Sabine Pöller - Diagnostic and evaluation of the core strenght in triathletees

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Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes

S A B I N E P Ö L L E R 1, T HOMAS M O E L L E R 2 & M A R E N W ITT 1,2

1 F A C U L T Y O F S P O R T S C I E N C E , U N I V E R S I T Y O F L E I P Z I G , G E R M A N Y2 I N S T I T U T E F O R A P P L I E D T R A I N I N G S C I E N C E , L E I P Z I G , G E R M A N Y

Science & Triathlon - Magglingen - February 2013

Introduction

Functions of the trunk musculature:

stable base

force transmission

Impact on athletic performance?

Prevention of injuries?

C t t d t f t th t i i ?

Santana (2005)

Content and amount of strength training?

“Gold standard” for the measurement of

core strength?Tittel (1994)

Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pöller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes

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Core Strength Testing

possible causes:

• Measurement results of core strength differ strongly

possible causes: isometric or isokinetic

movements

endurance strength or 1 RM

different groups of subjects,

different measuring systems,

different measuring positions

movement speeds,

reps and

evaluation software (Verdonck et al., 1997)


Objectives

What is the performance level of triathletes in an isometric trunk maximum strength test in the cross-section of the total sample? depending on age and gender? depending on the training base? compared over a preparation period and over a year? gender-differentiated compared to the other sports: rowing, canoeing, swimming and throwing (athletics)?rowing, canoeing, swimming and throwing (athletics)?

In which amount and content is strength trained at German triathlon bases?


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Instrument and Measurement

Isometric maximum strength test using the CTT Pegasus (BfMC, Leipzig, g , p g,Germany) at the Institute for Applied Training Science (Leipzig) within the complex performance diagnostics

Maximum force measured in the sagittal, frontal & transversal plane

3 trials in the strength test (~15 min)



Each subject has its own individual anthropometric profilep

Necessary to determine: body mass

body height

upper body length

Reference = upper body torque


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Subjects

49 athletes (21 female and 28 male, regional and national squad)national squad)

19.2 ± 3.0 years old

1. Test (n=49)

Comparative Test A (after 2-4 months); n=16

Comparative Test B (after 1 year); n=11

Sex Body height in cm Body mass in kg

female 168.8 ± 6.3 58.1 ± 7.6

male 183.3 ± 6.3 70.5 ± 8.3


Cross-Section Results (n=49)

140[Percent]

40

60

80

100

120


0

20

Extension Flexion Lateral left Lateral right Rotation left Rotation right

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Gender Differences

[Percent]

110

120

* *

* *

*

60

70

80

90

100* *

SignifikanztabelleExtension Flexion Lateral left

Lateral right

Rotation left

Rotation right

p .002 .084 .011 .015 .000 .007


60Extension Flexion Lateral left Lateral right Rotation left Rotation right

male female

Age Group Differences

120

[Percent]

70

80

90

100

110


• Juniors (n=28), U23/Elite (n=21)

60Extension Flexion Lateral left Lateral right Rotation left Rotation

right

Juniors U23/Elite

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Strength Training at the National Centers

Saarbrücken (n=8), Potsdam (n=22),

Neubrandenburg (n=9), others (n=10)Neubrandenburg (n 9), others (n 10)

Saarbrücken Potsdam Neubrandenburg

strength training in h/year

~ 200 100-150 100-150

units per week 4 3-5 2-3

a) athletic trainingb) i h i

50 % %

65 % %

66.6 % %b) with gym equipement

c) with free weights15 %35 %

0 %35 %

33.3 %0 %

alternative strength training

none Skikes, rowing, canoeing

xc-skiing


Training Base Differences

120

130[Percent]

6

70

80

90

100

110

• Problems with inconsistent recording and group composition


60Extension Flexion Lateral_li Lateral_re Rotation_li Rotation_re

Saarbrücken Potsdam Neubrandenburg others

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Development over one preparation period

[Percent] *

120130

60708090

100110

Extension Flexion Lateral left Lateral rightRotation left Rotation right

T t T t

Extension Flexion Lateral left

Lateral right

Rotation left

Rotation right

p .000 .787 .095 .956 .072 .054

d .77 .07 .38 .01 .27 .32


1. Test 2. Test

Comparison of Sports

110

Men[Percent]

70

80

90

100


60Extension Flexion Lateral Rotation

Canoeing Rowing Swimming (Youth)

Swimming (Elite) Triathlon Throwing

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Comparison of Sports

105

Women[Percent]

65707580859095

100


6065

Extension Flexion Lateral Rotation

Canoeing Rowing Swimming (Youth)

Swimming (Elite) Triathlon Throwing

Single Cases

Female (22), National SquadMale (17), Regional Squad

Female (27), National SquadMale (20), Regional Squad


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Summary

Men have a good performance level, women have significant deficits - explanation?significant deficits explanation?

No significant differences by age and training

Trunk strength training with complex, alternative training methods

Good analysis of the trunk strength possible with this testtest


Future Research

With ongoing testing, clarification of the trend in the longitudinal sectionlongitudinal section

Training intervention studies

Benchmarks for triathletes

Correlation of dysbalances and laterality

Correlation of flexibility and strength performance

I t th titi lt Impact on the competition result

Standardized recording of strength training


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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!


contact: [email protected]

References

Bourban, P., Hübner, K., Tschopp, M. & Marti, B. (2001). Grundkraftanforderungen im Spitzensport: Ergebnisseeines 3-teiligen Rumpfkrafttests. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin und Sporttraumatologie, 49 (2),73-78.

Cowley, P. M., Fitzgerald, S., Sottung, K., & Swensen, T. (2009). Age, Weight, and the Front Abdominal Power Test asPredictors of Isokinetic Trunk Strength and Work in Young Men and Women. Journal of Strength andg g f gConditioning Research, 23, 915-925.

Denner, A. (1995). Muskuläre Profile der Wirbelsäule. Band 1: Grundlagen. Köln: Sport und Buch Strauß.Fröhlich, M. & Pieter, A. (2009). Cohen’s Effektstärken als Mass der Bewertung von praktischer Relevanz –

Implikationen für die Praxis. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin und Sporttraumatologie, 57, 139-142.Nikolenko, M., Brown, L. E., Coburn, J. W., Spiering, B.A. & Tran, T. T. (2011). Relationship between Core Power and

Mesures of Sport Performance. Kinesiology, 43 (2), 163-168.Prochnow, C. (2011). Entwicklung eines Trainingskonzepts zum spezifischen Krafttraining in der Sportart Triathlon

im Hochleistungstraining. Studienarbeit, Trainerakademie Köln.Santana, J. (2005). Strength Training for Swimmers: Training the Core. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 27 (2),

40-42.Sato, K. & Mokha, M. (2009). Does Core Strength Training Influence Running Kinetics, Lower-Extremity Stability,

and 5000-m Performance in Runners? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23, 133-140.Tittel, K. (2003). Beschreibende und funktionelle Anatomie des Menschen (14., völlig überarb. und erw. Aufl.).Tittel, K. (2003). Beschreibende und funktionelle Anatomie des Menschen (14., völlig überarb. und erw. Aufl.).

München, Jena: Urban und Fischer.Tschopp, M. (2003). Leistungsdiagnostik Kraft. Magglingen: Swiss Olympic.Verdonck, A. J., Höltke, V. & Theek, C. (1997). Isokinetische Kraftleistungsdiagnostik der Rumpfextensoren und –

flexoren. Eine Untersuchung bei Hochleistungsschwimmern und Eistänzern/Eiskunstläufern der nationalenSpitzenklasse. Leistungssport, 27 (4), 39-44.

Vincent, W. (1995). Statistics in kinesiology. Champaign: Human Kinetics.Weineck, J. (2000). Optimales Training : leistungsphysiologische Trainingslehre unter besonderer Berücksichtigung

des Kinder- und Jugendtrainings (11. Aufl.). Balingen: Spitta-Verlag.Witt, M. (2009, Oktober). Biomechanische Diagnostik selbstständig durchführen: Rumpfkraft. Vorlesung

Masterstudiengang Sportwissenschaft an der Universität Leipzig.Zatsiorsky, V. M. & Kraemer, W. J. (2008). Krafttraining, Praxis und Wissenschaft. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer.

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Development over one year

110120130[Percent] *

**

60708090

100110

Extension Flexion Lateral left Lateral right Rotation left Rotation right

1 Test 2 Test

Extension Flexion Lateralleft

Lateralright

Rotationleft

Rotationright

p .024 .888 .000 .000 .155 .064

d .70 .03 1.29 .80 .28 .44


1. Test 2. Test

Upper Body Torque

by Zatsiorsky (1984, in Witt, 2009) needed: body mass (BM), body height (BH) and upper body

length (UBL) length (UBL).

Women upper body mass (UBM) = -21.084 + 0.326 BM + 0.2155 BH

Men upper body mass (UBM) = 10.0974 + 0.62064 BM - 0.06562 BH

individual upper body torque = 0.45 UBL/100 * 9.81 UBM

Expected: Extension : Flexion – 2:1, Flexion : Lateral – 1:1, Flexion : Rotation – 1:0,7

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Training Examples


(Prochnow, 2011; Eggert, 2011)


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Kraftformen

Motorische Kraft=Maximalkraft, Schnellkraft und Kraftausdauer (Letzelter & Letzelter, 1986)

lk f f h k l d b l k f Maximalkraft =Basisfähigkeit, Anteil an der Absolutkraft, der willkürlich aktiviert werden kann (Bührle, 1985)

Maximalkraft Schnellkraft KraftausdauerReaktives

Kraftverhalten

f fElastische

Tab. : Erscheinungsformen und leistungsbestimmende Faktoren der Muskelkraft (nach Schmidtbleicher)

Muskelquerschnitt Maximalkraft MaximalkraftElastische

Eigenschaften

Muskelfaserspektrum ExplosivkraftErmüdungswi-

derstandsfähigkeitReflexverhalten

willkürliche Aktivierungsfähigkeit

Startkraft


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Sabine Pöller - Diagnostic and evaluation of the core strenght in triathletees

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