Safe Advanced Mobile Power Webinar - IEEE€¦ · Power Management –Traditional App Way Primary...

IEEE Consumer Electronics SocietyFuture Directions

Tom CoughlinVP, IEEE CE Society Future Directions

Soumya Kanti DattaCo-Founder, Future Tech Lab and Member, IEEE CE Society

Lee StognerPresident, Vincula Group, IEEE CE Society, Internet of Things Initiative

Safe Advanced Mobile Power Webinar

IEEE Consumer Electronics Society

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Roadmap

IEEE Future Directions

IEEE CE Society Future Direction Activities

Battery Consumption and Management in

Mobile Devices

Battery Technology Today and in the Future

Conclusion & Q/A


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The IEEE Consumer

Electronics Society Future

Directions Committee


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IEEE Future Directions Initiatives

Funding can come from FD Committee or IEEE NIC


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Consumer Electronics Future Directions

We serve as an active member of the larger

IEEE Future Directions Committee in Technical

Activities

We also have a very active Future Directions

group in the Consumer Electronics Society—

perhaps the most active such group in the IEEE

We have had a FD committee since 2013

CE Society Future Directions could be the way

we make the CE Society more influential and

increase our membership by 2X or more…


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Objectives

Help bring interesting and important

industrial topics to CE Society

Conferences

Help to generate articles for the

Consumer Electronics Magazine

Create new initiatives on important

topics in consumer electronics

Create new standards

Create a bigger and lasting presence of

the Consumer Electronics Society in the

IEEE

Attract new members to the CE Society

Help create the future


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CE Society Future Directions Activities

Safe Advanced Mobile Power (SAMP, led by Lee Stogner)

Consumer Internet of Things (CC-IoT, led by Soumya Kanti

Datta)

Transportation Electrification (TE, led by Yu Yuan)

Cloud Computing for Consumers (CCfC, led by Tom

Coughlin)

Digital Senses including VR and AR (DS, lead by Yu Yuan)

Consumer Privacy and Security (CPS, led by Stephen

Dukes

Future of Making (FM, Bob Frankston and Joe Decuir)


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Mobile Power Initiative Objective

The objective of this effort is to create a safe and

sustainable mobile energy source for a mobile

device, such as a smartphone, that will supply a

week’s worth of “normal” use without recharging

from a fixed power source.

The creation of longer lasting energy sources for

mobile devices will have important technical and

social benefits

Can we create something like “Moore’s Law” for

mobile power?


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Safe Advanced Mobile Power

This activity started in 2014 with funding from an

IEEE Future Directions Seed Grant

Grant helped to fund two workshops on this topic

in 2014 (one in San Jose, CA and the other in

Galway, Ireland)

The 2014 workshops resulted in a white paper on

this topic now on the CE Society FD webpage

New grant in 2015 funded an additional Silicon

Valley workshop and a student design

competition


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A Call to Action!We encourage you to join

our Future Directions

activities

You can join a current

committee, create a new

committee and/or recruit

folks to participate in our

committees.

There are many consumer

trends that we are not yet

involved in

If you have an interest in

one of the current

committees or in helping

create another committee

let us know.


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Power Consumption and Management

in Mobile Devices


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Smartphone Shipping Statistics (1/2)

Source: Counterpoint Research, July 2015


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Smartphone Shipping Statistics (2/2)

Source: IDC


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Intersection of Smartphone and Things

Source: http://www.appmethod.com/internet-of-things


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Wearable Device Shipping Statistics


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Internet of Things


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A High Level View

Smart mobile devices are equipped with

cutting-edge hardware components.

– App developers exploit them to provide state-

of-the-art user experience.

– Simultaneous use of several apps attribute to

higher power consumption.

– Power remains as the main bottleneck for

continuous usage of smart devices.

– Many wearable devices demand always-on

Bluetooth connection.


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Power Consumption at Hardware

Source: Datta, S.K.; Bonnet, C.; Nikaein, N., "Android power management: Current and future trends," in Enabling

Technologies for Smartphone and Internet of Things (ETSIoT), 2012 First IEEE Workshop on, pp.48-53, 18 June 2012.

Dis

pla

y h

ard

ware • High

brightness

• High screen time out

• High device interaction time N

etw

ork

Inte

rface • Prolong

usage of Wi-Fi and Mobile Data

• Bulk data transfer apps like YouTube

CP

U • High operating frequency

• No dynamic frequency scaling


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Energy Consumption at Display


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Power Consumption at Mobile Networks

Network Interface Power Consumption (mA)

Active mode Idle mode

EDGE 300 5

3G 225 2.5 – 3

Wi-Fi 330 12 - 15


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Power Consumption in Software Applications

Frequent waking up in background

Bulk data transfer

Static dissipation

In-app advertisements Auto-sync

Ineffective using of sensors

Source: Datta, S.K.; Bonnet, C.; Nikaein, N., "Minimizing energy expenditure in smart devices," in Information &

Communication Technologies (ICT), 2013 IEEE Conference on, pp.712-717, 11-12 April 2013


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Power Management – Traditional App Way

Primary

Approach

Secondary

Approach

App Example

CPU frequency

scaling

Toggling other

features

Setcpu, cputuner

Control

smartphone

features

CPU frequency

optimization

Juice defender,

extended control

and more

Source: Datta, S.K.; Bonnet, C.; Nikaein, N., "Android power management: Current and future trends," in Enabling

Technologies for Smartphone and Internet of Things (ETSIoT), 2012 First IEEE Workshop on, pp.48-53, 18 June 2012.


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Limitations

Power management was not intelligent.

Some apps require root access

– For CPU freq. scaling.

No focus on power consumption pattern.

Context information is not used for any learning

purpose.

In-app advertising: adds to the power consumption.


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Intelligent Power Management

Smart power saving

– Monitoring smartphone usage and learning

usage patterns

– Compute and apply dynamic power saving

profiles

Smart app development technique

– Power and context aware mobile app

development framework


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Usage Pattern – Why?

By studying usage pattern of mobile phones

– We can understand how power is spent

– Identify “power waste”

E.g. keep mobile data on while sleeping at night

– Forms a stepping stone towards power

saving


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Usage Pattern – How Does it Work?

Three steps

– Collect raw usage data from mobile phones over a week.

– Upload that to a remote server (could also be done locally).

– Additional processing generated usage patterns.

Usage patterns are characterized based on

– Day of the week (d)

– Time interval of a day (t)

– Location (s).

They are retrieved using the context monitor module.

– For each (d, t, s), a pattern is generated.


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Architecture


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Power Saving Profiles

The power saving profiles are essentially a set of settings that

can

– Regulate the network technologies

– Amount of mobile data transfer

– Brightness level

– Limit the network traffic per app

– Scale CPU frequency dynamically (with root permission)

The profiles are activated intelligently to reduce power

consumption in the smart devices.

One profile is generated for each usage pattern.

The profiles are computed in the remote server.


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Example

Mobile phone

– Samsung Galaxy S2 running Android 2.3.4

Usage pattern characterized by

– Day of week – Monday

– Time duration - 18:04 – 21:09

– Location – home of the user


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Usage Pattern and Power Saving Profile

Source: Datta, S.K.; Bonnet, C.; Nikaein, N., "Personalized power saving profiles generation analyzing smart

device usage patterns," in Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), 2014 7th IFIP, pp.1-8, 20-22

May 2014.


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Power Consumption Reduction

Source: Datta, S.K.; Bonnet, C.; Nikaein, N., "Personalized power saving profiles generation analysing smart

device usage patterns," in Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), 2014 7th IFIP, pp.1-8, 20-22

May 2014.


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Smart App Development Framework

Objective: development of power aware mobile apps.

Consider: power efficiency across the entire lifecycle of apps to

minimize overall power consumption.

Applications need to respond to the battery level, status

(AC/USB charging or discharging) and context information by

modifying their behaviour, optimizing resource usage &

performance and user experience (UX).

The strategies are useful for optimizing performance without

compromising UX at higher battery level.

When the battery is critically low, the application will offer energy

efficient alternatives to the user to minimize the battery

consumption while compromising the UX.


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Self-Adaptive Framework

Source: Datta, S.K.; Bonnet, C.; Nikaein, N., "Self-adaptive battery and context aware mobile

application development," in Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference

(IWCMC), 2014 International, pp.761-766, 4-8 Aug. 2014


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Experimental Results


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Powering Wearables and IoT Devices

Most consumers are not going to buy such a device just

because they are smart.

For a product to gain acceptance, its smart features must

provide real value.

The smart features must have valuable enhancements.

– Can’t be seen as an “extra baggage” by consumers.

– Must be small, lightweight and maintenance free.

That means their power supplies must become

“invisible”.


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Traditional Batteries have Drawbacks

Improvement in energy density (Li-Ion battery) is

quite slow

– Such batteries do not last the life of devices.

Chemical batteries have additional drawbacks

– Large size

– External and frequent charging

– Possibility of chemical leakage


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The Solution

Solid State Batteries and Wireless Charging

The characteristics of solid state batteries make them

beneficial to power wearables and IoT devices

– High energy density

– Very small in dimensions

– No chemical related hazards

– Low self-discharge date

Wireless charging can be achieved by

– Energy harvesting

– Near field charging


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Apart from Batteries …

Low power consuming display hardware

Low power communication

– Bluetooth Low Energy stack

Low power processor

Software and applications


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Battery Technology Today

And In The Future

Plus A Bit of History for Perspective


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The Periodic Table of Batteries

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Electrochemical Battery History

“Baghdad Batteries”

– ~1000-2000 years ago.

– Terracotta jars containing a copper cylinder separated from an iron

rod by a non-conductive stopper, and filled with an electrolyte.

– Use: electroplating


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The Voltaic Pile

– Invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800

– Zinc and Copper with a cloth soaked in brine

– Technical Flaws:

Compressing of cloth created shorts

Short battery life

The Daniel Cell

– Invented in 1836 by John Daniell

The Lead-Acid Cell

– Invented in 1859 by Gaston Planté

– First rechargeable battery

The Zinc-Carbon Cell

– Invented in 1887 by Carl Gassner


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The Nickel-Cadmium Battery

– Invented in 1899 by Waldmar Jungner.

The common Alkaline Battery

– Invented in 1955 by Lewis Urry

The Nickel Metal-Hybrid Battery

– NiMH batteries for smaller applications started to be on the market

in 1989.

Lithium and Lithium-ion Batteries

– First lithium batteries sold in the 1970s

– First lithium-ion batteries sold in 1991

– First lithium-ion polymer batteries released in 1996


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How Electrochemical Batteries

Work, The Daniel CellREDOX Reaction

– Oxidation, the loss of electrons, occurs at the anode.

– Reduction, the gain of electrons, occurs at the cathode.

Electron Flow →

Salt BridgeAnode Cathode

Electrolyte Electrolyte

---- +++


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Quick Overview of Other Batteries

Mercury Battery

– Shelf life of up to 10 years.

Silver-Oxide Battery

– Prohibitive costs, but excellent energy density.

Atomic Batteries

– Thermionic Converter

– Thermo Photovoltaic Cells

– Reciprocating Electromechanical Atomic Batteries

Betavoltaics

– Use energy from atom decay emitting beta radiation

– Used for remote and long-term needs, e.g. spacecraft


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Terminology and Units

Primary Batteries – Disposable

Secondary Batteries – Rechargeable

emf – Electromotive force, voltage

Ampere∙hour (Ah) = 3600 coulombs, a

measure of electric charge

Watt ∙hour (Wh) = 3600 joules, a measure of

energy

Ah = (Wh) / emf


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Primary Alkaline Batteries

Can lose 8 – 20% charge every year at room temperature.

Discharge performance drops at low temperatures.

AAA AA 9V C D

Capacity

(Ah)

1.250 2.890 0.625 8.350 20.500

Voltage 1.5 1.5 9 1.5 1.5

Energy

(Wh)

1.875 4.275 5.625 12.525 30.75


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Secondary Batteries

Self-discharge more quickly than primary batteries

Must not overcharge because that will damage the batteries. Quick

charges will also damage the batteries.

Must not over-discharge.

NiCd has “memory effect.”

NiCd is better for applications where current draw is less than the

battery’s own self-discharge rate.

NiMH have a higher capacity, are cheaper, and are less toxic than

NiCd.

Low-Capacity NiMH

(1700-2000 mAh)

High-Capacity NiMH

(2500+ mAh)

NiCd

Charge Cycles 1000 500 1000


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Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Ion

Polymer BatteriesGreat energy-to-weight ratio (~160 Wh/kg compared to 30-80

Wh/kg in NiMH)

No memory effect.

Slow self-discharge rate.

Battery will degrade from moment it is made.

Protection circuits are required to protect the battery.

Li-Ion Polymer batteries are significantly improved.

– Higher energy density.

– Lower manufacturing costs

– More robust to physical damage

– Can take on more shapes.


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Lithium-Ion – Problems ?

50

(Reuters, Dec 2, 2014) - A lithium-ion battery that

caught fire aboard a parked Boeing 787 in 2013 in

Boston had design flaws and it should not have

been certified by the U.S. Federal Aviation

Administration, U.S. accident investigators said on

Monday.

The National Transportation Safety Board said the

battery, manufactured by GS Yuasa Corp,

experienced an internal short circuit that led to

thermal runaway of the cell. This condition caused

flammable materials to be ejected outside the

battery's case and resulted in a small fire, the NTSB

said in its report on the incident.

The agency said its investigators found a number of

design and manufacturing concerns that could have

led to the short circuiting, including the presence of

foreign debris and an inspection process that could

not reliably detect defects.

http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview?symbol=BA.N&lc=int_mb_1001


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The Most Annoying Problem in

Computing is Still UnsolvedEveryone is carrying electronic gadgets

Mobile Internet is expected to surpass PC use by 2015

New categories of mobile are coming led by smart watches

Batteries cannot keep up with the needs of modern mobile devices


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Battery Technology vs Energy Demand


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How do I improve the battery life of mobile devices ?

– Make the electronics more efficient

– Improve the efficiency of software applications

– Improved charging

– Improve the technology and energy density of batteries

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Wearables are driving compact Mobile Power

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New Mobile Battery Technology

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Researchers develop low cost, environmentally friendly way to

produce sand-based lithium ion batteries that outperform standard

by three times


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A Japanese battery maker and a Japanese auto racing team have announced a

collaboration to develop an electric car battery, whose promised performance

certainly raises an eyebrow. The battery maker’s claims — faster charge times,

greater capacity, longer range, greater number of charge-discharge cycles and

less volatility than conventional lithium-ion EV batteries — perch the technology

at the moment somewhere between “breakthrough” and “too good to be true.”

PowerJapan Plus, whose recent announcement video cites ten years’ lab

development of its battery, has to date remained guarded about its proprietary

technology. The company’s webpage about the “Ryden Dual Carbon Battery”

states that it uses both a carbon anode and carbon cathode made from modified

cotton fibers. (Ryden is a homophone of “Raijin,” a Shinto god of lightning,

thunder, and storms.)


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60

Researchers at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University developed bio-battery gets charged by Sugar.

Once this bio-battery gets charged it takes 10 days to

discharge. Researchers claims that their battery

provides more electricity output as compared to output

provided by normal Lithium-ion battery.


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Imprint Energy, of Alameda, California, has been testing its

ultrathin zinc-polymer batteries in wrist-worn devices and

hopes to sell them to manufacturers of wearable electronics,

medical devices, smart labels, and environmental sensors.


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UCLA researchers have developed a groundbreaking technique

that uses a DVD burner to fabricate miniature graphene-based

supercapacitors — devices that can charge and discharge a

hundred to a thousand times faster than standard batteries.


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64

Harvesting Static Electricity


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The Energy Harvesting Antenna


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66Harvesting Waste Heat


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The Gravity Light


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68

Quantum Dots Made From Fool's Gold


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The Clean Battery


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70The Solar Battery – Ohio State University


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The Redox Flow Lithium Battery

71 Flow batteries generate a charge when two liquids flow adjacent to each other


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72Solid-State Lithium Metal


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The Nuclear Battery – University of Missouri


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It’s a biofuel cell concept

which makes electricity using

the glucose from the snail’s

blood. However in a human

where glucose is constantly

replenished it could be used to

power implanted medical

devices like your pacemaker.

However it probably wouldn’t

be powerful enough for your

smartphone. Maybe this is

how they generated electricity

from Humans in the Matrix ?


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75

Thomas Edison designed a

battery to power cars and built

an ‘EV’ using it in 1889.

Stanford University scientists

have recently modified the

Nickel Iron battery structure

using graphene incorporated

into the iron anode and carbon

nanotubes incorporating nickel

as the cathode. As a result now

we have an ultra-fast nickel-

iron battery.


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The First Sodium Ion Battery

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The Fuel Cell

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The Fuel Cell

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The Apollo Fuel Cell was

designed to provide safe

reliable power to send men to

the moon and back.

One is on display at the LA

Science Museum.


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The Fuel Cell – Mobile Packaging

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The Fuel Cell – Scalable Technology

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Can we manage our charging ?

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Can we manage our applications ?

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What is the ultimate SAMP ?

83What will you invent for SAMP ?


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Where to Learn More

84http://cesoc.ieee.org/about/future-directions/safe-advanced-mobile-power.html


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Where to Learn More

85 https://www.linkedin.com/groups/8304488


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Where to Learn More

86

http://flip.it/6Uk60


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Where to Learn More

87 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/


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Where to Learn More

IEEE Transportation Electrification Initiative, http://electricvehicle.ieee.org

IEEE Consumer Electronics Society, http://cesoc.ieee.org/

IEEE Power & Energy Society, http://www.ieee-pes.org/

IEEE Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology Society, http://cpmt.ieee.org/

IEEE Xplore Digital Library, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp

Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, JCESR, http://www.jcesr.org/

European Portable Battery Association (EPBA), http://www.epbaeurope.net/

China Industrial Association of Power Sources (CIAPS), http://www.cibf.org.cn/

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http://cesoc.ieee.org/


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Summary

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Solar for light

Methane for generators

Biomass Gasifiers

Running water and other

motion

Local sources of energy

What we develop to

Power mobile devices

can help a lot of people

http://national.deseretnews.com/article/1950/John-Hoffmire-Why-we-must-take-energy-

poverty-seriously.html

Conclusion and Q&A

Tom Coughlin, [email protected]; Soumya Kanti Datta,

[email protected]; Lee Stogner, [email protected]

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