~ 1 ~Under the mentorship of:Mr. R K SinghMr. Hari Om SharmaMr. Ashok RainaReport by:Yavanika Vermaibedita Mahato Diaries JulySAFAL Diaries is a report made by the 3rd yearinterns of Institute Of ome !"onomi"s# $ni%ersity of Delhi#durin& the Summer Internship '()1*+based on %isual obser%ations and hand,on e-perien"e of the %arious pro"ess and pra"ti"es ta.in& pla"e throu&h the (/01 2or.in& en%ironment 3A4A4A 5!6O57(A894O:L!D;!3Stages In Banana RipeningPulp Temperature ReadingCo2 Reading / (>Mission , :ith determination D pride 2e 2ill "ontinue to ser%e our farmers# rural India D our"onsumers> Our %alues reIe"t 2ho 2e are D 2hat 2e Jrmly belie%e in> A&ards and Re#ognitions@1> 3rd 3est !mployer of India K :orld 5D 8on&ress 'April,()1)+(> SA6 A"e A2ard ()1) K 3est run a2ard in 8onsumer 6rodu"ts>3> 3usiness Leadership 'Fruit and %e&etables+>/> 3est *> Safety Inno%ation A2ard @ ())*>L> 5a?i% ;andhi Muality A2ard @ ())*1> Indian Inno%ation A2ard@ ())*> '"a%ity Standards@ S A( A)( r e shF r ui tF e& >( r o* e nF e& >A lo o+ " i # esJ u i "e sD r i n. s! r o # e ss e dJ am6 i " .e l9 e t "h u p6 u re e, r o #e r y5 i" eLSafal as a Fruit and Fe&etable $nit@ Ltd> 'Safal+ is a S3$ of It 2as set up in 1ANN as a pilotpro?e"t 2ith the aim topro%ide remunerati%e pri"es to the farmers a"rossthe "ountrythereby &i%in& a thrust to the "o,operati%e "ulture> It a"hie%es this mission byestablishin& a dire"t lin.a&e bet2een farmers and "ustomers> Safal is the mar.et leader in the or&aniEed FDF retail business in Delhi 485 2here it sellsan a%era&e of 3)) Safal has also a prominent presen"e in !-port mar.et spread a"ross /) "ountries %iE>#$SA# !urope# 5ussia# +# Fruit 6ulp D8on"entrate# FroEen Fruits DFe&etables et"> !rod"#ts@(resh(-V(ro*en(-V+"i#e - fr"it .everages!ro#essed (oods ,ro#ery+"i#es$rinks +am !i#k%eKet#h"pFreshFruitsF> 6eas Apple ;ua%a Apple & har%estin handlin transportationand stora&e+>:e# at + is the se"ond most important fruit "rop in India ne-t to man&o> 3anana is an important fruit "rop of many tropi"al and subtropi"al re&ions of India> It is "ulti%ated in India in an area of N3)>* thousand ha and total produ"tion is around (A#11A>A1 thousand tons> Althou&h banana is &ro2n in a lar&e %ariety of "limates# optimal "limati" "onditions for banana 7he ideal temperature ran&e is around (L,3)R8 '1N,NLF+ 2ith 5 re&ime of 1*,N*Q>;ro2th be&ins at 1NS8# rea"hes optimal &ro2th at (1S8 and stop entirely 2hen temperature rea"hes 3NS8> Althou&h 3ananas &ro2 best in bri&ht sunli&ht# hi&h temperature 2ill s"or"h lea%es and fruit> humidity and 2inds not stron&er than / m0se">Soil 3ananas need ri"h# moisture and 2ell,drained soil 2ith /)Q "lay# 1*Q silt# N*Q loam 3anana thri%es in fertile# 2ell,drained soils 2ith hi&h 2ater holdin& "apa"ity> 7he optimal p is bet2een * and 1> 3e"ause banana is sensiti%e to salinity# the !8 should not e-"eed 1>) ds0 m> Lo2 p soil ma.es banana more sus"eptible to 6anama disease> > If soil is not in the most fa%orable "ondition# impro%e itT Li&ht sandy soil "an be impro%ed by pla"in& mul"h around the 3anana plants> 7his 2ill impro%e 2ater retention and pre%ent nutrients from per"olatin& Gui".ly into the soil> 3ananas do not tolerate 2ater lo&&in& be"ause its roots 2ill rot> 7his ho2e%er "an be resol%ed by plantin& the 3ananas in raised beds 3anana has a shallo2 root system no deeper than N) "m# 2ith L)Q of the eHe"ti%e root Eone in the top 3) "m1)7he Farietal 8hara"teristi"s Of 8ommer"ially ;ro2n 3anana Farieties Is ;i%en 3elo2@Fariety8hara"teristi"s ;rand 4aine It is most a""epted international %ariety> It is a tall statured plant and a hea%y yielder 2ith lon& "ylindri"al bun"h> On an a%era&e it produ"es a bun"h 2ei&hin& (* .& and may &o up to 3(,3* . 2ith N,1) hands 2ith ()),(() fruits0bun"h> 7he len&th of the fruit is 1*,(1 "m and &irth is 1(,13 "m>5obusta It is normal statured 2ith bla". bro2n blot"hes on the stem# bun"hes 2ei&h around () .& ha%in& N,1) hands0bun"h> 7he len&th of the fruit is 1*,() "m and &irth is 1( "m 2ith thi". fruit s.inD2arf 8a%endish7he plant stature is d2arf> Dar. bla". bro2n blot"hes appear all alon& the stem> 3un"hes are lar&e 2ith "ompa"tly arran&ed N,1) hands 2ei&hin& about ().&> Len&th of fruit is 13,1/ "m and &irth N,1) "m> S.in is thi". and the fruit tapers &radually to2ards the tip> It is not Jt for e-port>5ed 3anana7he plant is tall and robust statured> 7he "olour of the fruit# pseudostem# petiole and midrib is purplish red> 7he bun"h 2ei&ht is (),(* .& 2ith L,1 hands and N) fruits0bun"h> 7he len&th of the fruit is 1L,1N "m>114endran 7here is "onsiderable di%ersity in plant stature> 3un"h has *,L hands 2ei&hin& about L,1( .&> Fruits ha%e a distin"t ne". 2ith thi". &reen s.in turnin& buH yello2 on ripenin&> Fruits remain star"hy e%en on ripenin&>4utritional %alue1(7op 1) States in 3anana 6rodu"tion;rade Desi&nation of 3anana as 6er A; 7hey must be "hara"teristi"s of the %ariety and0or "ommer"ial type> 7he Jn&ers must be free of defe"ts# 2ith the e-"eption of %ery sli&ht superJ"ial defe"ts# pro%ided these do not aHe"t the &eneral appearan"e of the produ"e# Guality# the .eepin& Guality and presentation in the pa".a&e>*Q by number or 2ei&ht ofbananas not satisfyin& thereGuirementsof the&rade# butmeetin& those of for 8lass I&radeor# e-"eptionally# "omin&2ithin the toleran"es for that"lass>130%ass 4 3ananas shall be of &ood Guality> 7hey must be "hara"teristi"s of the %ariety and0or "ommer"ial type> 7he follo2in& sli&ht defe"ts of the Jn&ers# ho2e%er# maybe allo2ed# pro%ided these do not aHe"t the &eneral appearan"e of the produ"e# Guality# the .eepin& Guality and presentation in the pa".a&e>, sli&ht defe"ts in shape and "olourP, sli&ht defe"ts due to rubbin& and other superJ"ial defe"ts not e-"eedin& ( sG>"m> of the total surfa"e area 7he defe"ts must not aHe"t the Iesh of the fruit>1)Q number or 2ei&ht of bananas not satisfyin& the reGuirements of the &rade but meetin& those of 8lass II or# e-"eptionally# "omin& 2ithin the toleran"es of that &rade>0%ass 44 7his in"ludes bananas 2hi"h do not Gualifyfor in"lusion in the hi&her "lasses# but satisfy the minimum reGuirements> 7he follo2in& defe"ts may be there# pro%ided the bananas retain their essential "hara"teristi"s as re&ards the Guality# the .eepin& Guality and presentation>, defe"ts in shape and "olour pro%ided the produ"t remains the normal "hara"teristi"sof bananasP, s.in defe"ts due to s"rappin s"abs# rubbin blemishes or other "auses not e-"eedin& / sG>"m> of the total surfa"e areaP7he defe"ts must not aHe"t the Iesh of the fruit>1)Qby number or 2ei&ht ofbananas not satisfyin& thereGuirementsof the&rade# butmeetin& the minimumreGuirements>SeGuen"e of posthar%est operations in banana1/8leanin Delate-tin& D Fun&i"ide treatment3anana fruits are immersed in a hu&e tan. of fresh 2aterfor about 3) min 'Sodium hypo"hlorate is an eHe"ti%e sol%ent+ and delate-ed , in other 2ords the late- on them is 2ashed a2ay> In order to prote"t fruit a&ainst fun&al atta". 'espe"ially durin& rainy season+ 2hi"h "auses "ro2n rotdurin& shipment# the "ro2ns are treated 2ith fun&i"ide in%ol%in& sprayin& the banana fruit>8are ta.en durin& fun&i"ide spray@ 6ermissible 'i>e> not prohibited+ for use on the "rop after har%estP eHe"ti%e in "ontrollin& the post,har%est diseasesP used in a""ordan"e 2ith the manufa"turersU instru"tions and at their re"ommended "on"entrations 'e-"essi%e residues on produ"e may lead to its re?e"tion+P a&itated "ontinuously durin& use to pre%ent its settlin& out> 8are must be ta.en that employees usin& fun&i"ides obser%e all the pre"autions appli"able to their use and that they 2ear the ne"essary prote"ti%e "lothin&>Sortin& and ;radin& of banana1*iseased damaged and undesira!le fruits are separated from the lot."enerally fruits are categorized !ased on their size and colour and stage of maturity. ;radin& in banana@, Immature# o%erripe# dama&ed and diseased fruits are dis"arded> 7he fruits are &enerally har%ested early in the season at a pre,mature sta&e to "apture early mar.et> !thylene appli"ation is the best method to hasten ripenin& 2ithout loss in fruit Guality and Ia%our> 7his sta&e attained is said to be BripenedC>#ruit ripening $% starch sugar7his o""urs due to %arious metaboli" pro"esses in the fruit most of 2hi"h are enEymati"ally re&ulated and "atalyEed>Dependin& on ripenin& beha%ior# fruits are di%ided into '1 + "lima"teri"fruits and '(+ non, "lima"teri" fruits>3anana bein& in the former "ate&ory is .no2n to "ontinue ripenin& e%en after har%est> Other e-amples of "lima"teri" fruits are plum# man&o# J passion fruit# papaya# &ua%a# pear# et">7he other "ate&ory# non, "lima"teri" fruits# "onsists of those fruits 2hi"h do not ripen on"e har%ested> !-amples are "herry# stra2berry# &rapes# oran&es# et"> r e a " h e s1 ( R , 1 * Re t h y l e n e ' "a t a l y s t +d i s " h a r & e da t a" o n " e n t r a t io n o fa f t e r( /h r s #t h ee t h y le n ea n d8 Or o o m i s " l o s e d a & a i n #a t m o s p h e r e " o n t r o l l e da t 1 * R , 1 1 R 8 f o r 3 , /d a y sr o o m i s% e n t i l a t e da n d r i p e f r u i tt a . e n o u t f o rd i s p a t " h11Sta&es in ripenin&4mage 5: des"ripti%e of the earliest ripenin& sta&e after immediate har%estAmount of ethylene gas re'uired for ripening room is normallycalculated on free air space after the !ananas have !een loaded inthe cham!er1N4mage 6: sta&e at 2hi"h banana is imported to the Durin& unloadin&'R8+(*>NR# (*>AR# (*>AR# (L>1RA%& V (L>1R7he temperatures at 2hi"hthe bananas are a"Guiredand after ( hrs in theunloadin& do".# are almostthe same>6ulp temp> In pro"ess hall#after ( hrs of unloadin& 'R8+(*>(R# (*>1R# (*>)R# (/>ARA%& V (*>)R6ulp temp> Durin& loadin& in"hamber 'R8+(/>AR# ((>AR#(/>1R# ((>ARA%& V (3>N*Due to the maintained "oldtemp> in the supply "hain#the temp> of import is1Ade"reased8O( 'ppm+ durin& loadin& in"hamber3))ppm )>)3Q or 3))ppm is the 8O(le%el in atmosphere 'air+8O( 'ppm+ after /N hrsloadin& in "hamber1*/))ppm 1>*/Q$pto 3,/Q is the ma-limit>()(1(((3(/(*3I3LIO;5A6W "om 4"aphindia>"om 9rishise2a>"om Slideshare>net ;oo&le>"o>in :i.ipedia>or&/0n/