Behaviour Science

Assignment

Submitted To : Submitted By:

Dr. Kailash Chand barmola Sachin jangid

Defining Emotion

Elements of Emotion 1: The Body

Elements of Emotion 2: The Mind

Elements off Emotion 3: The Culture

Putting the elements together : Emotion and Gender

Emotion

Emotion

A state of arousal involving facial and body changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals,

subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.

Primary And Secondary

Face of Emotion

Brain and Emotion

Hormones and Emotions

Detecting Emotions : Does the body lie

Elements of Emotion 1: The Body

Primary emotions Emotions considered to be universal and biologically

based. They generally include fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt.

Secondary emotion Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary

across individuals and cultures. Three biological areas of emotion are facial expressions, brain regions and circuits, and autonomic nervous system.

Elements of Emotion 1: The Body

Facial expressions for primary emotions are universal.

Even members of remote cultures can recognize facial expressions in people who are foreign to them.

Facial feedback Process by which the facial muscles send messages to

the brain about the basic emotion being expressed. Infants are able to read parental expressions. Facial expression can generate same expressions

in others, creating mood contagion.

Universal Expressions of Emotion

Anger is universally recognized by geometric patterns on the face.

In each pair, the left form seems angrier than the right form.

The Face of Anger

Across and within cultures, agreement often varies on which emotion a particular facial expression is revealing.

People don’t usually express their emotion in facial expressions unless others are around.

Facial expressions convey different meanings depending on their circumstances.

People often use facial expressions to lie about their feelings as well as to express them.

Facial Expressions in Social Context

The amygdala Responsible for assessing threat. Damage to the amygdala results in abnormality to

process fear. Left prefrontal cortex Involved in motivation to approach others. Damage to this area results in loss of joy.

Right prefrontal cortex Involved in withdrawal and escape. Damage to the area results in excessive mania and

euphoria.

Brain and Emotion

When experiencing an intense emotion, 2 hormones are released.

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Results in increased alertness and arousal.

At high levels, it can create the sensation of being out of control emotionally.

Hormones and Emotions

The Autonomic Nervous System

Polygraph testing relies on

autonomic nervous system arousal.

Typical measures:

Galvanic Skin Response

Pulse, blood pressure

Breathing

Fidgeting

Detecting Emotions : Does the Body Lie

Empirical support is weak and conflicting.

Test is inadmissible in most courts.

It is illegal to use for most job screening.

Many government agencies continue to use for screening.

Polygraph Test

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Innocentpeoplejudgedguilty

Guiltypeoplejudged

innocent

How thoughts create emotions

The two factor theory of emotion.

Attributions and emotions.

Cognitions and emotional complexity

Elements of Emotion 2 : The Mind

How thoughts create emotions

The two factor theory of emotion.

Attributions and emotions.

Cognitions and emotional complexity

Two Factor Theory of Emotion

Perceptions and attributions are involved in emotions.

How one reacts to an event depends on how he or she explains it.

For example, how one reacts to being ignored or winning the silver instead of the gold medal.

Philosophy of life is also influential.

Attributions and Emotions

Cognitions, and therefore, emotions, become more complex as a child’s cerebral cortex matures.

Self-conscious emotions, such as shame and guilt, do not occur until after infancy, due to the emergence of a sense of self and others.

People can learn how their thinking affects their emotions and can change their thinking accordingly.

Cognitions and Emotional Complexity

Culture and emotional variation

The rules of emotional regulation

Display rules

Body language

Emotion work

Elements of Emotion 3 : The Culture

Display Rules When, where, and how emotions are to be expressed or

when they should be squelched.

Body Language The nonverbal signals of body movement, posture and

gaze that people constantly express.

Emotion Work Acting out an emotion we do not feel or trying to create

the right emotion for the occasion.

The Rules of Emotional Regulations

Physiology and intensity

Sensitivity to other people’s emotions

Cognitions

Expressiveness

Factors which affect expressiveness

Emotion work

Putting it all together : Emotion and Gender

Physiology and intensity

Women recall emotional events more intensely and vividly than do men.

Men experience emotional events more intensely than do women.

Conflict is physiologically more upsetting for men than

women.

Putting The elements Together : Emotion and Gender

Males autonomic nervous system is more reactive than females.

Men are more likely to rehearse angry thoughts which maintains anger.

Women are more likely to ruminate which maintains depression.

Possible reasons for differences in physiology and intensity.

Factors which influence one’s ability to “read” emotional signals:

The sex of the sender and receiver.

How well the sender and receiver know each other.

How expressive the sender is.

Who has the power.

Stereotypes and expectations.

Sensitivity to Other People’s Emotions

Men and women appear to differ in the types of every day events that provoke their anger.

Women become angry over issues related to their partners disregard.

Men become angry over damage to property or problems with strangers.

Cognitions

In North America women: Smile more than men.

Gaze at listeners more.

Have more emotionally expressive faces.

Use more expressive body movements.

Touch others more.

Acknowledge weakness and emotions more.

Compared to women, men only express anger to strangers more.

Expressiveness

Gender roles

Cultural norms

The specific situation

Factors Influencing Emotional Expressiveness

Women work hard at appearing warm, happy and making sure others are happy.

Men work hard at persuading others they are stern, aggressive and unemotional.

Why?

Gender roles and status.

Emotion Work And Gender

Thank You