S L ALI ( 22 61 - 22 71 ) · 2019-09-08 · udomonas a nd bicans . : bon n - tant s nd s . human ....

SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ SUNIL PANDURANG GAWALI (2261-2271)

SEPT-OCTOBER, 2014. VOL-II/XIV www.srjis.com Page 2261

AN OVERVIEW: SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF SILVER

NANOPARTICALS

Sunil Pandurang Gawali

Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Sundarrao More (Sr.) college of Art’s,

Commerce and Science, Poladpur Raigad 402303

Abstract

In recent years, nanoparticles of noble metals such as gold, silver and palladium have drawn

immense attention due to the wide range of new pplications in various fields of industry. Particularly,

silver nanoparticles have significant interest in medical applications such as very effective

antibacterial agents without the toxic effects, and industry application such as catalyst and inkjet inks

containing well uniform dispersions of nano-sized silver particles that are useful for producing

electronic circuits. It is important that the silver nanoparticles require not only the particles to be of

nano-size, but also synthesis of the nanoparticles to be produced easily and at low cost. Over the past

few decades, many synthetic methods of silver nanoparticles have been studied. Two main methods

for Silver nanoparticles are the physical and chemical methods. The problem with these methods is

absorption of toxic substances onto them. Green synthesis approaches overcome this limitation.This

paper aims to review different synthesis routes of silver nanoparticles and their applications. In

particular, we mainly present several chemical and biosynthesis approaches to preparing silver

nanoparticles and their properties as well as applications based on our recent studies.

Keywords: Sliver Nanoparticles, Synthesis, Physical method , Applications, biosenser.

Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

4.194, 2013 SJIF© SRJIS 2014

1.Introduction

Nanotechnology is the science which deals in materials in the range of 1 to 100 nm.

Nanomaterials have great importance as the physico-chemical properties of the metal are

changed as it reaches the nano size, their properties are different as compared to the bulk

metal. These nanomaterials have multiple applications in various fields such as electronics,

cosmetics, coatings, packaging, and biotechnology. Due to their optical properties the

colloidal solution of metal nanomaterials is transparent, thus they are useful in cosmetics,

coatings, and packaging. Among metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticle has wide application

in industry and medicine due to its antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidial and anti-parasitic

characters. Because of their wide applications beneficial to humans there is a need to develop



rapid and reliable experimental protocols for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Different

types of nanoparticles such as Ag, Au, Pt and Pd have been synthesized in the recent past by

chemical, physical and biological methods. The chemical methods are the most popular but

the use of toxic chemicals during synthesis produces toxic by-products [1]. The physical

methods require large amount of energy to maintain high pressure and temperature required

for the reaction [2]. Thus the chemical and physical methods have their own limitations; these

are considered expensive and unsuitable for sustainable ecosystem [3]. The synthesis of silver

nanomaterials using biological entities is gaining momentum as; biological methods are

providing, nontoxic and environmentally acceptable “green chemistry” procedures. Physical

and photochemical methods to prepare nanoparticles are usually need the very high

temperature and vacuum conditions, and expensive equipment [4-5].

An application of AgNPs can be found use in electronics industry. For example, inks,

pastes and filler utilize AgNPs for their high electrical conductivity; molecular diagnostics

and photonic devices take advantage of the novel optical properties of AgNPs [6-7]. In the

manufacture of electronic circuits, sintering of nanoparticles is necessary to remove

dispersing agents for obtaining high electrical conductivity and can usually be accelerated by

heating. From an industrial point of view, it is necessary to develop simple and low-cost

processes to produce large quantities of silver nanoparticles. It is preferable to perform

sintering of nanopaticles at the lowest temperature possible[ 8-9]. Many approaches were

investigated, and microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and algae were used in the

biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles[10-13].

In this research paper, we present different methods to prepare AgNPs and their

properties as well as applications. In particular, we describe several novel methods based on

our recent studies, which are successful in the synthesis of AgNPs with different properties

and their biomedical applications.

2. Syntheses of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Property

2.1. Physical Approach

In physical processes, metal nanoparticles are generally synthesized by evaporation

condensation, which could be carried out using a tube furnace at atmospheric pressure. The

source material within a boat centered at the furnace is vaporized into a carrier gas.

Nanoparticles of various materials, such as Ag, Au, PbS and fullerene, have previously been

produced using the evaporation/condensation technique [14]. However, the generation of

AgNPs using a tube furnace has several drawbacks, because a tube furnace occupies a large

space, consumes a great deal of energy while raising the environmental temperature around


SEPT-OCTOBER, 2014. VOL-II/XIV www.srjis.com 263

the source material, and requires a lot of time to achieve thermal stability. A typical tube

furnace requires power consumption of more than several kilowatts and a preheating time of

several tens of minutes to attain a stable operating temperature. Furthermore, silver

nanoparticles have been synthesized with laser ablation of metallic bulk materials in solution

[15]. One advantage of laser ablation compared to other conventional method for preparing

metal colloids is the absence of chemical reagents in solutions. Therefore, pure colloids,

which will be useful for further applications, can be produced by this method [35]. In

summary, the physical synthesis of AgNPs usually utilizes the physical energies to produce

AgNPs with nearly narrow size distribution. The physical approach can permit producing

large quantities AgNPs samples in a single process. This is also the most useful method to

produce AgNPs powder. However, primary costs for investment of equipment should be

considered.

2.2. Photochemical Approach

The photo-induced synthetic strategies have also been developed. For example,

Huang and Yang synthesized AgNPs via photoreduction of AgNO3 in layered inorganic clay

suspensions, which serves as stabilizing agent that prevent nanoparticles from aggregation.

Irradiation disintegrated the AgNPs into smaller size with a single mode distribution until a

relatively stable size and diameter distribution were achieved [16]. However, in this method,

the equipments with high cost and experimental environment are required.

2.3. Biological Approach

Recently, biosynthetic methods using naturally reducing agents such as

polysaccharides, biological microorganism such as bacteria and fungus or plants extract, i.e.

green chemistry, have emerged as a simple and viable alternative to more complex chemical

synthetic procedures to obtain AgNPs. Bacteria are known to produce inorganic materials

either intra- or extracellularly. This makes them potential biofactories for the synthesis of

nanoparticles like gold and silver. Particularly, silver is well known for its biotical properties.

A. R. Vilchis-Nestor et al. used green tea extract as reducing and stabilizing agent to produce

gold silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution at ambient conditions [17]. Moreover, K.

Kalishwaralal et al. reported the synthesis of AgNPs by reduction of aqueous Ag+ ions the

culture supernatant of Bacillus licheniformis [18]. The synthesized AgNPs are highly stable

and this method has advantages over other methods as the organism used here is a

nonpathogenic bacterium. The biological method provides a wide range of resources for the

synthesis of AgNPs, and this method can be considered as a method of nanoparticles

synthesis with advantages over conventional chemical routes of synthesis and as an



environmentally friendly approach as well as a low cost technique. However, it is not easy to

obtain a large quantity of AgNPs by using biological synthesis.

2.4. Chemical Approach

Besides those approaches described above, chemical reduction is the most common

method because of its convenience and simple equipment. Control over the growth of metal

nanoparticles is required to obtain nanoparticles of small size with a spherical shape and

narrow distribution in diameter. It is well known that silver nanoparticles can be produced by

chemical reaction at low cost and in high yield. In this review we describe sevorious chemical

synthesis methods to prepare the silver nanoparticles mainly.

Generally, the chemical synthesis process of AgNPs in solution usually employs the

following three main components: (1) metal precursors, (2) reducing agents and (3)

stabilizing capping agents. The formation of colloidal solutions from the reduction of silver

salts involves two stages of nucleation and subsequent growth. It is also revealed that the size

and the shape of synthesized AgNPs are strongly dependent on these stages. Furthermore, for

the synthesis of monodispered AgNPs with uniform size distribution, all nuclei are required

to form at the same time. In this case, all the nuclei are likely to have the same or similar size,

and then they will have the same subsequent growth. The initial nucleation and the

subsequent growth of initial nuclei can be controlled by adjusting the reaction parameters

such as reaction temperature, pH, precursors, reduction agents (i.e. NaBH4, ethylene glycol,

glucose) and stabilizing agents (i.e. PVA, PVP, sodium oleate) [19].

3. Applications of Silver Nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles are one of the most attractive nanomaterials for

commercialization applications. They have been used extensively as electronic products in

the industry, anti-bacterial agents in the health industry, food storage, textile coatings and a

number of environmental applications. As anti-bacterial agents, silver nanoparticles were

used for a wide range of applications from disinfecting medical devices and home appliances

to water treatment. Some of them discuss as follows ;

Catalytic activity

The catalytic activity of AgNPs is size dependent. The researchers have investigated

the reduction of Methylene Blue (MB) by NaBH4 using catalytic activity of the synthesized

AgNPs from the plant Guggulutiktham Kashayam [20]. Edison and Sethuraman had studied

the enhanced catalytic activity on the reduction of benzyl chloride by Acacia nilotica pod

mediated AgNPs modified glassy carbon electrode as compared to those of glassy carbon and

metallic silver electrode [21]. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by Ulva



lactuca mediated AgNPs were studied spectrophotometrically under visible light illumination

[22]. The degradation of methylene blue by AgNPs using Gloriosa superba extract were also

reported [23]. Waghmode et. al. synthesized AgNPs using Triticum aestivum extract and

reported that AgNPs are excellent nano catalyst in reduction of hydrogen peroxide [24]. The

plant extract mediated AgNPs are also been employed for degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-

NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) [25].

Biosensors

The plasmonic properties AgNPs are greatly depend on its size, shape and dielectric

medium that surrounds it [26]. Therefore this dependency may lead to applicability of AgNPs

in biosensing. The different shaped AgNPs are incorporated in biosensors for sensing the

different interactions. Haes and Van fabricated triangular AgNPs by nanosphere lithography

and coated on glass substrate. These surface coated nano biosensor was used to detect

interactions between biomolecules, such as biotin-streptavidin [27] and two biomolecules

related to Alzheimer’s disease [28]. The cubical [29] or rhombohedral [30] silver

nanoparticles were also used for sensing of protein interactions. Lately, the reports are

available for AgNPs based biosensors in cancer detection [31]. The researcher have also

demonstrated the use of silica-coated nanosilver biosensors for the detection of bovine serum

albumin (BSA) [32].

Bioimaging

The AgNPs due to its plasmonic properties can be detected by numerous optical

microscopy techniques and are advantageous over commonly used fluorescent organic dyes

that decompose during imaging (photobleaching). As AgNPs are photostable thus they can

used as biological probes to monitor continuously dynamic events for an extended period of

time [33]. Lee et al. demonstrated the real time study of AgNPs to monitor early embryonic

developement with time.

Water purification

The AgNPs can be employed for purification in water filtering apparatus which may

be due to its enhanced antimicrobial nature [34]. Silver nanotechnology can be used in water

purification systems as world health organization (WHO) approved [35]. Preventing the

growth of harmful microorganisms by modifying or coating the surfaces with antimicrobial

agents has received much consideration for application in biomedical devices and health as

well as in the food and hygiene industries. Antimicrobial coatings should possess

antibacterial efficacy, ease of fabrication along with low toxicity. Silver and silver containing



surfaces have been widely used as antimicrobial coatings [34,35]. But continuous exposure of

these agents might leads to the increased occurrence of resistance to treatment.

Medical devices

Wound dressing: AgNPs find tremendous use in topical ointments as well as creams used to

prevent wounds, burns and infections [36]. AgNPs are extensively used in medical devices

and implants. Additionally they are also added to consumer products such as colloidal silver

gel and silver-embedded fabrics which are now used in sporting equipment [37]. Silver

coated biomedical devices [38], implants [39], textile fibres [40] are employed for the

treatment of wounds or burns and glass windows and other surfaces to maintain sanitization

and hygienically conditions. Metallic AgNPs are effective microbicidal so they have received

significant consideration in multiple products ranging from paints to textiles.

Catheters: The plastic catheters are coated by bioactive AgNPs.The researchers have

developed a coating method which yielded a thin(∼100 nm) layer of nanoparticles of silver

on the surface of the catheters. The nanoparticles coated catheters are biocompatible as they

are nontoxic and have tendency to release specific and sustained release of silver at the

implantation site [41]. The infection risk is highly reduced in these catheters due to

significant in vitro antimicrobial activity by the inhibition of biofilm formation using

Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans [42].

Bone cement: AgNPs with additive poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been used as a

bone cement [43]. Such bone cements are anitibacterial due to presence of AgNPs. These

bone cements are known to have effective antibacterial agents against methicillin-resistantS.

epidermidis and S. aureus and showed retarded biofilm growth [43].

The biocompatibility of these bone cement were demonstrated against mouse fibroblasts or

human osteoblasts having very low cytotoxicity,suggesting good biocompatibility [43].

Antibacterial

There is a demand for an alternative antibacterial treatment due to the development of

antibiotic resistance among bacteria [44]. The AgNPs exhibit excellent bactericidal action

against both Gram-positive Gram-negative bacteria [45].

Antifungal

The literarture revealed that AgNPs are effective against C. glabrata, C. albicans, C.

krusei, C. parapsilosis and T. mentagrophytes effectively. Recently studies showed that the

Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.) mediated AgNPs exhibited antifungal activity against a

opportunistic



human fungal pathogen [46]. Hence AgNPs is considered as potent and a fast-acting

fungicide against broad spectrum of common fungi including Aspergillus, Candida and

Saccharomyces.

Antiviral

The cytoprotective properties of silver is well known and has been employed for the

prevention of HIV interaction to the host cells [47]. AgNPs can also be used to prevent

infection after surgery and acting as anti-HIV-1 agents [48].

Recently, inkjet technology has been used to produce flexible electronic circuits at

low cost, and many studies regarding this application have been reported in recent years [49-

51]. To fabricate flexible electronic displays via inkjet printing, it is necessary to develop

suitable inks. Nano-sized metal particles such as Au or Ag are useful for producing electronic

circuits because of the uniformity of the small metal particles dispersed in the inks and their

high electrical conductivity. For example, using our methods described above, AgNPs with

small size and uniform can be prepared easily, and have high electrical conductivity,

indicating that they are useful for producing electronic circuits.

4. Conclusion:

In this review, we discuss the different methods to prepare AgNPs and their properties

as well as applications are presented. In particular, several novel chemical methods based on

our recent studies are described, which are successful in the synthesis of AgNPs.

Chemical and physical methods of silver nanoparticle synthesis were being followed

over the decades, but their formation was found to be expensive and the use of various toxic

chemicals for their synthesis makes the biological synthesis the more preferred option. In

spite, bacterial, fungal and plant extract sources can be used for nanosilver synthesis; this

type of formation is very easy, reliable and nontoxic in nature. Different methods are

suggested for nanoparticle synthesis; the chemical reduction method and biological synthesis

method were widely studied due to its advantage in controlling particle size and morphology

very effectively. The reducing agents in chemical reduction method are chemical solutions

such as polyol, N2H4, NaBH4, sodium citrate and N, N-dimethyformamide; in the case of

biological methods, collection of enzymes, predominantly, nitrate reductase plays such a role.

In the case of chemical synthesis methods, a stabiliser (surfactant) is added to the first

solution to prevent the agglomeration of silver nanoparticles, whereas in biological synthesis

there is no need to add a stabilising agent. Environmental pollution is a disadvantage of the

chemical method and the chemical reduction methods are energy-intensive. Biological

synthesis methods are carried out in environmental conditions and they are safe enough, and



consume no energy. Although the time required to synthesise AgNPs is longer compared to

chemical methods; in fact, the synthesis time has recently reduced with finding suitable

organisms. Bio reduction of metal ions by combinations of biomolecules found in the extracts

of some of the organisms is environmentally benign, but chemically, it is complex. Here, we

report that the silver nanoparticles synthesised from biological means are showing better

antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic bacteria comparatively with the chemical

synthesis. Especially, we are focusing on fungi because they are the ideal sources in the

synthesis of metal nanoparticles because of their capacity to secrete large amount of enzymes.

Compared to other micro-organisms, fungal mycelial mesh can withstand flow pressure and

agitation, and other conditions in bioreactors or other chambers compared to plant materials

and bacteria. This green synthesis approach towards the synthesis of silver nanoparticles has

gaining demand in the field of nanotechnology. These nanoparticles with biocompatibility

and antimicrobial potency may be exploited for several biomedical applications including

development of catheters, topical antimicrobial gel formulations, food packaging ingredients,

food processing equipments and so on. In coming generations, silver nanoparticles will be

used as a potential tool to combat against rapidly increasing antibiotic resistance.

5. Refrrences :-

Song JY, Kim BS (2009) Rapid biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles usingplant leaf extracts.

Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 32: 79-84.

Rajasekharreddy P, Rani PU, Sreedhar B (2010) Qualitative assessment ofsilver and gold

nanoparticle synthesis in various plants: A photobiological approach. J Nanopart Res 12:

1711-1721.

Kumar V, Yadav SK (2009) Plant-mediated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and their

applications. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 84: 151-157.

M. M. Kholoud, A. E. Nour, A. Eftaiha, A. A. Warthan, and R. A. A. Ammar, “Synthesis and

applications of silver nanoparticles”, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol.3, pp.135- 140,

2010.

K. Toisawa, Y. Hayashi, H. Takizawa, “Synthesis of highlyconcentrated Ag nanoparticles in a

heterogeneous solid-liquid system under ultrasonic irradiation”, Materials

Transactions,vol.51, pp.1764-1768, 2010.

A. lennon, R. Utama, A. Ho-Baillie, M. Lenio, N. Kuepper, S. Wenham, in: Proceedings of the NIP 23

and Digital Fabrication Conference, 2007.

S. Tsuruga, and T. Abe, “Preparation of electro-conductive inkjet inks through silver halide

photographic emulsion”, Proceedings of the Pan-Pacific Imaging Conference, pp.56-59,

2008.

H. H. Lee, K. S. Chou, K. C. Huang, “Inkjet printing of nanosized silver colloids”, Nanotechnology

vol.16, pp.2436- 2441, 2005.

N. R. Jana, T. K. Sau, T. J. Pal, “Growing Small Silver Particles as Redox Catalyst”, J. Phys. Chem.

B vol.103,pp.115-121, 1999.



Samadi,D. Golkaran, A. Eslamifar,H. Jamalifar,M. R. Fazeli, and F. A. Mohseni, “Intra/extracellular

biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by an autochthonous strain of Proteus mirabilis isolated

from photographic waste,” Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 247–

253, 2009.

O. V. Kharissova, H. V. R. Dias, B. I. Kharisov, B. O. P´erez, and V. M. J. P´erez, “The greener

synthesis of nanoparticles,” Trends in Biotechnology, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 240–248, 2013.

S. Murali, A. Absar, I. M. Khan, and K. Rajiv, “Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using fungi and

actinomycetes,” Current Science, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 162–170, 2003.

D.Mandal, M. E. Bolander, D.Mukhopadhyay, G. Sarkar, and P. Mukherjee, “The use of

microorganisms for the formation of metal nanoparticles and their application

,”AppliedMicrobiology and Biotechnology, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 485–492, 2006.

F. Kruis, H. Fissan, B. Rellinghaus, “Sintering and evaporation characteristics of gas-phase

synthesis of sizeselected PbS nanoparticles”, Mater. Sci. Eng. B vol.69-70, pp.329-334, 2000.

J. P. Sylvestre, A. V. Kabashin, E. Sacher, M. Meunier, J. H. T. Luong, “Stabilization and size control

of gold nanoparticles during laser ablation in aqueous cyclodextrins”, J. Am. Chem. Soc.

vol.126, pp.7176-7177, 2004.

T. Tsuji, K. Iryo, N. Watanabe, M. Tsuji, “Preparation of silver nanoparticles by laser ablation in

solution: Influence of laser wavelength on particle. Compos. Sci. Technol. vol.68, pp.2948-

2953, 2008.

A. R. Vilchis-Nestor, V. nchez-Mendieta, M. A. Camacho- Lo´pez, R. M. Go´mez-Espinosa, M. A.

Camacho-Lo´pez, J. A. Arenas-Alatorre, “Solventless synthesis and optical properties of Au

and Ag nanoparticles using Camellia sinensis extract”, Mater. Lett. vol.62, pp.3103-3105,

2008.

K. Kalishwaralal, V. Deepak, S. Ramkumarpandian, H. Nellaiah, and G. Sangiliyandi, “Extracellular

biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by the culture supernatant of Bacillus licheniformis”,

Mater. Lett. vol. 62, pp.4411-4413, 2008.

T. M. D. Dang, T. T. T. Le, E. F. Blance, M. C. Dang, “Influence of surfactant on the preparation of

silver nanoparticles by polyol method”, Adv. Nat. Sci.: Nanosci. Nanotechnol. vol.3,

pp.035004-1-4, 2012.

Suvith VS, Philip D (2012) Catalytic degradation of methylene blue using biosynthesized gold and

silver nanoparticles. Spectrochim Acta Mol Biomol Spectrosc 118: 526-532.

Jebakumar Immanuel Edison TN, Sethuraman MG (2013) Electrocatalytic reduction of benzyl

chloride by green synthesized silver nanoparticles using pod extract of Acacia nilotica. ACS

Sustainable Chem Eng 1: 1326-1332.

Kumar P, Govindaraju M, Senthamilselvi S, Premkumar K (2013) Photocatalytic degradation of

methyl orange dye using silver (Ag) nanoparticles synthesized Ulva lactuca. Colloids Surf B

Biointerfaces103: 658-661.

Ashokkumar S, Ravi S, Velmurugan S (2013) Green synthesis of silver from Gloriosa superba L. leaf

extract and their catalytic activity. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 115: 388-392.

Waghmode S, Chavan P, Kalyankar V, Dagade (2013) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using

Triticum aestivum and its effect on peroxide catalytic activity and toxicology. J Chem 2013:

1-6.

Gangula A, Podila R, Karanam L, Janardhana C, Rao AM (2011) Catalytic reduction of 4-

nitrophenol using biogenic gold and silver nanoparticles derived from Breynia rhamnoides.

Langmuir 27: 15268-15274. 59. Kreibig U, Vollmer M (2013) Optical properties of metal

clusters. Springer Science & Business Media.



Haes AJ, Van Duyne RP (2002) A nanoscale optical biosensor: sensitivity and selectivity of an

approach based on the localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of triangular silver

nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 124: 10596-10704.

Haes AJ, Hall WP, Chang L, Klein WL, Van Duyne RP (2004) A localized surface plasmon

resonance biosensor: First steps toward an assay for Alzheimer's disease. Nano Lett 4: 1029-

1034.

Haes AJ, Hall WP, Chang L, Klein WL, Van Duyne RP (2004) A localized surface plasmon

resonance biosensor: First steps toward an assay for Alzheimer's disease. Nano Lett 4: 1029-

1034.

Galush WJ, Shelby SA, Mulvihill MJ, Tao A, Yang P (2009) A nanocube plasmonic sensor for

molecular binding on membrane surfaces. Nano Lett 9 2077-2082.

Zhu S, Li F, Du C, Fu Y (2008) A localized surface plasmon resonance nanosensor based on rhombic

Ag nanoparticle array. Sens Actuators B Chem 134: 193-198.

Zhou W, Ma Y, Yang H, Ding Y, Luo X (2011) A label-free biosensor based on silver nanoparticles

array for clinical detection of serum p53 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J

Nanomed 6: 381-386.

Sotiriou GA, Sannomiya T, Teleki A, Krumeich F, Voros J, et al. (2010) Non-toxic dry coated

nanosilver for plasmonic biosensors. Adv Funct Mater 20: 4250- 4257.

Lee KJ, Nallathamby PD, Browning LM, Osgood CJ, Xu XHN (2007) In vivo imaging of transport

and biocompatibility of single silver nanoparticles in early development of zebrafish embryos.

ACS Nano 1: 133-143.

Jain P, Pradeep T (2005) Potential of silver nanoparticles coated polyurethane foam as an

antibacterial water filter. Biotechnol Bioengg 90: 59-63.

Pedahzur R, Lev O, Fattal B, Shuval HI (1995) The interaction of silver ions and hydrogen peroxide

in the inactivation of E. coli: a preliminary evaluation of a new long acting residual drinking

water disinfectant. Water Sci Technol31: 123-129.

Becker RO (1999) Silver ions in the treatment of local infections. Metal-based drugs 6: 311.

Silver S (2003) Bacterial silver resistance: molecular biology and uses and misuses of silver

compounds. FEMS Microbiol Rev 27: 341-353.

Rupp ME, Fitzgerald T, Marion N, Helget V, Puumala S, et al. (2004) Effect of silver-coated urinary

catheters: efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and antimicrobial resistance. Am J Infect Control 32:

445-450.

Furno F, Morley KS, Wong B, Sharp BL, Arnold PL, et al. (2004) Silver nanoparticles and polymeric

medical devices: a new approach to prevention of infection? J Antimicrob Chemo 54: 1019-

1024.

Duran N, Marcato PD, De Souza GIH, Alves OL, Esposito E (2007) Antibacterial effect of silver

nanoparticles produced by fungal process on textile fabrics and their effluent treatment. J

Biomed Nanotechnol 3: 203-208.

Duran N, Marcato PD, De Souza GIH, Alves OL, Esposito E (2007) Antibacterial effect of silver

nanoparticles produced by fungal process on textile fabrics and their effluent treatment. J

Biomed Nanotechnol 3: 203-208.

Roe D, Karandikar B, Bonn-Savage N, Gibbins B, Roullet JB (2008) Antimicrobial surface

functionalization of plastic catheters by silver nanoparticles. J Antimicrob Chemo 61: 869-

876.

Alt V, Bechert T, Steinrucke P, Wagener M, Seidel P, et al. (2004) An in vitro assessment of the

antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity of nanoparticulate silver bone cement. Biomaterials

25: 4383-4391.



Sharma VK, Yngard RA, Lin Y (2009) Silver nanoparticles: green synthesis and their antimicrobial

activities. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 145: 83-96.

Stoimenov PK, Klinger RL, Marchin GL, Klabunde KJ (2002) Metal oxide nanoparticles

asbactericidal agents. Langmuir 18: 6679-6686

Khatoon N, Mishra A, Alam H, Manzoor N, Sardar M (2015) Biosynthesis, characterization, and

antifungal activity of the silver nanoparticles against pathogenic candida species. BioNanoSc

5: 65-74.

Kim JS, Kuk E, Yu KN, Kim JH, Park SJ, et al. (2007) Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles.

Nanomedicine 3: 95-101.

Sun RWY, Chen R, Chung NPY, Ho CM, Lin CLS, et al. (2005) Silver nanoparticles fabricated in

Hepes buffer exhibit cytoprotective activities toward HIV-1 infected cells. Chem Comm 2005:

5059-5061.

A. lennon, R. Utama, A. Ho-Baillie, M. Lenio, N. Kuepper, S. Wenham, in: Proceedings of the NIP 23

and Digital Fabrication Conference, 2007.

A. lennon, R. Utama, A. Ho-Baillie, and S. Wenham, Proceedings of the NIP 24 and Digital

Fabrication Conference, 2008.

S. Tsuruga, and T. Abe, “Preparation of electro-conductive inkjet inks through silver halide

photographic emulsion”, Proceedings of the Pan-Pacific Imaging Conference, pp.56-59,

2008.

SRJIS / BIMONTHLY/SUNIL PANDURANG GAWALI (599-604)

SEPT-OCT, 2013, VOL. II/VIII www.srjis.com Page 599

ANALYSIS OF SOIL QUALITY USING PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF

CHARAI VILLAGE, TAHSIL-POLADPUR RAIGAD (M.S).

Sunil Pandurang Gawali

Assistant Professor. Department of Chemistry, Sundarrao More (Sr.) college of Art’s

Commerce and Science, Poladpur Raigad 402303

In the present study the analysis of soil samples collected from the rice filed of At Charai village,

Tahsil-Poladpur Raigad (M.S). In the first place soils samples from 10 representative locations were

collected for their analysis of Physical parameters like PH, Electrical Conductivity(EC),Total

Organic Carbon, Available Nitrogen (N), Available Phosphorus (P2O5) and available Potassium

(K2O) were anlyzed. . These studies lead us to the conclusion of the nutrient's quanity of soil of

Lunawada Taluka. Result show that overage the Charai village, Tahsil-Poladpur Raigad have various

parameter like EC, PH, OC,N,P,K. This information will help farmers to decide the problems related

to soil nutrients amount of fertilizers to be added to soil to make production economic.

Keywords: Soil, physic-chemical parameters, pH, Conductivity, Organic Carbon.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The soil forms the intermediate zone between the atmosphere and the rock cover of

the earth, the lithosphere. It also forms the interface between water bodies (hydrosphere) and

the lithosphere and thus forming a part of biosphere. The soil may be defined as the

uppermost weathered layer of the earth’s crust in which are mixed organisms and products of

their death and decay. It may also be defined as the part of the earth’s crust in which plants

are anchored. The soil is a complex organization being made up of some six constituents’

namely inorganic matter, organic matter, soil organisms, soil moisture, soil solution and soil

air. Roughly, the soil contains 50-60% mineral matter, 25-35% water, 15-25% air and little

percentage of organic matter. Soil is important everyone either directly or indirectly. It is

natural body on which agricultural product grow and it has fragile ecosystem [1,2] Soil are

medium in which crop grow to food and cloth the world. Soil fertility vital to a productive

soil. Certain external factors control plant growth, air, temperature, light mechanical support,

nutrients and water. Plants had elements for their growth and completion of life cycle. They

are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc [3].

Abstract



Soil sampling is perhaps the most vital step for any soil analysis. As a very small

fraction of the huge soil mass is used for analysis, it becomes extremely important to get a

truly representative soil sample of the field. Soil test based nutrient management has emerged

as a key issue in efforts to increase agricultural productivity and production since optimal use

of nutrients, based on soil analysis can improve crop productivity and minimize wastage of

these nutrients, thus minimizing impact on environmental leading to bias through optimal

production [4]

The status of available micronutrients in soils and their relationship with various

physico-chemical properties have been attempted by several investigators [6-7]. Investigation

of someparameter and Nutrients from Soil samples of Rice field by Jadhav S. D. et.al .but the

investigation of nutrients andparameters of Soil of Rajura Bazar village in Warud Tahsil of

Amravati district in Maharashtra.

Present study is an attempt to find out the nutrient's quantity in soil At Charai village,

Tahsil-Poladpur Raigad (M.S). This information will help farmers to decide the amount of

fertilizer to be added to soil to make the production economic. The objective of this paper

was to analyze the trend in PH, EC,OC, N,P, K status of soils of Charai village, Tahsil-

Poladpur Raigad (M.S).

2.0 Materials and Methods:

2.1 Study Area:

The soil samples were collected from the area Charai village, Tahsil-Poladpur Raigad.

The Charai is located on the western ghat in Maharastra State of India. It lies between

17.9855910

north latitude and 73.466735o east.

2.2 Soil sampling

Soil samples were collected randomly at 0 to 20 cm depths with ten plots, ten samples

from each plot, respectively. In well sterilise polythene pouches.

Soil sample were collected from following Farmers fields

1. Sample 1(R-1) was collected from Mr. Raju Utekar Rice field.

2. Sample 2 (R-2) was collected from Mr Salvi S. Rice field.

3. Sample 3(R-3) was collected from Mr. Bhima Utekar Rice field.

4. Sample 4 (R-4) was collected from Mr. shailar C. Rice field.

5. Sample 5 (R-5) was collected from Mr. Jagtap K. Rice field.

6. Sample 6 (R-6)) was collected from Mr. Salvi V. Rice field.

7. Sample 7 (R-7) was collected from Mr. Salvi J. Rice field

8. Sample 8 (R-8) was collected from chavan C, Rice field



9. Sample 9 (R-9) was collected from Utekar M Rice field

10. Sample 10 (R-10) was collected from Chittibabu G. Rice field

2.3 Sample Preparation –

The soil samples were air dried for a period of one week, ground with a clean

porcelain mortar and pestle and passed through a 2.0 mm sieve. Sieved samples were mixed

and stored for subsequent physical, chemical analysis.

In laboratory these samples were analyzed for different chemical parameters

following standard methods [9]. AR grade reagents and double distilled water were used for

soil analysis. The collected samples were analyzed for major Physical and Chemical quality

parameter like PH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), K

and P analysis by standardmethod (DIRD Pune 2009).

Methods uses for estimation of various parameters are -

1. Determination of Moisture: by Weighting Method.

2. Determination of pH: by Digital pH Meter

3. Determinationof of Electric Conductance: by Conductometer

4. Determination of Organic Carbon: by Titration Method

5. Determination of Nitrogen (N): by Titration Method

6. Determination of Phosphorous (P): by Titration Method

7. Determination of Pottasium (K): by Flame Photometry

8. Determination of Colour Of Soil ; by Viewing soil

Results were compared with standard values [9] to find out low, medium or high

nutrient's content essential for STR.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

1. Colour of Soil :

The all soil sample from R-1 to R-10 was Faint Reddish Brown in colour.

2. Moisture :

The moisture content value ranges from .2 % - 8.4 %. It is clear from the result

that soil sample R-5, R-6 and R-10 moisture which is high as compared to other

samples.

3. pH :

The most significant property of soil is its pH level, Its effects on all other

parameters of soil. Therefore, pH is considered while analysing any kind of soil. If the

pH is less than 6 then it is said to be an acidic soil, the pH range from 6-8.5 it’s a

normal soil and greater than 8.5 then it is said to be alkaline soil. pH was observe in



the range 7.73 to 8.02. The All Soil sample from R-1 to R-10 are very slightly

alkaline sample.

4. Electrical conductivity :

Electrical conductivity is also a very important property of the soil, it is used

to check the quality of the soil. It is a measure of ions present in solution The

electrical conductivity of a soil solution increases with the increased concentration of

ions. Electrical conductivity is a very quick, simple and inexpensive method to check

health of soils. It is a measure of ions present in solution. The electrical conductivity

of a soil solution increases with the increased concentration of ions.

5. Organic Carbon :

Soil organic carbon is the basis of soil fertility. It release nutrient for plant

growth, promotes the structure, biological and physical health of soil, and is buffer

against harmful substances. Increasing soil organic carbon has two benefits- as well as

helping to mitigate climate change, it improves soil health and fertility. Many

management practices that increase soil organic carbon also improve crop and pasture

yields Organic carbon values were recorded in the range of 0.38 – 1.20 %.The soil

sample R-3 has more organic carbon ,sample R-5 R-6 and R-10 have moderate and

while sample R-1, R-2, R-4, R-7, R-8 and R-9 has very low percentage of organic

carbon.

6. Available Nitrogen :

Available nitrogen content in the soil sample ranged from 68 to 152 kg/hect.

The soil sample R-3 has good nitrogen content as compared to other all samples.

7. Phosphorous :

Phosphorus is a most important element present in every living cell. It is one

of the most important micronutrient essential for plant growth. Phosphorus most often

limits nutrients remains present in plant nuclei and act as an energy storage. 4.

Phosphorous content in the soil sample ranged between 35.4- 103.2 kg/hect. The soil

sample R-3 has only phosphorous content high as compared to all other samples.

8. Potassium :

Potassium plays an important role in different physiological processes of

plants; it is one of the important elements for the development of the plant. It is

involved in many plant metabolism reactions, ranging from lignin and cellulose used

for the formation of cellular structural components, for regulation of photosynthesis

and production of plant sugars that are used for various plant metabolic needs.



Potassium content in the soil sample ranged between 112- 342 kg/hect. The soil

sample R-3 and R-10 have more potassium content as compared to other samples.

Table 1. Physicochemical Parameters of Soil Samples

Sr

.

No

.

Parameter

s R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 R-5 R-6 R-7 R-8 R-9 R-10

1 colour

Reddi

sh

Reddi

sh

Reddi

sh

Reddi

sh

Reddi

sh

Reddi

sh

Reddi

sh

Reddi

sh

Reddi

sh

Reddi

sh

Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown

2 pH 7.89 8.02 7.76 7.85 7.82 7.73 7.96 7.7 7.94 7.85

3

Electro

conductan

ce (ms)

0.342 0.42 0.45 0.56 0.634 0.554 0.432 0.756 0.43 0.48

4 Moisture

(%) 4.2 3.5 5.2 4.1 8.4 8.3 3.4 3.2 4.8 8.4

5

Organic

carbon

(%)

0.26 0.38 1.2 0.38 0.63 0.78 0.41 0.82 0.43 0.32

6 Nitrogen (kg/hect)

88 78 152 89 96 127 68 103 78 130

7

Phosphoro

us (kg/hect)

42.3 46.4 103.2 35.4 54.6 58.2 22.5 43.4 36.3 48.2

8 Potassium (kg/hect)

112 118 342 143 187 201 127 186 132 260

Figure 1: Number of samples of Charai villages Poladpur taluka lies in EC, PH,

moisture, OC, N, P, K

4. Conclusion:

The physicochemical parameters are important to agricultural for plant growth.

Maintenance or enhancement of soil quality is a more important criterion for analysis and

sustainability of soil ecosystems[10] From the results of the work, it can be concluded that

the pH of soil samples were slightly acidic, conductivity, organic carbon and NPK values of

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 R-5 R-6 R-7 R-8 R-9 R-10

pH

Electro conductance (ms)

Moisture (%)

Organic carbon (%)

Nitrogen (kg/hect)

Phosphorous (kg/hect)

Potassium (kg/hect)



all soil samples were found to be very less. In all samples were in lower amount so fertilizers

containing were added for proper growth and development of crop.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks to Teaching & Non-teaching staff, Department of Chemistry, Sundarrao More

college of Art’s commerce and Science, Poladpur Raigad(M.S.) of their suggestions and co-

operation during the present work.

6. REFERENCES

Sinha A.K. and Shrivastav, Earth Resource and Environmental issues, 1st edition. ABD publisher

Jaipur, India 2000.

Kaur. H, Environmental Chemistry 2nd Edition, Pragati Prakashan 416,(2002).

Guptap P.K, Methods in Environmental analysis, 2nd Edition Agrobios, Kota, India 101, (2000).

Dr. Dalwadi M.R. Dr. Bhatt V.R. soil and water testing Anand, Gujarat India 2008

Kumar M. and Babel A. L., Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(2011)97.

Nazif W., Perveen S. and Saleem I., Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 1(2006)35.

Methur R. and Sudan P., J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 3(3)(2011)290.

Jakson. M. L, Soil Chemical analysis, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.,123-126, (1967).

Olsen. S.R, Cole. C.V, Watanbe F.S, Dean. L.A, Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by

extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular No. 939. (1954).

S.H.Schoenholtz. A review of chemical and physical properties as indicators of forest soil quality:

challenge and opportunities, Forest Ecology and Management 2000; 138:335-356.

S L ALI ( 22 61 - 22 71 ) · 2019-09-08 · udomonas a nd bicans . : bon n - tant s nd s . human ....

Documents

Transcript of S L ALI ( 22 61 - 22 71 ) · 2019-09-08 · udomonas a nd bicans . : bon n - tant s nd s . human ....