Safalta Report

8/7/2019 Safalta Report

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The study conducted on A comparative study of Aspirational differences among MBA and

B.tech students. aims at highlighting its impact on the aspirational levels of the students.

Through this research, I have studied the aspirational differences of MBA and B .tech students of

GLA University and tried to find out the nature of aspirations and their effect on different

demographic groups .

The analysis is done with the help of pie charts depicting the percentage of students perceived

most important dimensions of aspirations and likely to attain these dimensions in reality.

From these questionnaires, it has been identified that major dimensions that perceived

importance and likelihood were wealth, personal growth and relationship combining results for

both.

The findings reveal that the post graduate management student perceived high importance to

personal growth, on contrary when it came to likelihood of attainment it shifts to wealth, and the

undergraduate technical students perceived high importance to wealth, byt when it came for

likelihood of attainment there is no vast variation and some new dimensions also been

undertaken.

.


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTI0N

1.1Introduction to the topic

The topic comparative study of aspirational differences among MBA and B.tech students is

focusing on the problem of organizations high attrition rate.

One of the problems that organizations face today is that of retaining employees.

Today, the HR fraternity is facing new challenges every day, finding new solutions and

undergoing significant changes. The modern HR has revolutionized the employer-employee

relationship. The organizations and HR experts have realized that no organization can be

successful without the success of its employees. According to various HR experts and

professionals, one of the prime reasons of present high attrition rates in all the sectors is the

rising and unsatisfied aspirations of the employees

This issue of high attrition can be addressed by relating it to the aspirational levels of the

students at the very beginning because they are the potential employees. Aspiration can be

categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic, and understanding these with respect to the students as

they are the potential employees would help organizations design more meaningful and relevant

reward system.

Organizations are making the retention of talented employees a priority because there remains a

limited supply of talented professionals. Monetary rewards for a job well-done can be an

effective means of retaining employees, but it is just one of the several components, not

necessarily the driving factor. This issue of high attrition can be addressed by relating it to the

aspirational levels of the students. An understanding and consideration of the aspiration of

students who are the potential employees may be significant in formulating motivation strategies

which will be an important element in retaining the talented employees.

Through this study I just want to focus on the aspirational differences of students and their level

of aspiration of different factor of aspiration. This study also helps to know about the effect of


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certain factors on level of aspirations of such students. These factors are such as their

background, schooling background etc.


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1.2 BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Aspiration: -

The true meaning of aspiration is the will to succeed.

It can also mean something like a cherisheddesire.

Employee Aspirations

As an individual, every employee has a will to succeed, has some goals and needs in every

aspect of his life. The majority of todays workforce is young , savvy, knowledgeable,

mobile and ready to cove the extra mile for their careers. High on aspirations, goals and

ambitions, they know what exactly they want.

Employees have also become conscious anddemanding than ever before. Employees look for an opportunity where they can apply and also

hone their skills over the time, want to feel needed, important, and contributing to the

organization, a challenge and opportunities to prove their credibility; and go back home with a

sense of accomplishment. Facing the brunt of the high attrition rates and instability of the

workforce, HR fraternity has been forced to look beyond the traditional ways and tools of

motivating employees and performance management. The modern HR management is making an

effort to identify and manage the aspirations of the employees, so that performers don't move on

to the greener pastures (other companies) at the other side of the fence. Managing employee

aspirations has emerged as the latest retention tool for the organizations.

Different people, different aspirations:

Basically, an employee's aspirations can range from career aspirations i.e. the responsibilities,

authority and position, to the economic aspirations in terms of the money or the compensation

involved. But, an important issue or point which cannot be neglected in this regard is aspirations

differ from person to person. Different people have different perspectives and different

aspirations.

Today employees want to move up the ladder of success very fast. But where some people long

for the vertical growth, some strive for the lateral growth. For example, an assistant manager can

have entrepreneurial aspirations and might aspire to become the VP or head the department,


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whereas an employee engaged in some technical job might want to achieve mastery in his skill or

craft.

The worst effected are the employees at the junior level, where the employee aspiration levels

are at all-time high but the jobs have rather very low scope of growth.

Taking care of employee aspirations:

No employee wants to limit his/her growth and learning. Employee dissatisfaction leads to poor

performance, low productivity and eventually high attrition rates. Therefore, the organisation

should take care of the employee's aspirations to retain employees and making them with the

organisation. People leave an organisation when there is a disparity between the employee's

desired career path and the path provided by the organisation. There needs to be a match and

alignment between them.

Complications involved:

"Employee aspirations and organisation" is a sensitive and complicated issue, and definitely not

without the frills. One of the most practical problems faced by the organisation is the fact that

many-a-times the employee aspirations fluctuate or increase at the most opportune or suitable

time. Technically speaking, understanding employee aspirations is not an easy task. Employee

satisfaction, employee engagement, employee expectations and employee aspirations are all

inter-related. Therefore, it would be appropriate to say that this issue carries an excess baggage.

Students Aspiration

Student aspirations is a term that is used frequently in education, yet there is little understanding

and agreement as to what it means and even less understanding about its origin. It is the purpose

of this paper to trace some of the key historical perspectives of the construct of aspirations, and

from this backdrop introduce a new manner in which to view Student aspirations. We have

elected here to highlight two influential areas of research: level of aspiration and achievement

Motivation. These key areas, supplemented by social comparison theory, provide a historical

framework with whichto understand aspirations.

Level of Aspiration


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The concept of "level of aspiration" was first noted by Dembo (1931/1976) in an experiment

designed to investigate anger. In an effort to evoke frustration and anger, subjects were asked to

engage in tasks that were either very difficult or impossible to perform. An unintended

consequence of the experiment was that subjects formulated their own, medial aim when the

original objective was too difficult to attain. This transitional goal, although relatively easier to

accomplish, represented a step toward the more challenging objective. Dembo called this

intermediate goal the subject's "momentary level of aspiration" (Gardiner,1940). Early level of

aspiration experiments explored the conditions for success and failure experiences (Frank, 1941).

In those instances, success and failure experiences were inferred from the general behavior of the

subjects. The next 2 decades witnessed investigations designed to quantify, for a given task, the

levels at which individuals intended to perform. The attempt to operationalize the concept of

aspirations was made through the quantification of such measures as height, rigidity/mobility,

and responsiveness. These all represented specific goal-setting behaviors.

Factors Impacting On Student Aspirations and Expectations

Introduction

This report provides a detailed coverage of research on Factors impacting on student aspirations

and expectations in regional Australia that was contracted and funded by the Department of

Education, Science and Training (2002). Within the terms of the contract, the term regional

referred to regional, rural and remote areas of Australia and is used in this way in this report.

Quite specifically, the study set out to:

y Provide a better understanding of the aspirations and expectations of students in regionalareas of Australia

y Identify the underlying factors that drive those aspirations and expectations, in particular,any factors differentiating the aspirations and expectations of students in regional areas

from those of their urban counterparts the rurality factor(s)

y Identify barriers that might hinder students pursuit of their aspirations, andy Identify strategies that have proven effective in enhancing and sustaining the aspirations

and expectations of students in regional areas.


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Aspirational value

y a quality in fiction that makes it appeal to an audience, in which it describes situationsand objects which people aspire to or aspire to have, e.g. romance, money, prestige

.

Aspirations Index

Scale Description

Aspirations refer to peoples life goals, and SDT research on aspirations has focused on the

relative strength of intrinsic aspirations (viz., meaningful relationships, personal growth, and

community contributions) versus extrinsic aspirations (viz., wealth, fame, and image).

S pecifically, research has examined the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of placing

strong relative importance on the extrinsic versus the intrinsic aspirations. Additional research

has examined the consequences of actually attaining extrinsic versus intrinsic aspirations.

The Aspiration Index was developed to assess peoples aspirations. There are 7 categories of

aspirations with five specific items within each category. The seven categories include: the

extrinsic aspirations of wealth, fame, and image; the intrinsic aspirations of meaningful

relationships, personal growth, and community contributions; and the aspiration of good health

which turned out not to be clearly either extrinsic or intrinsic. Participants rate: (1) the

importance to themselves of each aspiration, (2) their beliefs about the likelihood of attaining

each, and (3) the degree to which they have already attained each. Various approaches to data

analyses can be found in research articles such as Kasser and Ryan (1996).


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Research has revealed that having strong relative aspirations for extrinsic outcomes was

negatively associated with mental health indicators; whereas, placing more importance on

intrinsic aspirations was found to bepositively associated with mental health indicators (Kasser

& Ryan, 1993; 1996).Studies have also shown that, whereas self-reported attainment of intrinsic

aspirations was positively associated with well-being, attainment of extrinsic aspirations was not

(Kasser & Ryan, in press; Ryan, Chirkov, Little, Sheldon, Timoshina, & Deci, 1999). Further,

Sheldon and Kasser (1998) found in a longitudinal study that well-being was enhanced by

attainment of intrinsic goals, whereas success at extrinsic goals provided little benefit. Finally,

initial evidence suggests that controlling, uninvolved parenting is associated with the

development of strong relative extrinsic aspiration, whereas autonomy-supportive, involved

parenting is associated with the development of stronger intrinsic aspirations (Kasser, Ryan, Zax,

& Sameroff, 1995; Williams, Cox, Hedberg, & Deci, 2000). Chapters by Ryan, Sheldon, Kasser,

& Deci (1996) and Kasser (2002) are excellent sources for reviews of this research area.

Aspirations can also be used in marketing:-

Unfortunately in the real world you do not operate as a sole supplier and customers have choice .

They can choose either to take your offering or someone else's. Marketing is about understanding

customers' needs and wants and then crafting your offering to be as close to those needs as

possible so that they buy yours. Note that wants and needs are not the same and it is critical to

understand the difference between them or you will be focussing on the wrong driver:

Wants are what a person desires and are aspirational (e.g. I want a Mont Blanc pen - but maybe I

only want something to write with and will buy a pencil or a ball point pen, or maybe just some

other form of communication - or is it just a fashion accessory or perhaps a status symbol that

says something about me (conspicuous consumption)

Needs are what people/firms must have to carry on what they are doing (at the basic personal

level: food, shelter, clothing etc [cf Maslow's 'Hierarchy of Needs']). When it comes to the

crunch - customers will buy to satisfy their needs.

Linking needs to wants, however, is usually a very productive marketing strategy because,

normally, the closer that you can make a customer feel that wants and needs are aligned the more


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successful you will be. Offering something that feels like a Rolls-Royce but for the budget of a

family saloon could be a winner (but at what cost?!). When Japanese car makers entered the UK

market they focussed on cheap cars with features as standard that were extra on other cars - i .e.

they met real needs for transport but included aspirational wants for other features (tape players

etc) at needs prices - and took significant market share. Advertising often links this aspirational

aspect of our lives to needs by linking glamorous lifestyles (e.g. Martini) or sex (e.g. Obsession)

or 'cool' (e.g.Specsavers) to products.

Aspirational Marketing

Second entry in a series about building better station brands.

How do we create radio that listeners feel loyal about and actively seek to associate with? How

do we get listeners to feel connected to the degree that they wear our radio brand like a badge?

Aspirational Marketing begins by defining the values that will result in your listeners achieving

their ideal self-image. For the average listener of your station, is the ideal self-image patriotic,

anti-authority, trend setting, popular, family first, sex first, intelligent, street smart, hard

working/blue collar, wealthy, salt of the earth, philanthropic, eclectic, popular, part of the "in"

crowd, outside the box, rebellious, law abiding, optimistic, skeptical, etc.? The answer won't be

one, but a list of characteristics that create a unique qualitative profile.

Traditionally, radio has applied the Reis and Trout concept of owning a word in the listener's

mind directly too the music. That's how we've arrived at an industry fighting for the format

words like lite, soft, classic, variety, new, hits, hot, etc .... As good brand managers, we then

devote ourselves to making sure that every promotion, piece of copy, DJ, et al . reinforced this

word or slogan.

A slogan is not a brand.

Don't treat your slogan like it is your brand. A slogan is a marketing tool to succinctly give your

brand some definition. Use you slogan to reinforce the marketing vision of your station. That


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gives an even greater importance to making sure that you are making a statement that will have

impact.

A station noticed they could be first in the market to own the word "variety" and they claimed it,

used it every time the mic. opened, and used it to define their brand. The next station seeing that

someone already owned the word "variety" decided to create a new category and they pounced

on the phrase, the "best mix of soft rock". While this is essentially the same as variety, they the

created the new category of by specifying variety specializing in soft rock. It would appear this

was the 22 Immutable Laws properly played, but there are a few problems:

1. The format distinctions are so narrow they really only help define a difference to industry

insiders. Neither station owns a distinguishable image. 2. More importantly, the words being

used to define the two brands are meaningless. If our goal is to own a position, word or idea in

our listeners minds, we should strive to choose a position that has meaning to the consumer! The

typical words radio uses to define our brands have no emotional value. Is the listener a better

person because station one owns the word "variety" or that station two owns "mix/soft rock". No,

so why should the listener care? Essentially, radio brands are being defined by words that are

hollow to anyone outside our industry.

Define your brand with emotion

What are the aspirational values that defined the ideal self-image of you listener demographic?

Come up with a short list, lets limit it to five for our exercise...now rank those five from most to

least important. Lets say our list looks like this:

1.FamilyFirst

2.Patriotic

3hardworking

4optimistic

5. popular

Now, what if you could be first in the market to own one of these values? Is you listener a better

person if you brand is defined as family friendly? Of course, they feel like better parents. What


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about patriotic? Yes, they then see themselves as better Americans. In other words, if your radio

brand is defined more by these aspirational concepts, words that have real meaning to you

audience, your listeners will feel closer to their ideal self-image. That has tremendous emotional

implications and the result is a much more valuable brand because it is defined by words and

concepts that affect listeners emotionally. Now we can apply the basics of the 22 Immutable

Laws, our brand should be first in the market to own the most important aspirational values of

our listeners.

Aspiration its all about persbective: An Example:-

A friend of mine recently told the story (on her own web log) about teaching her ESL class. For

some reason she thought it appropriate to teach them the word

"supercalifragilisticexpialidocious." At the very least this word can generate an interesting

discussion of what makes a word a word. Would we consider this a lexeme? What is semantic

content to this word? I'm pretty sure it's an adjective. And it probably means something like

"super." I can't remember the lyrics of that part ofMary Poppins but I remember the tune clearly.

It gives me headache. Is there a lyric something like 'lumdiddle-iddle' in there?

So what makes this of interest to me is my friend's admission that she doesn't know how the

word is spelled but when her students asked her to write it out for them she chose to spell it

"supercalifragilisticexbealidocious." And sure. It works. I knew what word she meant when I

read it.

But it's not the spelling I would have used. There's a letter sequence in there that I noticed when I

read it: the "xbe". My guess would have chosen "kspi" for that sequence. Why do she and I see

that sequence differently? Because I'm a big believer in onset maximization. To say it as simply

as I know how...


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In English, when stops are the initial sound in a word, they are aspirated . There's a slight puff of

air audible right after the release. When an 's' comes before the stop there is no puff of air. (Well

-- it's less audible.) Compare the following:

The /p/ in pin and spin

The /k/ in kit and skit

The /t/ in tab and stab

Since English does not differentiate between an aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stop the +/-

aspiration alternation is more likely seen as a voiceless/voiced alternation. That is, since voiced

stops are not aspirated, an initial unaspirated voiceless stop sounds like a voiced stop.

Now consider the two spellings I suggested for our long word above. Her use of 'x' makes me

think that she syllabified the 'ks' as a coda cluster.So her unaspirated bilabial stop sounded like a

voiced bilabial stop because she analyzed the onset as a single consonant . Analyzing the [s] as

part of the coda she would have expected a to be aspirated .

Because I love onset maximization I have just assumed that the syllable. After the [s] an

unaspirated is what I'd expect.

After searching around I find that "xp" is probably the correct spelling. Even so...I syllabify

"expert" with a maximized onset and an unaspirated [p].

A while ago on the ADS list serve there was discussion of a local pronunciation of "Wisconsin"

heard by some as "Wisconsin." Several people called attention to the aspiration alternation and

suggested that it's primarily an alternation of syllabification. Where most will syllabify the word

some locals (and surely some non-locals as well) will syllabify it. Note the difference in

aspiration.


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Aspirational brand:-

In consumer marketing, an aspirational brand (or product) means a large segment of its

exposure audience wishes to own it, but for economical reasons cannot. An aspirational product

implies certain positive characteristics to the user, but the supply appears limited due to limited

production quantities.

An important characteristic of an aspirational product is that the part of its exposure audience

that is at present economically unable to purchase it, thinks of itself as having a fair probability

of at a certain point in the future being able to do so. This part of the exposure audience is

referred to as the aspirational audience, whereas the part of the exposure audience that already

can afford the product is called the consumption audience. Consumption audience and

aspirational audience together form the aspirational product's target audience, which typically

represents 30%-60% of the exposure audience

Weak aspirational brands have target audiences that are almost as large as their exposure

audiences (e.g. mp3 player brands), and are therefore slowly becoming commodity brands, e.g.

brands with consumption audiences that coincide with the exposure audience (and therefore,

brands without an aspiring audience).

As a general rule, an aspirational brand and its products can command a price premium in the

marketplace over a commodity brand. This ability can to a large extent be explained by the

consumer's need for invidious consumption for which he is willing to pay a premium. The

smaller the size of the product's target audience compared to the exposure audience, the more the

product satisfies this need, and the higher the premium that such a consumer is prepared to pay.

The larger the ratio of aspirational to consumption consumers in the target audience, the higher

the brand's premium, e.g. Maybach cars. To keep the premium level of a brand high, the

consumption portion of the audience should not exceed 30% of the aspirational audience.


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Aspirational Brand or Model: Fashion Magazines

In the context of fashion magazines, the "aspirational model" offers readers continuing (and

continually changing) fashion, beauty, and physical ideals to which they can aspire but, perhaps,

never actually achieve. Criticized for this approach, magazine editors have claimed that their

readers do not want to see "real-life" models or the way that beauty products and clothes look on

"real women"; that they buy the magazines in the first place because they prefer the aspirational

fantasies, and in the second, because they continually hope that by following the advice or

buying the products, they will achieve the ever-changing looks that the magazine promotes via

the models and photographic/technological wizardry.

Aspirational Brand Strategy

Aspirational brand strategies are strategies designed to reposition a brand within a marketplace.

The idea is that brand can lead organizational change and lead consumer opinion about a brand.

Aspirational brand strategies are used when the current image of the brand is either negative or

no longer relevant to the company.

A classic example of a company repositioning a brand aspirationally is The McGraw-Hill

Companies. Consumer research showed that the general public strongly associated the name

McGraw-Hill with school text books. While education products remain a pillar of the company,

the business owns other well-known brands such as Standard & Poor's, McGraw-Hill Education,

Platts, and J.D. Power & Associates. The company has repositioned around the aspiration of

providing people "with the information and insights they need to adapt and grow in changing

times" with the tagline of "About a Smarter, Better World".[1]

Companies should use great care in employing an aspirational brand strategy. The company

needs to be structured around truly delivering on the promise and must have employees who

understand the brand goals and actively and daily work to achieve them. BP learned the dangers

of aspirational branding during the summer of 2010 during the BP/Deepwater Oil Spill disaster.

As the article BP: Disingenuously Branding explains, the aspiration of the company to be

environmentally friendly and "Beyond Petroleum" backfired in a big way


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1.3 Objectives of the Study

1. To understand the nature of dimensions of aspiration.2. To determine the differences in the importance and likelihood of attainment.3. To identify different dimensions of aspiration between different demographic groups and

certain others factors.

4. To make comparison between dimensions perceived and in reality among B.tech andMBA students.


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1.4 Scope of the proposed Study

One of the problem that organization face today is that of retaining talented employees this is

because of aspirational level of employees

This study is based on aspirational scale to differentiate between GLA Universitys postgraduate

(MBA) students and under graduate technical students.

This study here by try to analyze demographic factors which effect aspirational level of such

students.

This study mainly focuses on two different dimensions of importance and likelihood on fame

wealth, image personal growth relationship community health, respectively, among them.


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CHAPTER-2

INTRODUCTION TO THE SECTOR

This study is based on the academic sector with special reference to GLA University Mathura.

For this study I would like to include the small introduction of academic sector and education

system.

Education in India is mainly provided by the public sector, with control and funding coming

from three levels: federal, state, and local. Child education is compulsory. The Nalanda

University was the oldest university-system of education in the world. Western education

became ingrained into Indian society with the establishment of the British Raj.

Education in India falls under the control of both the Union Government and the states, with

some responsibilities lying with the Union and the states having autonomy for others. The

various articles of the Indian Constitution provide for education as a fundamental right . Most

universities in India are Union orState Government controlled.

HIGHER EDUCATION

India's higher education system is the third largest in the world, after China and the United

States. The main governing body at the tertiary level is the University, which enforces its

standards, advises the government, and helps coordinate between the centre and the state.

Accreditation for higher learning is overseen by 12 autonomous institutions established by

the University Grants Commission.

As of 2009, India has 20 central universities, 215 state universities, 100 deemed universities, 5

institutions established and functioning under the State Act, and 13 institutes which are of

national importance. Other institutions include 16000 colleges, including 1800 exclusive

women's colleges, functioning under these universities and institutions. The emphasis in the

tertiary level of education lies on science and technology. Indian educational institutions by 2004

consisted of a large number of technology institutes. Distance learning is also a feature of the

Indian higher education system.


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Some institutions of India, such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), have been globally

acclaimed for their standard of undergraduate education in engineering. The IITs enroll about

8000 students annually and the alumni have contributed to both the growth of the private sector

and the public sectors of India. However IITs barely has any contribution in fundamental

scientific research and innovation.Some Institute of Basic research like Indian Association for

the Cultivation of Science(IACS), Indian Institute of Science IISC), Tata Institute of

Fundamental Research (TFIR) has acclaimed for their standard of research in basic science.

However, India has failed to produce world class universities like Harvard or Cambridge.[47]

Besides top rated universities which provide highly competitive world class education to their

pupil, India is also home to many universities which have been founded with the sole objective

of making easy money. Regulatory authorities like UGC and AICTE have been trying very hard

to extirpate the menace of private universities which are running courses without any affiliation

or recognition. Students from rural and semi urban background often fall victim to these

institutes and colleges.

Three Indian universities were listed in the Times Higher Education list of the worlds top 200

universities Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Management, and Jawaharlal

Nehru University in 2005 and 2006.Six Indian Institutes of Technology and the Birla Institute of

Technology and Science Pilani were listed among the top 20 science and technology schools in

Asia byAsia week. The Indian School of Business situated in Hyderabad was ranked number 12

in global MBA rankings by the Financial Times of London in 2010[51] while the All India

Institute of Medical Sciences has been recognized as a global leader in medical research and

treatment.

Technical education

From the first Five Year Plan onwards India's emphasis was to develop a pool of scientifically

inclined manpower. India's National Policy on Education (NPE) provisioned for an apex body

for regulation and development of higher technical education, which came into being as the All

India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) in 1987 through an act of the Indian

parliament. At the level of the centre the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes

of Information Technology are deemed of national importance.


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The Indian Institutes of Management are also among the nation's premier education

facilities.Several Regional Engineering Colleges (REC) have been converted into National

Institutes of Technology. The UGC has inter-university centers at a number of locations

throughout India to promote common research, e.g. the NuclearScience Centre at the Jawaharlal

Nehru University, New Delhi.

In addition to above institutes, efforts towards the enhancement of technical education are

supplemented by a number of recognized Professional Engineering Societies like: (i) the

Institution of Engineers (India); (ii) The Institution of Chemical Engineering (India); (iii) The

Institution of Electronics and Tele-Communication Engineers (India); (iv) The Indian Institute of

Metals; (v) The Institution of Industrial Engineers (India); (vi) The Institute of Town Planners

(India); (vii) The Indian Institute of Architects etc., who conduct Engineering/Technical

Examinations at different levels(Degree and diploma) for working professionals desirous of

improving their technical qualifications

Under this study I took survey on students of final year of MBA and B.tech of GLA University

as these are the potential employees. Academic sector is the very wide area to study on, therefore

I concise my research by conducting it to GLA, Mathura.


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Introduction to the Organization:-

GLA University, Mathura

The establishment of GLA Institute of Technology and Management (GLAITM) in the year

1998 was the first recognized initiative by the society to fulfill its responsibility of providing

destinations of quality professional education.

The purpose of the same was to compete with the very best and provide such facilities as

prevalent at the international and national levels right in the virtuous background of the city of

Mathura.

The much-coveted other institutions; namely, GLA Institute of Pharmaceutical Research (2006),

GLA Institute of Business Management (2006), and GLA Institute of ProfessionalS

tudies(2006), are the results of an understanding developed by the relentless and rigorous pursuit for

excellence over the past 12 years.

It was in the year 1991 that Shri Narayan Das Agrawal took the initiative to fulfill the dreams of

his father, Late Shri Ganeshi Lal Agrawal thereby giving shape to Sri Jagannath Prasad Ganeshi

Lal Bajaj Charitable Trust Samiti to realize the vision of making the holy city of Mathura a

recognized destination for knowledge seekers from all walks of life.

This, in turn, led to the foundation of a milestone at the Karmabhoomi of the versatile and

sagacious Lord Krishna. The society has been synonymous with social causes since its very

inception and has drawn appreciation from one and all for the path-breaking work done by it

related to the various facets of the societal paradigms. Apart from establishing destinations for

professional education, the society has provided enough impetus to grass root-level education in

the vicinity of Mathura and Vrindavan.

Also, it identifies with conserving our heritage, culture and roots and to ensure this the society

has took several initiatives thereby judiciously balancing its educational and cultural pursuits to

the hilt. The society has been the vanguard vis--vis restoring heritage of the illustrious history of

this sanctified land in numerous occasions.


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Thus, it supports various charitable causes and tries to live up to the expectations of its

stakeholders in the best possible way The society has been at the forefront of taking such social

initiatives as are deemed fit for such a responsible and self-conscious establishment . It very

much understands the significance of social upliftment and empowerment to the varied sections

of the society.Shri Narayan Das Agrawal is the President of the society and has been the sole

source of inspiration for guiding and developing the University under the aegis of this society.

The society firmly believes in pursuing such causes as befitting and worth contemplating. In all,

the society has successfully left its imprints in the social fabric of the locales of Braj the land of

seekers, both educational and spiritual!


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ORGANIZATION HIERARCHY

Prof. Jai PrakashVice-Chancellor

Prof. Anil KumarGupta

Director InstituteofEngineering&

Technology

H.O.D

Prof. Rekha Singhal

Director, InstituteofBusiness

Management

H.O.D

Prof. PradeepMishra

Director, InstituteofPharmaceutical

Research

H.O.D

Prof. Anoop Kumar

Gupta

Director, InsituteofProfessional Studies

H.O.D


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CHAPTER-3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Chapter Introduction

In this chapter the views of other researchers and the debate around aspirational differences been

examined. The literature review is divided into different sections. These section provides the

reader with an outline of the work of different researchers on aspirational differences and related

concepts. These are as follows:

Derber, 1979

Financial aspiration has long been a core component of the American dream, and many of the

values modeled and encouraged by modern society suggest that success and happiness depend on

procuring monetary wealth .

Maslow, 1954; and Roger, 1963

On the contrary, humanistic theories consider humans to be energized by an actualizing tendency

and believe that wellbeing occurs to the extent people can freely express their inherent potentials.

In situations of conditional positive reward (Roger, 1963) or forceful external demands (Maslow,

1956), however, individuals often forego their own actualization to attain rewards or outcomes

for others.

Fromm (1976)

Fromm distinguished between a `having' or consummatory orientation and a `being' or

experiential orientation to life. Deci and Ryan's (1985 and 1991) self-determination theory of

motivation also suggests some specific risks involved in being overly reward-oriented. Deci and

Ryan (1985) argued that the pursuit of extrinsic rewardsper se is neither positive nor negative,

however, excessive concentration on external rewards can distract people from intrinsic

endeavors and interfere with personal integration and actualization. Individuals who are

especially focused on gaining external rewards or approvals have been described as `control-

oriented', a personality style characterized by a focus on external sources of regulation for

behavior and attitude adoption (Deci and Ryan, 1985 and 1987).


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Bandura (1989)

On the contrary, behavioral approaches have a contrasting view. Bandura (1989) proposed that

people feel self-efficacious about obtaining external rewards, better adjustment should result,

particularly if the outcome is viewed as important. Simlarly, Scheier and Carver(1985) and

Seligman (1991) proposed that optimism regarding outcome attainment should be positively

associated with psychological wellbeing.

Richard PettingerThe Difference Between Desire and Aspiration

Often we think that the fulfilment of desires will bring us happiness. It is easy to have the

thought that, if we can earn a certain amount of money, then we will have the security and ability

to enable us to practise spirituality more. However, often when we fulfil a certain desire, it

actually only increases our desire for more material possessions. The nature of desire is that

when a desire is fulfilled the more desires we generate. There is a big difference between desire

and aspiration. Desire is our wish for material, finite things. Desire usually involves possession

of things or other people. We desire objects because we feel that they will give us pleasure and

satisfaction. Aspiration is a very different kind of desire.Spiritual aspiration is a wish to grow

into a more divine consciousness.

Aspiration Index

The primary focus of much of this research has distinguished between two types of goals.

Extrinsic, materialistic goals (e.g., financial success, image, popularity) are those focused on

attaining rewards and praise, and are usually means to some other end . Intrinsic goals (e.g.,

personal growth, affiliation, community feeling) are, in contrast, more focused on pursuits that

are supportive of intrinsic need satisfaction.

The Aspiration Index is preferred way of assessing the constructs , typically study, as it is

quite flexible, allows assessment of various goals on various dimensions, and, most importantly,

allows for the assessment of the relative centrality of particular goals within an individual's

personal goal system. Briefly, the AI presents individuals with a variety of possible goals they

may have for the future and asks them to rate them on different kinds of dimensions. Versions of


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the AI have proliferated, as it is a fairly flexible instrument that has undergone substantial

revision over the years.

The original version of the AI (Kasser & Ryan, 1993) examined four domains of aspirations

(self-acceptance, affiliation, community feeling, and financial success) and assessed ratings of

how important and likely to occur subjects perceived these goals as being. Kasser & Ryan (1996)

added three more aspirational domains (image, popularity, and physical health) and Kasser

(1996) added another of spirituality. The most recent published version of the AI (Grouzet,

Kasser, et al., 2005) also assesses conformity, safety/security and hedonism, for a total of 11

domains. This 47-item version of the AI was validated in a sample of over 1800 college students

from 15 nations. Factor analyses supported an 11-factor solution, MACS analyses demonstrated

the cross-cultural comparability of the instrument, and multi-dimensional scaling analyses and

circular stochastic modeling showed that the AI is organized across cultures in a circumflex

fashion as shown below:


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Goals next to each other in this circumflex are psychologically consistent with each other; that

is, people who care about personal growth also often care about affiliation, and people who care

about image are often oriented towards popularity. Goals on the opposite side of the circumplex

are in conflict with each other; for example, spirituality and hedonism oppose each other, as do

financial success and community feeling.

There are a variety of types of validity data supporting the use of the AI. For example, over the

years, my collaborators and I have replicated results that come from the AI when we have used

other measures such as guiding principles (Kasser & Ryan, 1993, 1996) and personal strivings

(Sheldon & Kasser, 1995, 1998, 2001). Other researchers have also used reaction time methods

(Schmuck, 2001; Solberg, Diener, & Robinson, 2004) as well as self-report of Materialistic

values (Richins & Dawson, 1992) to yield some similar results.

I'd also note that Kasser &Ahuvia (2002) found substantial positive correlations between other measures of materialism and

the extrinsic values of financial success, image, and popularity.

Using the Aspiration Index

You are welcome to use the AI in your research without charge. Here is some advice about

using the AI.

1. If you are only interested in assessing intrinsic and extrinsic goals, you probably couldjust use the Kasser & Ryan (1996) version published in PSPB.

2. You do not have to use all of the 11 domains, and can mix and match if you desire;some have certainly done that in my work. I do recommend, however, that you use the

whole AI if possible, for it gives the fullest description of a person's goal system. If this is

not possible, this would recommend using goals that come from the different areas of the

circumflex shown above.

3. We almost always ask individuals to rate the importance of these goals .Some studieshave looked at ratings of the likelihood of attaining these goals . One other has looked at

ratings of current attainment of the goals. Another, unpublished study, examined

motivation for the goals. Theoretically, many other rating dimensions could also be


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applied to these goal domains. Again, consider the AI as a flexible measure that can be

adapted for many purposes.

4. I must emphasize that, from our perspective, it is crucial when using the AI to computerelative centrality measures (see Kasser & Ryan, 1993, 1996) in order to test the

hypotheses we are interested in; you may of course have other uses for it . That is, it is

necessary to control for the overall importance (likelihood, etc.) ratings before looking at

the associations of the AI with other measures. We have done this in a variety of ways;

the simplest is to subtract the subject's grand mean (i.e., ratings averaged across all

domains) from the subject's particular aspiration score (e.g., financial success, extrinsic,

etc.).

-S

ri Chinmoy (1)

When we aspire we do not want anything on an outer plane. We are seeking to find inner

peace and inner happiness. It is the inner joy that does not depend on outer circumstances. In

aspiration there is no desire for possession. The nature of spiritual consciousness is oneness.

What we have is not just for ourselves, we feel part of a larger self. It is through aspiration

that we are able to go beyond the ego and attain true satisfaction.

He who desires wants to possess each and every thing, each and every individual in the

entire world. He who aspires wants only those things that will help him transcend his

abundant limitations and teeming imperfections.

- Sri Chinmoy (2)

To make real progress in the spiritual life we have to limit our desires. We have to give first

priority to spirituality rather than the fulfillment of material desires. It is a mistake to think

that we will make more spiritual progress in the future if we can change our outer

circumstances.Spirituality always needs to be practiced in the here and now. Whatever our


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outer circumstances we need to make the best use of them. If we wait for a golden tomorrow,

that future may never come.

To limit our desires does not mean we have to live the life of an ascetic. Money does not

have to be an obstacle in the spiritual life. If money is used for divine purposes then it can

help and expedite our spiritual journey. From a spiritual point of view money is only a

problem when it becomes our primary objective. When making money takes precedent in

everything we do, then we do not find time to pray and meditate. However it is possible to

combine great material wealth with a sincere spirituality. For example King Janaka in ancient

India was an example of a rich powerful King who also embodied spirituality.

Raising Student Aspirations

Question: What are some ways in which a school community can raise high school students?

Aspirations for college attendance and future careers?

Summary ofFindings: The primary goal of the American education system is to prepare

students to become responsible and productive citizens. Overall, this goal is successful when the

students who are preparing for the future have a direction to follow and a supportive educational

community. While many students begin to think about their future goals beginning in middle

school, it is up to their parents, teachers, counselors, and school leaders to provide the conditions

in high school to nourish the growth of their aspirations and connect their future goals to their

present behavior. The development of a school climate that raises student aspirations requires

support from the educational community and a sensitivity by its leaders to the characteristics of

the student population.

High aspirations result from a mix of optimism about the future, success in meeting goals,

resilience in dealing with setbacks, and exposure to the tremendous opportunities that await

young people.

Fulfilling those aspirations require that students have good information about howto achieve their goals and a plan of action that is aligned with those goals.

Although there are differences among urban, rural, and suburban high school students, the one

consistent finding is that students need help in making choices based on information and in

understanding why they are making specific choices concerning their future. Most important,


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they need to recognize that not having a plan for their future is, in fact, a plan for their future a

poor one.

Many students have difficulty seeing how their present school environment or behavior will

prepare them for a successful future. This tends to lower aspirations and lead to poor educational

choices.Some 40% of students surveyed by Rosenbaum (1998) considered that high school was

not a determining factor for what they will become in the future. Many students, especially in

rural areas, who have a low sense of their own academic competence and efficacy and lack

specific goals tend to have lower aspirations for their future and may only look forward to what

is familiar (Breen, 1991). However, those students who are able to increase self-efficacy and

establish clear goals in high school because of supportive conditions tend to believe that they can

attain goals and may sustain performance towards these goals even when experiencing obstacles

and barriers (Stark, 1986). Thus, schools need to assure that their students have the information,

academic experiences, and counseling necessary look towards the future with confidence and

excitement

Can Evaluating Indigenous Students Aspirations Make a Difference?: Results

of an Evaluation Study

Rhonda G. Craven

This study was commissioned by the Department of Education, Science and Training

(DEST). This paper reports on aspects of the quantitative component of the study

(Craven, Tucker, Munns, Hinkley, Marsh, and Simpson (in review). The aims of this

component of the study were to evaluate: a) Indigenous secondary school students

aspirations; b) the relation of key variables to Indigenous students aspirations; c)

Indigenous students perceptions of the relevance of their current studies and offurther education to achieve their aspirations; d) Indigenous students preferences for

further education in regard to vocational education and higher education; e) the key

sources of and quality of career advice Indigenous students have received; f)

Indigenous students perceptions of any barriers they may face in attaining their

aspirations; and g) the pattern of results for Indigenous students to results for non-


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Indigenous students. Indigenous and non-Indigenous secondary students from urban

and rural regions completed a survey to ascertain students self-perceptions pertaining

to the study aims. A total of 1686 students (517 Indigenous and 1151 non-Indigenous)

from urban and rural regions from 3 Australian States participated in the quantitative

component of the study. The primary purpose of this presentation is to report the key

results emanating from this evaluation study and to explore the implications of the

findings for educational policy and practice. Achievement orientation and occupational values: A

comparative study of young French and English Canadians.

By Kanungo, Rabindra N.; Bhatnagar, Joti K.

Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science/Revue comedienne des sciences du comportment, Vol

10(3), Jul 1978, 202-213.

Abstract

Studied the psychological profiles of anglophone and francophone youths of Quebec to find out

whether the culture-based differences between anglophone and francophone adults reported in

earlier studies are still prevalent among the younger generation. Comparison of the 2 groups was

made with respect to their achievement orientation, risk-taking behavior, educational and

occupational aspirations, and occupational values. A matched sample of 248 francophone and

123 anglophone final year high school students were administered a questionnaire assessing each

of these variables and the Rotter InternalExternal Locus of Control Scale. Results show that

while the occupational aspiration levels of the francophones were as high as those of the

anglophones, the former group exhibited a lesser concern for individual achievement and risk

taking, and a greater concern for a more secure interpersonal climate at work than the latter

group. Differences between the 2 groups in their occupational values closely resemble the

differences reported for adults, suggesting the continuing influences of the 2 distinct cultures in

Quebec. (French summary) (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights

reserved)

Shifts in explicit goals in a level of aspiration experiment.

By Hertzman, M.; Festinger, L.


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Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol 27(4), Oct 1940, 439-452.

Abstract

Performance scores, aspiration estimates, and difference scores between performances and

aspirations were obtained on 20 male college students using several trials of a synonyms test and

an information test. In the first session of the experiment, positive difference scores were

obtained for the majority of the subjects. In a second session, each subject was informed of the

average performance and average estimate of a fictitious group of 50 fellow students at the end

of each trial in each of the two tasks. Actually the performance level of the fictitious groups was

equal to the subject's own performance obtained in the first session while the estimate of the

group was in the direction opposite to that of the subject. As a result the difference scores of the

subjects while remaining slightly positive were reliably reduced in magnitude.

Higher knowledge for higher aspirations

1. Wayne Brockbank,2. Dave Ulrich

Abstract

With escalating expectations and opportunities for HR professionals to add greater value comes

the mandate for greater knowledge about the fundamental driving forces of business. Business

leaders and employees increasingly assume that HR professionals have foundational knowledge

of HR concepts and practices. But to create competitive advantage from that knowledge, HR

professionals must be fully versant about external business realities that directly or indirectly

influence how to apply that knowledge. We examine four of the most central categories of

external business knowledge: advancements in technology, the causes and effects of economic

and regulatory turbulence, the dynamics of business globalization, and changes in population

demographics. With knowledge about these fundamental business drivers and their supporting

data, HR professionals will be more able to make credible and accurate strategic contributions to

business discussions and to proactively build more centrally relevant HR practices


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Sticky Aspirations: Organizational Time Perspective and Competitiveness

Henrich R. Greve

Norwegian School of Management BI, Elias Smiths vei 15, Box 580, 1302 Sandvika, Norway

[email protected]

Managers evaluate the organizational performance by comparing it with historical aspiration

levels, and are more likely to make strategic changes when the performance falls below the

aspiration level. Historical aspiration levels can be updatedwith different speed, because a focus

on current performance

will lead to quickly adjusting aspiration levels where historical

performance has low weight, while a focus on past performancewill lead to slowly adjusting

performance levels where the current performance has low weight. A simulation model of

aspiration-levellearning and strategic change under uncertainty yields the following

findings: (1)

Slow adjustments of an aspiration level giveshigher performance across different levels of

environmentaluncertainty, (2) slow adjustments of aspirations will dominate

in populations with

different adjustment levels if low-performing

organizations are removed and replaced by

organizations of theform currently performing best, and (3) stronger selection leads

to faster

domination by slow adjusters. Empirical analysis offormat changes in radio stations finds slow

adjustment of aspirationlevels to be prevalent, and finds slower adjustment in competitive

markets, as predicted.

Striving toward the future: aspirationperformance discrepancies and planned

organizational change

1. Giuseppe Labianca1,2. James F. Fairbank2,3. Goce Andrevski3 and4. Michael Parzen4

Abstract

Interest has been growing in understanding how organizations aspiration levels affect their

planning for future organizational change. Previous research has not specified whether

organizations use direct competitors or other comparable organizations as referents for forming

their aspirations. In this study, it is argued that organizations form their social aspirations based


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on two types of interorganizational comparisons: competitive and striving. In competitive

comparisons, an organization compares its current performance against that of its current direct

competitors. When relative performance is poor, these organizations plan more extensive and

more radical change. However, the study shows that organizations that are performing well

relative to competitors do not necessarily become inertial, as theory suggests. Rather,

organizations engage in striving comparisons by comparing their current performance against the

performance of organizations to which they strive to be like in the future. The analyses show that

organizations with large striving discrepancies are driven to more extensive and more radical

change, even if they are performing well compared to current competitors. The study examined

this interplay between competitive and striving discrepancy in explaining organizational change

on a sample of 131 AACSB accredited business schools.

Aspiration's Online Communications Publishing Matrix

28 October, 2010

Aspiration recommends that nonprofit organizations create a Publishing Matrix to help drive

online communications process.

A publishing matrix enumerates two essential sets of information required for effective online

publishing:

y A complete slate of the types of content that the organization publishes. Examples ofthese types include eNewsletters, event announcements, press releases, blog posts, papers

and books, editorials, etc.

y All of an organizations online channels, including web site, mailing list(s), Facebook,Twitter, blog(s), etc.

A publishing matrix then correlates these two inventories, indicating which online channels

should be used when publishing a given type of online content.

Provided for adaptation and reference are:


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y A Simple Publishing Matrix Template for a nonprofit organization to fill in with a listonline channels and content types.

y For a real-world example, Aspirations 2010 Publishing Matrix. Our Publishing Matrix isa bit more complex so we invite you to check it out but in no way feel that this is how

your publishing matrix should look.

We encourage organizations to copy and adapt these matrices for their own needs and to contact

us at [email protected] if you have any questions.

And a big thank-you to Stefanie Faucher of Death Penalty Focus, whose publishing matrix work

has helped to drive our thinking on the topic.

Impact of Aspirations and Legacies ofLeaders in the Construction Industry in Singapore

Leadersh. Manage. Eng. 11, 29 (2011); doi:10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000098 (11 pages)

Shamas-ur-Rehman Toor, Ph.D. and George Ofori, Ph.D.

Abstract

Leadership has been looked at through various lenses, such as behaviors, styles, and skills. More

recently, leadership has been viewed from the lens of the legacies leaders want to leave behind.

Leaders desired legacies not only reflect the impact they want to have on the people and

organizations they work with, but also portray the future they hope for. This paper discusses

findings from interviews with 49 leaders of professional organizations and architectural,

engineering, and construction firms in Singapore. These leaders showed their desire to develop

their followers into leaders and to leave successful organizations behind. They also revealed their

anxiety about issues in the industry such as lack of professionalism and adversarialism. In line

with the results of the interviews, this paper proposes that rather than waiting to think about their

legacy in the last stages of their careers, leaders in engineering should try from the start to be

clear about what they want to achieve through their leadership and the impact they want to have

on their followers and organizations. This awareness can help leaders understand and then live

the legacies they want to leave behind.


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Antecedents of Career Aspiration of R&D Professionals in Malaysian Public

Organizations.

European Journal ofScientific Research, January 2009 by Efizah Sofiah Ramly, Maimunah

Ismail, Jegak Uli

Summary:

The paper analysed factors that influence R&D professionals' career aspirations in

Malaysian public organizations. The study used Schein's Career Anchor Theory and Social

Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT). The former describes the components that make up career

aspirations, while the latter explains the cognitive-person variables (e.g. self-efficacy), external

environment factors (e.g. organizational socialization) and behaviour (e.g. continuous

improvement practices) in influencing career aspirations.

The results were gathered from 158R&D professionals of ten government research organizations in Malaysia through a survey

research design. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson Product-Moment

correlation and multiple linear regressions. The results indicated that the three factors, namely,

self-efficacy, organizational socialization and continuous improvement practices showed low

positive linear relationships with the respondents' career aspirations. However, the results

showed that self-efficacy and continuous improvement practices were found to be the main

contributors to explain variations in career aspiration.ABSTRACT FROM AUTHORCopyright

of European Journal ofScientific Research is the property of EuroJournals, Inc. and its content

may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright

holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for

individual use.

Organizational socialization, career aspirations and turnover intentions among design

engineers:-

Author(s):Barbara Bigliardi, (Industrial Engineering Department, University of Parma, Parma,

Italy), Alberto Petroni, (Industrial Engineering Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy),Alberto Ivo Dormio, (Industrial Engineering Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy)

Abstract:

Purpose Turnover intention is one's behavioural intention to quit. The purpose of this study is

to compare the relative influences of organizational socialization and career aspirations on


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turnover intentions of design engineers and to address the design of more effective development

programmes and the reduction of dysfunctional turnover.

Design/methodology/approach A study of 442 engineers staffed within design and

development units is presented, and a research model is tested using structural equation

modelling techniques.

Findings The analysis indicates that design engineers report lower levels of turnover intention

when organizational socialization is prominent and an adequate range of opportunities that

satisfy career aspirations exist within the organization.

Research limitations/implications The cause-effect relationships among constructs that are

empirically derived from the analysis should be further supported by a longitudinal study. Future

research should be aimed at exploring the different patterns of turnover intentions of engineers

with different career orientations and in organizations with or without rigid formalized career

advancement system.

Practical implications Managers of technical staff are advised to put an effort to develop and

encourage lateral career moves of research and development staff members, particularly for

newcomers, by offering a variety of experiences, that is likely to speed up their prompt creation

of a better defined self-concept.

Originality/value The originality of the research lies in that it addresses an explanation of

engineers turnover based on a theoretical framework that jointly combines internal career

anchors as well as external career opportunities and socialization, thus striving to fill a gap in

existing literature.


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Now I am going to work further on this by analyzing the aspirational differences between MBA

and B.tech students and also analyzing the effect of demographic factors on aspirational

differences among students.


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CHAPTER-4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research:-

Research can be defined as the search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, with an

open mind, to establish novel facts, usually using a scientific method. The primary purpose for

basic research (as opposed to applied research) is discovering, interpreting, and the development

of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific

matters of our world and the universe.

Scientific research relies on the application of the scientific method, a harnessing of curiosity.

This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and

the properties of the world around us. It makes practical applications possible.Scientific research

is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private groups, including

many companies.Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to

their academic and application disciplines.

Artistic research, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are

considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought

which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge

and truth.

Historical research is embodied in the historical method.

The phrase my research is also used loosely to describe a person's entire collection of

information about a particular subject.


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4.1 RESEARCH DESIGN:

The type of research conducted is basically descriptive research, because I am studying the

aspirational differences among which deals with describing and studying the various essential

components of aspirations and its impact on students.

Descriptive research

Descriptive research is used when the objective is to provide a systematic description that is as

factual and accurate as possible. It provides the number of times something occurs, or frequency,

lends itself to statistical calculations such as determining the average number of occurrences orcentral tendencies

This type of research is also a grouping that includes many particular research methodologies

and procedures, such as observations, surveys, self-reports, and tests. The four parameters of

research will help us understand how descriptive research in general is similar to, and different

from, other types of research.

Descriptive research may focus on individual subjects and go into great depth and detail in

describing them. Individual variation is not only allowed for but studied.

Descriptive research is a general term to describe a research project that does not manipulate

variables and does not try to establish causal relationships between events. Rather, events are

simply described. Ethnographic research involving the observation of animals in natural settings

is a type of descriptive research.

4.2SAMPLING:-

When undertaking any survey, it is essential that you obtain data from people that are as

representative as possible of the group that you are studying.


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Sampling is the process of selecting units (e.g., people, organizations) from a population of

interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to the

population from which they were chosen.

Sampling is that part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of a subset of individual

observations within a population of individuals intended to yield some knowledge about the

population of concern, especially for the purposes of making predictions based on statistical

inference.

Researchers rarely survey the entire population for two reasons (Adr, Mellenbergh, & Hand,

2008): the cost is too high, and the population is dynamic in that the individuals making up the

population may change over time. The three main advantages of sampling are that the cost is

lower, data collection is faster, and since the data set is smaller it is possible to ensure

homogeneity and to improve the accuracy and quality of the data.

Each observation measures one or more properties (such as weight, location, color) of observable

bodies distinguished as independent objects or individuals. In survey sampling, survey weights

can be applied to the data to adjust for the sample design. Results from probability theory and

statistical theory are employed to guide practice. In business and medical research, sampling is

widely used for gathering information about a population.

Random sample:-

A sample is a subject chosen from a population for investigation. A random sample is one

chosen by a method involving an unpredictable component. Random sampling can also refer to

taking a number of independent observations from the same probability distribution, without

involving any real population. The sample usually is not a representative of the population from

which it was drawn this random variation in the results is known as sampling error. In the case

of random samples, mathematical theory is available to assess the sampling error. Thus,

estimates obtained from random samples can be accompanied by measures of the uncertainty


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associated with the estimate. This can take the form of a standard error, or if the sample is large

enough for the central limit theorem to take effect, confidence intervals may be calculated

Ive used the Random Sampling technique in this research, since I am considering the students

of GLA UNIVERSITY.

4.4DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

Primary data

Primary data collection is necessary when a researcher cannot find the data needed in secondary

sources. Market researchers are interested in primary data about demographic/socioeconomic

characteristics, attitudes/opinions/interests, awareness/knowledge, intentions, motivation, and

behavior. Three basic means of obtaining primary data are observation, surveys, and

experiments. The choice will be influenced by the nature of the problem and by the availability

of time and money.

Primary data collection tools used by me:

Questionnaires: I formulated a questionnaire which included questions in accordance with my

hypothesis and objectives and for them filled by 100 students of the sample organization. Total

110 questionnaires were filled out of which 10 were discarded because they were incomplete .

These 100 questionnaires were then studied thoroughly to get to my research and conclusions

were drawn on the basis of the information provided in the questionnaires.

Secondary data

Data collected by others to be "re-used" by the researcher.

Secondary data is data which has been collected by individuals or agencies for purposes other

than those of our particular research study. For example, if a government department has


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conducted a survey of, say, family food expenditures, and then a food manufacturer might use

this data in the organization's evaluations of the total potential market for a new product.

Researches already conducted on aspirational differences among management (from theinternet)

Articles from magazines and journals. Articles from websites.


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CHAPTER -5

DATA ANALYSIS & RESULTS

The questionnaire which was circulated among 110 students ( B.tech &MBA) had 14 questions.

Out of which only 100 were to be found to be completed and usable, representing an 90.9%

effective response rate.

Profiles of the Respondents

The following are the analysis corresponding to each question and other data obtained from these

questionnaires:-

In terms of gender, 39.5% of respondents were female, while 60.5% were male. In fact,this represents a higher proportion of women than would be generally expected, perhaps

reflecting the increasing opportunities for women in management and technical courses.

In terms of age for postgraduate management students, 90.4% of respondents were agedbetween 20-25 years, inclusive. The mean age of the respondents was 22.33 years. This is

Quite representative of Indian post graduate management students, who typically join the

management courses immediately after completing their graduation. For under graduate

technical students 95.5% of respondents were aged between 18-22 years. The mean age

of the respondents was 20.45% years. This is also quite supportive for above facts i.e.

students join the technical courses after their intermediate courses.

In terms of rural/urban background, for management students, 16% of the respondentswere from rural background, while 34% were from urban background. This reflects

relative lack of opportunity in management for those from rural background . For

technical students 25% of the respondents were from rural background and 25% were

from urban background. This reflects equal opportunity in technical courses for those

from rural background.

In terms of schooling background (for both MBA & B.tech), 24.5% of the respondentswere from government schools, 43.6% were from private schools, and 31.9% were from


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convent schools. This reflects the relative lack of opportunity for those from government

schools, though it does represents a considerable improvement over the past.

In terms of intermediate level discipline (management) , 5 .3% of the respondents werefrom arts background, 25.4% were from commerce background and 15.3% were from

science background. This reflects good proportion of science students as expected,

reflects the increasing tendency of science students to undergo management training. This

data is not applicable for B.tech students as they all from science background.

In terms of graduate level discipline, (MBA) 6.4% of the respondents were from arts background, 36.4% were from commerce background, 14.2% were from science

background. It is quite interesting to observe that number of science students was reduced

at graduate level.

Analysis of Questions

The following are the responses corresponding to each question.

Q1-Q7 had asked to judge the Importance of respective dimensions, such as wealth, fame, image,

personal growth, relationship, community, health.

Q8-Q14 had asked to judge the Likelihood of respective dimensions, such as wealth, fame,

image, personal growth, relationship, community, health.

This helps to analyze the importance and likelihood of these dimensions and further helps to

compare the differences among B.tech and MBA students for perceiving these dimensions.

The pictorial analyses of these questions are as follows:-


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FOR MANAGEMENT STUDENTS:-

Q1Importance of wealth:-

Q8 Likelihood of Wealth

Interpretation:- It was shown that importance of wealth (i.e. value that they perceived) is low in

terms of likelihood of wealth (i.e. possibility in reality) for them is quite high, this shows that

students of MBA has positive attitude towards attainment of wealth.

notatallimportant

0%lessimportant

8%

important

36%veryimporatant

28%

extremely

important

28%

importance of wealth

notlikely

0%

lesslikely

6%

likely

16%

verylikely

46%

extremelikely

32%

Likelihood of wealth


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Q2 Importance of Fame:-

Q9 Likelihood of Fame:-

Interpretation: - It was shown that importance of Fame (i.e. value that they perceived) is high in

terms of likelihood of fame (i.e. possibility in reality), but the proportion is relatively near, that

interpret students admire fame more and they have positive attitude to attain fame in their life.

notatallimportant

0%

lessimportant

0%

important

22%

very

imporatant40%

extremely

important

38%

importance of fame

notlikely

0% lesslikely

10%

likely

30%

verylikely

40%

extreme

likely

20%

Likelihood of fame


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Q3 Importance of Image:-

Q10 Likelihood of Image:-

Interpretation: - - It was shown that importanceof Image (i.e. value that theyperceived) ishigh in

terms of likelihood of Image (i.e. possibility in reality), this interpreted that attainment of image in

reality.

notatallimportant

0%

lessimportant

4%

important

20%

very

imporatant

28%

extremely

important

48%

Importance ofimage

notlikely

0%

lesslikely

6%

likely

20%

verylikely

36%

extremelikely

38%

likelihood of image


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Q4 Importance of Personal Growth:-

Q11 Likelihood of Personal Growth:-

Interpretation: - It wasshown that importanceof Personal Growth (i.e. value that theyperceived) ishighintermsoflikelihoodofPersonal Growth (i.e. possibilityinreality),sostudentsperceivedpersonal

growth tobehighly important whichdenotes that attainmentofpersonalgrowth in reality isnearly

importanttoattained.

notatall

important

0% lessimportant

2%

important

16%

very

imporatant

32%

extremely

important

50%

Importance of personal growth

notlikely

0%lesslikely

4%

likely

32%

verylikely

30%

extremelikely

34%

likelihood of personal growth


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Q6 Importance of Community:-

Q13 Likelihood of community:-

Interpretation: - It wasshownthatimportanceofcommunity (i.e. valuethattheyperceived)isequalinterms of likelihoodof community (i.e. possibility in reality),which is also not agoodproportion that

showslessinterestofmanagementstudentsincommunity.

notatall

important

0%

less

important

8%

important

28%

very

imporatant

42%

extremely

important

22%

importance of community

notlikely

0%

less

likely

8%

likely

28%

verylikely

42%

extremelikely

22%

likelihood of community


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Q7 Importance of health:-

Q14 Likelihood of health:-

Interpretation: - It wasshownthat importanceofhealth (i.e. valuethattheyperceived) washigherin

termsof likelihoodofhealth (i.e. possibilityinreality),and italsoshowsthatthestudents werehaving

positiveattitudetowardsattainmentofgoodhealth.

notatall

important

0%

lessimportant

6%

important

20%

veryimporatant

34%

extremely

important

40%

impotance of health

notlikely

0% lesslikely

10%

likely

22%

verylikely

38%

extremelikely

30%

likelihood of health


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FOR B.TECH STUDENTS

Q1 Importance of Wealth:-

Q8 Likelihood of Wealth:-

Interpretation: - It wasshownthatimportanceofwealth (i.e. valuethattheyperceived) washigherin

termsof likelihoodofwealth (i.e. possibility in reality),and thisalso interpretsb.tech students were

interestedinattainmentofwealth,buttheyarenotsureaboutachieving wealthinreality.

notatall

important

0%lessimportant

10%

important

22%

veryimportant

28%

extremely

important

40%

importance of wealth

notlikely

0%lesslikely

2%

likely

34%

verylikely

36%

extremely

likely

28%

likelihood of wealth


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Q2 Importance of fame:-

Q9 Likelihood of Fame:-

Interpretation: - It was shown that importance of fame (i.e.

value that they perceived) was higherin terms of likelihood of fame (i.e. possibility in reality), and they also poses fame at high value

of attainment.

notatall

important

0%lessimportant

0%

important

24%

veryimportant

44%

extremely

important

32%

Importance of fame

notlikely

0%lesslikely

8%

likely

40%verylikely

28%

extremely

likely

24%

Likelihood of fame


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Q3Importance of Image:-

Q10 Likelihood of image:-

Interpretation: - It was shown that importance of image (i.e.

value that they perceived) washigher in terms of likelihood of image (i.e. possibility in reality),so this conclude that attainment

of image in reality is not so important factor for these technical students.

notatall

important

0%lessimportant

10%

important

20%

veryimportant

32%

extremely

important

38%

Importance ofImage

notlikely

2%

less

likely

12%

likely

32%verylikely

36%

extremely

likely18%

Likelihood ofImage


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Q4 Importance of Personal Growth:-

Q11 Likelihood of personal growth:-

Interpretation: - It was shown that importance of personal growth (i.e.

value that they perceived)was higher in terms of likelihood of personal growth (i.e. possibility in reality), but it also had

very near proportion so it can be said like that attainment of personal growth is serious factor for

them.

notatall

important

0% lessimportant

12%

important

18%

veryimportant

37%

extremely

important

33%

Importance of personal Growth

notlikely

0%

lesslikely

16%

likely

24%

verylikely

36%

extremely

likely

24%

Likelihood of Personal Growth


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Q5 Importance of Relationship:-

Q12 Likelihood of Relationship:-

Interpretation: - It was shown that importance of relationship (i.e. value that they pe

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