Sabtu 16 Feb 2013sistem integrasi
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Transcript of Sabtu 16 Feb 2013sistem integrasi
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Embedded Systems
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Structure of the seminarIntroduction
History of embedded systems
Characteristics
Embedded systems for meters
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IntroductionPart 1
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What is an Embedded System ?
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform a dedicated function
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An Embedded system
A generic embedded system
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Why Embedded system ?Performance Technology Advances
CMOS VLSI dominates older technologies (TTL, ECL) Computer architecture improvements
RISC, superscalar, RAID, …
Price Simpler development
CMOS VLSI: smaller systems, fewer components Higher volumes
CMOS VLSI : same device cost 10,000 vs. 10,000,000 units
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Embedded system vs General Computer
Performs one or a few pre-defined tasks
Very specific requirements
Task-specific hardware and mechanical parts
Often mass-produced
Design engineers can optimize it
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Embedded System
Microprocessor Micro controller
Micro controllers have built in peripherals and memorywhich reduces the size of the system
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Application AreasSignal processing systems
Real-time video, DVD players, Medical equipment.Distributed control
Network routers, switches, firewalls,“Small” systems
Mobile phones, home appliances, toys, smartcards, MP3 players, PDAs, digital cameras, sensors, pc keyboard & mouse
Modern cars: Up to 100 or more processors Engine control unit ABS systems (Anti Lock Brake systems) Emissions control Diagnostics and Security systems Accessories (doors, windows etc)
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History of Embedded Systems
Part 2
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Apollo Guidance computer
The Apollo Guidance Computer, the first recognizablemodern embedded system developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory
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Minuteman Missile 1966
First mass-produced embedded system Autonetics D-17 guidance computer Built from transistor logicReduced prices on nand gate ICs from $1000/each to $3/eachMedicinal appliancesAvionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control systemsCellular telephones and telephone switchesHome automation products
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Other developmentsFirst MicroprocessorIntel 4004Required external memory and support chips
By mid 1980’s micro controllers came into existence
cost of a microcontroller fell below $1
By the end of the 80s, embedded systems were the norm rather than the exception
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Moore’s law
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems
Part 2
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems
1. Interface2. Complexity3. Platform4. Peripherals5. Tools6. Reliability7. Volume
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1. InterfaceInterface
No User Interface
Full User Interface
Performing user- defined
PDA’s
Dedicated to oneTaskMissile guidancesystem
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2. ComplexityComplexity
Simple systems Complex systems
•Use buttons,small character/ digit-only displays
•simple menu system
•Connected to a network
•Touch screen
•Real time constraints
•Part of a critical operation
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3. CPU PlatformMany different CPU architectures used in embedded designs such as ARM, MIPS, x86, PIC, 8051 etc…
Desktop computer market is limited to just a few architectures
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CPU Platform…PC/104 is a typical base for small, low-volume embedded system design.
Uses an embedded real-time operating system such as MicroC/OS-II, QNX or VxWorks
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CPU Platform…Very-high-volume embedded systems use the system on a chip (SoC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
CPU core was purchased and added as part of the chip design.
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4. PeripheralsSerial Communication Interfaces Universal Serial Bus (USB)Networks: Ethernet, Controller Area NetworkTimers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing UnitsGeneral Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)
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5. ToolsEmbedded system designers use compilers, assemblers, and debuggers Utilities to add a checksum or CRC to a program Emulator replaces the microprocessor with a simulated equivalent
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6. Reliability issuesSystem cannot be shut down for repair
Solutions involve subsystems with spares
system must be kept running for safety and monetary reasons
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7. VolumeVolume
High Volume Low Volume
Minimizing cost is usually the primary design consideration
Used when cost is not a major factor
Performance and reliability constraints
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Embedded systems for Meters
Part 4
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Electric power consumption
Electric power consumption is not constant whole dayPeak period is between 1 pm and 4 pmSystem must be engineered to meet peak power
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Limitations of the meterMechanical deviceProne to wear,shockMaintains no record of timeOnly Counts the number of rotations of the wheel
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Demand Curve
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Real power limitationIdeally current and voltage are in phaseEvery volt-ampere delivered becomes a watt of power usedInduction motors and lamp ballasts cause current to flow out of phaseFewer actual watts are used than delivered
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Ideal power curve
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When current and voltage are not in-phase
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Power factor penaltyIndustrial customers must by contract maintain power factorPower factor=Ratio of real power used to volt amperes deliveredPay penalty if above some agreed upon values
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Multi function meterExtend for smaller commercial customer
Even for residences
Contract can be varied
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BillingNetworked system can facilitate automationNo need to send personnelBetter accuracy and lesser burden
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Design Fundamentals1. Means of taking samples2. Display3. Communication subsystem4. Non-volatile memory5. Power supply6. Stored program micro-controller
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Hardware design
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Choosing a micro-controller
Feature setCode spaceData SpaceData converterReal-time clock
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ConclusionA quiet revolution is in progress in the utility industry.Static metering devices, have been in use for the better part of a centuryGradually being replaced with multi-rate, multifunction metersCapable of more accurately accounting for utility usage.
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Referenceswww.maxim-ic.comwww.electronicsforu.comwww.refdesign.techonline.comwww.wikipedia.orgwww.powerelectronics.comwww.ucpros.comwww.pdfserv.maxim-ic.com
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Thank You