+oGq .nplrt ah]6ljlgof]hg .

;+nUg ul/g'kg]{nk"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf / ;"rgf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf .nljBfno / ;d'bfoaLr ;dGjo .nljBfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;fd'bflos :jo+;]jLsf] Ifdtf ljsf; .nljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt ;d'bfoleq tyf aflx/L lgsfo;Fu lgoldt 5nkmn .nljBfno / ;d'bfosf] ;+o'Qm ultljlw .nljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' cg's"ngsf] cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf

ePsf clwsfl/s lgsfo .

k|ltlqmofncfsl:ds of]hgf th'{df / cfjZos j:t'x¿sf] k"j{e08f/0f .n;'/lIft /xg] / :yfgfGt/0f x'g] cEof; .nljBfnodf k"j{;"rgf oGqsf] :yfkgf / o;sf] /]vb]v ug]{ ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf .nsfo{bn u7g / ljkb\;DaGwL tflnd .ncfktsfnLg lzIffsf nflu lgwf{l/t j}slNks :yfg / c:yfoL ejgsf] aGbf]j:t .n:jo+;]jL tflnd / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 .

;r]tgf / tflnd:t/

;r]tgf

nljkb\sf] ;dodf ug{ x'g] / gx'g] cfwf/e"t sfo{ .n;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu dfu{ / of]hgf .

;'/lIft ljBfno


72

ncfwf/e"t ;~rfng sfo{ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L .nljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf . ncGo ;fGble{s ljifox¿ – cfktsfnLg of]hgf, ;/;kmfO, :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f cflb .

tflnd / Ifdtf ljsf;

n;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd -cfGtl/s tyf afXo_ .nvf]h tyf p4f/, k|fylds pkrf/ / clUg ;'/Iff sfo{bn . n8sdL{ /l;sdL{ tflnd .n;d'bfo tyf cleefjsnfO{ ljkb\ ;r]tgf tflnd .ncfjZostfcg';f/ cGo ;DalGwt If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; k|lzIf0f jf

cled'vLs/0f .

;dfj]zL / ;xeflutf

nljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf czQm afnaflnsf Pj+ aflnsfsf] cfjZostf ;dfj]z .

nof]hgf th'{dfdf ;d'bfo / ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;xeflutf .

lzIff ;+oGq

nkf7\o;fdu|L – kf7\oqmddf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;dfj]z .n/fd|f] a'emfOsflglDt u}/lzIf0f kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u .nljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;dfj]z ePsf] cltl/Qm z}lIfs ultljlw .

afXo ;+:yfx¿;“u ;xsfo{;DaGwlj:tf/

nlzIffljefu / :yfgLo k|zf;g .n:yfgLo lgsfox¿ .n:yfgLo k|zf;gdf k"j{;"rgf ;+oGq .nljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+nUgtf .ncfsl:ds ;]jf k|bfos ;+oGq;Fu k"j{;Demf}tf .n:yfgLo :t/sf cGo ljBfno;Fu k"j{;Demf}tf .

cfly{s nufgL

n;/sf/L of]ubfg .n;d'bflos of]ubfg . nljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] of]ubfg .n/fhgLlts tyf hgk|ltlglwsf] of]ubfg .n:yfgLo lgsfosf] of]ubfg .

73

;'/lIft ljBfno


cg';"rL &M x'/Latf;, cfuf], af9L / e"sDkLo c;/af6 ;'/lIft /xg df}h'bf ljBfno ejgsf] k|anLs/0f

cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf k/LIf0f ;"rL1

e"sDkLo If]q eg]sf] s] xf] < pTs[i6, /fd|f], l7s}, sdhf]/, clt sdhf]/

k|d'v k|Zgsf pQ/ lbg'k"j{ o;sf] cWoog ug'{xf];\

k|of]ustf{n] o; kª\ltdf lbOPsf k|d'v k|Zgx¿ cWoog ug]{5g\ .

k|of]ustf{n] o; kª\ltdf lbOPsf ljsNkdWo]af6 x/]s k|Zgsf plrt pQ/sf] 5gf]6 ug]{5g\ .

k | o f ] ust f { s f ] ;'emfj !

k|of]ustf{sf] ;'emfj @M kª\lt -u_ df lbOPsf] lgb]{zg k9]/ cfjZos hfgsf/L o; kª\ltdf n]Vg'xf];\ .

s v u 3 ª

JofVof÷/]vflrq

ljBdfg ljBfno ejgsf] e"sDkLo ;'/Iffaf/] k|d'v k|Zg

lgb]{zs a'Fbfx¿ tyf k|d'v k|Zgx¿sf] j}slNks pQ/x¿

lgb]{zgcg'?ksf] hjfkm

;Gbe{. s}lkmot÷l6kf]6

of]hgf

1 blIf0f Pl;ofsf] ax'k|sf]ksf] ;Gbe{df ljBfno tyf c:ktfnsf] n]vfhf]vf ;xof]uL ;fdu|L -@)!@_ . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo a;f]af; (UNHABITAT) / cGt/f{li6«o ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f (INISDR) . ljBfno ;'/Iff lgb]{lzsf k'l:tsf !M dN6L xhf8{ Og ;fpy Pl;ofsf nflu ljBfno tyf c:ktfn ;'/Iff d"Nofª\sg lgb]{lzsf -@)!@_ . cgXoflj6\of6 / Olg; 8f= ljBfno ;'/Iff lgb]{lzsf k'l:tsf !M /]6«f] d]G6]g]G; dN6L xhf8{ ;]km\6L sDKnfOG; .

;'/lIft ljBfno


74

ejgsf] b"/Lk[YjL ;txk|d'v ;lqmo lr/f

ljBdfg ljBfno If]q jf glhs /x]sf] d'Vo e"ueL{o lr/faf/] yfxf kfpg e"ueL{o cWoog k|ltj]bgaf/] hfgsf/ x'g'x'G5 <

olb tkfOF e"ueL{o cWoogaf/] ;|f]taf/] hfgsf/ x'g'x'G5 eg] ;Gbe{÷s}lkmot kª\ltdf ;|f]t v'nfpg'xf];\ To;kl5 tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\

;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6

olb tkfOFn] cWoog ug'{ePsf] k|ltj]bgn] e"ueL{o lr/f tkfOFsf] ;Gbe{df nfu" x'Fb}g eg] nfu" gx'g] jf c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf];\ .

pTs[i6

olb cfkm\gf] If]qsf] e"ueL{o cWogaf/] hfgsf/ x'g'x'Gg eg] eg] ) n]Vg'xf];\ .

sdhf]/

ljz]if gf]6÷l6kf]6 M :yfgLo ejg ljefu, e"ue{ljb\, :yfgLo ljZjljBfno jf :yfgLo e"k|fljlwssf] k/fdz{ lng'xf];\ .

olb ljBfno If]qaf6 e"ueL{o lr/f %)) ld6/eGbf sd b"/Ldf 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf];\

clt sdhf]/

olb ljBfno If]qaf6 e"ueL{o lr/f %)) eGbf a9L t/ !))) ld6/eGbf sd b"/Ldf 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf];\

sdhf]/

olb ljBfno If]qaf6 e"ueL{o lr/f !))) ld6/eGbf a9L b"/Ldf 5 eg] # n]Vg'xf];\

7Ls 5 .

;8ssf] kx'Fr /x]sf] ejg If]q of]hgf

df}h'bf ljBfno ejgsf] ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf / gofF ljBfno ejgsf] ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfsf] dfkg d'Vo ;8s b]lv ;xfos ;8s x'Fb} ToxfF k'Ug] ;'ljwfdf e/k5{ .

;8ssf] k|sf/sf] cwf/df tnsf] ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ ;Gbe{÷s}lkmot÷l6kf]6

ljBfno;Dd bdsn k'Ug / kms{g ;Sg] b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ;8s 5g\ eg] ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

ljBfno;Dd bdsn k'Ug / kms{g;Sg] Pp6fdfq ;8s eP ! n]Vg'xf];\

/fd|f]

ljBfno;Dd sf/dfq k'Ug / kms{g ;Sg] t/ bdsn k'Ug / kms{g;Sg] ;8s eP # n]Vg'xf];\

l7s}

df]6/ ;fOsn dfq k'Ug;Sg] af6f] eP $ n]Vg'xf];\ sdhf]/

k}bnofqLdfq k'Ug;Sg] af6f] eP % n]Vg'xf];\ clt sdhf]/

75

;'/lIft ljBfno


ef/tsf] e'hdf ;g\ @))! Dff uPsf] e"sDksf sf/0f elTsPsf ejgn] w]/} ;8sdfu{ cj/f]w u/]sf lyP . o;n] p4f/ / /fxtsf sfo{ lgs} sl7g agfPsf] lyof] .

e"sDksf] ;dodf ejgx¿ elTsP/ ;8sdfu{ g} cj?4 u5{ / e"sDkkl5 ug'{kg]{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f / ;]jf k|j]zsf sfo{nfO{ c;/ k'¥ofpF5 .

ljBfno If]q uP/ e"sDkkZrft\ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf k'Ug;Sg]] k|efjsf] dfqf lg/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ . glthfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\

;Gbe{÷

s}lkmot÷l6kf]6

ljBdfg ;8s km/flsnf] 5, j/k/sf ejg gelTsg] vfnsf 5g\, ejg eTs]/ / ljh'nLsf] tf/ v;]/ cj?4 gx'g] j}slNks dfu{ 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf];\, h;n] s'g} c;/ kb}{g eGg] b]vfpF5 .

pTs[i6

glhssf s]xL ejg elTsg ;S5g\ t/ o;n] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fdf yf]/} dfq k|efj kfb{5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf];\

/fd|f]

glhssf ejgsf s]xL efu elTsg ;S5g\ / o;n] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fdf dWod k|efj kf5{ eg] # n]Vg'xf];\

l7s}

glhssf ejgx¿ eTs]/ ;8s cj?4 u/L k"0f{¿kdf ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fdf afwf pTkGg u5{ eg] $ n]Vg'xf];\, o;n] clt w]/} c;/nfO{ hgfpF5 .

clt sdhf]/

cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf kfgL / OGwgsf] j}slNks Joj:yf u/]/ dfq x'Fb}g . o;sf] :jR5tf sfod ug]{ / lgoldt dd{t;Def/ klg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

7"nf] wSsf cfpFbf gu/k f lns fs f ] vfg]kfgL ;]jf k|fo cj?4 x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug{ ljBfnodf xft] kDkh:tf kfgL cfk"lt{sf] j}slNks ;|f]t klg x'g'k5{ h;sf] k|of]u glhssf ;d'bfon] klg ug{ ;S5g\ .

ljBfnodf kfgLsf] j}slNks ;|f]t ljkb\sf] ;dodf klg lqmofzLn /xg] kof{Kt ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo]] Pp6f 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\


ljBfnodf kfgLsf] j}slNks ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

ljBfnodf kfgLsf] j}slNks ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] eP ) n]Vg'xf];\

clt sdhf]/

;'/lIft ljBfno


76

w]/} glhs} agfOPsf ejgx¿ Ps csf]{dfly v:g ;S5g\ .

olb tkfOFsf] ejg e"sDkLo If]q %, $ jf # df 5 eg], s] tkfOFn] glhssf ejgx¿aLr Ps csf{df 7Ss/ x'gaf6 hf]ufpg kof{Kt b'/L sfod ug'{ePsf] 5 .

ljBfnosf] ;a}eGbf lgs6 b"/Ldf /x]sf] ejg÷;+/rgfsf] b"/L ld6/df hgfO ;Gbe{. s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 kª\ltdf n]Vg'xf];\


kof{Kt b"/L sfod ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

kof{Kt b"/L sfod gul/Psf] eP ) n]Vg'xf];\

clt sdhf]/

ljBfno If]q of]hgfdf v'nf If]q ePsf]

e"sDksf] ;dodf ;'/lIft e]nf x'g] v'nf :yfg ljBfnodf 5 <

s}lkmot kª\ltdf v'nf If]qsf] If]qkmn / ;f] If]q k|of]u ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof n]Vg'xf];\


e]nf x'g] v'nf If]q kof{Kt ePdf ! n]]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

e]nf x'g] v'nf If]q kof{Kt gePdf @ n]]Vg'xf];\

l7s}

e]nf x'g] v'nf If]q gePdf # n]]Vg'xf];\

clt sdhf]/

ejg :j?ksf ;jfnx¿ (architectural issues)

of]hgfdf 6L jf Pnh:tf] clgoldt :j?k x'G5

ejg ;+/rgfsf :j?k clgoldt 5 <

ejgsf] jl/kl/ 3'd]/ ejgsf] :j?ksf] lgoldttfaf/] n]vfhf]vf ug{'xf];\ . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Pp6f 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\


cfsf/df lgoldttf, ;+/rgfdf Ps?ktf / ejgnfO{ 9Nsfpg] s'g}k|sf/sf] tTj gePsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

cfsf/df s]xL clgoldttf / ;+/rgfdf s]xL Ps?ktf geP @ n]Vg'xf];\

l7s}

cfsf/df k"0f{ clgoldttf / ;+/rgfdf Ps?ktf geP # n]Vg'xf];\

sdhf]/

77

;'/lIft ljBfno


Pp6} ejgsf] b'O{ efudf ljleGg jhg ePdf M 7f8f] clgoldttf

;+/rgfsf] :j¿kdf 7f8f] clgoldttf 5 <

ejgsf] jl/kl/ 3'd]/ ejgsf] jhgsf] lgoldttfaf/] n]vfhf]vf ug{'xf];\ . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Pp6f 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\


tnfsf] prfOdf w]/} lgodlttf cyf{t % k|ltzteGbf sd km/s ePdf s'g} clgoldt efu gePsf] dflgG5 . o:tf] eP cª\sdf ! n]Vg'xf];\ .

/fd|f]

tnfsf] prfOdf kfFr k|ltzt eGbf a9L t/ @) k|ltzt eGbf sd ePdf / yf]/} dfq} clgoldt efu eP cª\sdf @ n]Vg'xf];\ .

l7s}

tnfsf] prfOdf @) k|ltzteGbf a9Ln] km/s ePdf / w]/} clgoldt efux¿ eP cª\sdf # n]Vg'xf];\ .

sdhf]/

kfª\u|] s';L{ rflxg] czQmsf nflu rfF8f] aflx/ u'8fpg ;dtn af6f]sf] Joj:yf

ejg leq k:g / aflx/ lg:sg zf/Ll/s czQm d}qL dfu{sf] Joj:yf 5 <

leq k:g] jf aflx/ lgl:sg] af6f] dfkb08cg';f/ eP gePsf] k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ / o;nfO{ s}lkmotdf n]Vg'xf];\ . n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf] ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\


ljBfno ejgsf] ;+/rgf czQm JolQmx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f ;xh 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

ljBfno ejgsf] ;+/rgf czQm JolQmx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f Joj:yf sfdrnfp 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf];\

l7s}

ljBfno ejgsf] ;+/rgf czQm JolQmx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f Joj:yf sdhf]/ 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf];\

clt sdhf]/

;'/lIft ljBfno


78

cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu ;ª\s]t;lxtsf] km/flsnf] sl/8f]/ jf Kof;]h

ljBfnosf] ejg lgdf{0f of]hgfdf cfktsfnLg :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu s'g} Joj:yf 5 <

ejg leq / aflx/ lg/LIf0f u/L ;xh :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu lgsf; dfu{sf] Joj:yf eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo] Pssf] 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ .

Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L sl/8f]/x¿ 5g\, tL sl/8f]/x¿ sDtLdf @=$ ld6/ km/flsnf 5g\, aQLsf] /fd|f] k|aGw 5 / cfkt\sfndf ;lhn} klxrfg / k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf];\ .

pTs[i6 ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6

Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L sl/8/x¿ 5g\, tL sl/8/x¿ @=$ ld6/ eGbf sd t/ !=@ ld6/eGbf a9L km/flsnf 5g\, aQLsf] /fd|f] k|aGw 5 / cfkt\sfndf ;lhn} klxrfg / k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf];\ .

/fd|f]

Psdfq sl/8/ 5, Tof] !=@ ld6/eGbf sd km/flsnf] 5, cfkt\sfndf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] # n]Vg'xf];\ .

l7s}

ejg lgdf{0f ;+/rgfdf s'g} cfktsfnLg lgsf;sf] Joj:yf geP $ n]Vg'xf];\ .

clt sdhf]/

em\ofndf l;;f /fVg] xf] eg] b'j}tkm{ kof{Kt 7fpF x'g'k5{ . o;n] ;+/rgfsf] :j?k otfptf ;bf{ klg ToxL 7fpFdf /lx/xg d2t u5{ .

e"sDk ;dodf d'Vo ;+/rgfTds :j?k otfptf ;bf{ klg c;/ gkg]{ lsl;dn] l;;fx¿sf] /flvPsf] 5 <

l;;f / cGo ;dtn j:t' ;'/lIft ¿kdf h8fg ul/Psf] lg/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf dWo] Ps ljsNk /f]Hg'xf];\ .


olb of] s'/f nfu" gx'g] b]lvG5 eg] c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf];\

c;fGble{s

;+/rgfdf x'g] ;/fOn] l;;fdf s'g} c;/ gkfg]{ cj:yfdf ! n]]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

;+/rgfdf x'g] ;/fOn] l;;fx¿ ;'/lIft gx'g] cj:yfdf ) n]Vg'xf];\ .

sdhf]/

79

;'/lIft ljBfno


6fonsf] alnof] / kof{Kt h8fg ul/Psf 5}g eg] e"sDksf a]nf pKs]/ oqtq v;L aflx/ lg:sg c;lhnf] jf c;Dej x'g;S5 .

s] leQfdf 6fonx¿ h8fg ul/Psf 5g\, vf;u/L aflx/ lgl:sg] e¥ofª j/k/ < olb 5g\ eg] s] tL e"sDk ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] alnof];Fu h8fg ul/Psf 5g\ <

tnsf dWo] Ps ljsNk 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6

nfu" gx'g] cj:yfdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf];\

…c;fGble{sÚ

6fonx¿ alnof];Fu h8fg ul/Psf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

6fonx¿ alnof];Fu h8fg ul/Psf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf];\

sdhf]/

cf/;L;L (RCC) 9nfg jf ;f] ;/xsf] ks8

e"sDksf] ;dodf v:g glbg] u/L Kof/flkm6 ejg ;+/rgf;Fu /fd|/L h8fg ul/Psf] 5 <

s8f OF6f k|of]u gu/L agfOPsf] Kof/flkm6 dflysf] ufx|f]nfO{ ;'/lIft gul/P a9L ;ª\s6f;Gg x'G5 .


ejgdf Kof/flkm6 gePsf] cj:yfdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf];\

c;fGble{s

lgoldt cGt/fndf :nfa;Fu dflyaf6 afFWb} Kof/flkm6sf] ufx|f]dfly cf/;L;L aGwg lbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf];\ .

pTs[i6

Kof/flkm6sf] ufx|f]nfO{ v:gaf6 dflysf] h:t} Joj:yf 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

Kof/flkm6 ;'/Iffsf] nflu s'g} pkfo gckgfOPsf] eP # n]Vg'xf];\

clt sdhf]/

;'/lIft ljBfno


80

rf}8fOprfOnDafO

df}h'bf ejgsf] nDafO÷rf}8fOsf] cg'kft / prfO÷rf}8fO cg'kft ejg ;+lxtf cg'?k 5÷5}g <

s}lkmotdf ;+lxtfsf] k|fjwfg zLif{s pNn]v ug'{xf];\ ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6

nDafO. rf}8fO. prfOsf] cg'kft ;'/lIft bfo/fdf eP ! n]Vg'xf];\ .

pTs[i6

nDafO. rf}8fO. prfOsf] cg'kft ;'/lIft bfo/feGbf yf]/} aflx/ k/]df @ n]Vg'xf];\

/fd|f]

nDafO. rf}8fO. prfOsf] cg'kft ;'/lIft bfo/fsf] bfFhf]df dWod :t/n] km/s k/]df # n]Vg'xf];\

l7s}

nDafO. rf}8fO. prfOsf] cg'kft ;'/lIft bfo/feGbf w]/} km/s k/]df $ n]Vg'xf];\

clt sdhf]/

/fd|f] pbfx/0f M ejg lgdf{0f of]hgfn] b'j} lbzftkm{ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf (Grid lines) ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ b]vfpF5 . cyf{t nx/ tyf kª\lt b'j} ;dfg b"/Ldf /x]sf] 5 .

s] ejg lgdf{0fsf] of]hgfdf b'j} lbzftkm{ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ b]vfOPsf] 5 <

tndWo] Ps ljsNk 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6

b'j} lbzftkm{ ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf 5g\ eg] ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

Psftkm{ ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf 5g\ t/ csf]{tkm{ !% k|ltzt ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ eg] ;f] :j¿kdf 5}g eg] @ n]Vg'xf];\

l7s}

!% k|ltzt eGbf a9L t/ @% k|ltzteGbf sd ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf 5}gg\ eg] # n]Vg'xf];\

sdhf]/

@% k|ltzt eGbf a9L ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf 5}gg\ eg] $ n]Vg'xf];\

clt sdhf]/

81

;'/lIft ljBfno


;+/rgfsf ljifox¿

w]/}h;f] :yfgdf ;"Id gS;f+sg x'Fb}g . olb ;;fgf If]qsf] ;d]t gS;fª\sg ePsf] 5 eg] OlGhgLo/n] ljBfno If]qsf] l8hfOg ubf{ To;df Wofg lbg'k5{ .

s] df}h'bf ejg ;;fgf If]qdf x'g;Sg] e"sDkLo hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft 5 <

;"Id gS;fª\sg pknJw eP s}lkmotdf To;sf] ;|f]t v'nfpg'xf];\ . olb lj1af6 zL3« ;+/rgfTds n]vfhf]vf ug'{kg]{ eP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf];\ .


;"Id gS;fª\sg pknJw gePsf] cj:yfdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf];\ / s}lkmot v08df pknAw gePsf] egL hgfpg'xf];\

c;fGble{s

;"Id gS;fª\sgsf] cfwf/df ejg ;'/lIft ePdf ! n]Vg'xf];\ .

pTs[i6

;"Id gS;fª\sgsf] cfwf/df ejg c;'/lIft ePdf ) n]Vg'xf];\ .

clt sdhf]/

s] tkfOF cfkm\gf] If]qsf] e"k|ljlw :j?k -df6f]sf] cj:yf_ af/] hfgsf/ x'g'x'G5 < df6f]sf] k|sf/ Pj+ e"sDkLo If]qsf] cfwf/df ;+/rgf k|0ffnL cjnDag ug'{ePsf] 5 <

olb tkfOF;Fu cfkm\gf] If]qsf] e"ueL{o :j?kaf/] hfgsf/L 5 eg] s}lkmotdf ;|f]t v'nfpg'xf];\ .


;'/lIft ljBfno


82

l:6ndf cfwfl/t k|m]d (Steel Braced Frame)

v08v08 k/]sf] ufx|f] (Shear walled) ;+/rgf

cf/;L;L ;+/rgf

olb tkfOF+sf] If]q g/d jf sd;n df6f]df eP

ejgsf] ufx|f], :tDe / tnsf] hudf :6Lnsf] k|m]dh:tf xn'sf / alnof] ;+/rgfTds k4lt k|of]u ePsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf];\ .

pTs[i6

ejg df6f]sf] agf}6cg'?ksf] ;+/rgfTds k4ltdf cfwfl/t gePdf @ n]Vg'xf];\ .

sdhf]/

olb tkfOF+sf] If]q dWod df6f]df eP

5f]6f]cjlwsf] nflu v08v08 k/]sf] ufx|f], :6Ln hl8Psf, ;;fgf O6f k|of]unufotsf alnof] ;+/rgfTds Joj:yf eP # n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

ejg df6f]sf] agf}6cg'?ksf] ;+/rgfTds k4ltdf cfwfl/t gePdf $ n]Vg'xf];\ .

sdhf]/

tkfOF+sf] If]q s8f df6f]df k/]sf] eP

cf/;L;L k|m]d ;+/rgf, km/skm/s huh:tf bL3{sfnLg nlrnf] k4ltdf ejg cfwfl/t eP % n]Vg'xf];\ .

pTs[i6

ejg df6f]sf] agf}6cg'?ksf] ;+/rgfTds k4ltdf cfwfl/t gePdf ^ n]Vg'xf];\ .

sdhf]/

83

;'/lIft ljBfno


e"sDkk"j{ df6f]df lglxt afFlwg] zlQm

e"sDksf] a]nf df6f]df lglxt afFlwg] zlQmdf x|f;

e"sDksf] a]nf ha df6f]df t/ntf b]lvG5 .

ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ df6f]sf] t/nkgsf] (liquefaction) c;/nfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf] lyof] -olb of] tkfOFsf] If]qdf nfu" x'G5 eg]_ <

o; ;jfndf hfgsf/Lsf] ;|f]t s}lkmotdf v'nfpg'xf];\ . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo]af6 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ .


g/d df6f]n] t/nkg a9fpF5 .

df6f]sf] t/nkg nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf];\

c;fGble{s

ejgsf k"j{clen]v / gSzfx¿ x]g{'xf];\

df6f]sf] t/nkg nfu" x'G5 / ejg l8hfOg ubf{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

df6f]sf] t/nkg nfu" x'G5 t/ ejg l8hfOg ubf{ o;nfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g eg] @ n]Vg'xf];\

clt sdhf]/

s'g}klg hfgsf/Lsf] ;|f]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g / ejg l8hfOg ubf{ t/nkgsf] c;/nfO{ klg Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g eg] # n]Vg'xf];\ .

sdhf]/

ljleGg v08sf] cjnf]sg ubf{ ejgsf] ef/ jxg dfu{ c;dfg 5

ejgsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgfTds PsfOaf6 hudf ;dfg ef/ jxg dfu{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 <

ejgsf] rf/}lt/ 3'd]/ lg/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ . lj1sf] ;'emfj cfjZos eP o;nfO{ s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf];\ .


;dfg ef/ dfu{n] ejgsf] ;+k"0f{ ;+/rgfnfO{ e"sDksf] ;dodf Ps;fy sfd ug{ d2t u5{ . ufx|f]af6 lk9L tyf 5t;Dd ;dfg ef/ axg ug]{ lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ .

;dfg ef/ jxg dfu{ ePdf ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

ef/ jxg dfu{df yf]/} tndfly ePdf @ n]Vg'xf];\

l7s}

ef/ jxg dfu{df w]/} ptf/r9fa ePdf # n]Vg'xf];\

clt sdhf]/

;'/lIft ljBfno


84

e"sDkLo ;'/Iffsf nflu OF6fsf] ufx|f] ePsf] ejgdf lgDg s'/f x'g'k5{ M!= km]bdf, aLrdf / dfly cf/;L;L 9nfgsf] aGwg /fVg'k5{ @= ufx|f]sf] hf]8 cyf{t ufx|f] 6'+lug] 7fpFdf / 9f]sf tyf em\ofnsf b'j}tkm{ 7f8f] ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g'k5{ .

olb ljBfno OF6fsf] ufx|f]n] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] eP, ejg ;+lxtfcg';f/ 7f8f] k|anLs/0f / t];f]{ aGwg k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] jf lyPg <

alg;s]sf ejgdf o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ufx|f] x'G5 . ljutsf] tYofª\s pknAw eP To;af6 hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . o; k|sf/sf] cWoog ug{ g;lsP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf];\ .


7"nf] sDkgdf ;'b[9 lsl;dn] gagfOPsf OF6fsf ejgx¿ ;+s6f;Gg x'G5g\ eGg] k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . o:tf ejgx¿nfO{ e"sDksf] b[li6n] alnof] agfpg ufx|f]sf s'gfnfO{ ;an agfpg], / km]b, em\ofnsf] rf}v6 a:g] efu, aLrdf / dfly cf/;L;L 9nfgsf] aGwg /fVg'k5{ .

OF6fsf] ufx|f] gePsf] ejg jf hfFr ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf];\

c;fGble{s

;a} ufx|f]sf s'gf ;an agfO{ km]bdf, em\ofn, aLrdf / dflyNnf] efudf cf/;L;Lsf] aGwg t];f]{ ¿kdf /flvPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf];\ .

pTs[i6

s]an cf/;L;Lsf] aGwgdfq lbOPsf] eP @ n]Vg'xf];\

l7s}

s]an s'gfx¿nfO{ dfq tf/ tyf ;fgf 808Lx¿ k|of]u u/L dha't agfOPsf] eP # n]Vg'xf];\

l7s}

nrsbf/ -g'lxg] jf afª\lug]_ k|sf/sf efux¿sf sf/0f ;+/rgf k"0f{¿kdf elTsg' eGbf klxn] o;sf] cfsf/df w]/} kl/jt{g cfpF5 h;n] dflg;nfO kof{Kt k"j{;r]t u/fpF5 .

;+/rgfsf] nlrnf]kgsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ejg ;+lxtfcg';f/ o;sf efux¿df tf/ tyf 808Lx¿ k|of]u u/L dha't agfOPsf] lyof] <

klxnf g} ag]sf ejgdf ;+/rgfut nlrnf]kgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . ljutsf tYof+s pknAw eP Tof] x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf n]vfhf]vf ug{ g;lsg] eP s}lkmot hgfpg'xf];\ .


lg/LIf0f ;'lglZrt ug{ g;lsP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf];\

c;fGble{s

;+lxtfcg'?k nrsbf/ ;+/rgfTds efusf] Joj:yfkg eP ! n]Vg'xf];\ .

pTs[i6

olb cf+lzs ¿kdf dfq nrsbf/ efusf] Joj:yf eP @ n]Vg'xf];\ .

l7s}

;+lxtfcg'?k nrsbf/ efusf] Joj:yf geP # n]Vg'xf];\ .

sdhf]/

85

;'/lIft ljBfno


e"sDkLo hf]lvd If]qdf ejgx¿ eP o;sf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg lbg' clgjfo{ x'G5 . e"sDkLo ;'/Iffsf nflu kfng ug'{kg]{ ;+lxtf ljsl;t eO;s]sf 5g\ . h:t} ef/tLo ;+lxtf !*(# / @))@

ejg l8hfOg ubf{ e"sDkLo ef/ jxgdf Wofg lbOPsf] lyof] <

klxnf g} lgdf{0f ePsf ejgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . ljutsf tYofª\s pknAw eP Tof] x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf n]vfhf]vf ug{ g;lsg] eP s}lkmot hgfpg'xf];\


o; s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ g;lsP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf];\ .

c;fGble{s

l8hfOgdf e"sDkLo ef/ jxgnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

l8hfOgdf e"sDkLo ef/ jxgnfO{ Wofg glbOPsf] eP ) n]Vg'xf];\

sdhf]/

:tDe jf vDafsf] ljleGg prfO M le/fnf]df lgdf{0f ubf{

:tDe jf vDafsf] ljleGg prfO M afb{nL z}nL

;+/rgfsf] ljZn]if0f / l8hfOg ubf{ 5f]6f :tDe jf vDafsf] k|efjnfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf] lyof] <

alg;s]sf ejgdf o; k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ sl7g x'G5 . ljutsf tYofª\s pknAw eP Tof] x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf n]vfhf]vf ug{ g;lsg] eP s}lkmot hgfpg'xf];\


ljz]if l6kf]6 M 5f]6f :tDe jf vDafn] a9L e"sDkLo ef/ jxg ug{ ;S5 . ;+/rgfsf] :j?k lgwf{/0fdf 5f]6f :tDe÷vDafn] lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Ng] x'Fbf l8hfOg ubf{ o:tf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ .

lg/LIf0f ;'lglZrt ug{ g;lsP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf];\

c;fGble{s

;+/rgfdf 5f]6f :tDe÷vDafsf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

5f]6f :tDe÷vDafsf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg glbOPsf] eP ) n]Vg'xf];\

sdhf]/

;'/lIft ljBfno


86

OF6fsf] k|of]u ePsf] ejgx¿df v'nf /flvPsf] 7fpFsf] b"/L sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ x'g'kb{5

OF6fsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] ejgdf 9f]sf / em\ofnsf] :yfg Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . tL ;+/rgfx¿ ;'/lIft dfkb08leq /x]g/x]sf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ .

ufx|f]sf] s'gfaf6 em\ofn tyf 9f]sfsf] b"/L sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ x'g'kb{5 . b'O{ v'nf :yfg aLrsf] b"/L klg sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ x'g'kb{5 . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf] ljsNkdWo]af6 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\


OF6fsf] k|of]u eP/ ag]sf] ejg xf]Og eg] …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf];\Ú .

c;fGble{s

;'/lIft dfkb08 kfng gul/P ejg w]/} Ifltu|:t x'g;S5 .

ufx|f]sf] s'gfaf6 em\ofn tyf 9f]sfsf] b"/L ^)) ldlnld6/ / b'O{ v'nf :yfg aLrdf /x]sf] ufx|f] sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ rf}8fOsf] ePdf ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

ufx|f]sf] s'gfaf6 em\ofn tyf 9f]sfsf] b"/L ^)) ldlnld6/ gePdf / b'O{ v'nf :yfg aLrdf /x]sf] ufx|f] sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ rf}8fO eGbf sd ePdf ) n]Vg'xf];\

sdhf]/

rf}8fO ! + rf}8fO @ sf] of]ukmn nDafOsf] cfwf jf a/fa/ x'g'k5{ (W1+W2<=0.5L)

ufx|f]df /x]sf em\ofn tyf 9f]sfsf] rf}8fO ufx|f]sf] ;du| nDafOsf] cfwfeGbf sd jf a/fa/ /x]g/x]sf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ .

em\ofn / 9f]sfsf] rf}8fO gfkL ufx|f]sf] ;du| nDafOsf] cfwfeGbf sd /x]g/x]sf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\


OF6fsf] k|of]uaf6 ag]sf] ejg gePdf c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf];\ .

c;fGble{s

o; dfkb08 kfng gul/Psf] v08df em\ofnsf] rf}vf]6eGbf dflysf] ufx|f]sf] efu ;g{;S5 .

Pp6f ufx|f]df /x]sf em\ofn / 9f]sfsf] ;du| rf}8fO pQm ufx|f]sf] ;du| nDafOsf] cfwf jf Tof]eGbf sd ePsf] / ;a} ufx|f]df o;} dfkb08sf] kfngf ePsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

Pp6f ufx|f]df /x]sf em\ofn / 9f]sfsf] ;du| rf}8fO pQm ufx|f]sf] ;du| nDafOsf] cfwfeGbf a9L eP ) n]Vg'xf];\

sdhf]/

87

;'/lIft ljBfno


u}/;+/rgfsf ljifox¿

e"sDksf] a]nf wf/fsf kfOk k'm6]/ / 5tdf /x]sf 6\ofÍL kN6]/ lkpg] kfgLsf] cefj /xg] cj:yf cfpg;S5 .

s] wf/fsf kfOknfOgx¿, 5tsf] kfgL 6\ofÍL ;'/lIft /flvPsf / afFlwPsf 5g\ <

kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ gePsf] cj:yfdf s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf];\


wf/fsf kfOkx¿, 5tsf] kfgL 6\ofÍL ;'/lIft ¿kdf /flvPsf 5g\ / ljBfnodf xft] kDk klg 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

wf/fsf kfOkx¿, 5tsf] kfgL 6\ofÍL c;'/lIft ¿kdf /flvPsf 5g\ jf lkpg] kfgLsf] k|aGw gePdf ) n]Vg'xf];\

sdhf]/

e"sDksf a]nfdf cfuf] lgefpg k|of]u ul/g] kfgLsf] kfOkdf Iflt eO cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf nflu kfgLsf] cefj x'g ;S5 .

cfuf] lgefpg] kfgLsf kfOkx¿ ;xL¿kdf h8fg ul/Psf]] 5 jf 5}g <

cfuf] lgefpg] kfgLsf kfOkx¿ gePdf s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf];\ . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ .


cfuf] lgefpg] kfOksf] Joj:yf geP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf];\ .

c;fGble{s

cfuf] lgefpg] kfgLsf kfOkx¿ ;xL¿kdf h8fg ul/Psf]] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf];\ .

pTs[i6

cfuf] lgefpg] kfgLsf kfOkx¿ ;xL¿kdf h8fg gePdf ) n]Vg'xf];\

sdhf]/

nrsbf/ h8fg ljGb'x¿

Nofadf h8fg ul/Psf UofF;sf nfOgx¿df nrsbf/ h8fg 5 < cGoyf tL kfOkx¿ r'xfj6 x'g uO cfunfuL x'g;S5 .

ljBfnodf Nofa gePdf s}lkmot hgfpg'xf];\ . n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ .


;'/lIft ljBfno


88

Nofa gePdf c;fGble{s egL n]Vg'xf];\

c;fGble{s

nrsbf/ kfOk k|of]u ePsf] / tL kfOkx¿ plrt :yfgdf afFlwPsf eP ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

nrsbf/ kfOk k|of]u gePsf] / kfOkx¿ plrt :yfgdf gafFlwPsf eP ) n]Vg'xf];\

sdhf]/

h8fg ul/Psf] ;fdfg v;]/ rf]6 nfUg;S5 .

s] em'G8fOPsf aQLnfO{ plrt tl/sfn] s;]/ bfofF–afofF gxlNng] u/L h8fg ul/Psf] 5 <

em'G8fOPsf aQL geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf];\ . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ .


em'G8fOPsf aQL geP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf];\

c;fGble{s

em'G8fOPsf aQLnfO{ plrt tl/sfn] s;]/ h8fg ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

em'G8fOPsf aQLnfO{ plrt tl/sfn] s;]/ h8fg gul/Psf] eP ) n]Vg'xf];\

sdhf]/

h]g]/]6/, Aof6«L Pj+ ljB't\Lo oGqx¿ plrt tl/sfn] g/flvPdf lrKn]/ n8\g ;S5g\ .

e"sDksf] a]nf h]g]/]6/ / o;sf cGo pks/0fx¿ xnrn ug{ g;Sg] u/L /flvPsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ .

s] o; lsl;dsf ;fdu|Lx¿ xnrn ug{ g;Sg] u/L ;'/lIft /flvPsf] 5 < h]g]/]6/ geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf];\ .


h]g]/]6/sf] k|aGw gePdf c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf];\ .

c;fGble{s

h]g]/]6/ cflb xnrn ug{ g;Sg] u/L /flvPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf];\

pTs[i6

h]g]/]6/ cflb xnrn ug{ g;Sg] u/L ;'/lIft /flvPsf] eP 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf];\

sdhf]/

89

;'/lIft ljBfno


t];f]{ ¿kdf

x'g] xnrnaf6

;'/lIft

/xg]u/L h8fg

/ aGwgx¿

/flvPsf]

;'lglZrt

ug'{xf];\ .

cfunfuLsf]

;ªs]t oGq

xnrnaf6

;'/lIft /flvPsf]

5 < aGwgx¿

6'6]/ tL

pks/0fx¿

klN6g jf v:g

;S5g\ .

cfunfuLsf] ;ª\s]t lbg] oGq geP s}lkmotdf

hgfpg'xf];\ . n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo]

5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ .

;Gbe{÷

s}lkmot÷l6kf]6

cfunfuLsf] ;ª\s]t lbg] oGq

gePdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf];\ c;fGble{s

cfuf]sf] ;ª\s]t lbg] oGq

;'/lIft tl/sfn] /flvPsf] eP !

n]Vg'xf];\ .

pTs[i6

cfunfuLsf] ;ª\s]t lbg] oGq

;'/lIft tl/sfn] g/flvPsf] eP

) n]Vg'xf];\ .

sdhf]/

;~rf/ PG6]gf

M t];f]{ ¿kdf

x'g] xnrnaf6

;'/lIft

/xg]u/L h8fg

/ aGwgx¿

/flvPsf]

;'lglZrt

ug'{xf];\ .

PG6]gf nufotsf

;~rf/ pks/0f

e"sDkLo

xnrnaf6 Iflt

gxf]; egL

;'/lIft /flvPsf

5g\ <

olb ljBfnodf To:tf s]xL pks/0fx¿ 5}gg\ eg]

s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf];\ . n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf

ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ .

;Gbe{÷

s}lkmot÷l6kf]6

To:tf s]xL pks/0fx¿ 5}gg\

eg] …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf];\ . c;fGble{s

;~rf/ pks/0f, PG6]gfx¿

;'/lIft /flvPsf 5g\ eg] !

n]Vg'xf];\ .

pTs[i6

;~rf/ pks/0f, PG6]gfx¿

;'/lIft /flvPsf 5}gg\ eg] )

n]Vg'xf];\ .

sdhf]/

;'/lIft ljBfno


90

x'/La

tf;

sf] b[li6

sf]0fa

f6 ljB

dfg

ljB

fnos

f] k|a

nLs

/0f cfjZo

stf n]vfh

f]vfs

f] hfFr

–;"rL

a]u lsdL k|lt306

f

p

Ts[i6

, /fd|f],

l7s}, sdhf]/, clt

sdhf]/

k|d'v k

|Zgsf] pQ/

lbg'k

"j{ tnsf s'/fx¿

cWo

g ug'{x

f];\

k|of]u

stf{n

] o; k

ª\ltdf

lbO

Psf

k|d'v k

|Zgx¿

cWo

g ug]{5

g\

k|of]u

stf{n

] o; kª\ltdf

lbOP

sf

ljsNk

dWo

]af6

x/]s

k|Zgs

f plr

t p

Q/s

f] 5gf

]6 ug]{5

g\ .

k|of]u

stf{s

f] ;'emfj

!k|o

f]ustf{s

f] ;'emfj

@M k

ª\lt -u_

df lbO

Psf] lgb

]{zg

k9]/ cfjZo

s

hfg

sf/L o;

kª\ltdf n]Vg

'xf];\

sv

u3

ª

JofVof

. /]v

flrq

ljBdfg

ljBfn

o ejg

sf] e

"sDk

Lo

;'/I

ffaf/] k

|d'v k

|Zglgb]{z

s a

'Fbfx¿

tyf k|d

'v

k|Zgx

¿sf] j}s

lNks

pQ/x

¿

lgb]{z

g cg'?

ksf] hjfkm

;Gb

e{÷ s

}lkmo

t÷l6kf]6

of]hgf

;8ssf]

kx'Fr

/x]sf]

ejg

If]q

of]hgf

s'g}

klg

ejg

sf] ;'/I

ffsf] dxT

jk"0f{

kIf eg]s

f] d'Vo

;8saf

6 ;f] ejg

If]qd

f k'U

g] ;8ssf] k|s

f/ k

lg P

s

xf] .

tFkfOs

f] If]qd

f k'U

g ;8ssf]

k|sf/df

cfw

fl/t e

P/ t

nsf

ljsNk

dWo

] Ps 5

gf]6

ug'{x

f];\

;Gb

e{÷ s

}lkmo

t÷l6kf]6

d'Vo

;8saf

6 ejg

;Dd

bd

sn k'U

g /

kms{g

ldNg

] b'O{

jf ;

f]eGb

f a9

L ;8s e

Pdf

! n]Vg

'xf];\

pTs

[i6

dfly

sf]

h:t

f] Ps

dfq

;8s

ePd

f @

n]Vg

'xf];\

/fd|f]

sf/dfq hfg

;Sg

] t/

bdsn hfg

g;

Sg]

;8s e

Pdf #

n]Vg

'xf];\

l7s}

df]6/;

fOsndfq hfg

;Sg

] ;8s ePd

f $

n]Vg

'xf];\

sdhf]/

k}bn o

fqL dfq h

fg;Sg

] ePd

f %

n]Vg

'xf];\

clt

sdhf]/

91

;'/lIft ljBfno


kxf8

jf l9:s

f]n]

x'/La

tf;

sf]

j]u

5]s]/ To

;sf] k

|efj

sd u

5{ .

j/k/

sf

e"ag

f}6n] ejg

;Dd

k'U

g] xfjfsf] j]u

nfO{ s

d u

5{ <

ljutsf tYo

fª\s / ;

d'bfos

f] cg'e

jsf cfw

f/df o;

ljifo

df

lg0f{o

lng'x

f];\ . h

fgsf/Ls

f] ;|f]t

s}lkmo

tdf v'nfp

g'xf];

\ .

;Gb

e{÷ s

}lkmo

t÷l6kf]6

xfjfsf] ;De

fJo j

]usf] :t

/ %)

k|lt

zt e

Gbf

a9Ln

] sd u

5{ e

g] !

n]Vg

'xf];\

pTs

[i6

xfjfsf] ;De

fJo j

]usf] :t

/ @%

k|lt

zt e

Gbf

a9L t/

%) k

|ltzt e

Gbf sd d

fq /

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103

;'/lIft ljBfno


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106

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Safe Schol toolkit Nepali

Education

Transcript of Safe Schol toolkit Nepali