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EPC789JUANDAH WEST, QUEENSLAND
RELINQUISHMENT REPORTFOR PERIOD ENDING 24TH FEBRUARY 2005
for
XSTRATA COAL QUEENSLAND PTY LTD
David R. Green & Keelin Chestnutt
24th April 2005GREEN EXPLORATION & MINING SERVICES PTY LTD 90 ROMEA STTHE GAP QLD 4061PH (07) 3300 1379FAX (07) 3300 1879
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPage
1.0 Summary 3
2.0 Introduction 4
3.0 Regional Geology 6
3.1 Location 6
3.2 Stratigraphy and Sedimentation 8
3.3 Structure 13
4.0 Previous Work 14
5.0 Work in Relinquished Areas 16
5.1 Data Compilation 16
5.2 Native Title Status 16
5.3 Photogeology 17
5.4 2004 Drilling Program 17
5.5 Review of 2004 Drilling Program 19
5.6 Stratigraphic Correlation 19
6.0 Conclusions 23
7.0 References 24
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Location and Sub-Block Details attachment
2. Surat Basin Structural Geology 7
3. Interpretive Geology of the Northern Surat Basin 12
4. Borehole Locations - Previous Drilling attachment
5. Photogeology Interpretation attachment
6. Borehole Locations - 2004 Drilling attachment
7. Stratigraphic Correlation attachment
LIST OF TABLES
1. EPC789 Sub-blocks Relinquished 5
2. Stratigraphy of Wandoan Area 11
3. Progression of Wandoan Exploration Tenure 15
4. 2004 Drilling - Summary 18
5. 2004 Drilling - Gas/Water Data 19
6. Stratigraphy of the Walloon Subgroup 21
7. Summary of Variation within SBSG 22
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LIST OF APPENDICES
A. Photogeological Interpretation Report
B. 2004 Drilling - English Language Logs
C. 2004 Drilling - Stratigraphic Columns and Geophysical Logs
D. 2004 Drilling - las files
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1.0 SummaryThis report summarises the work undertaken on the areas relinquished from Exploration
Permit for Coal (EPC) 789 at 24 th February 2005. Evaluation of the available data suggests
that the areas relinquished are in barren sections of the Walloon Coal Measures or contain
seams that are too thin and/or deep to be considered prospective for mineable coal deposits.
Copies of company reports were obtained from the Department of Natural Resources and
Mines (DNRM) and borehole data was extracted. All data was validated and entered to a
digital database. A photogeological study was completed and GIS files provided. All
available data was utilised to evaluate the correlation of stratigraphic units across the project
area. Field activities which occurred during this period included a drilling program of which
fifteen rotary chip boreholes were in the area relinquished. Results of this drilling were
incorporated into the existing database and reviewed.
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2.0 IntroductionEPC789 (Juandah West) is located some 85km west of the town of Wandoan on the
Leichhardt Highway. Wandoan is 70km north of Miles which is 340km west of Brisbane. The
regional location of the Wandoan coal area is shown on Figure 1 which also describes the 125
sub-blocks which are relinquished from the original 300 of the Permit. The relinquished sub-
blocks are also presented as Table 1.
The western margin of this EPC is marked by longitude 149° 00’ and contained in the east by
149°15’. It extends north-eastwards to 25°45’ and 149°22’.
EPC789 was granted to Mount Isa Mines Coal Pty Ltd (MIMC) from 25 th February 2003 for a
period of 3 years. In June 2003 MIM Holdings Ltd (MIM) was acquired by Xstrata PLC
(Xstrata) and MIMC was renamed to Xstrata Coal Queensland (XCQ). In November 2004
XCQ sold 12.5% of its interest in this project to ICRA RPW PL and 12.5% to Sumisho Coal
Australia PL. Mineral Development Licences (MDL)’s 221, 222, 223, 224 are also held by
XCQ (75%), ICRA RPW PL (12.5%), and Sumisho Coal Australia PL (12.5%).
The coal resources of the Juandah West area occur in the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures
of the central-north part of the Surat Basin in South East Queensland.
This report describes the known geology of the area and the work undertaken in the EPC in
the areas relinquished from the EPC at 24th February 2005.
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Table 1: EPC789 Sub-blocks Relinquished
BLOCK
IDENTIFICATIONMAP
BLOCK SUB-BLOCKS NUMBER
Charleville 1576 d, e, j, k, o, p, t, u, y, z 10
Charleville 1577 a, b, c, f, g, h, l, m, n, q, r, s, v, w, x 15
Charleville 1647 p, u, z 3
Charleville 1648 d, e, g, h, j, l, m, n, o, q, r, s, v, w, x 15
Charleville 1719 e, j, k, o, p, t, u, y, z 9
Charleville 1720 a, b, c, f, g, h, l, m, n, q, r, s 12
Charleville 1789 a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, o, p 15
Charleville 1790 a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, o, p 15
Charleville 1791 a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, j, k, l 11
Charleville 1861 p, u, z 3
Charleville 1862 l, m, q, v 4
Charleville 1863 m, n 2
Charleville 1933 v, w, x 3
Charleville 1935 p, t, u, v, w, x, y, z 8
TOTAL 125
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3.0 Regional Geology3.1 Location
The Surat Basin lies west of the Clarence-Moreton Basin and extends from southern
Queensland into northern New South Wales. It extends over an area of 270,000km2 with a
length of 800km and a width of 450km. It forms an eastern lobe of the Mesozoic Great
Artesian Basin, containing up to 2,500m of Jurassic clastic continental sediments and Early
Cretaceous marine beds.
These sediments accumulated in the slowly subsiding Taroom Trough, a basement half-
graben, bounded on the east by the north-south trending Leichhardt-Burunga Fault zone (a
line of thrust faults initiated by uplift of the eastern block associated with Permo-Triassic
plutonism) and on the west by the Comet Platform (Figure 2). They are relatively undisturbed
and conformable throughout the basin with regional dips of no more than two degrees WSW.
The Taroom Trough extends over some 50,000km2 and contains up to 9,000m of sediments.
The basin is bounded in the north by the Auburn Arch, whilst in the south the western edges
of the New England fold belt limit its extent. Surat Basin sediments extend eastward into the
Moreton Basin across the Kumbarilla Ridge and in the west interfinger with those of the
Eromanga Basin over the Nebine Ridge. These two basement ridges mark the outer limits of
the Surat Basin. The basin has been eroded in its northern reaches.
The Wandoan coalfields are located within the North West portion of the Surat Basin, south-
eastern Queensland, approximately 400km west-north-west of Brisbane.
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Figure 2: Surat Basin Structural Geology
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3.2 Stratigraphy and Sedimentation
The evolution of the Surat Basin as well as the Eromanga and Moreton Basins, followed the
Late Triassic (Norian) orogeny. Uplift at the end of the orogeny exposed the newly stabilised
craton to erosion resulting in the deposition of sediments in relatively small, nucleated
intermontane depressions. By the beginning of the early Jurassic, sedimentation was well
established with deposition of fluvial sands and silts. Cyclic fluvial and lacustrine conditions
prevailed throughout the Middle Jurassic, probably in response to eustatic changes in sea
level or epeirogenic movements varying the gradient of the major drainage systems. The
economically significant Walloon Coal Measures of the northern Surat were deposited at this
time. Volcanic debris, common in the middle Jurassic sediments, indicates
penecontemporaneous volcanism not far from the source. However no intrusives (plugs, sills
or dykes) have been mapped within the Walloon Coal Measures. Non-marine sedimentation
continued throughout the Late Jurassic with the formation of thin lenticular coal seams in the
Westbourne Formation.
The stratigraphic record of the Surat Basin reveals at least six cyclothems where conditions
were favourable to coal formation (Exon, 1976). In each case, the coal horizon occurs at the
top of an upward-fining non-marine sequence representing a progression from a low energy
fluvial to a paludal, and in places paralic environment. These Jurassic–Cretaceous fluvial
cycles were generally transgressive, each comprising a range of environments, interrupted
by changes in base level, probably due to minor basement movements or eustatic changes.
The coal seams of the Walloon Coal Measures developed towards the end of Exon’s second
cycle and are typically interbedded with mudstone and siltstone and occasional thin bands of
laminated shale. Two sub-cycles within the Walloon Sub Group were recognised by Jones &
Patrick (1981). These were the Taroom Coal Measures (lower) and the Juandah Coal
Measures (upper) separated by the Tangalooma Sandstone. The new subdivision was
related to Swarbrick’s 1973 intervals.
Deposition of the Walloon Coal Measures occurred in warm, relatively humid climatic
conditions where coniferous gymnosperms dominated the landscape. There is no evidence
of marine or marginal-marine deposition. Instead the coals are a freshwater succession of
medium-grained channel sands, finer grained levee and crevasse-splay sands and silts, and
backswamp facies sediments (Ward et al, 1995).
The coal measures were most likely deposited under low energy fluvial conditions on wide
flood plains associated with highly braided, sinuous river systems. Extensive shallow water
backswamps developed on the lower-lying portions of the floodplains, incorporating areas of
deeper water in abandoned channels and oxbow lakes. Coniferous gymnosperms,
particularly the Araucarians generated acidic, reducing conditions in the deeper water lakes
into which there was a continuous supply of vegetation from the surrounding dense flora.
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This would have provided excellent conditions for lignin and exinite preservation and for the
subsequent conversion to peat.
Floods periodically invaded the levees bordering active river channels, depositing coarser
clastic material on or near the levees fanning outwards to the floodplains and backswamps.
Subsequent minor reworking of the fine layers of silt and mud localised their distribution to
shallow depressions on the floodplains giving rise to the lenticular mudstone partings seen
throughout the seams.
Less frequent major flooding generated crevasse splay deposits across the floodplains and
backswamps by reworking the levee bank sediments and carrying a heavier load of coarser
grained material in the higher velocity flood waters. These floods were severe enough to
carry the arenaceous sediments across the back swamps and into the lakes, breaking the
continuity of the accumulating peat deposits. Maintenance of the backswamp environment
close to the water table, through the effects of differential compaction combined with either
slow regional epeirogenic downwarp or eustatic sea level changes maximised coal
development. Thus the thicker coal intervals are thought to have developed at the site of
lakes. Much of their accumulated sediment was derived from fringing forest vegetation by
wind rather than water thus preserving their lignin as well as the more resilient sub-inertinitic
and exinitic material. Fungal and bacterial degradation was minimised by rapid submersion
into acidic reducing waters at the bottom of lakes producing perhydrous vitrinite/liptinite rich
coals.
Since the late Jurassic the Surat Basin has been stable. The last sedimentary episode was
marked by a marine transgression in the Early Cretaceous. The sea withdrew again in the
Late Cretaceous giving way to deep weathering in the Tertiary. Subsequent erosion has
since stripped this profile from the northern areas of the Basin. To the south of Wandoan,
extensive areas of deeply weathered material form plateaux along major divides.
The sequence of economic interest in the Wandoan coalfields lies within the Jurassic
sediments, which span the Hutton Sandstone through to the conformable Injune Creek Group
which ranges from the Eurombah Formation to the Westbourne Formation. The Injune Creek
Group sediments are readily traceable across the basin from Chinchilla in the south-east to
Injune in the north-west. Deep weathering and/or Tertiary and Quaternary cover has
obscured outcrops of this Group. Some scattered outcrops occur in creeks on the western
flank of the Mimosa Syncline of the region exposed by recent erosion. In contrast, outcrops
on the eastern side are obscured by deep weathering. Lithologies within the Injune Creek
Group are dominated by lithic and feldspathic sandstones (which are often calcareous
cemented), siltstones, mudstones, and coal. The relevant Injune Creek Group has been
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summarised by Swarbrick (1973) dividing it into 11 intervals based on stratigraphic drilling
carried out between 1967 and 1972 by the Geological Survey of Queensland.
The Walloon Coal Measures occur between a regressive stage of deposition represented by
the Hutton Sandstone and a transgressive phase resulting in the Gubberamunda
sandstones. These sediments dip gently south-east with minimal syn or post depositional
deformation. Two major coal horizons occur at the top of the Taroom Coal Measures (lower)
and the Juandah Coal Measures (upper). The coals occur within a belt of sub-contiguous
deposits which subcrop in an arc from the south of the Wandoan township to north-west of
Taroom then to the south-west towards Roma.
Descriptions of the main stratigraphic units are given in Table 2 and are shown in Figure 3.
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Table 2: Stratigraphy of the Surat Basin – Wandoan area(after Jones & Patrick, 1981)
AGE FORMATION DESCRIPTION
Late
Jurassic
Gubberamunda
Sandstone
Fine to coarse and pebbly, poorly sorted, friable,
cross-bedded, quartzose to sub-labile sandstone.
Minor interbedded siltstone and mudstone. Upper
fluvial depositional environment
Middle
to
Late
Jurassic
Westbourne
Formation
Finely interbedded lithic sandstone, mudstone and
coal in lower part. Interbedded siltstone and lithic
sandstone in upper part. Lacustrine deposition
grading to point bar at the top
Springbok
Sandstone
Litho-feldspathic sandstone, medium to coarse,
porous and friable, some calcareous and cemented
beds, minor siltstone, mudstone and coal seams.
Lower part trough cross-stratified with authigenic
matrix, upper part poorly cemented, exhibiting point
bar depositional features
Middle
Jurassic Wal
loon
Sub
-Gro
up
Juandah
Coal
Measures
Lithic, labile sandstone, interbedded with siltstone,
mudstone and coal, with coal deposition more
frequent towards top. Argillaceous component of
sandstone is mainly authigenic
Tangalooma
Sandstone
Lithic, labile sandstone, medium grained with
argillaceous matrix. Numerous intraformational
conglomerate beds. Sedimentary structures suggest
channel deposition grading to point bar deposition
Taroom
Coal
Measures
Sub-labile, medium grained sandstone grading
upwards to interbedded sandstone, siltstone,
mudstone and coal
Eurombah
Formation
Lithic to sub-labile, poorly sorted, medium grained
sandstone with argillaceous matrix. Minor
siltstone and mudstone in basal section, more
argillaceous
towards topEarly
Jurassic
Hutton
Sandstone
Interbedded labile to quartzose sandstone, siltstone
and mudstone and intraformational conglomerate
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Figure 3: Interpretive Geology of the Northern Surat Basin
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3.3 Structure
The Surat Basin has not been subjected to compressional folding and faulting.
The major structural element in the Wandoan coalfields is the north-south trending,
southwardly plunging Mimosa Syncline, the axis of which passes 15km west of Taroom and
22km west of Wandoan (see Figure 2). It formed over an actively subsiding basement trough
(Taroom Trough) which initiated as a result of Permian sediment infill in the depression
formed between the Burunga Fault and the Nebine Ridge to the west. It is a relatively simple
structure with its western and eastern flanks dipping gently SSE and SSW respectively. The
eastern limb of the syncline proper coincides with a line of meridional faulting downthrown
some 70m on the western side. Sediments here exhibit a steeper south-westerly dip. Various
stratigraphic units crop out in a broad arcuate belt around the synclinal axis.
The Burunga Fault is a north-south trending basement thrust passing between Miles and
Taroom and having a displacement of 1000-2000m. It is the most important tectonic structure
within the area.
A complimentary NE-SW trending, SSE plunging anticline, corresponding to the southerly
extension of the Comet Ridge exists, passing midway between the Mimosa Syncline axis and
the town of Injune. This alters the strike pattern of strata in the area.
A small anticline striking ENE-WSW and plunging WSW possibly exists south of the Taroom
airport suggested by the change in strike direction of the Hutton Sandstone and the Walloon
Coal Measures. This may well be due to small structural anomalies in the eastern flank of the
Mimosa Syncline.
Folding, for the most part, is absent with the exception of large drape folding over basement
ridges and large scale synclinal downwarping. Thicker accumulation of sediments on the
downthrown side was controlled by basinal downwarping with compaction and movement
along basement faults. Sedimentation is thickest in the central Mimosa Syncline. To the west
of the Mimosa Syncline is the Arcadia Anticline.
Complex subsurface block faulting south of Giligulgul defines the eastern boundary of the
Taroom Trough.
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4.0 Previous WorkBrigalow Mines Pty Ltd and a number of other companies did a large amount of work in the
Wandoan – Taroom area in the 1970’s and ‘80’s. A comprehensive understanding of the
geology of the area was gained from various studies including photogeological mapping,
resistivity surveys, and numerous boreholes. Large deposits of shallow, thick, high volatile,
sub-bituminous thermal coal were defined. The total resource of these deposits was
determined to be approximately 2,000 million tonnes. The coal was also considered suitable
for liquefaction and gasification due to high hydrogen content.
EPC789 partially or fully covers the following former Authorities:
AP124C (Burton Springs)
AP126C (Durham Downs)
AP139C (Aberdeen)
AP149C (Taroom)
AP174C (Kooringa)
AP194C (Wandoan)
AP265C (Kooringa)
AP345C (Orallo)
AP348C (Hornet Bank)
AP410C (Slatehill)
The progression of previous tenures is shown in Table 3.
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Table 3: Progression of Wandoan Exploration Tenure
Brigalow Mines PL / XCQ
Pre 1985 1985 - 1988 1988 - 1990 1990 -1994 1994 - 1996
AP157C AP157C AP157C EPC157 EPC563
AP431C AP450C EPC450
AP139C
AP149C
AP152C
AP230C
AP229C/267C
AP432C
AP105C/182C
AP138C/231C
AP139C
AP149C
AP433C
Other companies
(no dates specified)
AP124C AP194C AP265C AP345C AP410C
AP126C AP174C
AP241C
AP256C
AP305C AP419C
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5.0 Work in Relinquished AreasEPC789 was granted to MIMC in February 2003 and later transferred to XCQ. Work
undertaken during the first two years to 24th February 2005 has included;
the retrieval of digital borehole data from previous work and extraction of borehole data
from company reports obtained from the Department of Natural Resources and Mines
(DNRM)
a review of the regional geology
a photogeological study
a desktop study of the Native Title status of properties in the area
an interpretation of the regional stratigraphy compiled from available data
a drilling program.
5.1 Data Compilation
Data was compiled from digital files held by MIMC and scanned company reports (six month,
twelve month, or relinquishment reports) obtained from the DNRM.
Abbreviated lithological logs from both chipped and partially cored boreholes were entered
into spreadsheets. In some cases isopach information was used to create incomplete
lithological profiles where logs were missing. Some reports contained illegible information
whilst others were incomplete. Consequently a complete record of all previous drilling cannot
be obtained. Where surveyed coordinates were available these were entered whilst the
remainder were digitised from plans.
All available header and lithological data has now been entered to a Vulcan database. The
location of these boreholes is shown on Figure 4. As the borehole data has not been
identified by its current EPC it is not possible at this time to report the data. Evaluation of this
database has identified the areas where low ratio coal exists. The areas relinquished indicate
high ratios for any coal intersected in boreholes in these areas.
Hard copies of geophysical logs were produced from the scanned reports provided by the
DNRM to provide as complete a data set as possible for ongoing evaluation. These were
utilised for the stratigraphic correlation work described in Section 5.6.
5.2 Native Title Status
Before any field exploration could be undertaken it was necessary to determine the Native
Title status of the properties to be accessed. Under the Native Title Act 1993, for any
property which is Freehold or has a Lands Lease title which grants a previous exclusive
possession prior to 23 December 1996, then Native Title on that property is considered to
have been extinguished. As there are various types of Lands Lease, and they have been
granted at different dates for different properties, it is necessary to examine the actual title for
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each property in this category. The result of this investigation is that all Freehold and Lands
Lease properties covered by the relinquished sub-blocks have had native title extinguished.
5.3 Photogeology
Previous workers in the area undertook photogeological interpretation of the area in order to
define the surface geological stratigraphy and structure and to assist determination of drilling
targets. As the resultant identification of deposits shows some anomalies in their distribution
it was considered worthwhile to verify and re-examine the information available from a new
photogeological study.
It was intended to use photography from the 1960’s as this had provided excellent results in
the Bowen Basin as in many areas it was prior to land clearing. However the thicker
vegetation in the Surat Basin photos tended to mask rather than enhance the interpretable
detail. Consequently 1987/1989 1:80,000 scale black and white, stereoscopic
Commonwealth photography has been used. The new photogeological study was
undertaken in 2003-4.
Preliminary interpretation was very difficult due to the amorphous landform and uniform tone,
shallow dips, and poorly defined bedding traces. The lack of significant variation within the
Jurassic strata has made subdivision of the sequence very difficult. Some assistance was
provided by a field trip which helped define some useful landform – geology relationships,
however the gradational changes make definition of the base of the coal measures very
difficult. This is in contrast to the earlier work which appears to have interpolated these
boundaries from scant evidence.
The boundary between the Springbok Sandstone and the Juandah Coal Measures is
reasonably well defined as is the contact between the Tangalooma Sandstone and the
Taroom Coal Measures. The subdued relief and gradational nature of other stratigraphic
boundaries hindered further subdivision. A major alignment coincident with the Dawson River
was recognised as well as some north-block-down faulting.
A plot of the photogeology for the relinquished sub-blocks is presented in Figure 5 and the
report is included as Appendix A.
5.4 2004 Drilling Program
A drilling program was conducted in the Wandoan project area from July to September 2004.
This was preceded by planning and preparation which included identifying sites, contacting
landholders, and determining access. An evaluation of the potential for disturbance of cultural
heritage was undertaken under duty of care guidelines. As all sites were located on or adjacent
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to existing tracks or in previously disturbed ground (most of the area has been cleared and
ploughed in the past) it was not considered necessary to undertake a cultural heritage survey.
As the EPC is within the Taroom Shire which is in the parthenium buffer zone a management
plan was put in place. This included undertaking a certified washdown on all vehicles used on
the program to reduce the likelihood of transporting parthenium weed seed or other weeds into
the buffer zone. Properties with known infestations were not entered.
At the completion of drilling all sites were rehabilitated. This consisted of:
digging approximately 1.5m around borehole collar
cutting PVC collar off approximately 1.5m from surface with hacksaw
cementing borehole to approx 50m below surface where coal seam at >100m depth
backfilling drilled chips down borehole until approximately 1.6m from surface
plugging cut off section of borehole collar with si foam plug and back filling remaining
cavity
removing all remaining drill material from site by truck.
Fifteen open boreholes were drilled in the relinquished area. All boreholes were
geophysically logged and surveyed. Lithological logs of all boreholes are provided in
Appendix B with stratigraphic columns and geophysical log plots provided in Appendix C,
whilst las files of all geophysical logs are available as Appendix D.
A summary of the total amount of coal intersected in each borehole is also shown in Table 4.
Table 4: 2004 Drilling - Summary
Hole Name
EastingMGA
NorthingMGA
Collarm
Coredm
TDm
Total Coal/m
Date Completed
Geophys
R6089 733225.90 7148839.20 247.83 0.00 102.00 0.20 23/08/2004 YR6091 730796.00 7143264.40 263.79 0.00 102.00 0.41 24/08/2004 YR6093 736056.99 7145905.30 250.21 0.00 102.00 0.00 24/08/2004 YR6095 735370.40 7141911.50 264.52 0.00 102.00 0.10 24/08/2004 YR6097 731124.80 7137875.60 298.73 0.00 102.00 0.20 25/08/2004 YR6099 732384.40 7137679.40 284.88 0.00 102.00 0.82 25/08/2004 YR6100 724489.50 7121576.30 242.94 0.00 60.00 0.00 19/09/2004 YR6101 729082.10 7138884.60 316.37 0.00 102.00 0.00 25/08/2004 YR6102 719527.69 7120840.50 297.80 0.00 66.00 0.00 19/09/2004 YR6105 729205.80 7130090.50 294.00 0.00 42.00 0.00 26/08/2004 YR6106 713029.80 7119109.40 316.01 0.00 72.00 1.94 20/09/2004 YR6107 728877.30 7126215.00 266.42 0.00 72.00 0.00 26/08/2004 YR6108 712527.60 7120750.90 279.06 0.00 66.00 0.00 21/09/2004 YR6110 708657.70 7118961.20 284.75 0.00 36.00 0.00 21/09/2004 YR6111 722370.10 7118951.60 261.67 0.00 72.00 0.50 27/08/2004 YR6113 716658.10 7118894.60 300.54 0.00 90.00 0.27 27/08/2004 Y
Total 15 Holes 0.00 1188.00
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5.5 Review of 2004 Drilling Program
An independent assessment was made by Runge Limited of the data acquired from the 2004
drilling program. This included:
preliminary correlation of coal intersections with existing boreholes in the area
independent correlation where no previous work done
identify high water and high gas flow areas
evaluation of the resource potential of each area
comparison of the coal quality with previous work
The results of this evaluation are reported in Runge Limited, 2005. The correlations determined
in this study have not yet been incorporated into the database and are therefore not shown in
the borehole logs (Appendices B & C).
No significant coal was intersected in the relinquished portions of this EPC. A number of
boreholes in this area had significant water flows due to intersection of the Hutton Sandstone
which is a known aquifer. High water flow (>1000 gallons per hour) and significant gas flows are
reported in Table 5. The coal resource potential for this area is very low
Table 5: 2004 Drilling - Gas/Water Data
Hole Depth Lithology Description
R6091 102.00 SS V.Notch Test 80mm, >2000 gal / hr.
R6095 102.00 SS V.Notch water test @ 102m, 95mm. ( approx 3000 gal/hr )
R6097 102.00 SS V.Notch Test @ 102m, approx 1700 gal / hr. (75mm). Water
sample taken. Nice tasting water.
R6100 60.00 SS Hit flowing water in last meter. Flows at 600/gal/hr. Hole
cemented following day.
R6102 66.00 SS Water, approx 1500gal/hr, stop drilling.
5.6 Stratigraphic Correlation
It has been recognised since the earliest work done in the Surat Basin by Swarbrick (1973) and
Exon (1976, 1980) that there are a number of recognisable sequences within the Walloon Sub
Group. Initial coal exploration in the Wandoan - Taroom area utilised this work in conjunction
with photogeological interpretation and resistivity surveys to locate large, shallow coal deposits
at the top of the Juandah and Taroom Coal Measures. As work progressed on defining these
deposits the relationship between them was ignored and they were considered as independent
isolated deposits.
More recent work in the Surat Basin by seam gas explorers (Scott et al, 2004) has determined
that the sequences (and the coal seams they contain) identified by Swarbrick and Exon can be
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recognised over large distances, and potentially over the whole Basin. These sequences and
their seam groups have been named and are shown in Table 6.
In order to assess the continuity of seam groups in the Wandoan - Taroom area and determine
if any other ‘deposits’ exist a study was undertaken to utilise all data collected to date to
correlate these stratigraphic units. This work has been reported by Mackie (2005) who has
referred to the stratigraphic units as the Surat Basin Seam Groups (SBSG).
Whilst over 4000 boreholes have been drilled in the area they were not all useful for
stratigraphic correlation as they lacked useful geophysical logs or were only shallow (<100m).
Consequently only about 700 boreholes were useful and the photogeology used as a guide.
The result of the study has been the definition of subcrop zones for each of the SBSG which
are shown on Figure 7 for the relinquished sub-blocks. Estimation of thicknesses and coal
content of each unit have also been determined and are shown in Table 7.
Page
Table 6: Stratigraphy of the Walloon Subgroup (after Scott et al, 2004)
Page
Table 7: Summary of Variation within SBSG
Unit/Seam Group Thickness Range Coal Content Type Holes
Macalister Upper 2-5m (Average 4m) Coal plies up to 2m usually
0.5-1m thick, <70% total coal
R1745
Macalister Lower 2-10m (Average 7m) Coal plies usually 0.2-1m thick,
<60% total coal
R1745
Wambo 5-20m (Average 10m) Coal plies up to 1m usually
<0.5m thick, <40% total coal
R1763
Iona 2-10m (Average 5m) Minor poorly developed coal
plies <0.2m thick, <20% total
coal
TM007
Argyle 10-25m (Average 15m) Coal plies <1m thick, <50%
total coal
R6058
Tangalooma
Sandstone
30-90m (Average 50m) Rare coal plies, <5% total coal R6068,
R6056
Auburn 5-15m (Average 12m) Minor coal plies <0.5m thick,
<20% total coal
R2513
Bulwer Upper 10-20m (Average 15m) Coal plies <1m thick, <40%
total coal
R2055
Bulwer Lower
Condamine 20-40m (Average 30m) Frequent thin plies <0.2m
thick, <30% total coal
N/A
Page
6.0 ConclusionsWork undertaken in the last two years has included compilation of old borehole data, a
photogeological study, a study of the regional stratigraphy, and a drilling program. This has
provided a better understanding of the regional geology of the Wandoan -Taroom area. The
relationship between stratigraphy and isolated coal deposits is better understood and areas for
further investigation determined. The 125 sub-blocks relinquished from EPC789 are not
currently considered prospective for mineable coal deposits as they are:
in the Durabilla or Eurombah Formations
in the Tangalooma Sandstone
in barren sections of the Juandah or Taroom Coal Measures
contain seams that are too thin and/or deep (>150m)
in areas with potentially high costs for mining
Page
7.0 ReferencesEXON, N.F., 1976. Geology of the Surat Basin in Queensland. BMR Bulletin, 166.
EXON, N.F., 1980. The Stratigraphy of the Surat Basin, with special reference to coal deposits. Coal Geology, 1(3).
GREEN, D.R., & CHESTNUTT, K., 2004. EPC789 Juandah West. Twelve Month Progress report for Period ending 24 th February 2004. Confidential unpublished
company report.
JOSE, P., 2005. Wandoan Drilling Program July - October 2004. Environmental Report. Confidential unpublished company report.
JONES, G.D., & PATRICK, R.B., 1981. Stratigraphy and coal exploration geology of the north-eastern Surat Basin. Coal Geology, 1(4).
MACKIE, S., 2005. Evaluation and Interpretation of Stratigraphy in the Wandoan Tenements. Confidential unpublished company report.
RUNGE LIMITED, 2005. Wandoan - Review of the 2004 Drilling Program. Confidential unpublished company report.
SCOTT, S.G., ANDERSON, B., CROSDALE, P., DINGWALL, J., & LEBLANG, G., 2004.
Revised Geology and Coal Seam Gas Characteristics of the Walloon Subgroup – Surat Basin Qld. In: Boult, P.J., Johns, D.R. and Lang, S.C. (Eds), Eastern
Australasian Basins Symposium II, Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, Special Publication, 345-355.
SNODIN, S., 2004. Photogeological Interpretation of the Wandoan Area, Queensland. Confidential unpublished company report.
SWARBRICK, C.F.J., 1973. Stratigraphy and economic potential of the Injune Creek Group in the Surat Basin. Geological Survey of Queensland Report, 79.
WARD, C.R., HARRINGTON, H.J., MALLETT, C.W. and BEESTON, J.W., 1995. Geology of
Australian Coal Basins. Geological Society of Australia Inc. Coal Geology Group. Special Publication No.1.
Page
(CRACOW
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50km Drill Hole Locations
XSTRATA COAL QUEENSLAND
WANDOAN PROJECT
EPC 789BOREHOLE LOCATIONS
PREVIOUS DRILLINGRelinquished Area 2005
FIGURE 41:250000 : SG55-08 Author : D.G. Scale : 1:250000
1:100000 : 8746 Original Date : Date : 18/4/2005
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94)Drg No : XCQ143
0 2.5 5 10 km
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Jo
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INTERPRETED LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY
Orallo Formation; sandstone, siltstone, mudstone
Quaternary Modern drainage alluvium and minor associated colluvium
Upper Jurassic
Gubberamunda Sandstone; sandstone, some conglomerate, siltstone, mudstone
Tertiary/ Quaternary Older sand/gravel deposits
Tertiary
Sandstone, siltstone with duricrust capping. May also include remnant deep weathering profile on older rocks.
Middle to Upper Jurassic Jsw
JtjBasalt, tuff, agglomerate Middle
JurassicJurassic/ Cretaceous
Mooga Sandstone (Cretaceous); sandstone, some siltstone, mudstone. In southeast includes Kumbarilla Beds (M. Jurassic-U. Cretaceous); sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, conglomerate.
Jet
Westbourne Formation; siltstone, mudstone, fine-grained sandstoneSpringbok Sandstone; sandstone, minor siltstone, mudstone and coalJuandah Coal Measures; sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, coalTangalooma Sandstone; clayey sandstone, minor siltstone, mudstone and coalTaroom Coal Measures; sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, coalEurombah Formation; clayey sandstone, some conglomerate, siltstone, mudstone
Lower Jurassic Hutton Sandstone; clayey and quartzose sandstone
XSTRATA COAL QUEENSLAND
WANDOAN PROJECT
EPC 789PHOTO GEOLOGY INTERPRETATION
Relinquished Area 2005
Photo Geology Interpretation by:Stephen Snodin
PhD FGS
Consulting Services in Geological Image Interpretation
36 Custance Street Phone/Fax: 61 (0)2 6286 2957 ABN 86 954 127 880 Farrer Email: [email protected] 2607Australia
April 2004
700000 mE 720000 mE 740000 mE148º55' 149º 149º05' 149º10' 149º15' 149º20' 149º25'
149º30'
Geological contact
Surface traces of bedding
Interpreted dip❖ Sub-horizontal
Very shallow ShallowShallow to moderate
Interpreted fault with sense of movement; box on downthrow side
Other interpreted fault, fracture, lineament
Dashed line= poorly defined
Major lineament over inferred sub-surface structure. Arrow on downwarp side
Fold axis with plunge; anticline, syncline
-25º45'-25º50'
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148º55' 149º
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( CRACOW
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( COLUMBOOLA((
50km
) Drill Hole Locations - 2004
Property boundary
XSTRATA COAL QUEENSLAND
WANDOAN PROJECT
EPC 789BOREHOLE LOCATIONS - 2004
Relinquished Area 2005FIGURE 6
1:250000 : SG55-08 Author : D.G. Scale : 1:250000
1:100000 : 8746 Original Date : Date : 18/4/2005
Region : Figure No : Office: BrisbaneProjection: Longitude / Latitude (GDA
94)Drg No : XCQ148
0 2.5 5 10 km
Area Relinquished - April 2005
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R6089
R6093
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R6095
R6101
R6097
R6105
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R6106 R6113
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148º55'
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(CRACOW
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BIMBADINE( ( CULGOWIE
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50km
Stratigraphic Column
Springbok Sandstone MacalisterWambo
Iona ArgyleTangalooma Sandstone Taroom Coal Measures
XSTRATA COAL QUEENSLAND
WANDOAN PROJECT
EPC 789STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION
Relinquished Area 2005FIGURE 7
1:250000 : SG55-08 Author : D.G. Scale : 1:250000
1:100000 : 8746 Original Date : Date : 18/4/2005
Region : Figure No : Office: Brisbane
Projection: Longitude / Latitude (GDA 94)
Drg No : XCQ168
0 2.5 5 10 km
700000 mE 720000 mE 740000 mE148º55'
149º 149º05'
149º10'
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- 25º5
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º15'
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Stephen Snodin PhD FGS
PHOTOGEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE
WANDOAN AREA, QUEENSLAND FOR
XSTRATA COAL QUEENSLAND PTY LTD May 2004
Consulting Services in Geological Image Interpretation ABN 86 954 127 880
36 Custance Street Phone/Fax: 61 (0) 2 6286 2957Farrer Email: [email protected] 2607Australia
Page
Summary
Photogeological interpretation was carried out over the 6,800 sq km Wandoan area in the Surat Basin. Stereoscopic air-photos at 1:76,000 and 1:82,000 scales were used for interpretation and the results were recompiled to geocoded Landsat imagery at 1:100,000 scale. Two days of field orientation were undertaken during the interpretation phase.
Final products comprise a Photogeological Interpretation Map in MapInfo format plus a colour plot of the map at 1:100,000 scale together with this report.
Seven subdivisions of the Lower Jurassic to Cretaceous sequence were delineated in addition to locally developed Tertiary sediments, very minor volcanics, and two surficial cover units. The Middle to Upper Jurassic Injune Creek Group was difficult to subdivide photogeologically because of the subdued/monotonous relief it displays and the gradational nature of the contained formation contacts. It was however possible to interpret a threefold subdivision of the group defined by two subtly expressed geological boundaries. These comprise the contact between the Taroom Coal Measures and overlying Tangalooma Sandstone and between the Juandah Coal Measures and overlying Springbok Sandstone. Regionally, both describe arcuate traces reflecting the shape of the very gentle Mimosa Syncline. In the southwest a bend in strike occurs around the nose of the Arcadia Anticline developed beyond the project area. In the northern part of the project area the Mimosa Syncline is modified by the 75km long, northeasterly trending Dawson Alignment. This is inferred to follow a possible subsurface structure across which there appears to be sequence downwarping to the southeast.
Most of the known coal deposit/prospect zones in the project lie just beneath or straddle the outcropping Taroom Coal Measures/Tangalooma Sandstone and Juandah Coal Measures/ Springbok Sandstone contacts. Why they straddle the contacts (i.e. extend significantly into the overlying base of cycle sandstone unit) is unclear. It could be that the drilling which defines the coal areas (not sighted in the current work) records a partial sandstone cover.
Local offsets in the pattern of coal deposit/prospect areas appear to be related to the influence of the Dawson Alignment and, in one case, to north-block-down faulting.
A few coal deposits/prospects do not appear to be related to the above outcropping coal measure/ sandstone contacts. One of these appears to be a local coal depocentre in the Tangalooma Sandstone and a second is related to the Juandah Coal Measures/Springbok Sandstone contact but is concealed down-dip from it. In the north, two others occur in the Tangalooma Sandstone outcrop area but form an alignment with others related to the exposed Taroom Coal Measures/ Tangalooma Sandstone contact.
If they are concealed deposits it may indicate some NE- orientated palaeogeographical control which modifies the stratigraphic control on coal formation.
There are significant sectors of the interpreted exposed Taroom Coal Measures/Tangalooma Sandstone and Juandah Coal Measures/Springbok Sandstone contacts along which no coal deposits/prospects are recorded. The sequences just beneath them warrant attention, if they have not already been tested.
Page
CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Project area 11.2 Objectives 11.3 Project data 11.4 Final products 31.5 Physiography and general geology 3
2. METHODOLOGY 4
3. SUMMARY OF RESULTS 53.1 Lithostratigraphy 53.2 Structure 7
4. CONCLUSIONS 8
REFERENCES 9
Figure 1 Project area and generalised coal 2deposit/prospect areas
Figure 2 Lower Jurassic to Cretaceous 4stratigraphy in the project area
Page
1. INTRODUCTION
This report summarises the results of a photogeological interpretation of the Wandoan area in the Surat Basin, Queensland. Stereoscopic aerial photography was used for interpretation and the result was recompiled to a geocoded Landsat image base at 1:100,000 scale. Two days of field orientation were also undertaken during the course of the project.
1.1 Project area
The project area is approximately 6,800sq km in size. It lies 370km WNW of Brisbane and includes the townships of Wandoan and Taroom (Figure 1).
1.2 Objectives
Xstrata holds extensive coal exploration permits, applications and mining leases over the area. The objective of the current project was to provide new lithostructural information which, when integrated with other exploration data, will be used to further assess the coal potential in these tenements.
1.3 Project data
Air-photos
These comprised 121 black and white prints with 60% overlap at nominal scales between 1:76,000 and 1:82,000 and flown in 1987 and 1989. They were purchased for the project, but in addition some extra photos from the same series were borrowed from the Geoscience Australia library in order to provide 80% stereo-overlap. This aided interpretation by increasing vertical exaggeration.
Landsat imagery
This formed an accurate base for recompiling the air-photo interpretation to correct for stereoscopic scale variation and distortion. It comprised a 1:100,000 scale colour inkjet plot of geocoded Landsat data with bands 147 in BGR merged with the higher resolution (15m) panchromatic band.
Other data
Geological publications consulted for the work included the 1:250,000 geological maps (TAROOM, ROMA, CHINCHILLA, MUNDUBBERA) and relevant survey bulletins/ reports (Swarbrick, 1973, Exon, 1976). Others related more specifically to the coal potential were Jones and Patrick (1981), Coxhead and Brandt (1981) and Leblang et al., (1981).
Unpublished data supplied by Xstrata comprised the results of a previous photogeological study (Loxton Hunting, 1978) and small-scale in-house maps showing generalised locations of coal deposit/prospect areas.
Highway
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Page
1.4 Final Products
These are as follows:
• Final photogeological map in digital GIS (MapInfo) form on CD-ROM.
• A colour plot of the above map at 1:100,000 scale (Wall Map).
• Summary report
• Air-photos and Landsat imagery purchased for the project.
In addition, an interim colour map of the provisional interpretation was emailed to Xstrata in advance of the final digital product.
1.5 Physiography and general geology
Drainage in the area forms part of the Dawson system north and east of the Great Dividing Range. The east to northeast flowing Dawson River itself, with an associated broad belt of alluvial flats, crosses the northern half and tributaries flow northwards and southeast into it.
Relief is generally low with gently undulating topography and weak drainage incision over the extensive zone of soft-weathering Middle to Upper Jurassic sequence of friable sandstones and finer grained sediments. Relief is more pronounced where the Lower Jurassic Hutton Sandstone crops out at the western margin of the project area and, in the southeast, where more resistant Upper Jurassic/Cretaceous sandstone-dominant sequences also occur. In the far north and southeast of the area, remnants of a duricrusted palaeosurface on Tertiary sediments produces prominent scarped mesas and plateaux.
The project area lies in the northeastern part of the Mesozoic Surat Basin where the principal structural element is the meridional Taroom Trough. This partly fault-bounded basement feature formed a narrow depocentre for the (now concealed) Permian Bowen Basin sequence. Compaction subsidence of the latter resulted in a co-axial but broader and shallower depocentre for Lower to Middle Jurassic Surat Basin continental sediments including coal measures. At surface this basin is now expressed as the broad south-plunging Mimosa Syncline defined by very shallow regional dips. After the Middle Jurassic the influence of the Taroom trough on Surat Basin sedimentation declined (Exon, 1976).
Mesozoic sedimentation was essentially cyclic. Each cycle, when fully developed, commenced with coarse sands grading upwards to finer grained sediments and at the top, some coal. It reflects a changing depositional environment from braided and meandering streams to ultimately swamps, lakes and deltas. The cycles developed in the project area are shown in Figure 2.
Cycle Interpreted Units Current Project
CretaceousMooga Sandstone
U. Jurassic
Orallo Formation Gubberamunda Sandstone Westbourne FormationSpringbok Sandstone
M. Jurassic
L. Jurassic
Juandah Coal Measures Tangalooma SandstoneTaroom Coal MeasuresEurombah Formation Hutton Sandstone
Figure 2. Lower Jurassic to Cretaceous stratigraphy in the project area
Page
The Juandah and Taroom Coal Measures are the target formations in the project area and their geology and that of some individual deposits are well described in Jones and Patrick (1981), Leblang et al., (1981) and Coxhead and Brandt (1981). This previous work indicates that major coal seam development occurs in laterally persistent horizons near the tops of the two coal measure sequences. Along these horizons loci of thick seam development are separated by zones where the seams are too thin to be of economic interest. Transition to the latter occurs rapidly by seam splitting and deterioration to carbonaceous mudstones. Generalised known coal deposit/prospect areas derived from small-scale, in- house maps supplied by Xstrata are included in Figure 1.
2. METHODOLOGY
The air-photos were examined under a mirror stereoscope with x3 and x6 magnification, and interpreted detail was annotated on clear overlays to alternate prints. Features annotated include the surface traces of bedding, estimated dips, geological contacts, faults with interpreted sense of movement and other fault/fractures and more subtly expressed lineaments. Several interpretation passes were made to complete the annotation.
The finalised annotation on the overlays was then recompiled to the geocoded 1:100,000- scale Landsat plot using features common to both datasets for control. On completion a coloured paper copy of the compilation was prepared and the result re-examined in overview to identify and insert more regional inferred structural features related to
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basin geometry.
The digital product was prepared from the final compiled sheets by Ausmec Geoscience in Brisbane under a separate purchase order.
Fieldwork involved 2 days of vehicle traversing across the area about midway through the project. The objective was to gain an understanding of the relationships between landforms/geology viewed on the ground and what is expressed on the air-photos. It was especially useful on this project because of the very subtle photoexpression of the geology.
3. SUMMARY OF RESULTS
3.1 Lithostratigraphy
Interpreted litho-units are described below in order of decreasing age.
1) The Lower Jurassic Hutton Sandstone (Jh) has an extensive arcuate outcrop which impinges only locally on the project area itself, intermittently straddling its western and eastern margins. On the air-photos the unit is fairly well expressed as zones of tree-covered moderate relief with a relatively deeply incised dendritic drainage pattern and scarped valley sides. Its upper contact is marked by a change to more subdued relief, rounded discontinuous bedding-related breakaways and extensive clearing of the natural vegetation.
2) The Middle to Upper Jurassic Injune Creek Group (Jet, Jtj, Jsw)
This sequence from the Eurombah Formation to the Westbourne Formation encompasses both coal measure units (Figure 2). Gentle bedding-related breakaways backed by subtly expressed dip slopes do allow formation attitude to be determined in the sequence.However because of the subdued relief, the similar photoexpression of the contained units and the gradational nature of the many of the contacts, the Injune Creek Group is very difficult to subdivide photogeologically. Notwithstanding what is shown in the previous photogeological mapping (Loxton Hunting, 1978), in our view the only contacts which can be delineated with reasonable reliability are the tops of the Taroom and Juandah Coal Measures. They are important because coal formation was favoured just below them (Jones and Patrick, 1981). They are interpretable because there is subtle photogeological contrast between the lower relief of the coal measures and the slightly more elevated topography with bedding-related rounded scarps and breakaways of the overlying Tangalooma and Springbok sandstones. The contacts form the bases of successive cycles (Figure 2) and hence are relatively sharp in contrast to intra-cycle contacts (e.g. the bases of the two coal measure sequences) which appear very gradational and not consistently interpretable.
The interpreted Taroom Coal Measures/Tangalooma Sandstone contact forms an arcuate trace parallelling the project area boundary and reflecting well the geometry of the south- plunging Mimosa Syncline. In more detail the contact is irregular due to weak drainage dissection of the very shallow dipping sequence. This results in spurs and occasional outliers of Tangalooma Sandstone outcrop on interfluves and re-entrants of Taroom Coal Measures in valley sides. In the Scott/Eurombah Creek area the contact has a straight north- easterly strike and may be structurally controlled (3.2, below).
Page
The Juandah Coal Measures/Springbok Sandstone contact extends across the southern half of the project area. It is also broadly arcuate but less so than is the case for the Taroom Coal Measures/Tangalooma Sandstone one. It is also similarly irregular in detail and in places includes clustered outliers of Springbok Sandstone, for example in a zone west of Horse Creek.
3) The Upper Jurassic Gubberamunda Sandstone (Jg) crops out mainly in the southeast and further west it occurs as smaller zones including outliers near and straddling the project area southern margin. The unit forms low hill topography with moderate dissection by fracture controlled drainage. The base of the unit is defined by a rounded patchily pale-toned scarp or more gentle break in slope, and similar geomorphology defines sandstone-related bedding within the unit itself.
4) The Upper Jurassic Orallo Formation (Jo) is present in the southeast, both as a main outcrop near the project area southern margin and as outliers to the north. As currently interpreted it overlies the Gubberamunda Sandstone except in the east (near Juandah Creek) where it appears to overstep the latter and rest directly on the Springbok Sandstone/ Westbourne Formation sequence (Jsw). Its photoexpression is similar to that of the Gubberamunda Sandstone although published mapping shows it to contain an argillaceous component in addition to sandstone. Its basal contact is a well-defined ragged to rounded scarp.
5) The Cretaceous Mooga Sandstone(JKmk) outcrop intermittently straddles the project area southern boundary in the southeast. Its base is well defined by an irregular scarp, and the unit itself exhibits moderate relief with a stepped landform of bedding-related scarps and scarplets. In the extreme southeast corner (south of the Juandah Creek headwaters) the photoexpression is different with slightly elevated undulating landform and no geomorphic evidence for bedding. On the published geological mapping this area is shown as Kumbarilla Beds, a stratigraphically more extensive (Middle Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous) unit within which the Mooga Sandstone occurs (Exon, 1976).
6) Tertiary sandstone/siltstone (Ts) is interpreted to underlie prominent scarped mesas and plateaux in the north and southeast of the project area. The sequence is markedly unconformable on various older units from the Mooga Sandstone to Tangalooma Sandstone/ Juandah Coal Measures unit. On the air-photos bedding is sometimes visible in the scarp faces and the duricrust capping to the unit (1.5, above) is smooth textured and sub- horizontal to very gently tilted. It is possible that some areas interpreted as Tertiary sediments are not a separate unit, but are instead duricrust-capped remnant deep weathering profiles of the surrounding older sequence. This is how they are shown on the TAROOM published geological map. CHINCHILLA however shows them as Tertiary sediments.
7) Tertiary volcanics (Tb) in the form of three small outliers are interpreted resting on the Tangalooma Sandstone/Juandah Coal Measure unit in the southeast corner of the project area. Their identification as a volcanics (basalt, tuff, agglomerate) is guided by the published mapping (CHINCHILLA) which shows one of the occurrences. They form slightly elevated relief. One is scarp-bounded and the other two have a dense tree cover.
8) Older sand/gravel deposits (QTa) occur as erosional remnants along the Dawson River and further south around the Gubberamunda Sandstone outcrop area between Horse and Woleebee Creeks. On the air-photos the deposits are
Page
expressed as slightly elevated relief
Page
with patchy pale tones and discontinuous marginal breakaways. The Dawson River occurrences are presumably older drainage valley alluvium and those in the south, older outwash deposits eroded from the Gubberamunda Sandstone scarp.
9) Modern drainage alluvium (Qa) occurs as ribbon developments along many of the drainage courses and includes slightly raised terraces in the case of the larger ones. Some slope colluvium is also included in the unit, particularly in the drainage headwaters.
3.2 Structure
1) Interpreted regional sequence dips are subhorizontal to very shallow (< 20) and define the shape of the south-plunging Mimosa Syncline. The eastern limb of this broad structure strikes northwest and is relatively straight. The western limb strike is ENE and bends westwards to an E-W orientation. This gentle strike inflection reflects its position around the nose of the broad Arcadia Anticline to the northwest of the project area (Swarbrick, 1973). The interpreted traces of the basal contacts of the Tangalooma and Springbok Sandstones show that the fold shape of the Mimosa Syncline is more open in the south, indicating decreasing structural influence southwards and up-section of the concealed Taroom Trough.
2) The Dawson Alignment is a 75 km long northeasterly trending lineament over a possible concealed structure. In the northeast it is defined by a straight section of the Dawson River valley. Southwestwards it is defined by an anomalously straight Tangalooma Sandstone basal contact, and beyond this by similarly orientated sectors of the adjacent Eurombah and coincident Slatehill Creeks. Southeasterly dipping sequence strike is generally parallel/sub- parallel to the alignment, and the axial zone of the Mimosa Syncline appears to be offset across it. Inflection of the base of the Tangalooma Sandstone across part of the feature suggests associated gentle downwarping of the sequence to the southeast.
3) A number of faults with an interpreted sense of movement have been delineated. They are up to 10km long and the throw is inferred from significant offset of mapped formation contacts that they intersect. Adjacent to the faults, formation strike sometimes rotates to parallel them and the dips steepen; an example occurs close to the area southern margin along and near Barton Creek. The faults are widely distributed and their strike is variable including northerly, northwesterly and E-W to northeasterly. Between Canal and Horse Creeks a long E-W trending north-block-down fault significantly modifies the outcrop pattern of the Springbok Sandstone/Westbourne Formation unit (Jsw).
Numerous other faults/fractures/lineaments have been interpreted on which no sense of movement could be interpreted. They are defined mostly by anomalously straight drainage and rarely by other subtle linear geomorphic or tonal features. Their length can be up to 15km but is generally less than 5km. Their orientation is variable but commonly it is north- easterly or northwesterly. Many examples in the zone up to about 12km on either side of the Dawson Alignment have a similar northeasterly strike to the latter.
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4. CONCLUSIONS
1) Lithostratigraphic units interpreted include the Lower Jurassic Hutton Sandstone, a three- fold subdivision of the Middle to Upper Jurassic Injune Creek Group and the Upper Jurassic/Cretaceous Gubberamunda and Mooga Sandstones and Orallo Formation. A mesa/ plateau-forming unit is interpreted as Tertiary sandstone/siltstone, but in some instances this could also include remnant duricrust-capped deep weathering profiles on older surrounding rocks. Small outliers of Tertiary volcanics were interpreted in the southeast, and mapped surficial cover comprises extensive alluvium along drainage courses and occasional erosional remnants of older drainage valley and outwash deposits.
2) The coal-prospective Injune Creek Group is difficult to subdivide photogeologically because of the subdued landforms and gradational formation contacts. The three-fold subdivision hinged on being able to interpret the subtly expressed contacts between the Taroom and Juandah Coal Measures and their respective capping (base of cycle) sandstones (Tangalooma and Springbok Sandstones respectively). These are important because coal deposits are favoured just below them.
3) The interpreted formation contacts and bedding dip/strike define the very gentle Mimosa Syncline and, in the west, a bend in strike reflects the presence of the Arcadia Anticline beyond the project area. The syncline is modified by the subtly expressed NE-orientated Dawson Alignment across which there appears to be downwarping to the southeast over an inferred subsurface structure, possibly a major fault.
4) Distribution of coal deposits
a) Most of the coal deposit/prospect areas shown in Figure 1 lie just beneath and/or straddling the Taroom Coal Measure/Tangalooma Sandstone and Juandah Coal Measure/Springbok Sandstone contacts. In the many cases where these areas straddle the contacts the reason why they extend significantly into the overlying sandstone unit is unclear. To resolve this would require information about whether the drill data defining the areas records a partial sandstone cover.
b) The current interpretation of the contacts in (a) above explains some apparent anomalies in the pattern of coal areas. For example the apparent offset of Areas 1 and 2 relative to Areas 3 to 10 appears related to the downwarping across the Dawson Alignment. The same could apply to Areas 11 and 12 near Taroom. The northerly position of Areas 26 and 27 relative to others forming the Areas 19 to 31 arcuate pattern appears due to north-block-down faulting of the Juandah Coal Measures/ Springbok Sandstone contact.
c) Some deposit areas do not appear to be related to the contacts in (a) above.
Area 17 lies stratigraphically in the middle of the Tangalooma Sandstone/Juandah Coal Measures unit (Jtj). From its photoexpression the sequence appears here to be sandstone-dominant, suggesting it is Tangalooma Sandstone and there is a local coal depocentre within it.
Areas 6 and 7, form an alignment with others related to the Taroom Coal Measure/ Tangalooma
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Sandstone contact, but themselves lie within the Tangalooma Sandstone
Page
itself as currently interpreted. To explain this requires firstly information about whether the drilling which defines the two deposit areas recor
ds a sandstone cover .
Area 22 lies well within the interpreted Springbok Sandstone/Westbourne Formation (Jsw) outcrop area. This is a concealed deposit area down-dip from the exposed deposits of Area 21 (David Green, personal communication).
d)The straight NE alignment of Areas 3 to 10 may be significant. In detail it is not wholly related to the more irregular interpreted Taroom Coal Measure/Tangalooma Sandstone contact (c, above). Possibly there is some additional NE-orientated palaeogeographical control which modifies the stratigraphic control on coal formation. It may be significant that the NE orientation is parallel to that of the Dawson Align- ment furthersouth.
e)There are significant sectors along the two contacts in (a) above where no coal deposits/prospects are recorded. They warrant attention if not already explored. They include the Taroom Coal Measures/Tangalooma Sandstone contact between Areas 2 and 3 and southwest from Area 1, and the Juandah/Springbok Sandstone contact between areas 29 and 30.
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