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Initial recorded history[edit]

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription: The oldest known legal document from the Dynasty of Tondo.During the period of the south IndianPallava dynastyand the north IndianGupta EmpireIndian culture spread to Southeast Asia and the Philippines which led to the establishment ofIndianized kingdoms.[42][43]The end of Philippine prehistory is 900,[44]the date inscribed in the oldest Philippine document found so far, theLaguna Copperplate Inscription. From the details of the document, written inKawi script, the bearer of a debt, Namwaran, along with his children Lady Angkatan and Bukah, are cleared of a debt by the ruler ofTondo. From the variousSanskritterms and titles seen in the document, the culture and society of Manila Bay was that of aHinduOld Malayamalgamation, similar to the cultures ofJava,Peninsular MalaysiaandSumatraat the time. There are no other significant documents from this period of pre-Hispanic Philippine society and culture until theDoctrina Christianaof the late 16th century, written at the start of the Spanish period in both nativeBaybayinscript and Spanish. Other artifacts with Kawi script and baybayin were found, such as an Ivory seal fromButuandated to the early 11th century[45]and theCalataganpot with baybayin inscription, dated to the 13th century.[46]In the years leading up to 1000, there were already several maritime societies existing in the islands but there was no unifying politicalstateencompassing the entire Philippine archipelago. Instead, the region was dotted by numerous semi-autonomousbarangays(settlements ranging in size from villages to city-states) under the sovereignty of competingthalassocraciesruled bydatus, huangs,rajahs,sultansorlakans.[47]or by upland agricultural societies ruled by "petty plutocrats". States such as theKingdom of Maynila, the Kingdom of Taytay in Palawan (mentioned by Pigafetta to be where they resupplied when the remaining ships escaped Cebu after Magellan was slain), the Chieftaincy of Coron Island ruled by fierce warriors calledTagbanuaas reported by Spanish missionaries mentioned by Nilo S. Ocampo,[48]Namayan, theDynasty of Tondo, the Sinitic huangdoms ofMa-iandPangasinan, theKedatuan of Madja-as, the Indianized rajahnates ofButuanandCebuand the Muslim sultanates ofMaguindanaoandSuluexisted alongside the highland societies of theIfugaoandMangyan.[49][50][51][52]Some of these regions were part of the Malayan empires ofSrivijaya,MajapahitandBrunei.[53][54][55]The Kingdom of Tondo[edit]Main article:Kingdom of TondoSince at least the year 900, the thalassocracy centered inManila Bayflourished via an active trade with Chinese, Japanese, Malays, and various other peoples in East Asia. Tondo thrived as the capital and the seat of power of this ancient kingdom, which was led by kings under the title "Lakan" and ruled a large part of what is now known as Luzon from or possibly before 900 AD to 1571. During its existence, it grew to become one of the most prominent and wealthy kingdom states in pre-colonial Philippines due to heavy trade and connections with several neighboring nations such as China and Japan. In 900 AD, the lord-minister Jayadewa presented a document of debt forgiveness to Lady Angkatan and her brother Bukah, the children of Namwaran. This is described in the Philippine's oldest known document, theLaguna Copperplate Inscription.[56]The Huangdom of Pangasinan[edit]Main article:Huangdom of PangasinanPangasinan or Feng-chia-hsi-lan[57]in Chinese records, was a sovereignPrehispanic Philippinestate, notable for having traded with theKingdom of Ryukyu,Japanand was a tributary state toMing Chinaand specialized in the export of Torquise shells, horses and silver. The Chinese records of this kingdom began when the first tributary King (Huang in Chinese), Kamayin, sent an envoy offering horses and silver to the Chinese Emperor. The state occupies the current province ofPangasinan. It was locally known theLuyag na Kaboloan(also spelledCaboloan), withBinalatonganas its capital, existed in the fertileAgno Rivervalley. Around the same period, theSrivijayaandMajapahitempires arose inIndonesiathat extended their influence to much of theMalay Archipelago.Urduja, a legendary woman warrior, is believed to have ruled in Pangasinan around the 14th century. TheLuyag na Kaboloanexpanded the territory and influence of Pangasinan to what are now the neighboring provinces ofZambales,La Union,Tarlac,Benguet,Nueva Ecija, andNueva Vizcaya. Pangasinan enjoyed fullindependenceuntil theSpanishconquest.In the sixteenth century Pangasinan was called the "Port of Japan" by the Spanish. The locals wore native apparel typical of other maritime Southeast Asian ethnic groups in addition to Japanese and Chinese silks. Even common people were clad in Chinese and Japanese cotton garments. They also blackened their teeth and were disgusted by the white teeth of foreigners, which were likened to that of animals. Also, used porcelain jars typical of Japanese and Chinese households. Japanese-style gunpowder weapons were also encountered in naval battles in the area.[58]In exchange for these goods, traders from all over Asia would come to trade primarily for gold and slaves, but also for deerskins, civet and other local products. Other than a notably more extensive trade network with Japan and China, they were culturally similar to other Luzon groups to the south.The Huangdom of Mai[edit]Main article:Huangdom of Ma-iAround 1225, theCountry of Mai, aSinifiedpre-Hispanic Philippine island-state centered inMindoro,[59]flourished as anentrepot, attracting traders and shipping from the Kingdom ofRyukyuto theYamatoEmpire of Japan.[60]Chao Jukua, a customs inspector inFukienprovince, China wrote theZhufan Zhi("Description of the Barbarous Peoples"[61]), which described trade with this pre-colonial Philippine state.[62]The Kedatuan of Madja-as[edit]Main article:Kedatuan of Madja-as

Left to right: [1] Images from theBoxer Codexillustrating an ancientkadatuanortumao(noble class)Visayancouple, [2] aroyalcouple of the Visayans and [3] a Visayanprincess.During the 11th century several exileddatusof the collapsing empire ofSrivijaya[63]led byDatuPuti led a mass migration to the central islands of the Philippines, fleeing from Rajah Makatunao of the island ofBorneo. Upon reaching the island ofPanayand purchasing the island from Negrito chieftain Marikudo, they established a confederation of polities and named it theConfederation of Madja-ascentered inAklanand they settled the surrounding islands of theVisayas. This confederation reached its peak under Datu Padojinog. During his reign the confederations' hegemony extended over most of the islands of Visayas. Its people consistently made piratical attacks against Chineseimperialshipping.[64]The Rajahnate of Cebu[edit]Main article:Rajahnate of CebuThe Rajahnate of Cebu was a classical Philippine state which used to exist on Cebu island prior to the arrival of the Spanish. It was founded bySriLumay otherwise known as Rajamuda Lumaya, a minor prince of theChola dynastywhich happened to occupy Sumatra. He was sent by themaharajahto establish a base for expeditionary forces to subdue the local kingdoms but he rebelled and established his own independent Rajahnate instead. This rajahnate warred against the 'magalos' (Slave traders) ofMaguindanaoand had an alliance with theButuan Rajahnatebefore it was weakened by the insurrection ofDatu(Lord)Lapulapu.[65]The Rajahnate of Butuan[edit]Main article:Rajahnate of ButuanBy year 1011RajahSri Bata Shaja, the monarch of theIndianizedRajahnate of Butuan, a maritime-state famous for its goldwork[66]sent a trade envoy under ambassador Likan-shieh to the Chinese Imperial Court demanding equal diplomatic status with other states.[67]The request being approved, it opened up direct commercial links with the Rajahnate of Butuan and the Chinese Empire thereby diminishing the monopoly on Chinese trade previously enjoyed by their rivals theDynasty of Tondoand theChampacivilization.[68]Evidence of the existence of this rajahnate is given by theButuan Silver Paleograph.[69]

A golden statuette of the Hindu-Buddhist goddess "Kinari" found in an archeological dig inEsperanza, Agusan del Sur.The Sultanate of Lanao[edit]Main article:Confederation of sultanates in LanaoThe Sultanates of Lanao in Mindanao, Philippines were founded in the 16th century through the influence of Shariff Kabungsuan, who was enthroned as first Sultan of Maguindanao in 1520. The Maranaos of Lanao were acquainted with the sultanate system when Islam was introduced to the area by Muslim missionaries and traders from the Middle East, Indian and Malay regions who propagated Islam to Sulu and Maguindanao. Unlike in Sulu and Maguindanao, the Sultanate system in Lanao was uniquely decentralized. The area was divided into Four Principalities of Lanao or the Pat a Pangampong a Ranao which are composed of a number of royal houses (Sapolo ago Nem a Panoroganan or The Sixteen (16) Royal Houses) with specific territorial jurisdictions within mainland Mindanao. This decentralized structure of royal power in Lanao was adopted by the founders, and maintained up to the present day, in recognition of the shared power and prestige of the ruling clans in the area, emphasizing the values of unity of the nation (kaiisaisa o bangsa), patronage (kaseselai) and fraternity (kapapagaria)The Sultanate of Sulu[edit]Main article:Sultanate of Sulu

The official flag of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu under the guidance of Ampun SultanMuedzul Lail Tan Kiramof Sulu.In 1380,Karim ul' Makdumand Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr, anArabtrader born in Johore, arrived inSulufromMalaccaand established theSultanate of Sulu. This sultanate eventually gained great wealth due to its diving for fine pearls.[70]The Sultanate of Maguindanao[edit]Main article:Sultanate of MaguindanaoAt the end of the 15th century,Shariff Mohammed KabungsuwanofJohorintroduced Islam in the island of Mindanao and he subsequently married Paramisuli, an Iranun Princess from Mindanao, and established theSultanate of Maguindanao.[71]By the 16th century, Islam had spread to other parts of the Visayas and Luzon.The Bruneian Empire and the expansion of Islam[edit]

The Islamic center inMarawicity.During the reign of SultanBolkiahin 1485 to 1521, theBruneian Empiredecided to break theDynasty of Tondo's monopoly in the China trade by attackingTondoand defeating Datu Gambang and then establishing theState of Selurong(Kingdom of Maynila) as a Bruneian satellite-state.[72][73]A new dynasty under the Islamized Rajah Salalila[74]was also established to challenge the House of Lakandula in Tondo.[75]In addition to establishing the satellite state ofManila, SultanBolkiahalso married Laila Mecana, the daughter of Sulu Sultan Amir Ul-Ombra to expand Brunei's influence in both Luzon and Mindanao. Furthermore, Islam was further strengthened by the arrival to the Philippines of traders andproselytizersfromMalaysiaandIndonesia.[76]The multiple states competing over the limited territory and people of the islands simplified Spanishcolonizationby allowing itsconquistadorsto effectively employ a strategy ofdivide and conquerfor rapid conquest.