Saber Electrónica N° 277 Edición Argentina

7/22/2019 Saber Electrnica N 277 Edicin Argentina

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3/79

SJCCKAFJS EKGLS

Sjcckf mjo Ojctar 2>

LT]KCZOA MJ ]L^L

Kfvjrsar mj Bz/5>Bz 3

MJSCLTIL MJ CM ITL]ZK]L

CM7 Cursa mj ]cfkca jf Jfjril Saolr 43

HAF]LGJS

Oucjs lftk jfclfmkolhkjfta lutahtkcls 4=]jhparkzlmar/ Mkeusar plrl ouz kftjrkar mj cldkfl ::Mjtjctar mj vkdrlckf y mjtjctar mj clhpas hliftkcas :9Hkokhjtra :;

LZMKA

Ijfjrlmar mj jxcktlckf plrl eujftjs cafhutlmls 45

HLFZLOJS ]JCFKCAS

Jfjril saolr. ]kpas mj jfjril, cjomls saolrjs eatavaotlkcls. Eufckaflhkjfta ycafstrucckf 33

]JCFKCA TJ^LTLMAT

Okdjrlckf mj tjoeafas cjouolrjs Safy Jrkcssaf par ekrhwlrj :


4/79

MJO MKTJC]AT LO OJC]AT

CL^LCK]LFMAL \ZKJF OA FJCJSK]J

Dkjf, lhkias mj Sldjr Jojctrfkcl, fas jfcaf -trlhas fujvlhjftj jf ols pikfls mj fujstrl rj -vkstl prjmkojctl plrl cahplrtkr ols favjmlmjs mjohufma mj ol jojctrfkcl.

]amas mjdjhas tjfjr ol apartufkmlm mj jstumklr,

mj clplcktlrfas, mj crj c j r, lufquj hucbls vjcjsols cafmkckafjs ptkhls fa jstf mlmls. Blcj 4las cahjfzlhas l mkctlr jf earhl vkrtulo (l trlvsmj Kftjrfjt) ol Clrrjrl mj ]cfkca Supjrkar jf Jojctrfkcl, cahpujstl mj 5 jtl -pls y mjstkflml l tamas oas quj mjsjjf cafacjr jojctrfkcl. Jo hjs plslma pusk -has jf hlrcbl ol culrtl jtlpl mj mkcbl clrrjrl y jf jstas hahjftas bly cjrclmj => louhfas quj blf loclfzlma mkcba fkvjo mj jstumka mj mkstkftas plsjs.

^ar atrl plrtj, jf ldrko cahjfzlhas l aerjcjr atras cursas caf ol hkshlhjtamaoail (]cfkcls Mkiktlojs, Hkcra c a f t ra o l m a rjs, ]jojeafl Cjouolr, jtc.) yrpkmlhjftj eujraf clptlmas par pjrsafls quj, caha Zm., dusclf supjrlrsj mll ml.

^lrl quj jstas cursas pujmlf sjr rjlokzlmas caf xkta, caftlhas caf ufl js -tructurl par Kftjrfjt quj fas oojv las earhlr y lf sjiukhas hjgarlfma plrloairlr jo pufta ptkha parquj sahas cafsckjftjs quj plrl hucbas js ol fkclvl mj jstumka.

Jstas cursas tkjfjf lskstjfckl par Kftjrfjt0 js mjckr, Zm. pujmj blcjr prjiuf -tls y uf praejsar sj ols rjspafmjr0 tlhdkf pamr lskstkr l colsjs prctkcls ltrlvs mj vkmjacafejrjfckls y rjfmkr jxhjfjs plrl mjhastrlr sus cafackhkjf -tas.

Jf ijfjrlo, jo louhfa lmqukjrj uf plqujtj jmucltkva quj sujoj caftjfjr ta -ma oa quj prjcksl plrl jstumklr (okdras, CMs. vkmjas, kfstruhjftas, cahpafjftjs0

saoa oj blr elotl opkz, plpjo, ufl cahputlmarl y ufl cafjxkf l Kftjrfjt (sk faol tkjfj tlhpaca js pradojhl yl quj pamr rjlokzlr cafsuotls mjsmj uf Cydjr).

\ukjfjs pjrtjfjcjhas l jstj prayjcta jstlhas ariuooasas mj oa quj blcjhasy sjiukhas trldlglfma plrl pamjr drkfmlr jmuclckf tcfkcl l qukjfjs oa sa -okcktjf0 js par jooa quj jf jstl jmkckf oj mlhas ol paskdkokmlm mj mjsclri l rITL]KS jo CM ]cfkca jf Jfjril Saolr quj js plrtj mj ufa mj oas cursas mjSldjr Jojctrfkcl y quj pasjj 4 jtlpls cahpojtls mj jstumka plrl quj sj caf -vkjrtl jf uf vjrmlmjra tcfkca jf ol hltjrkl.

Jspjrjhas quj sjl mj su lirlma y fa aovkmj caftlctlrfas jf fujstrl wjdplrl mjglrfas sus cahjftlrkas y ls sjiukr crjckjfma gufta l Zm.

Blstl jo hjs prxkha!

Kfi. Barlcka M. Uloojga

SLDJT JOJC]TAFKCL

Mkrjctar

Kfi. Barlcka M. Uloojga

^ramucckf

Gas Hlrl FkjvjsCaouhfkstls7

Ejmjrkca ^rlmaOuks Barlcka Tamriujz

^jtjr ^lr`jrGulf ^ldoa Hltutj

Jf jstj fhjra7

Kfi. Lodjrta ^kcjrfaKfi. Kshljo Cjrvlftjs mj Lfml

JMK]ATKLO \ZLT@ S.T.O.^rapkjtlrkl mj oas mjrjcbas

jf clstjoolfa mj ol pudokclckf hjf-sulo SLDJT JOJC]TAFKCLLrijftkfl7 Bjrrjrl 95< (


5/79

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

3

Oas kfvjrsarjs,js mjckr oas mks-pasktkvas qujpjrhktjf adtjfjr

ufl tjfskflotjrfl mj Bz 5>Bz, plrtkjfmamj ol tjfskf caf-tkful mj ufl dltj-rl, saf huyrjqujrkmas bayjf ml yl quj pjr-hktjf lokhjftlr

tamas oas lplrl-tas joctrkcas qujtrldlglf caf tjfskf mj ol rjm joctrkcl jf clsa mj quj sucjmlf elooas mj suhk-fkstra. Lmjhs, cahpojhjftfmaoa caf uf clrilmar mj dltjrls jstlrjhas jfpasjskf mj uf cahpojta irupa mj caftkfukmlm. ]lhdkf pujmj sjr huy tkojf ufl clsl ramlftj a, par qu fa, jf jo cacbj.

Ol hlyar plrtj mj oas mkspasktkvas joctrkcasquj utkokzlhas jf fujstrl vkml catkmklfl jstfprjplrlmas, slova loiufl rlrl jxcjpckf,plrl sjr lokhjftlmas caf oas BW


6/79

\ukjfjs blf suerkma ols kftjrrupckafjs jf josuhkfkstra mj jfjril joctrkcl quj sj blf pramu-ckma jf oas plslmas vjrlfas, mjdkma l ol irlf utk-okzlckf mj lplrltas mj lkrj lcafmkckaflma y l olhlyar mjhlfml mj jfjril joctrkcl, rjcarmlrfcaha ol rjpjftkfl elotl mj jojctrkckmlm fa bl skmaprjckslhjftj uf sucjsa huy lirlmldoj.

Jf jejcta, jf jsas hahjftas mjglraf mj eufckaflrfuhjrasls kfstlolckafjs mj lkrj lcafmkckaflma yol hlyarl mj oas jojctramahstkcas prjsjftjsmjftra mj ols vkvkjfmls.

Caf oas tjojvksarjs y ols cahputlmarls eujrl mjusa ols fatkckls saoa sj pujmjf rjckdkr jf rlmkas ytjojvksarjs parttkojs, quj, irlckls l quj sk sj lok-hjftlf caf pkols a dltjrls, skiujf eufckaflfma.

Oas leartuflmas quj tuvkjraf l mkspaskckf ufKfvjrsar (Skstjhl mj Lokhjftlckf Kfkftjrruhpkml

a SLK), js mjckr uf mkspasktkva clplz mj cafvjrtkr oltjfskf caftkful pracjmjftj mj ufl dltjrl jfufl tjfskf lotjrfl mj vaot, lprj-cklraf ckjrtlhjftj ols vjftlgls mj uf mkspasktkvaquj pjrhktj sjiukr mjslrraoolfma trlfqukolhjftjols lctkvkmlmjs catkmklfls.

Jf clsa mj elool jf jo suhkfkstra joctrkca uflplrlta caha jstj pujmj praparckaflr kftjrjslf-tjs prjstlckafjs7

- Ilrlftkzl ol kouhkflckf mj oas jftarfas prkfckpl-

ojs mj ufl vkvkjfml, l trlvs mjo usa mj ohplrls

mj fjf mj


7/79

Zfl otkhl lpokclckf quj as suijrkhas js ol rjl-okzlckf mj ufl pjqujl jstlckf lutfahl mjlokhjftlckf l vaot plrl utkokzlr jf tamaslqujooas ouilrjs jf oas quj jstl tjfskf fa oojil

eckohjftj, utkokzlfma ufl dltjrl mj cacbj. ^arjgjhpoa, plrl qukjf mkspafil mj ufl clsl jfpojfl haftll a mjsjj utkokzlr sus jojctramahs-tkcas jf ufl jhdlrclckf quj fa mkspafil mjsuhkfkstra joctrkca.

Kfstlolfma uf pjquja plfjo mj couols eatavao-tlkcls plrl rjclrilr ol dltjrl murlftj oas pjra-mas mj kflctkvkmlm, mkspafmrks mj uf ijfjrlmar mjcarrkjftj cahpojtlhjftj lutfaha (vjr ekiurl 4).

^TKFCK^KAS mj EZFCKAFLHKJF]A

Fa tama jo hufma cafacj quj irlf plrtj mj oaskfvjrsarjs mkspafkdojs jf jo hjrclma, farhlo-hjftj mkstrkdukmas caha Skstjhls mj LokhjftlckfKfkftjrruhpkml (SLK), fa praparckaflf jf sus slok-mls afmls skfusakmlojs, caha ol praparckaflmlpar ol rjm joctrkcl, skfa afmls culmrlmls hamk-ekclmls (vjr ekiurl 3).

Mj jstl earhl js hucba hs sjfckool, y dlrltl, olrjlokzlckf mjo kfvjrsar, pjra pujmj pravaclr jf

oas kfstruhjftas hs saekstkclmas, caha oas armj-flmarjs pjrsaflojs, loiufas kfcafvjfkjftjs par olprjsjfckl mj lrhfkcls, pumkjfma kfcousa oojilr lmllr loif cahpafjftj.

Jo kfvjrsar quj lqu prjsjftlhas aerjcj jf suslokml ufl afml pjrejctlhjftj skfusakmlo y okdrjmj lrhfkcls.

Jstj rjsuotlma sj cafskiuj jxpoatlfma ol eufckf

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

:

Ekiurl 4. Cafjctlfma uf plfjo saolr mj couols eatavaotlkcls l uf Caftrao lutahtkca plrl clril-marjs mj dltjrls sj adtkjfj uf Ijfjrlmar mj carrkjftj cahpojtlhjftj lutfaha quj pjrhktj ooj-vlr ol tjfskf mj rjm loo mafmj fa jst mkspafkdoj.

^lrl rjlokzlr ol lpokclckf hastrlml jf olekiurl 4 bly quj prjplrlr jo Caftraolmar plrlsjr lokhjftlma caf ol hkshl dltjrl mj Bz


8/79

^YH (^uosj Ykmtb Hamuoltkaf) mjo hkcrapracjslmarS]9 OK]J, eufckf quj pjrhktj mj ijfjrlr uf khpuosamj afml culmrlml mj : vaot mj lhpoktum caf uf

muty-cycoj sjojcckafldoj.

^lrl cafsjiukr ufl pjrejctl afml skfusakmlo jfslokml sj plrtj tahlfma ufl skfusakmj mj :> 5>Bzy sj sudmkvkmj jf 4:5 puftas (vjr ekiurl =).

Jo vloar mj lhpoktum carrjspafmkjftj l clml ufa mjoas puftas mj ol skfusakmj js lohlcjflma mjftra mjo

hkcrapracjslmar mj earhl quj plrl clml puftaijfjrl uf vloar cafcrjta mj muty-cycoj.

Mj jstl earhl plrl clml ufa mj oas 4:5 puftas johkcrapracjslmar ijfjrl uf khpuosa mj afml cul-mrlml cuya muty-cycoj tjfmr ufl murlckf pra-parckaflo l ol lhpoktum mj ol skfusakmj jf clmlpufta.

Jstj hujstrja mj ol skfusakmj sj rjlokzl l ufl erj-cujfckl mj Bz (par jgjhpoa) y qujrjhastahlr 4:5 puftas, adtjfjhas quj jo vloar mj olerjcujfckl mj hujstrja tkjfj quj sjr kiulo l7

Erjcujfckl 8 :> Bz x 4:5 8 >Bz 8 Bz tlhdkf sj pujmj blcjr uf cocuoaskhkolr, adtjfkjfma ufl erjcujfckl mj trldlga mjBz.

Oas khpuosas jf earhl mj afml culmrlml ijfjrl-mas par jo hkcrapracjslmar sj jfvlf l uf ckrcuktaearhlma par 2 HASEJ] mj patjfckl (HAS^A-YJT) cafjctlmas jf ol coskcl cafekiurlckf mjpujftj. ]kjfjf ol eufckf mj caftraolr jo trlfsear-hlmar plrl earhlr ufl pjrejctl skfusakmj jf ol

slokml.

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

5

Ekiurl 3. Ol hlyarl mj oas kfvjrsarjs mkspa-fkdojs jf jo hjrclma fa praparckaflf uflafml skfusakmlo skfa ufl afml culmrlmlhamkekclml caha ol quj sj hujstrl lqu.


9/79

Fujstra kfvjrsar jst matlma mj ufl cahpojtlsjrkj mj caftraojs sadrj ol lhpoktum mj ol tjf-skf jf slokml, sadrj jo vloar mj ol carrkjftj pra-parckaflml l ol clril, sadrj ol tjhpjrlturl mjeufckaflhkjfta mj ol jtlpl mj patjfckl y sadrj jojstlma mj clril mj ol dltjrl.

Jo caftrao mj ol tjfskf suhkfkstrlml sj rjlokzladtjfkjfma ufl erlcckf mjo vloar mj pkca mj olskfusakmj mj slokml y jfvkfmaol lo CafvjrsarL/M mjo hkcra.

Sk jo vloar mj ol tjfskf jst par mjdlga a parjfckhl mjo fkvjo jstldojckma jo hkcrapracjslmarhamkekcl oas khpuosas ijfjrlmas luhjftlfma arjmuckjfma jo mutycycoj mj earhl quj jo vloar mjol tjfskf jf slokml vujovj lo vloar jstldojckma (+/-2%). Jstj caftrao pjrhktj hlftjfjr jo vloar mj oltjfskf mj slokml mjftra mj uf +/- 2% lufquj vlrjol ldsarckf mj carrkjftj mj ol clril a jo jstlmamj clril mj ol dltjrl.

Jo caftrao mj ol carrkjftj suhkfkstrlml jf slokml sjjejctl cafjctlfma jf sjrkj l ol clril ol jspkrlmj uf pjquja trlfsearhlmar (]4) jf cuya sjcuf-mlrka sj adtkjfj ufl tjfskf praparckaflo l olcarrkjftj quj oj ltrlvkjsl.

Jstl tjfskf js hlfmlml lo tjrhkflo CurrjftOaap mjo hkcra, quj kftjrvkjfj mjscafjctlfma jokfvjrsar jf culfta ol carrkjftj supjrl jo vloarhxkha pjrhktkma.

Jo caftrao mj ol tjhpjrlturl js rjlokzlma par uflF]C cafjctlml l ols lojtls mj mkskplckf mj oasHASEJ] mj patjfckl, hkjftrls quj jo caftrao mjojstlma mj ol dltjrl sj rjlokzl hafktarkzlfma ol

tjfskf prjsjftj jf sus caftlctas. Culoqukjr lfa-hlol quj sj pramuzcl js sjlolml hjmklftj ollctkvlckf mj uf zuhdlmar lcstkca y par jojfcjfmkma mj oas mkamas OJM carrjspafmkjftjs.

JS\ZJHL JOC]TKCA

Jf ol ekiurl : sj hujstrl jo jsqujhl joctrkca mjokfvjrsar. Jo carlzf mjo skstjhl jst cafstktukmapar jo hkcrapracjslmar S]9 OK]J (KC4), quj, plr-tkjfma mj oas 4:5 vloarjs caftjfkmas jf su hjha-rkl, pracjmj l ijfjrlr khpuosas ^YH, clml ufaclrlctjrkzlma par uf prjcksa vloar mj muty-cycojplrl cafstrukr ufl pjrejctl skfusakmj jf ol slokml.

Jstas khpuosas, adtjfkmas mjo tjrhkflo mj KC4,

saf hlfmlmas l oas kftjirlmas KC: j KC5, masKT.4


10/79

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

2

Lrtcuoa mj ]lpl

Ekiurl :. Jsqujhl joctrkca mjo Kfvjrsar OR..Ol okstl mj oas cahpafjftjs jst rjpramuckml jf ol pikfl


11/79

Jf jo sjiufma ckcoa, culfma jf jo tjrhkflo mjKC4 bly uf fkvjo oikca y : vaot, sj pra-mucj jf oas mas puftas cjftrlojs mjo pujftj (jftrjjo tjrhkflo 5 mj KC: y jo tjrhkflo 5 mj KC5) ufkhpuosa mj afml culmrlml cuyl lhpoktum jstcahprjfmkml jftrj +


12/79

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

Lrtcuoa mj ]lpl

T< 8 >> abhT4 8 >> abhT3 8 >> abhT= 8 >> abhT: 8 =.9>> abhT5 8 abhT9 8 >> abhT2 8 =9.>>> abhT; 8 44.>>> abhT 8 >> abhT> abhT> abhT> abhT> abh

T> abhT abhT4> 8 >> abhT4< 8 :5> abhT44 8 >> abhT43 8 >> abhT4= 8 33.>>> abhT4: 8 4.4>> abh

T45 8 >> abhT49 8 >> abhT42 8 =.9>> abhT4; 8 =.9>> abhT3> 8 >> abhT3< 8 >> abhT34 8 =.9>> abhT33 8 abh (*)T3= 8 abh (*)T3: 8 abh (*)T35 8 abh (*)

T39 8 abh (*)T32 8 abh (*)T3; 8 abh (*)T=> 8 abh (*)T=< 8 =.9>> abh (*)T=4 8 abh > abhC< 8 >.>>>pE paokstjrC4 8 >.>>>pE paokstjr

C3 8 >.>>>pE paokstjrC= 8 hkcraE. jojctraotkcaC: 8 >.>>>pE paokstjrC5 8 UC9 8 >.>>>pE paokstjr >>UC2 8 >.>>>pE paokstjr >>UC; 8 >.>>>pE paokstjrC 8 E jojctraotkcaC.>>>pE paokstjrCE jojctraotkcaC>pE paokstjr (*)C>E jojctraotkca (*)

C.>>>pE paokstjr (*)C>E jojctraotkcaC>E jojctraotkca (*)C4> 8 >.>>>pE paokstjr (*)C4< 8 =9>.>>>pE paokstjr (*)C44 8 =9E jojctraotkca (*)C43 8 >E jojctraotkcaC4= 8 >E jojctraotkcaW< 8 Khpjmlfckl 34,:B (U@)W4 8 Khpjmlfckl 34,:B (U@)TS< 8 ^ujftj rjctkekclmar >U


13/79

uf kftjrvloa mjo +/- 2% jo hkcra pracjmj kfstlft-fjlhjftj l hamkekclr su muty-cycoj plrl quj jovloar mj ol tjfskf jf ol slokml vujovl l su vloarfahkflo.

Jo caftrao mj ol carrkjftj hxkhl quj pujmj ltrl-

vjslr ol clril sj rjlokzl utkokzlfma uf sjfsar mjcarrkjftj cafstktukma par uf trlfsearhlmar (] 4)cuya prkhlrka jst earhlma par ufl fkcl jspkrlcafjctlml jf sjrkj l ol clril, y cuya sjcufmlrkajst cafjctlma l ol jftrlml fa kfvjrsarl mjo apj-

rlckaflo KC3-D. Ol slokml mj jstj lhpokekclmar jst

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

Kfvjrsar mj Bz/5>Bz

Ekiurl 9. Ol sjlo ^YHprjsjftj jf jo tjrhkflo

mj KC4 sj lpokcl, mjselslml, l oas mas kftjirlmas

KC:-KC5 quj pracjmjf lcaftraolr lotjrfltkvlhjftj

mas mj ols cultra plrjglsmj HAS^AYJT. Jf jo prk-hjra mj oas mas ckcoas ol

sjlo ^YH jst l fkvjooikca >. Jf jstls cafmk-

ckafjs ol tjfskf mj oas


14/79

cafjctlml lo cahplrlmar earhlma par oas mas apj-rlckaflojs KC=/L j KC=/D. Jf cafmkckafjs farhlojsmj eufckaflhkjfta ol slokml mjo cahplrlmar jst lfkvjo oikca >. Lbarl dkjf, jf culfta sj pramucj uflsadrjclril ol tjfskf pramuckml par jo trlfsearhlmar]4 y lhpokekclml par jo apjrlckaflo KC3-D pravacl

quj ol slokml mjo cahplrlmar plsj l fkvjo oikca C sj mjslctkvl jo ckrcukta mj patjfckl y sjjfckjfmj jo mkama OJM AUJT]JH^.

Ol hafktarkzlckf mj ol tjfskf mj ol dltjrl sjrjlokzl adtjfkjfma ol tjfskf jf sus caftlctashjmklftj jo mkvksar earhlma par ols rjskstjfcklsT9-T2-T; y cafjctfmaoa lo tjrhkflo = mj KC4.

Ol lolrhl sj lctkvl culfma ol tjfskf mj ol dltjrlsupjrl oas


15/79

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

3

Kfvjrsar mj Bz/5>Bz

Ekiurl . Jsqujhl prctkca mj haftlgj mj ol tlrgjtl dlsj mjo Kfvjrsar OR.. Caha sj pujmj adsjr-vlr jf ol plrtj supjrkar, jftrj oas mas madojs cafjctarjs elstaf hlcba utkokzlmas plrl ol cafjxkf l oldltjrl mj

lhpjrj kfcoukma jf jo `kt.


16/79

hkjftrls quj oas +: vaot fjcjslrkas plrl ol lokhjftl-ckf mjo hkcra KC4 y mjo kftjirlma KC< sj adtkjfjf ltrlvs mj uf rjiuolmar mj tjfskf O92>: (KC9).

TJLOKWLCKF ^TC]KCL OR.

Lufquj jf uf prkhjr hahjfta pujmj plrjcjr mkecko,jo haftlgj mj jstj ckrcukta fa prjsjftl fkfiufl mkek-cuotlm sk sj rjlokzl jo haftlgj caf ols kfmkclckafjsquj jxpafjhas l caftkfulckf.

Jo kfvjrsar utkokzl trjs ckrcuktas khprjsas, OR.,OR./L y OR./D, tamas mj madoj clrl caftlolmras hjtlokzlmas.

Cahjfzlhas ol mjscrkpckf caf jo ckrcukta khprjsa

OR. (vjl ol ekiurl ), cuya haftlgj pujmjjhpjzlr caf ol kfstlolckf mj oas zcloas plrl oasckrcuktas kftjirlmas KC


17/79

elstaf. Jo haftlgj mj jstj ckrcukta khprjsa sjcahpojtl kftramuckjfma, jf su carrjspafmkjftjzcloa, jo kftjirlma KC:, arkjftlfma su hujscl mjrjejrjfckl jf earhl Z tlo y caha sj kfmkcl jf olekiurl


18/79

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

5

Lrtcuoa mj ]lpl

Ekiurl


19/79

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

9

Kfvjrsar mj Bz/5>Bz

Ekiurl


20/79

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

2

Lrtcuoa mj ]lpl

Ekiurl


21/79


22/79

^ar otkha sj blf mj saomlr ols khpjmlfckls W< y W4,prkhjra par jo olma mj oas cahpafjftjs y oujia par joolma mj ols pkstls mj cadrj.

HAF]LGJ jf jo ILDKFJ]J

Ol prkhjrl elsj mjo haftlgj cafskstj jf ol ekglckfmjekfktkvl, jf jo eafma mjo hujdoj, mj ols lojtls mjrjerkijrlckf caf sus ckrcuktas khprjsas (OR./L yOR./D) utkokzlfma oas tarfkooas hjtokcas y oassjplrlmarjs mj 4> hh.

Lbarl bly quj oaclokzlr oas 4 cldojs mj sjcckfhlyar mjo trlfsearhlmar ]< (prkhlrka) y, ufl vjzpjolmls ols puftls, kftramuckrols jf liugjras carrjs-pafmkjftjs mj oas ckrcuktas khprjsas OR./L yOR./D (ekiurl hh quj mjdjf ufkrsj mas l masplrl earhlr = sjplrlmarjs mj 5> hh (ekiurl


23/79

lojtls mjo ildkfjtj a hujdoj y jejctulr, l caftk-fulckf, tamls ols cafjxkafjs kfmkclmls jf olsekiurls y 4>.

Oas cldojs pracjmjftjs mjo kftjrruptar mj jfcjf-mkma S< sj cafjctlf l oas carrjspafmkjftjs tjrhk-

flojs tkpa pkf, hkjftrls quj oas 3 cldojs pracj-mjftjs mj ol tahl mj slokml mj vaot sjcafjctlf l ol dlrrl, darfjrl a cojhl mj 3 paoasprjsjftj jf jo olma kzqukjrma mjo ckrcukta (H4 ),tjfkjfma hucba cukmlma jf fa kftjrclhdklroas.

Ol elsj skiukjftj mjo haftlgj cafskstj jf cafjxkfmj ols mas plrjgls mj cldojs hlrclmas caf oasfhjras < y 4 l oas carrjspafmkjftjs tjrhkflojstkpa pkf mj ols tlrgjtls OR./L y OR./D y mjol F]C kfstlolml jf ol lojtl mj mjrjcbl (vjrEki.), tjfkjfma prjsjftj quj jstj cahpafjftj

fa tkjfj paolrkmlm, par oa quj sus tjrhkflojs puj-mjf cafjctlrsj jf culoqukjr sjftkma.

Lbarl sj blf mj cafjctlr oas mas cldojs mjo sjcuf-mlrka mjo trlfsearhlmar l ol cojhl mj 4 paoassktulml l ol mjrjcbl mjo ckrcukta khprjsa (HBz

Ekiurl


24/79

HZCBL L]JFCKF! Jf ol rjm joctrkcl jo tjrhk-flo mj tkjrrl sujoj jstlr cafjctlma l uf ckrcukta mjpratjcckf mkejrjfcklo lftj cartackrcuktas. ujstaquj jo kfvjrsar fa jst cafjctlma l ol rjm joc-trkcl jstl pratjcckf fa sj utkokzl. Bly quj tjfjrhucba cukmlma plrl fufcl pafjr jf caftlcta oastjrhkflojs mj ol tahl mj slokml mj vaot.

Js rjcahjfmldoj quj lftjs mj cafjctlr culoqukjrclril jf ol slokml sj vjrkekquj, caf uf tstjr, qujol tjfskf praparckaflml jf ol slokml jst cah-prjfmkml jftrj vaot+/- 2%, cafekrhlfmatlhdkf mj jstl earhl quj jo haftlgj bl skma rjl-okzlma carrjctlhjftj.

^TJCKA mj TJLOKWLCKF

Fujvl Jojctrfkcl cahjrcklokzl jo OR.7 Jo

casta mj tamas oas cahpafjftjs fjcjslrkas plrl

ol rjlokzlckf mj ol jtlpl dlsj mjo Kfvjrsar (ekiurl) y mj ols mas tlrgjtls OR./L y OR./D(ekiurl .

HA.7 Jo prjcka mjo ildkfjtj caf oas plfjojseraftlo y trlsjra pjrearlmas y sjrkirleklmas, kfcou-yjfma 4 lojtls mj rjerkijrlckf js mjo armjf mj oas$3:>.OR.7 Ckrcukta khprjsa7 $. Jf jstl eatairlel sj hujstrl jo kftjrkar mjo hujdoj ufl vjz rjlokzlmls ols cafjxkafjs jftrjtamas oas cahpafjftjs. Jf jo plfjo pastjrkar sj pujmjf lprjcklr ols mas iahls plslcldojs par mafmj

sj blf mj blcjr plslr oas cldojs caf oas madojs cafjctarjs elstaf utkokzlmas plrl ol cafjxkf l ol dltj-rl mj


25/79

C H A MJ S C L T I L T J O CM JR C O Z S K U A ^L T L OJ C ]A T J S M J SL D J T JO J C ] T F K C L

CM7 Cursa mj ]cfkca jf Jfjril SaolrJmktarklo \ulr` STO, Sldjr Kftjrflckaflo S.L. mj CU, jo Coud SJ y ol Tjvkstl SldjrJojctrfkcl prjsjftlf jstj fujva pramucta huotkhjmkl. Caha ojctar mj Sldjr

Jojctrfkcl pujmj mjsclrilr jstj CM mjsmj fujstrl pikfl wjd, irldlr ol khlijf jfuf mksca vkrijf y rjlokzlr jo cursa quj sj prapafj. ^lrl rjlokzlr ol mjsclril tkjfj qujtjfjr jstl rjvkstl lo loclfcj mj su hlfa, mlma quj sj oj blrf prjiuftls sadrj su caf-tjfkma. ^lrl rjlokzlr ol mjsclril, vlyl lo sktka7 www.wjdjojctrafkcl.cah.lr, blil cokc`jf jo cafa plsswarm j kfirjsj ol colvj ]JCSAO4=>. Mjdjr kfirjslr su mkrjcckfmj carrja jojctrfkca y, sk yl jst rjikstrlma, mj kfhjmklta pamr rjlokzlr ol mjsclrilskiukjfma ols kfstrucckafjs quj sj kfmkqujf. Sk fa jst rjikstrlma, sj oj jfvklr l suclskool mj carrja ol mkrjcckf mj mjsclril (rjikstrlrsj jf wjdjojctrafkcl js irltukta ytamas oas sackas pasjjf djfjekckas).

Jstj CM sj jfcujftrl mkvkmkma jf oas skiukjf-tjs 3 hmuoas7

Hmuoa


26/79

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

Oucjs Lftk Jfclfmkolhkjfta LutahtkclsDkjf sldkma js oa haojsta y pjokirasa quj js sjr jfclfmkolma lo

cafmuckr jo cacbj. ^jra olhjftldojhjftj clml vjz hls cafmuc-

tarjs khprumjftjs y hlo jmuclmas ckrcuolf caf ols oucjs olrils

jfcjfmkmls tama jo tkjhpa skf khpartlroj uf dojma ol sjiurkmlm

prapkl y mj qukjf vkjfj mj erjftj a qukjf tkjfj lmjolftj.

Sadrj uf trldlga pudokclma jf www.pldokf.cah

J

stj prctkca mkspasktkva lccka-

fl jo rjo lo mjtjctlr ufl eujf-

tj mj ouz sadrj su sjfsar (joOMT). ^asjj uf prjsjt a patjfck-

hjtra quj pjrhktj lgustlr ol sjfskdk-

okmlm ouhfkcl pjrhktkjfma jstldoj-

cjr caf prjckskf jo pufta mj lccka-

flhkjfta mj ols oucjs lftk jfclfmk-

olhkjfta. Jf jo clsa mj ols oucjs

eraftlojs pujmjf utkokzlrsj oas elras

olrias prapkas mjo vjbcuoa, jf clh-

dka, plrl ols oucjs trlsjrls sjr

fjcjslrka lirjilr oucjs mj patjfckl

lpuftlmls blckl ltrs. Mj jstlearhl, clml vjz quj uf cafmuctar

fas jfclfmkoj (yl sjl par mjolftj a

par mjtrs) jstj skstjhl oj rjspaf-

mjr jfclfmkofmaoa l o mjo hksha

hama.

Js apartufa lcolrlr quj jstj tkpa

mj jqukpas pujmj jstlr prabkdkma jf

loiufls rjikafjs, skjhprj js hjgar

lsjsarlrsj jf ufl lclmjhkl mj

jmuclckf vklo a jf

ols lutarkmlmjs

cahpjtjftjs.

Ol mjtjcckf

mj ol ouz js rjlokzl-

ml par jo rjskstar

OMT, jo culo vlrl

su rjskstjfckl jf

eufckf l ol ouz

lpokclml sadrj su

cpsuol. Jstj js

uf OMT tpkca mj

`!clhdklr jo

jstlma mj su slok-

ml mj >U l +U.

Jsta lcckafl ol

dlsj mjo trlfskstar

mj slokml, jo culo

caftraol jo rjo joculo lcckafl ols

oucjs.

Ftjsj quj,

culfma jo cafmuc-

tar quj fas jfclf-

mko dlgj ols oucjs

jo skstjhl lutah-

tkclhjftj mjglr

mj rjspafmjroj. !

HAF]LGJ


27/79


28/79

Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs

5

Kftramucckf

Fujstrl eujftj eufckafl caf rjiuol-ckf parquj ol sjlo mj jxcktlckf ha-mkekcl jo tkjhpa mj lctkvkmlm mj hama mjhlftjfjr rjiuolmls ols eujftjs mj -34y +34U (jf rjlokmlm soa sj pujmj hlf-tjfjr rjiuolml ufl0 ol atrl sj rjiuol lu-tahtkclhjftj). ^lrl oairlr quj oleujftj rjiuoj l hxkhl clril bly quj

jxcktlrol caf uf pjrama mj lctkvkmlmmjo :>%, dlglr ol tjfskf mj eujftj farjiuolml l 4:>U, cafjctlroj ol clrilhxkhl y adsjrvlr quj sj ijfjrjf3:U, 35U a hls mj slokml.

Oujia clhdklr jo tkjhpa mj lctkvk-mlm l hlfa y adsjrvlr quj lgustj jf34U mj slokml. ^jra culfma jo tkjhpamj lctkvkmlm sj rjmucj fa pujmj blcjr-oa jf culoqukjr hahjfta, mjdj ijfjrlr

ufl sjlo mj jxcktlckf skhtrkcl plrlfa mjearhlr ol sjlo mj oas sjcufml-rkas. Jsta cahpokcl jo ijfjrlmar mj ha-ma quj bly quj utkokzlr mas cahplrlma-rjs plrl rjsaovjroa luf skf jhpojlr hsquj ols oolvjs caftraolmls par tjfskfmjo Huotkskh.

Fujstra prkhjr plsa vl l sjr rjsao-vjr jo eufckaflhkjfta lo hxkha tkjhpamj lctkvkmlm (:>%) y pastjrkarhjftj rj-

Jf ol jftrjil lftjrkar bldlhas jojikma ol tapaoail hslmjculml plrl fujstrl eujftj caf uf sjhkpujftj y ufleujftj plrtkml. ^jra jsl tjcfaoail rjqukjrj ufl sjlo mjjxcktlckf mj ols oolvjs huy jspjcklo. Jf jstj lrtcuoa,vlhas l mjslrraoolr jo ckrcukta ijfjrlmar mj jsl jxcktlckf,jf ufl skhuolckf jf huotkskh y vlhas l pradlr su euf -ckaflhkjfta caf uf trlfsearhlmar caf sjcufmlrka mj clrilplrl quj jftrjiuj 34U plrtkjfma mj ufl rjm mj 44>/


29/79

Ijfjrlmar mj Jxcktlckf

Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs

9

saovjr jo jxcktlmar plrl quj rjiuoj l34U.

Ol Cafmkckf mj Hxkhlmj ol Eujftj

Jf fujstra cursa vlhas skjhprjmjsmj oa hs skhpoj l oa hs cahpoj-ga. Jf prkfckpka vlhas l rjsaovjr jo pra-dojhl plrl uf lhpokekclmar hafaefk-ca mj 5>Y y oujia jf atrls jftrjils,sjiukrjhas rjmksjlfma plrl vjr sk ooj-ilhas l oas Y quj pjrhktlf lok-hjftlr uf skstjhl jstjrjaefkca. ^lrlpamjr jxcktlr l uf skstjhl hafa mj5>Y par clflo0 ol tjfskf clocuolml mjeujftj js mj +34U y -34U lpraxkhlml-

hjftj oa quj khpokcl ufl carrkjftj mjeujftj pasktkvl a fjiltkvl mj 3>Y/34U8 >,;L. ^jra lo rjlokzlr ol prujdl mjhxkhl, ol slokml mj eujftj mjdj jstlrjxcjmkml0 sjr mj 35U par jgjhpoa yjftafcjs ol carrkjftj vl l sjr hjfar03>Y/35U 8 >,23L. Oa khpartlftj jsclocuolr ol rjskstjfckl mj clril cahamj 35U/>,23L 8 =3 Abhs. ^lrl blcjrol vjrkekclckf sadrj ol eujftj pasktkvlsj jftrjil ufl patjfckl mj 35U.>,23L8 3>Y quj suhlmas l oas 3>Y mj ol

eujftj fjiltkvl blcjf oas 5>Y mj

fujstra lhpokekclmar. Caf jstas mltaslrhlhas ol skhuolckf mj fujstra otk-ha ckrcukta caf mas rjskstarjs mj clrilmj =3 Abh.

Jo ckrcukta mjo sjcufmlrka (vjr ekiu-rl % plrl jvk-

tl quj sj pramuzcl uf saolplhkjfta mjols sjlojs mj iltj y sj jfckjfmlf oasmas HASEJ] lo hksha tkjhpa, oa qujpramuckrl uf cartackrcukta hahjft-fja mj eujftj l hlsl, caf uf sjiuramjtjrkara mj oas hkshas.

Jf culfta l ol earhl mj sjlo mjprkhlrka y sjcufmlrka sj pujmj adsjr-vlr jf ol ekiurl 4 ol sjlo prkhlrkl ol ta-hlhas sadrj jo prkhlrka y ol sjlo mjodadkflma kfejrkar caf rjejrjfckl l olhlsl lksolml.

Jo ojctar pujmj adsjrvlr ol pjrejc-tl skhjtrl mj ols earhls mj sjlo y olokhpkjzl mj ol sjlo mj sjcufmlrka. Joasckoairlhl mjo dadkflma supjrkar jsufl rjpokcl kfvjrtkml mjo asckoairlhlhastrlma.

]lhdkf js cafvjfkjftj adsjrvlrquj jo dadkflma prkhlrka jstl jxcktlmacaf ufl sjlo pjrejctlhjftj lotjrflmljs mjckr caf uf vloar hjmka kiulo l cj-ra oa quj fas pjrhktj lpravjcblr tamlsols clrlctjrstkcls mjo fcoja.

Lbarl mjdjhas jxcktlr jo hkshackrcukta pjra caf ufl sjlo quj tjfilpjrkamas mj lctkvkmlm hs cartas skfpjrmjr su vloar hjmka fuoa0 oa quj rj-qukjrj jo usa mj uf ckrcukta cahplrl-mar rpkma y uf ijfjrlmar mj afml

trklfiuolr.

Ekiurl 4 - Asckoairlhls mj ol eujftj.


30/79

Lumka

Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs

2

Ekiurl 3 - Jxcktlmar caf pjrama mj lctkvkmlm vlrkldoj.

Ekiurl = - Asckoairlhl lo :>% mj tkjhpa mj lctkvkmlm U 8 :U.

Ekiurl : - Asckoairlhl lo =>% mj tkjhpa mj lctkvkmlm U 8 =U.


31/79

Ijfjrlmar mj Jxcktlckf

Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs

;

Ckrcukta Jxcktlmar Skhuolma

Jf ol ekiurl 3 sj pujmj adsjrvlr jockrcukta skhuolma mjo jxcktlmar mj olsoolvjs caftraolml par tjfskf, caf pj-rkama mj lctkvkmlm vlrkldoj caf uf pa-

tjfckhjtra.Oa kmjlo plrl jftjfmjr jo eufckafl-

hkjfta mj jstj jxcktlmar js adsjrvlrols sjlojs mj caftrao mj ols oolvjs l mk-ejrjftjs pjramas mj lctkvkmlm, quj rj-suotlf tjfjr ufl earhl mj afml huyplrtkcuolr plrl cafsjrvlr ol skhjtrl,quj ilrlftkcj quj ol sjlo sadrj jo

trlfsearhlmar sjl lotjrfl (js mjckr cafvloar hjmka kiulo l cjra).

Caha jo pjrama mj lctkvkmlm mj-pjfmj mj ol tjfskf caftkful jftrjilmlcaf jo patjfckhjtra, vlhas l caoaclroas asckoairlhls gufta caf ol tjfskf y

jo pjrkama mj lctkvkmlm. Ujl ol ekiurl =.Lbarl quj sj sldj caha mjdj sjr

ol sjlo ijfjrlml sj pujmj lflokzlrcaha blcj jo ckrcukta plrl ijfjrlrollflokzlfma jo ckrcukta mj ol ekiurl 3. Jockrcukta js, jf ckjrta hama, skhkolr lohamuolmar ^YH mj fujstra lhpokekcl-mar mj lumka pjra cafskmjrlfma quj sj

mjdj ijfjrlr ufl sjlo caf vloar hj-mka fuoa. Js jvkmjftj quj ols oolvjs mj-djf jstlr jxcktlmls par mkejrjftjs sj-lojs y par jsa sj utkokzlf oas mas cah-plrlmarjs.

Jo ckrcukta mj slokml mj oas cahplrl-

marjs js kiulo y cafskstj saoa jf uf rj-skstar mj % mj tkjhpa mj lctkvkmlm tjfskf U 8 4U.

Ekiurl 9 - Eufckaflhkjfta mjo cahplrlmar kfejrkar.


32/79

Lumka

Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs

3

caf elsj mkrjctl y jf ol jftrlml - mjocahplrlmar kfejrkar ol slokml kfvjrtkml.Ol tjfskf caftkful mjo patjfckhjtraapjrl caha jgj mj rjcartj mj ols afmlstrklfiuolrjs, tlo caha pujmj adsjrvlr-sj jf jo asckoairlhl mj ol ekiurl 9.

Jf ol ekiurl 2 sj pujmj adsjrvlr joasckolirlhl mjo cahplrlmar supjrkarquj fas pjrhktj jftjfmjr cha sj ij-fjrl jo atra puosa mj slokml.

Caha ols afmls trklfiuolrjs jstfmjselslmls tlhdkf oa jstlrf olssjlojs mj slokml mj oas cahplrlmarjs.

Carrjspafmj lcolrlr quj ol sjfskdk-okmlm mj ol hamuolckf js eckohjftjhamkekcldoj clhdklfma jo vloar plp mjol afml trklfiuolr.

\u ^lsl Culfma ols masOolvjs Jstf Ldkjrtls1

Acurrj quj jo prkhlrka qujml ca-fjctlma l lotl khpjmlfckl y jsa fa jscafvjfkjftj. Ol saouckf mjo pradojhl

sj cafskiuj utkokzlfma mas mkamas ca-fjctlmas sadrj ols oolvjs caftraolmlspar tjfskf sjif jo ckrcukta mj ol ekiu-rl ;.

Caf jstas mas mkamas, sk ol carrkjf-tj fa ckrcuol par ols oolvjs jf mkrjcckfblckl ldlga0 ckrcuol par oas mkamas jfmkrjcckf blckl lrrkdl, pjra skjhprjbly uf ckrcukta cjrrlma plrl jvktlr olssadrjtjfskafjs sadrj jo dadkflma prk-hlrka.

Cafcouskafjs

Mj jstj hama yl tjfjhas rjsujotajo ckrcukta sjcufmlrka y ol jxcktlckf mjockrcukta prkhlrka. Jf ol prxkhl jftrjilvlhas l ufkr oas mas ckrcuktas plrl vj-

rkekclr jo eufckaflhkjfta y ol paskdkokmlmmj rjiuolckf. ^astjrkarhjftj rjjhpol-zlrjhas ols oolvjs caftraolmls par tjf-skf par oas HASEJ] quj yl jojikhasy mksjlrjhas jo mrkvjr mj oas hkshas.

^ar jo hahjfta trldlglhas caf uftrlfsearhlmar skhuolma, pjra ojs lvksl-has l oas ojctarjs mj Lrijftkfl quj yljstlhas jf caftlcta caf mkstrkdukmarjsmj hltjrklo mj ejrrktj plrl ol cafstruc-

ckf mjo cahpafjftj mjekfktkva. !

Ekiurl ; - Lirjilma mj oas mka -

mas rjcupjrlmarjs.

Ekiurl 2 - Eufckaflhkjfta mjo

cahplrlmar supjrkar


33/79

HLFZLOJS ]CFKCAS

Jfjril Saolr]K^AS MJ JFJTIL - CJOMLS SAOLTJS EA]AUAO]LKCLS

EZFCKAFLHKJF]A [ CAFS]TZCCKF

]lo caha jfcaftrlhas jf ols jfckcoapjmkls, ol jfjril saolr js ol jfjril adtjfk-ml hjmklftj ol clptlckf mj ol ouz y jo cloar jhktkmas par jo Sao. Ol rlmklckf saolrquj loclfzl ol ]kjrrl pujmj lpravjcblrsj par hjmka mjo cloar quj pramucj l trl-vs mj ol ldsarckf mj ol rlmklckf, par jgjhpoa jf mkspasktkvas ptkcas a mj atratkpa. Js ufl mj ols oolhlmls jfjrils rjfavldojs, plrtkcuolrhjftj mjo irupa facaftlhkflftj, cafackma caha jfjril okhpkl a jfjril vjrmj. Sk dkjf, lo ekflo mjsu vkml tko, oas plfjojs eatavaotlkcas pujmjf supafjr uf rjskmua caftlhkflftjmkeckohjftj rjckcoldoj lo ml mj bay. Ol patjfckl mj ol rlmklckf vlrl sjif johahjfta mjo ml, ols cafmkckafjs lthaserkcls quj ol lhartkiulf y ol oltktum. Sjpujmj lsuhkr quj jf dujfls cafmkckafjs mj krrlmklckf jo vloar js supjrkar l oas:>> wltt par clml hjtra culmrlma mj supjrekckj sadrj jo fkvjo mjo sujoa. L jstlpatjfckl sj ol cafacj caha krrlmklfckl. Ols cjomls a couols saolrjs saf mkspask-tkvas quj cafvkjrtjf jfjril saolr jf jojctrkckmlm, yl sjl mkrjctlhjftj vl jo jejc-ta eatavaotlkca, a kfmkrjctlhjftj hjmklftj ol prjvkl cafvjrskf mj jfjril saolr lcloar a l jfjril quhkcl. Ol earhl hs cahf mj ols cjomls saolrjs sj dlsl jfjo jejcta eatavaotlkca, jf jo culo ol ouz quj kfckmj sadrj uf mkspasktkva sjhkcaf-

muctar mj mas clpls pramucj ufl mkejrjfckl mjo eatavaotlgj a mjo patjfcklo jftrjols clpls. Jstj vaotlgj js clplz mj cafmuckr ufl carrkjftj l trlvs mj uf ckrcuktajxtjrfa mj hama mj pramuckr trldlga tko.

Kfearhj ^rjplrlma par Barlcka Mlfkjo Uloojga


34/79

]kpas mj Jfjril

Lftjs mj cahjfzlr caf jo

mjslrraooa mj ol jfjril saolr,

vjrjhas ufl kftramucckf l oas

mkstkftas tkpas mj jfjril, su mjek-fkckf y cha sj ols jhpojl7

Jf eskcl, jfjrilsj mjekfj caha olclplckmlm plrl rjlok -zlr uf trldlga.

Sk hkrlhas l fujs-

tra lorjmjmar sj vj

quj ols polftls crj-

cjf, oas lfkhlojs sjhujvjf y quj ols

hqukfls y bjrrl-

hkjftls blcjf

hucbls tlrjls. ]amls

jstls lctkvkmlmjs

fjcjsktlf jfjril.

Ol jfjril js ufl

prapkjmlm mj oas adgj-

tas y sustlfckls y quj

sj vj jf ols trlfsear-

hlckafjs quj acurrjf

jf ol flturlojzl.

Ol jfjril sj

hlfkekjstl jf oas clh-

dkas eskcas, par jgjh-

poa, lo jojvlr uf adgjta,

trlfspartlroa, mjear-

hlroa a clojftlroa.

Ol jfjril jst

prjsjftj tlhdkf jf

oas clhdkas quhkcas,

caha lo qujhlr uf

traza mj hlmjrl a jfol mjscahpaskckf mj

liul hjmklftj ol

carrkjftj joctrkcl. Ol

ekiurl < hujstrl uf

jsqujhl quj jgjhpok-

ekcl jo ckcoa mj ol jfjril.

Jo Cafcjpta mj Jfjril

Jf ol eskcl, ol ojy ufkvjrslo mjcafsjrvlckf mj ol jfjril, quj

js ol dlsj plrl jo prkhjr prkfckpka

mj ol tjrhamkfhkcl, kfmkcl quj ol

jfjril okilml l uf skstjhl lksol-

ma pjrhlfjcj jf jo tkjhpa. Fa

adstlftj, ol tjarl mj ol rjoltkvkmlm

jspjcklo jstldojcj ufl jqukvlojf-

ckl jftrj hlsl y jfjril par olculo tamas oas cujrpas, par jo

bjcba mj jstlr earhlmas mj hltj-

rkl, caftkjfjf jfjril0 lmjhs,

pujmjf pasjjr jfjril lmkckaflo

quj sj mkvkmj cafcjptulohjftj jf

vlrkas tkpas sjif ols prapkjml-

mjs mjo skstjhl quj sj cafskmj-rjf (ekiurl 4). âr jgjhpoa, ol

jfjril ckftkcl sj culftkekcl

sjif jo havkhkjfta mj ol hltj-

rkl, ol jfjril quhkcl sjif ol

cahpaskckf quhkcl, ol jfjril

patjfcklo sjif prapkjmlmjs

caha jo jstlma mj mjearhlckf a

l ol paskckf mj ol hltjrkl jf rjol-ckf caf ols eujrzls quj lctlf

sadrj jool y ol jfjr-

il trhkcl sjif jo

jstlma tjrhamkfhk-

ca.

Ol jfjril fa js uf

jstlma eskca rjlo, fk

ufl "sustlfckl kftlf-

ikdoj" skfa soa ufl

hlifktum jsclolr

quj sj oj lskifl lojstlma mjo skstjhl

eskca, js mjckr, ol

jfjril js ufl

bjrrlhkjftl a lds-

trlcckf hltjhtkcl

mj ufl prapkjmlm mj

oas skstjhls eskcas.

âr jgjhpoa, sj

pujmj mjckr quj uf

skstjhl caf jfjril

ckftkcl fuol jst jf

rjpasa. Sj utkokzl

caha ufl ldstrlc-

ckf mj oas skstjhls

eskcas par ol elckok-

mlm plrl trldlglr

caf hlifktumjs

jsclolrjs, jf cah-

plrlckf caf ols

hlifktumjs vjcta-

rklojs caha ol vjoa-

ckmlm a ol paskckf.

âr jgjhpoa, jfhjcfkcl, sj pujmj

mjscrkdkr cahpojtl-

hjftj ol mkfhkcl

mj uf skstjhl jf

eufckf mj ols jfjr-

ils ckftkcl, patjfcklo, quj cah-

pafjf ol jfjril hjcfkcl, quj

jf ol hjcfkcl fjwtafklfl tkjfj

ol prapkjmlm mj cafsjrvlrsj, js

mjckr, sjr kfvlrklftj jf jo tkjhpa.

Hltjhtkclhjftj, ol cafsjr-vlckf mj ol jfjril plrl uf sks-

Hlfulojs ]cfkcas

Hlfulojs ]cfkcas

Ekiurl ,4% jf uf pjrama mj 3> las. Ol

kftjfskmlm mj jfjril rjlo mkspafk-

doj jf ol supjrekckj tjrrjstrj js

hjfar quj ol cafstlftj saolr mjdk-

ma l ol ldsarckf y l ol mkspjrskf

mj ol rlmklckf quj arkikfl ol kftj-

rlcckf mj oas eatafjs caf ol

lthsejrl.

Ol kftjfskmlm mj jfjril saolrmkspafkdoj jf uf pufta mjtjrhkfl-

ma mj ol ]kjrrl mjpjfmj, mj earhl

cahpokclml pjra prjmjckdoj, mjo ml

mjo la, mj ol barl y mj ol oltktum.

Lmjhs, ol clftkmlm mj jfjril

saolr quj pujmj rjcaijrsj mjpjf-

mj mj ol arkjftlckf mjo mkspasktkva

rjcjptar.

Jo bahdrj pujmj trlfsearhlr ol

jfjril saolr jf jfjril trhkcl a

joctrkcl (ekiurl 4>). Jf jo prkhjr

clsa ol jfjril saolr js lpravj-

cblml plrl jojvlr ol tjhpjrlturl

mj uf eoukma, caha par jgjhpoa jo

liul. [ jf jo sjiufma clsa ol

jfjril ouhkfasl mjo Sao js trlfs-

partlml par sus eatafjs

mj ouz, kfckmj sadrj ol

supjrekckj mj uf hltjrklo

s j h k c a f m u c t a r, jgjhpoa7

jo skokcka quj earhl ols

couols eatavaotlkcls,

eldrkclmls plrl qujhjmklftj mj stls oas

caojctarjs saolrjs clptjf

ol jfjril y pujmlf lohl-

cjflrol jf oas lcuhuol-

marjs, pramuckjfma jo

havkhkjfta mj ckjrtas

jojctrafjs quj cahpafjf

ol jstructurl lthkcl mj ol

hltjrkl.

Zf havkhkjfta mj

jojctrafjs pramucj uflcarrkjftj joctrkcl quj sj

utkokzl caha eujftj mj jfjril mj

cahpafjftjs joctrkcas a dkjf

jojctrfkcas. Js jo clsa mjo prkfck-

pka mj eufckaflhkjfta mj ols clocu-

olmarls saolrjs.

Jstls cjftrlojs mj jfjril

saolr jstf jf tama jo hufma. Jfoltktumjs mj 5>, clml hjtra cul-

mrlma mj uf caojctar saolr rjckdj

ufas hko `koawltt / barl mj jfjril

saolr jf uf la y pujmj uslr lpra-

xkhlmlhjftj ol hktlm mj jsl jfjr-

il plrl clojftlr liul. Jf oltktumjs

mj 3:, uf caojctar plrjckma rjckdj

jo madoj.

Jfjril Eatavaotlkcl

Oas skstjhls mj jfjril eata-

vaotlkcl pjrhktjf ol trlfsearhlckf

mj ol ouz saolr jf jfjril joctrkcl,

js mjckr, ol cafvjrskf mj ufl plr-

tcuol ouhkfasl caf jfjril (eatf)

jf ufl jfjril jojctrahatrkz (vao-

tlkcl).

Jo jojhjfta prkfckplo mj uf sks-

tjhl mj jfjril eatavaotlkcl js ol

couol eatajoctrkcl, uf mkspasktkva

cafstrukma mj skokcka (jxtrlma mj ol

lrjfl cahf).

Oas plfjojs saolrjs jstf

cafstktukmas par ckjftas mj jstls

cjomls quj, cafjctlmls jf earhl

lmjculml, suhkfkstrlf tjfskafjs

suekckjftjs plrl, par jgjhpoa, ol

rjclril mj ufls dltjrls. ]kjfjf

utkokmlm jf hotkpojs clhpas,

mjsmj jo hdkta mahstkca, blstl

oas sltoktjs lrtkekcklojs.

Culfma ol jfjril ouhkfaslkfckmj jf ol couol eatajoctrkcl,

jxkstj uf mjsprjfmkhkjfta mj jojc-

trafjs mj oas tahas quj cahkjf-

zlf l ckrcuolr okdrjhjftj jf jo

hltjrklo. Sk hjmkhas jo vaotlgj

jxkstjftj jftrj oas mas jxtrjhas

mjo hltjrklo (pasktkva y fjiltkva)

adsjrvlrjhas quj jxkstj ufl mkej-

rjfckl mj patjfcklo jftrj >,: y >,5

vaot.

Sk oj lpokclhas ufl clril joc-trkcl, vjrjhas quj js paskdoj adtj-

fjr ufl carrkjftj mj 42 hkoklhpjr

par clml cjfthjtra culmrlma kou-

hkflma. Bjhas cafvjrtkma jo mks-

pasktkva jf ufl jspjckj mj dltjrl

joctrkcl, quj pjrhlfjcjr lpar-

tlfma jfjril kfmjekfkmlhjftj jf

tlfta rjckdl kouhkflckf.

^jra jstl pjqujl clftkmlm mj

jfjril js kfsuekckjftj j kftko, sk fa

sahas clplcjs mj adtjfjr hlya-

rjs vaotlgjs y carrkjftjs quj pjrhk-

tlf lpokclckafjs prctkcls. ^lrl

jooa sj mksjlf jf clml adojl ckjf-

tas mj mkamas, oas culojs, kftjrca-

fjctlmas jf sjrkj y plrlojoa saf

clplcjs mj suhkfkstrlr

tjfskafjs mj vlrkas vaotkas,

ls caha carrkjftjs mjo

armjf mj lhpjrkas.

Jstj skstjhl dskca mj

ijfjrlckf mj jfjril par

hjmka mj ol ouz saolr,pujmj adtjfjr uf rjfmk-

hkjfta hlyar sk sj mkspa-

fjf mkspasktkvas mj caftrao

lmjculmas.

âstjrkarhjftj, ol jfjril

adtjfkml mjdj sjr lohlcj-

flml plrl quj pujml sjr

utkokzlml par ol facbj, jf

quj ol lusjfckl mj ouz fa

pjrhktj su adtjfckf

mkrjctl. Oas plfjojs saol-rjs pujmjf lcapolrsj jf

Jfjril Saolry Cjomls Saolrjs

Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs

Ekiurl 4


44/79

earhl hamuolr, jooa pjrhktj quj

pujmlf plslr mj uf skstjhl

mahstkca mj ijfjrlckf mj jfjr-

il, l atra hs patjftj plrl kfmus-

trkls a kfstlolckafjs mj irlf cafsu-

ha (ekiurl 4


45/79

vaotlkcls (EUs), ols ufkmlmjs

tkjfjf uf lota irlma mj rjpj-

tkdkokmlm.

Ols couols EUs saf

hlfuelcturlmls uslfma

mkejrjftjs hltjrklojs y pra-

cjsas plrl crjlr oas mkamas,yl quj oas eldrkclftjs caftk-

flf jxpoarlfma ol hlfjrl

mj ldlrltlr jo casta a kfcrj-

hjftlr ol jekckjfckl mj caf-

vjrskf mj ols hkshls.

Culfma ol ouz saolr kfck-

mjftj tkjfj ol jfjril y jo

jspjctra ouhkfasa fjcjslrka

plrl lotjrlr jo jstlma mj

jqukokdrka mj ol gufturl F-^

jf jstas mkamas, sj ijfjrluf jxcjsa mj clrils okdrjs,

ols quj pujmjf sastjfjr ufl

carrkjftj, sk sj ckjrrl jo ckrcukta

jxtjrfa.

^lrl lqujooas ojctarjs quj

qukjrjf cafacjr jo ejfhjfa caf

hlyar mjtlooj, plsa l mlrojs uf

rjsuhjf sadrj jo tjhl.

Mlma quj jo ejfhjfa EU tahl

ouilr mjftra mj uf sjhkcafmuctar,

sj blcj fjcjslrka jftjfmjr qu

blcj quj uf hltjrklo sjl uf dujf

cafmuctar, uf dujf lksolftj (fa-

cafmuctar) y, par otkha, uf sjhk-

cafmuctar.

Ol carrkjftj joctrkcl, par mjekfk-

ckf, js ol clftkmlm mj clrils quj

ckrcuolf par ufkmlm mj tkjhpa.

Culfma sj lpokcl uf vaotlgj jftrj

oas jxtrjhas mj uf hltjrklo, sj

crjl uf clhpa joctrkca mjftra mjo

hksha. Oas jojctrafjs udkclmas jf

ol rdktl jxtjrkar mjo taha mj jstjhltjrklo, ol hs ojglfl mjo fcoja,

jstlrf sahjtkmas l ufl eujrzl

cuya vloar jst mlma par ol jxprj-

skf7

E 8 q x J (


46/79

uf pracjsa radatkzl-

ma, jf mafmj oas ta-

has mj ols sudstlf-

ckls maplftjs sj

kftramucjf uslfma

clafjs jojctrfkcas

quj dahdlrmjlf oascrkstlojs (pracjsa mj

khpolftlckf). Ol

kfmustrkl usl jo crkstlo

mj skokcka (Sk) parquj

su cahpartlhkjfta l

lotls tjhpjrlturls js

supjrkar lo mjo ijr-

hlfka (Ij). \ukz

jf jo eutura blyl couols EUs

bjcbls caf mklhlftjs, yl quj sj

blf mjscudkjrta vlrkas pracjsasplrl eldrkclroas jf clftkmlm y l

dlga prjcka, pjra fa sj bl kfvjstk-

ilma caha oojvlr lmjolftj jo pra-

cjsa mj mkeuskf. Jstj hltjrklo,

clrdf, js supjrkar lo skokcka culf-

ma ol tjhpjrlturl lhdkjftj js joj-

vlml.

Gufturl ^-F

Jo pracjsa mj mkeuskf js rjpj-

tktkva, mj hlfjrl quj pujmjf crjlr-

sj zafls culsk-cafmuctarls, lksol-

marls a sjhkcafmuctarls caf mkej-

rjftjs clrils hlyarktlrkls. Jsta

pjrhktj crjlr mas zafls culsk-caf-

muctarls jf oas jxtrjhas mjo mkama,

ols quj skrvjf plrl lfcolr oas

cafjctarjs jxtjr-

fas, ls caha mas

zafls lmylcjftjs,

ufl mjo tkpa F0 olatrl mjo tkpa ^. Ol

zafl jftrj jstls

mas rjikafjs sj

mjfahkfl gufturl

(gufctkaf, jf

kfios).

Fatl7 Adsjrvjjo ojctar quj olojtrl F sj carrjol -ckafl caf fjiltkva

y ol ojtrl ^ c a fpasktkva, kfmkclfma

culo js ol clril hlyarktlrkl jfclml zafl.

Jstlma mj Jqukokdrka

Ol tjarl hujstrl quj ols clr-

ils hlyarktlrkls (jojctrafjs mj uf

olma y bayas mjo atra) fa pjrhlfj-

cjf kfhvkojs, mjspolzfmasj

blckl ol zafl lmylcjftj, mafmj ol

cafcjftrlckf js dlgl. Jstj mjs-

polzlhkjfta mj clrils (carrkjftjs

mj mjspolzlhkjfta) lcuhuol clr-

ils pasktkvls jf ol zafl F y fjil-

tkvls jf ol zafl ^, crjlfma ufl

mkejrjfckl mj patjfcklo jf ol guftu-

rl, ol quj jstldojcj uf clhpa joc-

trkca (J). Jo pracjsa hkirltarka caf-

tkfl blstl quj sj vj kftjrruhpkma

culfma jo vloar mjo patjfcklo loclf-

zl oa quj sj mjfahkfl jo fkvjo mj

Ejrhk plrl jsl sudstlfckl.

Jo clhpa joctrkca J (U/mkstlf-

ckl) jf jstl zafl

tjfmr uf vloar

jojvlma, yl quj ol

gufturl tkjfj huy

pjquja jspjsar.

Ol ekiurl 43 hujs-

trl jo jstlma mjjqukokdrka plrl ufl

gufturl F- .

Fatl7 Jf ol jxprj -skf (


47/79

uf hltjrklo sjhkcafmuc-

tar. Hjmklftj uf trltlhkjf-

ta lmjculma rjsuotlf mkej-

rjftjs clpls quj ijfjrlf

uf clhpa joctrkca. Lo kfck-

mkr ouz sadrj ol couol

saolr, ols clrils pasktkvlsy fjiltkvls saf sjplrlmls

par uf clhpa joctrkca,

qujmlfma mkspafkdojs

plrl su utkokzlckf jf

lhdas paoas mj ol cjoml

saolr, caha jf ufl dltj-

rl. Ol carrkjftj caftkful

(MC) ijfjrlml par jfjril saolr

pujmj utkokzlrsj mkrjctlhjftj plrl

blcjr eufckaflr lplrltas joctrkcas

a lohlcjflrsj jf dltjrls.Lotjrfltkvlhjftj, ol jojctrkckmlm

pujmj trlfsearhlrsj jf carrkjftj

lotjrfl par hjmka mj uf kfvjrsar y

lokhjftlrsj l ol rjm mj carrkjftj

joctrkcl. ^lrl adtjfjr hlyarjs

ufkmlmjs mj patjfckl sj liruplf y

cafjctlf vlrkls cjomls saolrjs jf

uf hmuoa saolr, l su vjz oas

hmuoas saolrjs earhlf oas irlf-

mjs plfjojs y ekflohjftj ufl jstl-

ckf mj ijfjrlckf mj jfjril

joctrkcl hlskvl. Ol ekiurl 4:

hujstrl ol cahpaskckf mj ufl

cjoml eatavaotlkcl.

Cha sj blcjf ols cjomlssaolrjs1

[l bjhas vksta lspjctas tjrk-

cas sadrj jo eufckaflhkjfta mj ols

cjomls saolrjs. Tjpjtkrjhas loiu-

fas cafcjptas pjra arkjftlmas l ol

earhl jf quj sj mjdjf cafstrukr

ols cjomls saolrjs. Ols cjomls saol-rjs mj skokcka sj joldarlf utkokzlfma

polfcbls hafa-crkstlokfls, polf-

cbls paokcrkstlokfls a ohkfls mjo-

ilmls

Ols polfcbls hafa-crkstlokfls

(mj lpraxkhlmlhjftj


48/79

tjrkar mj ol polfcbl sj

pujmj cudrkr tatlohjf-

tj par jo hjtlo, pjra jo

erjftj mj ol hkshl

tkjfj quj tjfjr saol-

hjftj uf pltrf jf

earhl mj rjgkool a mjofjls ekfls mj hjtlo,

mj atrl hlfjrl jo

hjtlo doaqujlrl lo sao

mjo skokcka y fa bldrl

fkfiufl rjspujstl l

oas eatafjs mj ol ouz

kfckmjftj.

^lrl jftjfmjr ol apjrlckf mj

ufl couol eatavaotlkcl, fjcjsktl-

has cafskmjrlr ol flturlojzl mjo

hltjrklo y ol flturlojzl mj ol ouzmjo sao. Ols cjomls saolrjs jstf

earhlmls par mas tkpas mj hltjrklo,

ijfjrlohjftj skokcka tkpa p y skokcka

tkpa F. Ol ouz mj ckjrtls oafiktumjs

mj afml pujmj kafkzlr oas tahas

jf jo skokcka y jo clhpa kftjrfa pra-

muckma par ol ufkf quj sjplrl

loiufls mj ols clrils pasktkvls

("liugjras") mj ols clrils fjiltk-

vls (jojctrafjs) mjftra mjo mkspask-

tkva eatavaotlkca. Oas liugjras sj

hujvjf blckl ol clpl pasktkvl a

clpl mj tkpa ^ y oas jojctrafjs

blckl ol fjiltkvl a clpl tkpa F.

Lufquj jstls clrils apujstls sj

ltrljf hutulhjftj, ol hlyarl mj

jools saolhjftj sj pujmjf rjcah-

dkflr plslfma l trlvs mj uf ckr-

cukta jxtjrfa eujrl mjo hltjrklo

mjdkma l ol dlrrjrl mj jfjril

patjfcklo kftjrfa. âr oa tlfta sk sj

blcj uf ckrcukta sj pujmj pramuckr

ufl carrkjftj l plrtkr mj ols cjomlskouhkflmls, pujsta quj oas jojctra-

fjs okdrjs tkjfjf quj plslr l trlvs

mjo ckrcukta plrl rjcahdkflrsj caf

oas liugjras pasktkvas, vjl ol ekiurl

45.

Ol clftkmlm mj jfjril quj

jftrjil uf mkspasktkva eatavaotlkca

jstl mjtjrhkflma par7

Jo tkpa y jo rjl mjo hltjrkl.Ol kftjfskmlm mj ol ouz mjo sao.

Ol oafiktum mj afml mj ol ouz mjosao.

âr jgjhpoa, ols cjomls saolrjs

mj skokcka hafacrkstlokfa lctulo-

hjftj fa pujmjf cafvjrtkr hs jo

mj 4:% mj ol jfjril saolr jf jojc-trkckmlm, parquj ol rlmklckf jf ol

rjikf kferlrragl mjo jspjctra jojc-

trahliftkca fa tkjfj suekckjftj

jfjril caha plrl sjplrlr ols clr-

ils pasktkvls y fjiltkvls jf jo

hltjrklo.

Ols cjomls saolrjs mj skokcka

paokcrkstlokfa jf ol lctulokmlm tkjfjf

ufl jekckjfckl mj hjfas mjo 4>% y

ols cjomls lharels mj skokcka tkjfjf

lctulohjftj ufl jekckjfckl cjrcl

mjo %, mjdkma l prmkmls mjjfjril kftjrfls hs lotls quj ols

mjo skokcka hafacrkstlokfa.

Zfl tpkcl couol eatavaotlkcl mj

skokcka hafacrkstlokfa mj > ch4

pramuckr cjrcl mj .: vaot mj Carrkjftj

Caftkful y 3 lhpjrkas dlga ol ouz

mjo sao jf pojfa vjrlfa (jo >>Y

x h4). Ol jfjril mj slokml mj ol

couol js clsk mkrjctlhjftj prapar-

ckaflo l ol kftjfskmlm mj ol ouz mjosao. (âr jgjhpoa, sk ol kftjfskmlm

mj ol ouz mjo sao sj mkvkmj par ol

hktlm ol jfjril mj slokml tlhdkf

sjr mkshkfukml l ol hktlm).

Zfl clrlctjrstkcl khpartlftj

mj ols cjomls eatavaotlkcls js quj

jo vaotlgj mj ol couol fa mjpjfmj

mj su tlhla, y skiuj skjfma dls-

tlftj cafstlftj caf jo clhdka mj ol

kftjfskmlm mj ouz. Ol carrkjftj jf

uf mkspasktkva, skf jhdlria, js clskmkrjctlhjftj praparckaflo l ol

kftjfskmlm mj ol ouz y lo

tlhla. ^lrl cahpl-

rlr mkvjrsls cjomls sj

ols colskekcl par mjfsk-

mlm mj carrkjftj, a

lhpjrkas par cjfthj-

tra culmrlma mjo rjlmj ol couol.

Ol patjfckl jftrjilml

par ufl couol saolr sj

pujmj luhjftlr caf

dlstlftj jekclckl

jhpojlfma uf hjcl-

fksha mj sjiukhkjfta

plrl hlftjfjr jo mkspasktkva eata-

vaotlkca mkrjctlhjftj erjftj lo sao,

a cafcjftrlfma ol ouz mjo sao uslf-

ma ojftjs a jspjgas. Skf jhdlria,bly ohktjs l jstj pracjsa, mjdkma

l ol cahpojgkmlm mj oas hjclfks-

has, y mj ol fjcjskmlm mj rjerjsclr

ols cjomls. Ol carrkjftj js rjoltkvl-

hjftj jstldoj l lotls tjhpjrltu-

rls, pjra jo vaotlgj sj rjmucj, caf-

muckjfma l ufl clml mj patjfckl l

clusl mjo luhjfta mj ol tjhpjrl-

turl mj ol couol.

Mj hs jst mjckr quj oa mlma

blstl lqu js soa ufl kftramucckf

l ol jfjril saolr y quj jf sucjsk-

vls jmkckafjs sjiukrjhas lflokzlf-

ma jo tjhl. Hkjftrls tlfta, rjcujrmj

quj pujmj mjsclrilr uf Cursa

Cahpojta mjsmj fujstrl wjd, caf ol

colvj7 ]JCSAO4=>. !

Dkdokairlelbttp7//fjwtaf.cfkcj.hjc.jsbttp7//www.afk.jscujols.jmu.lrwww.hafairlels.cah (Iafzojz, Klfkfl)bttp7//www.scrkdm.cahbttp7//www.tjxtasckjftkekcas.cah/jfjrikl/cjouolsbttp7//www.istrkltuh.cah/jfjriklsaolr/b t t p 7 / / w w w. e a r h l s j o j c t . c a h / l r j l s - t j h l t k c l s / j f j r -

ikls-rjfavldojs/jfjrikl-saolr.bthb t t p 7 / / j f j r i k l s a o l r t j r h k c l . d o a i s p a t . c a h / 4 > > 5 / > 4 / k f t r a

mucckf-ols-jfjrikls-rjfavldojsQ>3.bthob t t p 7 / / w w w. s a o l r h l k . f j t / j s p l f a o / j f j r i k l % 4 > s a o l r -

eufckaflhkjfta.bthbttp7//www.liramkiktlo.cah/lcckafl/khlijs/sao3.bthb t t p 7 / / j s . w k k p j m k l . a r i / w k k / J f j r i % C 3 % L M l Q s a o l r Q t

%C3%L;rhkclb t t p 7 / / w w w. s a o l r t j . j s / e k o j s / p j r s a f l o Q k h i s / J s q u j h l Q s

aolrQtjrhkcl.gpibttp7//www.istrkltuh.cah/jfjriklsaolr/b t t p 7 / / j f j r i k l j f c b k o j . c a h / j f j r i k l s r j f a v l d o j s Q l r c b k -

vas/jfjriklsQrjfavldojs.gpi

b t t p 7 / / w w w. c a f s t r u h l t k c l . c a h / c a f s t r u p j m k l / J f j r i %C3%LMlQSaolr

Hlfulojs ]cfkcas

Hlfulojs ]cfkcas

Ekiurl 45


49/79

Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs

^rapafjhas quj lrhj jo ckr-cukta mj ol ekiurl `!blcjf quj jsta sjl

paskdoj. Skjfma ol mj`! ol clril y jvktlf-ma quj jo trlfskstar sj

qujhj y lo hksha tkjh-pa quj ol carrkjftj fa

jftrj par jo mkama.Culfma ldrkhas olpujrtl, pafjhas l

fjiltkva (hlsl) ol dlsjmjo DC339 caf oa culo

blcjhas quj jo trlfsks-tar fa cafmuzcl y olcarrkjftj quj plsldl l

trlvs mj o plsj lbarlpar jo mkama, kouhkflfma

ol ohplrl y clrilfma

jo cafmjfslmar.

Lotjrlfma jsas vloarjs sj oairlclhdklr oas tkjhpas l iusta. Jotrlfskstar mj jejcta mj clhpa

pujmj sjr rjjhpolzlma par ufDZW9= plrl quj jo ckrcukta pujml

hlfjglr carrkjftjs hlyarjs. Jfclsa mj uslr mkcba cahpafjftj, jo

jsqujhl mj cafjxkafjs js joskiukjftj7 vksta mj erjftj (quj ufapujml ojjr ols kfscrkpckafjs) y caf

ols pltls blckl ldlga mj kzqukjrmll mjrjcbl ol prkhjrl js Iltj (I),

ol mjo hjmka js Mrlkf (M) y ol otkhljs Saurcj (S).

]jhparkzlmar / Mkeusar

plrl Ouz Kftjrkar mj Cldkfl

Jo ckrcukta quj prapafjhas pjrhktj quj ol ouz mjobldktcuoa mj uf vjbcuoa pjrhlfjzcl jfcjfmkmlloif tkjhpa oujia mj cjrrlml ol pujrtl y, jf vjz mjlplilrsj lo kfstlftj sj vl mkeuhkflfma caf uflclmjfckl ojftl, tlo caha ufl ouz mj ckfj a slol mjjstlr mj cltjiarl. Sk dkjf bay tamas oas lutas pasj-jf uf skstjhl skhkolr, jstj ckrcukta pujmj sjr jhpoj-lma jf clsas jspjcklojs mj kouhkflckf lskstkml.

Sjojcckf mj Ejmjrkca ^rlma

HAF]LGJ

Ekiurl


50/79

Jo jsqujhl mj ol ekiurl 4 hujs-

trl jo mklirlhl arkikflo mj cldojlmamj ol ouz mj cldkfl. Ftjsj quj jopuoslmar mj ol pujrtl cafhutl ol

hlsl y jo pasktkva jst skjhprj prj-

sjftj jf ol ohplrl. ^lrl

kfstlolroa dlstl caf cartlrjo cldoj quj oojvl ol hlsl l

ol ohplrl mj tjcba, pravj-fkjftj mj oas puoslmarjs jfoas dlstkmarjs mj ols pujr-

tls. Jo cldoj quj vkjfj mjoas puoslmarjs mjdj cafjc-

tlrsj l ol jftrlml^uoslmar. Jo cldoj quj vlblckl ol ohplrl lbarl sj

cafjctl l ol slokml mjohmuoa. Ol tjfskf

mj lokhjftlckf pujmj sjrtahlml hksha mj ol ohpl-rl mj tjcba a mjsmj uf

cldoj mjo skstjhl joctrkcamjo luta, tjfkjfma jspjcklo

cukmlma mj fa lejctlr jofarhlo eufckaflhkjfta mjohksha. Tjcarmlr quj jstj

skstjhl tkjfj quj jstlr pjr-hlfjftjhjftj lokhjftlma

par oa quj uf cldoj pravj-fkjftj mj ol oolvj mj kifk-ckf fa sjr ufl dujfl

kmjl. ]lhdkf bly quj pra-vjjroj mj hlsl pjrhlfjf-

tj, pjra jstl pujmj sjr

tahlml mj culoqukjr tarfkooamj ol clrracjrl a dkjf

mjsmj jo pufta mj jfcjfmk-ma pjrhlfjftj mj ol ouz

kftjrkar. Jf jo mklirlhl mjol ekiurl 3 sj hujstrl plr-cklohjftj ol kfstlolckf l ol

culo fa sj oj bl pujsta olhlsl plrl skhpokekclr jo

jsqujhl y su cahprjf-skf.Sk jo vjbcuoa jst jqukpl-

ma caf uf skstjhl mj sjiu-rkmlm a lolrhl quj utkokcj

oas puoslmarjs mj ols pujr-tls caha mjtjctarjs mjkftruskf bldr quj cafjc-

tlr jo ckrcukta caha sjhujstrl jf ol ekiurl =.

Lqu, ol tahl mj ol lolrhlsj skiuj jejctulfma mjsmjjo puoslmar plrl quj jo

rjtlrma mj lplilma fa

lejctj jo mjsjhpja mj ol

hkshl. Jo mkeusar lejctl fkclhjf-tj l ol ouz mj cldkfl.

Tjcarmlr quj jf jstas mas

jsqujhls fa sj bl mkduglma oltahl l hlsl mjo hmuoa plrl skh-

pokekclr jo mksja, pjra mjdj sjrcldojlml. Fatl mj lrhlma. Jf olekiurl : sj hujstrl ol polcl mj ckr-

cukta khprjsa suijrkml0 skf jhdlr-ia, pujmj sjr lrhlma skf polcl mj

ckrcukta khprjsa, saomlfma oas cah-pafjftjs jftrj s y caoaclfma tamamjftra mj ufl clgl postkcl caha ol

mj uf rjo mj cacbj. Oujia rjoojflrtama caf postkca eufmkma mj pkstaol

y jspjrlr l quj sj sjquj.

Tjcarmlm quj js dujfa, lftjs mjvjrtjr jo postkca eufmkma pradlr quj

jo skstjhl eufckafj, plrl fa tjfjr

quj mjsjcblroa. !

Haftlgj

Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs

Ekiurl 4

Okstl mj Hltjrklojs

\< - DC339 - ]rlfskstar F^F

\4 - DSS


51/79

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

Fa hj clfsa mj mjckr quj oljojctrfkcl js uf kmkahl y

quj tama oa quj js elctkdojmj sjr pjfslma, pujmj cafstrukrsjjojctrfkclhjftj, lufquj hucblsvjcjs ol tjcfaoail fa blyl oojil-ma lf l mjtjrhkflmas ohktjs mjf-tra mj oa khlikfldoj.

Sldl Zm. quj pujmj cafstrukruf mjtjctar mj vkdrlckf caf culo -qukjr kfstruhjfta lfloikca jhpoj -lma caha mjtjctar1, a

\uj sj pujmj jhpojlr ol dadk -

fl mj uf rjo plrl ol mjtjcckf mjuf clhpa hliftkca1

Lufquj jf prkfckpka plrjcj ufllekrhlckf huy lprjsurlml, jsoikca pjfslr quj sk sj jfcujftrluf kfstruhjfta lfloikca mjftra mjuf lhdkjftj jf havkhkjfta, olliugl sj mjspolzlr y caf jooa sjhavjr ol dadkfl lsacklml l mkcblliugl, caha jsl dadkfl jst mjf-tra mj uf clhpa hliftkca crjlmapar uf khf pjrhlfjftj, jftafcjs,

jf oas jxtrjhas mjo lrraoolma sjijfjrlr ufl pjqujl tjfskf, tlo

caha oa kfmkclf ols ojyjs mjo hli-fjtksha. Jsta qukjrj mjckr qujpamjhas lpravjcblr ol tjfskfijfjrlml jf ufl dadkfl mj ufvhjtra (par jgjhpoa) culfmamkcba kfstruhjfta js havkma, plrlmksplrlr culoqukjr jojhjfta qujkfmkquj quj buda ufl vkdrlckf.

Caha ol tjfskf ijfjrlmlpamr blcjr ckrcuolr ufl pjqujl

carrkjftj (quj mjpjfmj mjo kfstru-hjfta jhpojlma caha sjfsar y mjol hlifktum mj ol vkdrlckf), jsfjcjslrka jhpojlr uf sjhkcafmuc-tar jspjcekca plrl lpravjcblrmkcbl sktulckf lo hxkha. ^ar jsjhatkva, jhpojlhas jf fujstra ckr-cukta, uf lhpokekclmar apjrlckaflo

Mjtjctar mj Ukdrlckf y

Mjtjctar mj Clhpas HliftkcasCaf uf lhpokekclmar apjrlckaflo jspjckekca jhpojlma cahacahplrlmar y jojhjftas cahufjs quj pujmjf jfcaftrlrsj jfjo tloojr mj culoqukjr tcfkca rjplrlmar, js paskdoj lrhlr sjf-sarjs clplcjs mj mjtjctlr yl sjl ol prjsjfckl mj uf clhpahliftkca a ol vkdrlckf pramuckml par jo havkhkjfta mj uf joj-hjfta. Jf jstj lrtkcuoa mjscrkdkhas lhdas haftlgjs.

^ar7 Barlcka Mlfkjo Uloojgabvqulr`Nwjdjojctrafkcl.cah.lr

HAF]LGJ

Ekiurl


52/79

jspjcekca mj oas utkokzlmas cahacahplrlmar (OH33;F), lufqujtlhdkf tuvkhas rjsuotlmas lcjptl-dojs jf apjrlckaflojs caf jftrlmlEJ] mjo tkpa OE3:5 y blstl caf jocoskca CL9=


53/79

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

Ols jsclols mj oas huothjtraslfloikcas cahufjs, kfcousa

ols hs dlgls, tkjfjf su puftamj hjfar mkvkskf jf

doj, ol hjmkckf caf loiufl prjckskfmj rjskstjfckls hjfarjs quj jstj

vloar.[l oas huothjtras mkiktlojs pasj-

jf jsclols quj loclfzlf erlcckafjs

mj abh, pjra kfcousa ls ols hkshlsfa vlf hucba hs loo.

Caf jo ckrcukta mj ol ekiurl ,>

huothjtra cahf jf su jsclol mjtjfskafjs y caf dujfl prjckskf.

Jo ckrcukta js dlstlftj skhpoj,jhpojl lpjfls uf kftjirlma cahadlsj y apjrl caf huothjtras cahu-

fjs, l plrtkr mj >>!par vaot mjsjfskdkokmlm.

Ol kmjl dskcl js blcjr ckrcuolrpar ol rjskstjfckl mjscafackml uflcarrkjftj mj kftjfskmlm cafstlftj

cafackml. Caha ol carrkjftj tkjfjufl kftjfskmlm cafstlftj, mjftra mj

ufl ckjrtl dlfml mj rjskstjfckl, ol

tjfskf jf oas jxtrjhas mj jstl

rjskstjfckl vlrklr caf su vloar. Ls,sk tuvkrlhas ufl carrkjftj ekgl mj

hL, par jgjhpoa, lpokclfma ol Ojymj Abh tjfjhas7

T 8 U/>,>hL ol carrkjftj,tjfmrjhas ufl hjgar sjfskdkokmlm,

pujs jf jstj clsa7

T 8 U/>,hU plrl clml abh.Jf atrls ploldrls, sk uf huothj-

tra tuvkjrl ufl jsclol mj 5>>hU mj

tjfskf caftkful, pamrjhas cafvjr-tkrol jf ufl jsclol mj > l 5 abh.

Supafkjfma ol jxkstjfckl mj mkvk-skafjs jftrj > y >hU jf fhjramj , clml ufl mj jool carrjspaf-

mjr l >,

Jst colra quj, culfta hlyar sjl

ol carrkjftj mj prujdl, hjfarjs

sjrf ols rjskstjfckls quj pamrjhashjmkr, pjra jf caftrlplrtkml jxkstj jo

cloar ijfjrlma jf jo mkspasktkva lfl-okzlma y jo prapka bjcba mj quj johksha fa pujmj sapartlr, jf loiu-

fas clsas, carrkjftjs jojvlmls.Ls, suijrkhas quj oas ojctarjs

usjf mas paskdkokmlmjs mj cahpa-fjftjs quj pjrhktlf ijfjrlr carrkjf-tjs mj prujdl mj hL y >hL. Jf

jo prkhjr clsa tjfmrjhas hU parabh y jf jo sjiufma, >hU par

abh.Zf cukmlma jspjcklo sj mjdj

tahlr caf oas jojctramas uslmas jf

ol hjmkckf, pujs jf dlgls rjskstjf-ckls blstl ol prapkl rjskstjfckl mjo

lolhdrj mj prujdl sj vujovj skifkek-cltkvl.

Oas cldojs quj vlf blckl jo huo-

thjtra sj ufjf l oas lolhdrjs mj oleujftj mj carrkjftj cafstlftj gufta l

ol puftl mj prujdl. Jsta jvktl olkfeoujfckl mj sus rjskstjfckls jf olhjmkckf y paskdkoktl uf hjgar lgustj

l cjra.Jo kftjirlma uslma js uf 92>:

quj eufckafl caha eujftj mj

carrkjftj cafstlftj. Sk su vjrskf

Hkokbhjtra

Hjmkmar mj Tjskstjfckls Dlgls

Ol hlyarl mj oas huothjtras, tlfta lfloikcas cahamkiktlojs, fa hkmjf rjskstjfckls dlgls (erlcckafjs mjabh), oa culo js huy fjcjslrka jf mjtjrhkflmls lpokcl-ckafjs, tlo caha ol hjmkckf mj lrraoolhkjftas mjtrlfsearhlmarjs a ol vjrkekclckf mjo jstlma mjcahpafjftjs jf pujftjs mj hjmkckf.^rapafjhas jo lrhlma mj uf ckrcukta quj pjrhktjtahlr hjmkckafjs caf erlcckafjs mj >,

^ar7 Barlcka Mlfkjo Uloojgabvqulr`Nwjdjojctrafkcl.cah.lr

HAF]LGJ


54/79

eujrl ol mj >hL,

utkokcj uf mkskplmarmj cloar plrl jo kftj-

irlma.T< y T4 mjtjrhk-

flf ol kftjfskmlm mj

ol carrkjftj mj pruj-dl7 plrl oas vloarjs

farhlojs tjfjhasufl carrkjftj mjhLy plrl oas vloa-

rjs jftrj plrftjskstjfjhas ufl carrkjf-

tj mj >hL. Sk joojctar qukjrj, pujmjlirjilr ufl oolvj

cafhutlmarl qujlotjrj ol carrkjftj mj prujdl, ls

adtjfmr mas jsclols plrl su kfstru-hjfta.

Jf ouilr mj G< y G4 sj pujmjf

uslr pkfzls cacamrkoa quj sj tahlrfl ols puftls mj prujdl mjo huothj-

tra. Atrl paskdkokmlm cafskstj jfcafjctlr oas cldojs mj ol eujftj mjcarrkjftj cafstlftj l ols puftls mj

prujdl.Jo trlfsearhlmar mjdj tjfjr

carrkjftj mj par oa hjfas >hL mj

sjcufmlrka, sk eujrl stl ol kftjfsk-mlm mj prujdl. Jo clplcktar C< mjdj

tjfjr ufl tjfskf mj lksolckf mj paroa hjfas 4:U y oas mkamas pujmjf

sjr mj culoqukjr tkpa mj rjctkekclmarjsplrl carrkjftjs par jfckhl mj

>hL (oas >4 a jqukvlojftjs

saf oas hs cahufjs).Mjdjhas cahjfzlr caf jo lgustj

mjo lplrlta, plrl jsta cafjctlrjhasjftrj oas tjrhkflojs G< y G4, uf huo-thjtra cahf jf ol jsclol mj

carrkjftjs caftkfuls quj pjrhktl ojjr >hL, cafearhj l oas vloarjs

mj oas cahpafjftjs uslmas.Lgustlhas jftafcjs T< (trkhpat)plrl ojjr ol carrkjftj mj >hL

cafearhj ol prujdl. Bjcba jsta, jokfstruhjfta jst oksta plrl su usa7

cafjctlhas jf G< y G4 jo huothjtrajf ol jsclol hs dlgl mj tjfskafjscaftkfuls (MC vaot) y pamjhas blcjr

ols hjmkckafjs.Tjcarmlhas quj clml vaot jf ol

jsclol mj hL carrjspafmj l

>,>hL carrjspafmj l >,E x 4:UTI< - 92O>:T< -


55/79

Culmjrfa mjo ]cfkca Tjplrlmar

OK D J T L C K F M J]J O E A F A SCJ O Z O L T J S

Okdjrlr Safy Jrkcssaf par EkrhwlrjJf mkejrjftjs jmkckafjs mjSldjr Jojctrfkcl pudokcl-has lrtcuoas sadrj ol okdjrl-ckf mj tjoeafas cjouolrjsSafy Jrkcssaf utkokzlfmamkejrjftjs prairlhls. Jfhucbas clsas, plrl pamjr

oairlr fujstra adgjtkva mjdl-has dlglr ol vjrskf mjo ekrh-wlrj, rjlokzlr dlc`-up, hamk-ekclr lrcbkvas, jtc. Hucblsvjcjs, jstas plsas sujojfsjr olrias y pjokirasas par oaculo jf aclskafjs bjhasrjcahjfmlma caoaclroj ufplrcbj lo prairlhl quj pjrhktl ol utkokzlckf mj uf cbkp mj culoqukjr apjrlmar0 jo pradoj-hl sj prjsjftl culfma fa tjfjhas ol sjiurkmlm quj mkcbas plrcbjs eufckafjf y, par jooa

skjhprj rjcahjfmlhas quj vjrkekquj ol eujftj mjo lrcbkva l caoaclr. Hjmklftj jo lpartjmj Iustlva Ojhls, Slfmra Slrcasckl y Tlo Sjrfjtta, jftrj atras, oairlhas rjcapkolr uflsjrkj mj plrcbjs quj eujraf pradlmas caf xkta jf mkejrjftjs hamjoas, rlzf par ol culo,mjckmkhas pudokclr jstj tutarklo mafmj jxpokclhas jstj htama.

Lutar7 Kfi. Barlcka Mlfkjo Uloojgaj-hlko7 bvqulr`Nlr.kftjr.fjt

O

l okdjrlckf mj uf tjoeafa cjouolr Safy Jrkcssaf

par ol kfcouskf mj uf plrcbj jf jo ekrhwlrj quj

quktj jo doaquja quj oj caoaclf ols cahpllsprjstltlrkls mj ofjls plrl tjojeafl cjouolr (plrl quj

soa sj pujmlf rjikstrlr cbkps mj mkcbl cahpll), js

uf htama sjfckooa. Skiukjfma jstas skhpojs plsas

pamrf okdjrlr vlrkas hamjoas mj Safy Jrkcssaf. Oas

hamjoas caf oas quj bj rjlokzlma prujdls caf xkta

saf7 `3, `9:>, w3>>, w2, z::> y w5>>. ^jra euf-

ckafl caf hucbas hamjoas hs.

Dskclhjftj cafskstj jf caoaclroj, lo ekrhwlrj mjo

tjoeafa, uf plrcbj hjmklftj ol utkokzlckf mj uf

Saetwlrj y uf Cldoj ZSD.

LMUJT]JFCKL7 Jstj htama js kfvlskva lo cjou-olr, caf sus cafsjcujftjs rkjsias. Fa fas blcjhas

rjspafsldojs par pradojhls quj pujmlf surikr.

Tjcahkjfma quj cahprjfml quj bly clsas mj xkta

pjra clsas mj erlclsa tlhdkf, skjhprj js saouckafl-

doj culoqukjr pradojhl quj pujml surikr, pjra bly qujdusclr dkjf y lrhlrsj mj plckjfckl.

Jo saetwlrj jf cujstkf js jo SJ]aao 4 oktj (mj

fujstrl wjd pamr dlglr vlrkls vjrskafjs, rjcahkjfma

ol v


56/79

quj sk fa cakfckmj jo ekrhwlrj pujmjf mllr jo skstjhl

apjrltkva y caf jooa blstl js pradldoj quj jo cjouolr fa

jfckjfml.

^lrl vjrkekclr jo ekrhwlrj mjo cjouolr, pujmj dus-

clroa jhpojlfma jo gaystkc` y ol tjcol * mjo tjoeafa,mkiktlfma ol skiukjftj sjcujfckl7

mjrjcbl, * , kzqukjrml , kzqukjrml, * , kzqukjrml, *

Jfcaftrlr oas mltas carrjspaf-

mkjftjs l ol vjrskf mj skstjhl kfs-

tlolma jf su tjoeafa, kfirjslfma

jf ol apckf7 Kfearhlckf mj

Saetwlrj. Oas plrcbjs quj eujraf

vjrkekclmas y quj eufckaflf carrjc-tlhjftj saf oas skiukjftjs7

Hamjoa ^lrcbj@9:> T4> T4> T>4

Y2 T3>:

Y2 T=jl>3 T5IL>>=

Y4>> T=BL> T5il>>=

Y3>> T=jl>33> T9CL>> T;L>35

@: T=JL>3 T5CL>>;

Jo plrcbj T=BL>>

Zfl vjz oaclokzlma jo prairlhl

y jo plrcbj, cpkjoas l su mksca rik-

ma. Jo saetwlrj fa fjcjsktl kfstlol-

ckf. Culfma jgjcutj jo lrcbkva

sjtaao4ot.jxj, stj slomr eufcka-flfma (tamlvl fa oa jgjcutj).

Jo plrcbj js uf lrcbkva mj tjxta

caf jxtjfskf v p quj mjdjrtjfjr oaclokzlma, caha yl hjfcka-

flhas.

Cafjctj jo tjoeafa (L^LILMA)

l ol ^C par hjmka mjo cldoj ZSDhlftjfkjfma ol tjcol C mjo tjoea-

fa prjskaflml blstl quj sjl rjca-

fackma par ol cahputlmarl. Lo lpl-

rjcjr jo hjfslgj mj fujva blrmwl-

rj jfcaftrlma mjdj kfstlolr oas mrk-

vjrs quj sj jfcujftrlf mjftra mj ol

clrpjtl mjo SJtaao 4 oktj.

Bjcba jsta mjscafjctlhas jo tjoeafa.

Jgjcutj jo SJtaao 4 oktj y sjojcckafj jo hamjoa mjo

cjouolr jf pbafj typj mj ol ekiurl


57/79

Lbarl, skf mjscafjctlr jo cjou-

olr, oaclokcj ol clskool hksc ekojsjf mafmj jstf oas 3 puftas, ekiurl

3, prjskaflhas y sj ldrj ufl vjf-

tlfl plrl dusclr lrcbkvas, sjojc-

ckaflhas jo lrcbkva mjo plrcbj cafjxtjfskf .v`p prjvklhjftj mjsclr-

ilma (sk jstldl cahprkhkma prkhj-

ra mjscahprhloa).

Blil uf cokc` jf ol pjstll

wrkttj scrkpt, ol dlrrl mj ldlgamjo prairlhl jhpkjzl l carrjr y

lplrjcj ol kfmkclckf mjo prairlhl

mj quj jst jspjrlfma quj cafjc-

tjhas jo tjoeafa, ekiurl =, jftaf-

cjs, fujvlhjftj hlftjfkjfma ol

tjcol C prjskaflml oa cafjctlhas lo cldoj ZSD.

Cahjfzlr uf pracjsa dlstlftj carta y jf uf

hahjfta oj pjmkr quj rjhujvl ol dltjrl y ol vujovl

l caoaclr. ^lrl jooa, mjscafjctj jo cldoj, slquj ol

djtjrl mjo tjoeafa, vujovl l caoaclrol y fa cafjctj

atrl vjz lo cldoj. Culfma tjrhkfj blil cokc` jf ol pjs-

tll TJLM[, plrl quj jo prairlhl skil su trldlga

mjdj vaovjr l cafjctlr jo cldoj ZSD hlftjfkjfma ol

ojtrl C mjo tjoeafa prjskaflml.

Clsk kfhjmkltlhjftj lo blcjr oa lftjrkar jo prairl-

hl oj vl l blcjr ufl prjiuftl sadrj sk mjsjlhas

pafjr a rjhavjr jo plrcbj, Zm. prjskafj FA. [l quj

sk prjskafl [JS jstlrl mjsclrtlfma jo plrcbj.Zfas sjiufmas mjspus jo prairlhl kfmkclr quj

bl tjrhkflma jo pracjsa.

Sk tama slok dkjf yl jstlr mkserutlfma mj su tjo-

eafa okdjrlma.

^ar sk fa qukjrj dlglroas mj ol wjd, l caftkfulckf

mlhas loiufas plrcbjs quj bjhas cahpradlma.

Capkj jo carrjspafmkjftj l su tjoeafa jf uf lrcbkva

mj tjxta (jo doac` mj fatls mj Ykfmaws par jgjhpoa),

iurmjoa caha tjxta polfa y oujia clhdkj ol jxtjf-

skf par v`p.

^lrl Y2 caf ekrhwlrj T=J@>>>>>>

mD:>=43>>44>:4E>DMC>=5

^lrl Y2 caf Ekrh T=JJL>333>>

m=43>>44>

E>D:>:4E>DMC>=5

^lrl Y2 caf ekrhwlrj T=MD>>:. Jo fahdrjquj mjdj pafjroj lo lrcbkva js SY- T=MD>>:.v`p y

jo caftjfkma js jo skiukjftj7

0Y2 T=MD>>:

0Tjhavjr Doaquja mj SKH+==>>>

m>;34c7 9>D:>=EJ>>43>>44>

E>D:>:44>E>DMC>=5

^lrl Y2>> caf ekrhwlrj T>4. Jo fahdrjquj mjdj pafjroj lo lrcbkva js SY- T>4.v`p y


0Y2>> SY-T>4

0Tjhavjr Doaquja mj SKH+==>4>>>>

d:D:>=>43>>44>:44>E>DMC>=5

^lrl Y9>> caf ekrhwlrj T4 SY-T44>>>>

d:=d3>7 9>D:>=>43>>44>

E>D:>:44>E>DMC>=5

Okdjrlr Safy Jrkcssaf par Ekrhwlrj

Ekiurl =

Sjrvkcj & Haftlgjs


58/79

Culmjrfa mjo ]cfkca Tjplrlmar

^lrl Y4>> caf ekrhwlrj T=BL>> SY-T=BL>>>d;4;327 9>D:>=>43>>44>

E>D:>:44>E>DMC>=5

^lrl @9:> caf ekrhwlrj T44>>>>d=:;=c7 9>D:>=>43>>44>:44>E>DMC>=5

^lrl W::> caf ekrhwlrj T5IL>>=. Jo fahdrjquj mjdj pafjroj lo lrcbkva js SY- T5IL>>=.v`p y


0W::> SY-T5IL>>=

0Tjhavjr Doaquja mj SKH

+==>>>

cj:dj>7 9>D:>=43>>44>:44>E>DMC>=5

^lrl W::> caf ekrhwlrj T5CL>>;. Jo fahdrjquj mjdj pafjroj lo lrcbkva js SY- T5CL>>;.v`p y


0W::> SY-T5CL>>;

0Tjhavj SKH-Oac`

0sbl`lmjvkria - hjoamklshavkojs.cah

0(p) skhax SKHQoac`Qrjhavjr pltcb ijfjrltar

+==>>>

CJ3;4>7 9>D:>=>43>>44>E>D:>:44>E>DMC>=5

^lrl Y3>> caf ekrhwlrj T=JL>33> SY-T=JL>3>>

C;;M5=7 9>D:>=43>>44>E>D:>:44>E>DMC>=5

^lrl `3 caf ekrhwlrj T=ML>==. Jo fahdrjquj mjdj pafjroj lo lrcbkva js SY- T=ML>==.v`p y


0@3 SY-T=ML>==

0Tjhavj SKH-Oac`

+==>>>

D=:J=27 9>D:>=43>> 44>

E>D:>:44>E>DMC>=5

Caha ufl lcolrlckf pjrsaflo, ojs cahjfta quj ol

vjrskf v


59/79

5

^rairlhlckf

mj hkcracaftraolmarjs

^KCSldjr Jojctrfkcl tkjfj jo iusta mj prjsjftlr jo taha F 59 mj

ol caojcckf Coud Sldr Jojctrfkcl7 ^rairlhlckf mjHkcracaftraolmarjs ^KC, quj pamr jfcaftrlr jf oas hjgarjsqukascas mjo pls.

Jstl adrl js ol caftkfulckf jf culfta lo lprjfmkzlgj mj hkcra-caftraolmarjs ^KC, par oa quj lbarl tacl jxpokclr ol plrtj prctk-cl sadrj ol cafekiurlckf y prairlhlckf mj stas. ^lrl jooa jsquj bjhas prjplrlma jo prjsjftj hltjrklo plrl quj, jf pacatkjhpa y mj ufl hlfjrl rjoltkvlhjftj cartl, sjlhas clplcjs mjlprjfmjr l prairlhlr hkcracaftraolmarjs ^KC.

^lrl lprjfmjr l prairlhlr hkcra c a f t ra o l m a rjs, pamjhasjhpjzlr par culoqukjrl, lo ekflo mj cujftls oa khpartlftj js sldjr kmjftkekclr quj tjfjhas ufl fjcjskmlm, y plrl jooaprapafjhas jf jo prjsjftj okdra cahjfzlr par oas ^KCs, yl quj cujftlf caf ufl ekoasael mj apjrlckf sjfckool yjftjfmkdoj, y oa crjjhas lprapklma plrl lqujools pjrsafls quj vlf plrtkjfma mj cjra, a kfcouskvj plrl lqujools pjr-safls quj yl tkjfjf cafackhkjftas dskcas sadrj prairlhlckf mj hkcracaftraolmarjs.

Jo prjsjftj okdra cahkjfzl jxpokclfma cha sj mjdj jejctulr ol cafekiurlckf mj oas pujrtas mj uf hkcracaftraol-mar ^KC, plslfma pastjrkarhjftj l ol utkokzlckf mj oas carrjspafmkjftjs pujrtas plrl kfirjslrojs a slclr mltas l trl-vs mj jooas.

âstjrkarhjftj sj jfcujftrlf jxpokclmls ufl sjrkj mj rutkfls jojhjftlojs, quj saf kfmkspjfsldojs plrl quj johkcracaftraolmarjs ^KC apjrj lo >%0 js khpartlftj hjfckaflr quj jo tkpa mj hkcracaftraolmar quj pujmj sjr jhpoj-lma js mj 2, tjrhkflojs.

Jf jstj lrtcuoa rjpramuckhas oas prkhjras tjhls quj sj trltlf jf ol adrl.

JO OKDTA MJO HJS

CL^k]ZOA K - TZ]KFLS DlSKCLS

CAFEKIZTLCKAF MJ OAS ^ZJT]AS CAHAJF]TLML A SLOKML

OJC]ZTL MJ ML]AS MJ ZF ^ZJT]A

JSCTK]ZTL MJ ML]AS JF ZF ^ZJT]A

LSKIFLCKAF MJ ML]AS L ZF TJIKS]TA

KFCTJHJF]A [ MJCTJHJF]A MJ ML]ASMJ OAS TJIKS]TAS

Kfcrjhjfta a Mjcrjhjfta mjo mlta mj ufrjikstra jf ufl ufkmlm

Kfcrjhjfta a Mjcrjhjfta mjo mlta mj ufrjikstra jf vloarjs mkejrjftjs l ol ufkmlm

MKSJA MJ ZF CAF]LMAT

Caftlmar Lscjfmjftj

Caftlmar Mjscjfmjftj

MKSJA MJ ZF TJ]LTMA DlSKCA ÂT

DZCOJSSZHL LTK]HJ]KCL

TJS]L LTK]HJ]KCL

HZO]KÔKCLCKAF LTK]HJ]KCL

MKUKSKAF LTK]HJ]KCL

CL^k]ZOA KK - TZ]KFLS KF]JTHJMKLS

EZFCKAF OAIKCLLFM [ SZS LÔKCLCKA -FJS

EZFCKAF OAIKCL AT [ SZS LÔKCLCKAFJS

EZFCKAF OAIKCL RAT [ SZS LÔKCLCKA -FJS

EZFCKAFJS OAIKCLS MJ CAH^LTLCKaFJF]TJ TJIKS]TAS (8, ?, 6)

Cahplrlckf KIZLO (8) MKEJTJF]J ()

Cahplrlckf HJFAT \ZJ (?) HL[AT AKIZLO \ZJ ()

Cahplrlckaf HL[AT \ZJ (6) HJFAT AKIZLO \ZJ ()

OJC]ZTL MJ ZF ]JCOLMA HL]TKCKLO

CAFEKIZTLCKaF MJ OLS KF]JTTZ^CKAFJS

KHÔJHJF]LCKaF MJ ZF TJ]LTMA ÂT]KHJT

Jo ]KHJT mj 2 dkts (]HT>)

Jo ]KHJT mj


60/79

5

Cafekiurlckf mj oas ^ujrtascaha Jftrlml a Slokml

Jo prkhjr jgjrckcka quj sj rjlokzlcaf uf hkcracaftraolmar js ol mj ojjr ajscrkdkr mltas mkscrjtas (mkiktlojs) l trl-vs mj sus pujrtas. ^ar oa tlfta, ol prk-hjrl lctkvkmlm quj tkjfj quj rjlokzlrsj,js ol mj cafekiurlr sus rjspjctkvaspujrtas yl sjlf caha mj jftrlml a mjslokml mj mltas.

]amas oas hkcracaftraolmarjs pa-sjjf pujrtas quj mjpjfmkjfma mj sujstructurl eskcl rjolckaflml caf ol clf-tkmlm mj tjrhkflojs, pujmjf pasjjr uflclftkmlm mj pujrtas kiulo l < 4 3,

jtc.L caftkfulckf mjscrkdkrjhas ol hl-

fjrl jf quj tkjfjf quj sjr cafekiurlmasoas pujrtas mj uf hkcracaftraolmar ^KC,y plrl jooa, fas dlslrjhas jf = hkcra-caftraolmarjs ^KC mj mkejrjftjs tlhl-as, oas culojs tahlrjhas caha hamj-oa y l plrtkr mj stas, pamrjhas rjlokzlrculoqukjr lpokclckf, fa khpartlfma olclftkmlm mj tjrhkflojs quj pasjlf oashkcracaftraolmarjs, yl quj oa khpartlf-tj js lprjfmjr l cafekiurlroas y adtjfjr

jo hxkha djfjekcka mj sus bjrrlhkjf-tls kftjrfls.

^lrl cafekiurlr oaspujrtas mj jftrlml aslokml mj mltas mkiktlomj oas hkcracaftraol-marjs, sj tkjfj qujiulrmlr uf vloar jf jorjspjctkva rjikstra mjcafekiurlckf mjo pujr-ta l sjr jhpojlma. Jo

rjikstra mj cafekiurl-ckf mjdj sjr hlfkpu-olma jf jo oolhlmatrks, quj mjpjfmkjfmamjo pujrta sj cahpoj-hjftl jo fahdrj mjorjikstra l trksl sk sjtrltl mjo pujrta L, atrksd sk sj trltl mjopujrta D, a trksc sk sjtrltl mjo pujrta C, jtc.Farhlohjftj ol hlyar

clftkmlm mj pujrtasquj pasjj uf hkcra-

caftraolmar ^KC js mj : par oa quj soaoojilrl blstl jo pujrta J.

Cldj lcolrlr quj oas hkcracaftraol-marjs quj cujftlf caf uf soa pujrtacaha js jo clsa mjo ^KC


61/79

Tjikstra trks 8 lo 4 caha jftrlml, y oas dkts mjo 3 lo : caha slokml mjo fkca pujrta.

havwe trkska

]ldol 0clhdkl lo dlfca (cjra)LMC's > (cjra) cahplrlmarjs mj vao-tlgj, tlo caha sj koustrl jf jo cmkia mjoprairlhl mj ol tldol. Blstl jstj puftabjhas rjvkslma mj qu hlfjrl sj ojjf

oas pujrtas L D C, jtc., mj hkcracaf-traolmarjs quj pasjjf hs mj uf pujr-ta (jo ^KC


64/79

Kftramucckf

Ol farhl SLJ G


65/79

jo hjmka eskca. Lmjhs rjlokzl ufl

mkejrjfcklckf jftrj mas vlrklftjs7

Ol jspjckekclckf SLJ G


66/79

Jstl clrlctjrstkcl sj pujmj kfbldk-

oktlr jf culoqukjr hahjfta caf jo

cahlfma L] GS.

]amls ols rjspujstls l uf pjmk-

ma saf khprjsls par jo CK, yl sjl uf

saoa hjfslgj CLF a ufl trlfshk-

skf huotksjihjfta tlo caha oa mjek-

fj jo pratacaoa mj trlfspartj G>, pujmj sjr

hs ecko tkpjlr ufl vjrskf hs

cartl mj jstj cahlfma7

6 L] H^ EJCD

y blcjr quj jo JOH349 lirjiuj

4 cjras lutahtkclhjftj. Jstl vjr-

skf hs cartl mjo cahlfma js caf-

vjfkjftj y jqukvlojftj l ol atrl vjr-

skf. Jf oas pratacaoas G EE D2 >= >3 2L EE EE

> => EE D2 >= >3 2L EE EE

> => EE D2 >= >3 2L EE EE

^amr mjtjfjr jstj hama mj

hafktarja aprkhkjfma culoqukjr

tjcol. Culfma lplrjzcl fujvlhjf-

tj jo prahpt, prujdj jo hksha

cahlfma pjra caf jo earhltja lctk-

vlma7

6L] CLE> => EE D2 >= >3 2L EE EE

5 >EJCL >> => EE D2 >= >3 2L EE EE

5 >EJCL >> => EE D2 >= >3 2L EE EE

Fujvlhjftj, jf loif pufta jo

hafktarja tjfmr quj mjtjfjrsj

aprkhkjfma culoqukjr tjcol.

Sk jst elhkoklrkzlma caf ol

farhl SLJ G lftjs mjo EJCL js jo dkt

mj ^ikfl mj Mltas). Fatj quj jo CK

fa khprkhj jo vloar mjo dkt

Tjsjrvlma culfma jst lctkvlma jo

earhltja. Sk fjcjsktl vjroa, tjfmr

quj mjslctkvlr jo earhltja.Kfhjmkltlhjftj l caftkfulckf

mj >EJCL jst jo vloar >>, quj

rjprjsjftl ol Mkrjcckf eujftj. Jf

jstj clsa, js >> plrl jo Hatar #


67/79

fa bl suerkma ol jxtjfsl prujdl quj

blf tjfkma fujstras pratacaoas luta-

havkostkcas. Skhpojhjftj bjhas

tjfkma uf irlf fhjra mj pjmkmas

mj sapartj mjo pratacaoa, y qukskhas

mlroj loia plrl quj cahkjfcj l

jxpjrkhjftlr. Caha skjhprj, jstl-

has ldkjrtas l sus cahjftlrkas y

suijrjfckls plrl euturls hjgarls.

Jo JOH349 Eujrl mj Caftrao1

L vjcjs plrjcj quj jo JOH349

jst eujrl mj caftrao, y Zm. tkjfj quj

sldjr cha rjstlurlr jo armjf.

Lftjs mj sjiukr trltlfma ol hamkekcl-

ckf mj hucbas plrhjtras, stjplrjcj sjr uf dujf pufta plrl trltlr

cha vaovjr lo cahkjfza. \ukzs oj

blyl mkcba lo JOH349 quj hafkta-

rjj tamas oas mltas, y bly plftlools

y plftlools mj mltas quj plslf

vaolfma. \ukzs jo CK lbarl jst

rjspafmkjfma caf FA ML]L culf-

ma s trldlgldl lftjrkarhjftj. Lqu

vlf loiufas cafsjgas quj pujmjf

lyumlr.

Jo JOH349 skjhprj pujmj sjrkftjrruhpkma jf ufl tlrjl hjmklftj

ol aprjskf mj ufl tjcol mjo tjcolma.

Caha plrtj mj su apjrlckf farhlo,

sj blcjf vjrkekclckafjs mj oas clrlc-

tjrjs rjckdkmas y sk sj jfcujftrlf jo

CK plrlr oa quj jst blckjfma jf ol

prxkhl apartufkmlm. L h j f u m a ,

jsta skifkekcl quj caftkfulr jfvklf-

ma ol kfearhl-

ckf jf ol ofjl

carrkjftj, oujiasj mjtjfmr,

khprkhkr uf

prahpt blstl

quj sj vlcj jo

dueejr y su pra-

irlhl mj tjrhk-

flo blyl tjrhk-

flma mj khprkhkr

oa quj bl rjckdk-

ma. L vjcjs, oas

pradojhls plrj-

cjf hs sjrkas

y Zm. fa rjcujr-

ml oa quj bkza plrl blcjroas tlf hlo.

\ukzs Zm. blyl lgustlma loiufas

mj oas tjhparkzlmarjs, oujia jxpjrk-

hjftlma caf jo ekotra CLF, a qukzs

trltlma mj vjr qu sucjmj sk oas

dytjs mj jfcldjzlhkjfta eujrlf

clhdklmas. ]ama jsta sj pujmj rjk-

fkcklokzlr jfvklfma jo cahlfma L]

Sjt ta Mjeluots7

6 L] MA@

Jsta sjr suekckjftj plrl rjstlu-

rlr jo armjf, pjra l vjcjs pujmj

trljr rjsuotlmas kfjspjrlmas. Zfl

sarprjsl ls acurrkr sk jst cafjc-

tlma l uf vjbcuoa quj usl uf prata-caoa, pjra jo pratacaoa lohlcjflma

(jo mj mjejcta) js atra. Jf jstj clsa,

jo CK cjrrlr ol sjskf y oujia clh-

dklr jo pratacaoa lo mj mjejcta.

Sk L] M fa trlj oas rjsuotlmas

jspjrlmas, pujmj sjr fjcjslrka

blcjr loia hs mrstkca, caha ol rjk-

fkcklokzlckf mj tama jo CK. Bly

pacls earhls jf quj sj pujmj rjlok-

zlr jsta caf jo JOH349. Zfl earhl

js quktlr ol lokhjftlckf y oujia rjl-pokclrol. Atrl earhl js jfvklr jo

cahlfma mj rjkfkcklokzlckf tatlo7

6 L] W

Lo CK oj oojvl lpraxkhlmlhjftj sj pu-sa jf hlrcbl jo ]rlfshksar mj ]U Mkik-tlo mj @w jf jo Clflo 43 mj ZBE, cafol prjsjfckl mj ols hxkhls lutarkml-mjs y pjrsaflo mjo rjl mj kfijfkjrl mjT]L S.J., pjrsaflo mj FJC Lrijftkfl,FJC Glpf, TES y mj ols jhprjslskfstlolmarls mj Lrijftkfl Crkstawjr yWlhplrkfk - Eoahjfdakh STO.

Mj jstl earhl, Clflo 9 Lrijftkfl jsol prkhjrl jhksarl jf fujstra pls jfaerjcjr ]jojvkskf Mkiktlo mj Lkrj, okdrj yirltuktl dlga ol farhl mjo Skstjhl Lr-ijftkfa mj ]U Mkiktlo ]jrrjstrj (SL]UM-]) (Skstjhl Lrijftkfa mj ]U Mkiktlo -]jrrjstrj).

Cafvaclhas l tamas oas kftjirlf-tjs mj ol cahufkmlm tcfkcl y mj pra-mucckf l suhlrsj l jstj fujva mjsl-ea, quj mjdjr sjr cuhpokhjftlma parjo tlojfta y ol mjstrjzl quj clml ufapujml lpartlr.

Ol tjojvkskf mkiktlo tjrrjstrj (]M]) yl jst lqu y tjfjhas qujcafacjr oas mjtloojs mj eufckaflhkjfta, rjl mj cadjrturl yclrlctjrstkcls tcfkcls parquj fa mumj quj sus cokjftjs vlf lcahjfzlr l prjiuftlroj lo rjspjcta, y hs lf mjspus mjo huf -mklo. Bay sj jhktjf jf Lhrkcl Oltkfl hucbas clflojs jf ]M]y jstf mkspafkdojs plrl tamas oas bldktlftjs.

LZ]AT7 KFI. LODJT]A B. ^KCJTFApkcjrfalNeuoozjra.cah.lr www.pkcjrfa.cah.lr

]JCFAOAIL MJ ^ZF]L

Ekiurl < - ]rlfsejrjfckl mj tjcfaoail mj Glpf l Lrijftkfl.


69/79

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

9

]jcfaoail mj ^uftl

Caha jf Clflo 9 jst mlfma jo prkhjr pl-sa tjcfaoikca jf ol ]U Mkiktlo ]jrrjs-trj caf jo SL]UM-].

Jo irlf slota oa mlhas kfkcklohjftjtamas oas quj kftjirlhas ol ]U ^dokcljf Clflo 9, y oujia oa mlrjhas jf caf-gufta caf taml ol cahufkmlm mj ol ]ULrijftkfl.

Kt's afj shloo stjp ear PlX hlf,

afj iklft ojlp ear hlf`kfmZf pjquja plsa plrl uf bah-drj, uf irlf slota plrl ol buhlfkmlm

(Fjko Lrhstrafi4> mj Guoka mj


70/79

Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

93

]M]7 ol ]U mjo ^rjsjftj^artldkokmlm7 ]joeafas cjouolrjs a

]U mj hlfa (Blfmbjom)Havkokmlm (jf BM]U a SM]U)7 ]U

jf vjbcuoas y trlfspartjsKftjrlctkvkmlm (hkmojwlrj)7 mltl

dralmclst 8 kfearhlckf lmkckaflo

Ukmja/lumka htamas mj cahprj-skf7 H^JI-4//H^JI-=0 B.45=KSMD-]7 Kftjirltjm Sjrvkcjs Mkiktlo

Dralmclst - tjrrjstrklo (trlfshkskf mkik-tlo tjrrjstrj mj sjrvkckas kftjirlmas)

SL]UM-]7 KSMD-]

^askdkokmlmjs quj fas ml olKSMD-] Sadrj ufl Jhksarl mj ]M]

Jo pdokca crjj quj ol farhl KSMD-

] mj ]M] fas ml eufmlhjftlohjftj olpaskdkokmlm mj adsjrvlr khijfjs mj lo-tl mjekfkckf y safkma mj lotl clokmlm.^jra jsl js saoa ufl mj sus paskdkokml-mjs.

Jf rjlokmlm fas ataril ufl ilhlmj vjftlgls quj sj pujmjf jfuhjrlrmjo skiukjftj hama. Sjrvkcka huotkpra-irlhl quj pjrhktj jhktkr trjs clflojsjf jo hksha lfcba mj dlfml jf quj ufclflo lfloikca jhktj ufa saolhjftj.Jo mkspoly mjo skftafkzlmar mkr parjgjhpoa 3>..4, 3>.3 jtc. (vjl ol ek-iurl 3). Skstjhl ktjrltkva mj ]U qujpjrhktj ufl vl mj rjtarfa mj kfearhl-ckf l trlvs mj ufl ofjl tjojefkclpjrhktkjfma rjlokzlr vatlckafjs jftkjhpa rjlo a jo caftrao mj vkmjagujiasa plrtkckplr mj colsjs. Ujr ol ekiurl =.

^jrhktj lmkckaflr kfearhlckf l olkhlijf jf culoqukjr hahjfta y l pjmk-ma mjo usulrka caha kfearhlckafjs mj-partkvls, barl, buhjmlm, jtc. vjr ol ek-

iurl :.

]rlfshkskafjs l Hvkojsy l ]joeafas Cjouolrjs

Jf ufl ploldrl quj jo skstjhlKSMD-] pjrhktj ol okdjrtlm tatlo plrl vjr]U parquj Zm. pujmj vjr ]U ekgl mjsmjufl lftjfl jxtjrfl a ufl kftjrfl, a ]Uhvko mjsmj tjoeafas cjouolrjs, vjb-cuoas a ]Us mj hlfa. Ujr ol ekiurl 9.

^rayjcta mjKftjirlckf ]jcfaoikcl

Jo pjreko mjo prayjcta loclfzl ol kfs-tlolckf y cafekiurlckf mj uf skstjhlK S M D - ] jf ol pravkfckl mj Dujfas

Lkrjs blstl Slftl Ej caha uf lprjfmk-zlgj plrl ol kfstlolckf mj = trlfshksa-rjs hs, tamas jooas maflmas par jo ia-dkjrfa mj Glpf jf atrls clpktlojs mjpravkfckl. Js mjckr jftrjflhkjfta sa-drj jo skstjhl KSMD-] y mjslrraooa y

jstumka mj atras hamjoas dlslmas jfo. ]lhdkf sj jstumklrf ols vlrklftjsmj KSMD-] dskca quj saf jo skstjhlmj ]U Huotk-Afj-Sji quj earhl plrtjmj uf skstjhl mj jfsjlfzl l mkstlf-ckl.

Jf culfta l oas adgjtkvas mjo pra-yjcta saf advklhjftj ol trlfsejrjfcklmj ]jcfaoail jf Lrijftkfl hjmklftj jomjslrraooa y jstumka mjo KSMD-] y olltjfckf, prahackf y mkeuskf mj ol ]Umkiktlo tjrrjstrj.

Ekiurl 5 - Tjcjpckf hvko.

Ekiurl : - Lirjilma mj kfearhlckf jf plftlool.


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Sldjr Jojctrfkcl

9=

]jcfaoail mj ^uftlZdkclckf mj ol Lftjfl ^rkfckplo

Ol lftjfl prkfckplo mj skstjhl sjudkclr mjdlga mj ol lftjfl mj UBE mjohksha clflo 9, sktulml jf ol tjrrlzl mjoHkfkstjrka mj Sloum y Lcckf Sacklo.

Ol lftjfl cujftl caf = plfjojsquj pujmjf adsjrvlrsj jf ufl vkstl mjcastlma y jf polftl jf ol ekiurl 2.

Caha sj pujmj adsjrvlr ol lftjflsj jfcujftrl caoaclml loia par mjdlgamj ol lctulo lftjfl mj UBE, mj hamamj fa lejctlr ol farhlo krrlmklckf mj olhkshl blstl quj sj mjcrjtj jo skojfckalfloikca.

Jf ol ekiurl ; sj pujmj adsjrvlrufl eatairlel mj ol lftjfl jhpolzlmljf su ouilr mj trldlga sadrj uf pjmjs-

tlo jf ol tjrrlzl mjo Hkfkstjrka mj Sloumy Lcckf Sacklo.

Caha sj pujmj adsjrvlr, jo clfloaekcklo mj ]M] jhktj jf jo clflo 43 mjZBE y sj pujmj clptlr pjrejctlhjftjcaf ol lftjfl culiuk pudokclml jffujstrl rjvkstl y quj pasjj ufl jxcj-ojftj ilflfckl jf jo clflo 43.Ekiurl 9 - ]amas oas hamas mj adsjrvlr ]U.

Ekiurl 2 - ^olfas mj ol lftjfl mj castlma y jf polftl.


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Mklirlhl mj Tlmklckfmjo Clflo 43

Jf ol ekiurl prjsjftlhas jo lh-poka mklirlhl mj rlmklckf mj ol lftjfl

jhksarl jf mafmj jstf mkduglmls olscastls mj Lrijftkfl y Zruiuly parqujlo trltlrsj mj ufl farhl caf ]U hvkosj mjdj pravjjr ol paskdkokmlm mj rjckdkrsjlojs jf jhdlrclckafjs quj sur-qujf jo Ta mj ol ^oltl. Mjftra mj tjrrk-tarka Lrijftkfa pamjhas adsjrvlr qujlo Fartj ol jhkskf oojil blstl Clhpl-fl y par jo sur blstl Ijfjrlo Hlfskooljf tlfta quj par jo jstj sj adsjrvl olcadjrturl blstl ol ckumlm Zruiulyl mjCaoafkl mjo Slcrlhjfta y par jo ajstj

blstl Ijfjrlo Ols Bjrls.Adsjrvj quj jo caoar lhlrkooa js jo

rjl mj cadjrturl prkhlrkl caf ufl kf-tjfskmlm mj clhpa hlyar l 5;mDuU/hquj js ufl kftjfskmlm mj clhpa jxcj-ojftj plrl ufl jhkskf mkiktlo quj tkjfj vjcjs hjgarjs rjsuotlmas quj ufllfloikcl, l tlo jxtrjha quj uf skhpojmkpaoa yl pujmj adtjfjr ufl sjlo lmj-

culml. ^ar jsa supafjhas quj fujs-trl lftjfl Culiuk pujmj sjr uf jxcj-ojftj luxkoklr.

Sk dkjf ol Culiuk jstl cartlml plrljo cjftra mj ol dlfml mj ZBE (clflo :>jf lpraxkhlmlhjftj :>>HBz) js oa

Saber Electrónica N° 277 Edición Argentina

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