S i n a a r s i - ganatleba.ge DASABECHDI.pdf · S i n a a r s i Salva tabataZe ... mTavari...

S i n a a r s i

Salva tabataZe, irina SubiTiZe, meore enis swavlisa da aTvisebis

Teoriebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 2

Shalva Tabatadze, Irina Shubitidze, Theories of Second Language Learning and Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 14

alan kroufordi, paata papava, meore enis aTvisebisa da kiTxvis

swavlebis strategiebi dawyebiT fazaze . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 15

Alan Crawford, Paata Papava, Second Language Acquistion and Reading Strategies on Primary Stage of Language Acquisition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 25

nino popiaSvili, bilingvuri ganaTleba identobis diskursSi

(sabWoTa da postsabWoTa gamocdileba). . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 26

Nino Popiashvili, Bilingual Education in the Discourse of Identity (Soviet and Port-Soviet experience). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 32

ia afTaraSvili, bilingvizmi socialuri faqtorebis WrilSi . . . . . . gv. 33

Ia Aptarashvili, Bilingualism in the Context of Social Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 38

irina bagauri, enobriv ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebi

da bilingvuri ,,mexsiereba~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 39

Irina Bagauri, Bilingual Memory and Impact Factors on Language Develompent Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 48

Salva tabataZe

irina SubiTiZe

meore enis swavlisa da aTvisebis Teoriebi

abstraqti

winamdebare statiis mizania, mokled mimoixilos meore enis swavlisa

da aTvisebis Teoriebi. meore enis Teoria axali dargia mecnierebaSi,

romlis ganviTarebac aqtiurad daiwyo meoce saukunis 50-iani wlebis

bolos. statiaSi meore enis ganviTarebis Teoriebi sami samecniero

tradiciis konteqstSi iqneba ganxiluli: (a) struqturalizmi an

aRweriTi biheviorizmi; (b) racionalizmi da kognitivizmi (3)

konstruqtivizmi. aRniSnuli Teoriebis gacnoba da gaanalizeba

saSualebas miscems maswavleblebs, gaiazron da gaaanalizon meore

enis swavlisa da aTvisebis Teoriebi, praqtikuli saqmianobis

safuZvelze gaiazron TiToeuli Teoriis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi da

moaxdinon am Teoriebis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba.

meore enis swavlebis Teoriebi

SedarebiT axali dargia

mecnierebaSi. misi aqtiurad Seswavla

daiwyo meoce saukunis 50-iani

wlebidan. tradiciulad, enis

swavleba fonologiis, sintaqsis,

morfologiis, leqsikis da a.S.

konteqstSi ganixileboda, Tumca es

midgoma etapobrivad Seicvala

(marCenkova, 2008). marCenkova

gamoyofs oTx sxvadasxva Teoriul

xedvas, romelic dominirebs meore

enis Tanamedrove kvlevebSi: 1) enis

lingvisturi xedva, romelic enis

zogad bunebriv aspeqtebs

Seiswavlis; (2) meore enis

fsiqolingvisturi xedva, romelic

enis Seswavlis kognitur sakiTxebze

akeTebs aqcentirebas; (3) socio-

lingvisturi xedva swavlobs meore

enas socialur da kulturul

konteqstSi; (4) meore enis

pedagogiuri xedva, romelic

swavlobs meore enis aTvisebisa da

swavlebis strategiebs.

Mmeore enis swavlebis Teorias

brauni (2000, gv. 12) sami samecniero

tradiciis konteqstSi ganixilavs:

(a) struqturalizmisa an aRweriTi

biheviorizmisa; (b) racionalizmisa

da kognitivizmisa (3) konstruq-

tivizmisa. მokled mimovixilavT

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

2

TiToeul am mimarTulebas da maT

farglebSi aRmocenebul meore enis

swavlebis mniSvnelovan Teoriebs.

struqturalizmi/aRweriTi

biheviorizmi

biheviorizmi gaxldaT do-

minanti mimdinareoba meore enis

swavlebisas me-20 saukunis 60-iani

wlebis bolomde. Ees Teoria

efuZneba skineris 1957 wlis naSroms

(Verbal Behavior), romelic, Tavis mxriv,

mTlianad dafuZnebulia skineris

klasikur operantuli ganpirobebu-

lobis Teoriaze. skineris

operantuli ganpirobebulobis

Teoria gulisxmobs, rom adamianis

yvela qceva ganpirobebulia

garkveuli gamaRizianebliT (sti-

muliT). skineri aRniSnavda, rom

operantuli qceva Zlierdeba an

mcirdeba im movlenebiT, romelic

mohyveba mas. Sesabamisad, skineri

Tvlida, rom operantuli ganpi-

robebuloba _ es aris qcevis

konkretuli modelis formirebisa

da SenarCunebis procesi.

skinerma operantuli ganpi-

robebulobis Teoria mTlianad

gadaitana enasTan mimarTebiT da

adamianis metyveleba warmoadgina,

rogorc zogadi qcevis gansa-

kuTrebuli forma. enis gamoyeneba

xdeba gaRizianeba-qcevis modelis

farglebSi. Eenis aTvisebis procesi

damokidebulia 2 faqtorze: (a) indi-

vidis garSemo masTan komunikaciaSi

myofi individebisgan wamosul

stimulze da maTze reaqciebze;

(b) qceva, romelic ganpirobebulia

individis garemo samyaroTi

zogadad. aRniSnuli midgoma

absoluturad ugulvebelyofda

individis Sinagan samyaros,

azrovnebas, survils, grZnobebs.

bihevioristili midgomiT, Sinagan

samyaros aranairi gavlena ar hqonda

qcevaze da, Sesabamisad, enis

aTvisebaze.

bihevioristuli xedviT, swav-

la aisaxeba moqmedebis cvlilebaSi.

bihevioristebi swavlas gansazRv-

raven, rogorc gamocdilebis

Sedegad miRebuli qcevis cvlilebas.

qcevis SenarCunebisa da SecvlisTvis

mniSvnelovania masze reaqcia, rac

warmoadgens skineris Teoriis

qvakuTxeds. reaqciis Sedegad xdeba

sasurveli qmedebis formireba an

arasasurveli qcevis aRmofxvra.

sasurveli qcevis formirebisa da

arasasurveli qcevis aRmosafx-

vrelad bihevioristebi gamoyofen

ganmtkicebisa da dasjis midgomebs.

ganmamtkicebeli stimuli gani-

sazRvreba, rogorc nebismieri

Sedegi, romelic garkveuli qcevis

sixSires zrdis. ganmamtkicebeli

stimulebi or kategoriad iyofa:

pirveladi da meoradi. pirveladi

ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi akmayo-

fileben ZiriTad adamianur

moTxovnilebebs (ZiriTadad bio-

logiur moTxovnilebebs). sakvebi,

wyali, siTbo, usafrTxoeba da

Jangbadi pirveladi stimulebis

magaliTebs warmoadgens. meoradi

ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi Rire-

bulebas iZenen, roca isini

asocirdebian sxva pirvelad an

meorad ganmamtkicebel stimuleb-

Tan.. meoradi ganmamtkicebeli

stimulebi sam ZiriTad kategoriad

SeiZleba davyoT: 1) socialuri


3

ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi, rogo-

ric aris Seqeba, Rimili da

yuradReba; 2) qceviTi ganmam-

tkicebeli stimulebi, rogoric

aris saTamaSoebi, TamaSebi da sxva

saxaliso moqmedebebi; 3) simboluri

ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi, rogo-

ric aris fuli da niSnebi.

operantuli ganpirobebulobis

Teoria Tavis TavSi moicavs ara

mxolod qcevaze reagirebas

gamtkicebisa da dasjis saxiT,

aramed winmswreb stimulebs,

romlebic win uZRvis sasurvel

qmedebas (e. i. winmswrebi stimuli).

miTiTeba, ganzogadeba da disk-

riminacia winmswrebi stimulebis

magaliTebs warmoadgens.

miTiTeba - individi ufro

gamoavlens sasurvel qcevebs, roca

regularulad SevaxsenebT, anu

mivuTiTebT, Tu rogor saqciels

velodebiT maTgan. ganzogadeba -

roca individi dainaxavs, rom

raRac qcevas mosdevs dadebiTi

reaqcia, isini sapasuxo qmedebas

amJRavneben nebismier msgavs

situaciaSi. diskriminacia -

xandaxan adamianebi xvdebian, rom

zogierTi sapasuxo qcevis

ganmtkiceba mxolod garkveul

garemoSi xdeba. anu individi ukve

arCevs, rom erTi da igive qmedeba

sasurvelia erT konteqstSi, magram

ara yvela garemoSi, anu individebs

SeuZliaT stimulebis diskrimi-

nacia anu gansxvaveba.

skineris Teoriis mixedviT,

konteqstia gadamwyveti. am Teoriis

mixedviT, adamianis enobrivi qceva

gakontrolebulia adamianebis mier

da mniSvnelovan yuradRebas aniWebs

funqciur analizs. funqciur

analizze dayrdnobiT, skinerma

Seqmna `sampirobiani modeli~

enobriv qmedebebTan mimarTebiT

(winapiroba – qmedeba _ qmedebaze

reaqcia). skineri Tvlida, rom

individis enobrivi qmedeba

ganpirobebulia individis arsebuli

garemoTi, warsuli qmedebebiTa da

genetikuri istoriiT.

skineris Teoriam ganicada

garkveuli evolucia da mis

safuZvelze warmoiSva mimarTebiTi

CarCos Teoria. UmimarTebiTi CarCos

Teoria Seiqmna stiven heiesis,

dermot barnet-holmisisa da braien

roSes naSromebze dafuZnebiT,

romlebmac sabolood 2001 wels

gamosces saxelmZRvanelo “Relational Frame Theory: A Post-Skinnerian Account of Human language and Cognition”.

mimarTebiTi CarCos Teoria

mimarTebiTi CarCos Teoriis

ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli tradici-

ul biheviorizmTan mimarTebiT

gaxlavT am Teoriis mimdevarTa

mtkiceba, rom qcevis ganmtkicebisas

stimulebis diskriminacia (gansxva-

veba) xdeba ara mxolod fizikuri

garemodan gamomdinare, aramed

individebs Soris arsebuli

urTierTobiTa da mimarTebiT.

magaliTad, (a) pirveli individi

pasuxobs; (b) individis pasuxs

uaryofiTi reaqcia mohyveba meore

individisgan (msmenelisgan); (g)

msmenelis uaryofiTi reaqcia,

gamowveuli pirveli individis mier

warmoTqmuliT; (d) meore individis

(msmenelis) reaqcia ganpirobebulia

sakuTari sadavo damokidebulebiT,


4

anu sakiTxisadmi sakuTari mimar-

TebiT. aRniSnul magaliTSi (a), (b)

da (g) mTlianad jdeba skineris

verbaluri qcevis TeoriaSi, xolo

(d) anu individis mimarTeba da

damokidebuleba ama Tu im sakiTxze

gansazRvravs mis qmedebas _ aris

mimarTebiTi CarCos Teoriis

mimdevrebis damateba skineris

Teoriisadmi, da swored individis

mimarTeba da damokidebulebebi,

rogorc qmedebisaTvis mniSvnelovani

stimuli, warmoadgens mimarTebiTi

CarCos Teoriis amosavals enasTan

mimarTebaSi.

K

kontrastuli analizis Teoria

enis swavlebasTan dakavSi-

rebiT, biheviorizmis mimdevrobis

dominantobis kvaldakval, erT-erTi

yvelaze mniSvnelovani gaxldaT

meore enis swavlebis kontrastuli

analizis Teoria. kontrastuli

analizis Teoria gulisxmobs im

Secdomebis winaswar ganWvretasa da

aRmofxvras, rasac meore enis

Semswavleli dauSvebs. Secdomebis

winaswari ganWvreta ki am Teoriis

mimdevrebisTvis SesaZlebelia pir-

veli da meore enis gramatikisa da

struqturis Sedarebis safuZvelze.

Sesabamisad, am Teoriis mimdevrebi

cdilobdnen, pirvel da meore enebs

Soris arsebuli enobrivi da

kulturuli sxvaobebis identifi-

cireba moexdinaT da enis saswavlo

masala am sxvaobebis analizs

dafuZneboda. kontrastuli analizis

Teoria efuZneba lados, frais,

banatis, tregerisa da uadelis

naSromebs.

aRniSnul Teorias sakmaod

didi kritika mohyva samecniero

wreebSi da praqtikulad ararea-

lizebadad CaiTvala, radgan

SeuZlebelia praqtikaSi swavleba

mxolod ori enis Seswavlis fonze

moxdes. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT,

amis ganxorcieleba utopiuri iyo.

garda amisa, kontrastuli analizis

kritika sami mimarTulebiT ganxor-

cielda: (1) zogierTi Secdoma ar

aris gamoxatulad pirvel enasTan

dakavSirebulia da saerToa meore

enis yvela SemswavlelisTvis; (2)

kontrastuli analizis Teoria

gulisxmobs, rom meore enis

Semswavleli Secdomebs aRar uSvebs,

Tuki am Secdomebs winaswar

ganvWvretT. aRniSnulic mcdari

midgoma aRmoCnda, radgan enis

Semswavleli, miuxedavad imisa, rom

Secdoma daSvebuli aqvs, saubrisas

kvlav imeorebs Secdomebs; (3) mkvle-

varTaTvis, mecnierTaTvis, enis

maswavlebelTaTvis Zalian rTulia

enebs Soris arsebuli `sxvaobis~ an

`daSorebis~ zustad gansazRvra. es

procesi subieqturia da konteqstzea

damokidebuli. amitom kontrastuli

analizis Teoria am mimarTulebiTac

problematuria.

kontrastuli analizis Teori-

is msgavsad, udidesi kritika mohyva

skineris verbaluri qcevis Teo-

riasac, Tumca, miuxedavad arsebuli

kritikisa, skineris Teoriam udidesi

roli Seasrula meore enis

Teoriebis ganviTarebaSi da meore

enis swavlebis midgomebis

ganviTarebaSi. skineris Teoriis

mTavari oponenti gaxldaT noam

xomski (Comski), romelmac ukve 1959


5

wels miuZRvna vrceli naSromi

skineris verbaluri qcevis Teorias.

skineris Teoria saintereso iyo im

mxrivac, rom misma kritikam

safuZveli daudo enis swavlebis

kognituri Teoriis mimdevrebis

gaaqtiurebas da, faqtobrivad,

safuZveli daudo meore enis

Seswavlis kognitur Teoriebs,

romlebmac farTo gasaqani meoce

saukunis 60-iani wlebidan moipoves.

Mmokled SevexebiT enis Seswavlis

kognitur Teoriebs da maT

ganviTarebas.

E

enis swavlebis kognituri Teoriebi /

racionalizmi da kognitivizmi

enis swavlebis kognituri

Teoria ukavSirdeba noam xomskis

saxels. xomski miiCnevda, rom enis

Seswavlis procesis axsna, rogorc

garkveul stimulebze reaqcia _

araswori iyo. xomskim 1965

ganaviTara enis aTvisebis instru-

mentis (Language Acquisition Device, LAD)

Teoria, romelSic udidesi roli

eniWeboda adamianis gonebas da

adamianis Sinagan mdgomareobas

(azrovneba, grZnobebi da a.S.) ori

mTavari postulati gaaCnda xomskis

enis aTvisebis instrumentis Teorias

(a) bavSvebi ibadebian garkveuli

enobrivi kompetenciiT; (b) enis

aTviseba xdeba bunebrivad. xomskis

Teoriam ganicada garkveuli

transformacia Tavad xomskis mier

1965-2005 wlebSi, Tumca am Teoriis

mTavari idea, romelic saerTo iyo

yvela Semdgomi gansazRvrebisas,

gaxldaT daskvna, rom individs

dabadebidan aqvs genetikuri

enobrivi meqanizmi, romlis

farglebSic xdeba enis aTviseba.

xomskis meore mniSvnelovani

Teoria, romelic ukavSirdeba enis

aTvisebas da maT Soris meore enis

Seswavlas, gaxlavT `universaluri

gramatikis~ Teoria. aRniSnuli

Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebi

genetikurad floben garkveul

gramatikul konstruqciebs. aRniS-

nuli Teoriis transformirebac

xdeboda droTa ganmavlobaSi da am

Teoriis safuZvelze damuSavda

marTvisa da dakavSirebis Teoria,

minimalizmis Teoria da optima-

lurobis Teoria. yvela am TeoriaSi

amosavali gaxldaT is, Tu ra

mniSvneloba aqvs universalur

gramatikas meore enis aTvisebisas.

lingvistTa da TeoretikosTa

kamaTSi 3 tipis midgoma gamoikveTa:

(a) universaluri gramatika

xelmiuwvdomelia meore enis

aTvisebisas; (b) universaluri

gramatika absoluturad xelmisaw-

vdomia meore enis aTvisebisas,

rogorc mSobliuri enis aTvisebis

procesSi; (g) universaluri gra-

matika xelSesaxebia meore enis

aTvisebisas mxolod mSobliuri enis

meSveobiT (vaiTi, 1990). anu Tu

mSobliuri da meore enis grama-

tikuli konstruqciebi msgavsia,

maSin universaluri gramatikis

transferi xdeba mSobliuri enis

meSveobiT meore enis Seswavlisasac.

xomskis Teorias didi kritika

mohyva samecniero wreebSi. xomskis

winaaRmdeg ZiriTadi argumenti iyo,

rom is iyo lingvisti da aqcents

akeTebda gramatikis konstruqciebze,

xolo Teoriebis praqtikul


6

dasabuTebas ar axdenda kvlevebis

meSveobiT. Sesabamisad, mecnierebi

miiCnevdnen, rom praqtikuli

kvlevebiT am Teoriis dasabuTeba

gaZneldeboda.

meore enis swavlebis kognituri

Teoriebis ganviTarebaSi udidesi

roli Seasrulma kraSenma, romelmac

1981 wels SeimuSava meore enis

aTvisebis 5 hipoTezis Teoria:

1. aTvisebis / swavlis hipoTeza

(Acquisition-Learning hypothesis);

2. monitoringis hipoTeza (Moni-

tor hypothesis); 3. bunebrivi mdgomareobis hipo-

Teza (Natural Order hypothesis);

4. Senatanis hipoTeza (Input hypo-

thesis); 5. efeqturi filtris hipoTeza

(Affective Filter hypothesis). mokled mimovixilavT da gavaana-

lizebT kraSenis mier SemoTavaze-

bul xuTive hipoTezas.

1. swavlisa da aTvisebis

hipoTeza

kraSenis Teoria udevs safuZvlad

meore enis swavlebis gaazrebaSi

mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs. swored

kraSenma Semoitana meore enasTan mi-

marTebiT enis aTvisebis cneba. kra-

Seni miiCnevda, rom enis Semswavle-

lebs aqvT ori sruliad gansxvave-

buli gza, ganaviTaron kompetencia

enaSi: enis swavla da enis aTviseba.

kraSeni miiCnevda, rom mozrdil-

Ta mier enis aTviseba aris qvecno-

bieri procesi, romelic ar

gansxvavdeba Cvilebis mier enis aT-

visebis procesisgan. Eenis aTviseba

ar aris mxolod gramatikuli wese-

bis codna, zomierad miwodebuli

gramatikuli struqturebi metad

ganaviTarebs Secdomebis gasworebis

,,SegrZnebas~’, vidre mxolod grama-

tikul wesebze orientirebuli sas-

wavlo procesi. kraSenis mixedviT,

enis aTviseba gulisxmobs codnis

dagrovebis iseT formas, roca ara-

formalur garemoSi xdeba salapara-

ko enis Seswavla.

2. bunebrivi wyobis hipoTeza

kraSenis Teoris meore hipoTezas

bunebrivi wyobis hipoTeza ewodeba.

bunebrivi wyobis hipoTezis mixedviT,

gramatikuli wesebis aTviseba

grZeldeba prognozirebad wyobaSi.

nebismieri enis aTvisebisTvis zo-

mierad miwodebuli gramatika saWi-

roa sawyis etapze, Semdeg ki etapo-

brivad unda moxdes mcire gramati-

kuli struqturebis miwodeba. Tumca

es ar gulisxmobs gramatikuli we-

sebiT saswavlo masalis datvirTvas

aTvisebis bunebrivi wyobis dros

(Natural Order of Acquisition).

3. monitoringis hipoTeza

kraSenis mesame mniSvnelovani hi-

poTezaa monitoringis, rac gulisx-

mobs enis Semswavlelis mier saku-

Taris codnis mudmiv monitorings.

aRniSnuli gulisxmobs, rom rodesac

enis swavleba xdeba mwyobri grama-

tikuli da struqturuli formebiT,

enis Semswavlelma icis swori for-

mebi da axorcielebs sakuTari Tavis

monitorings enis gamoyenebebisas,

amowmebs, Tu ramdenad sworad ga-

moiyena esa Tu is enobrivi kon-

struqcia.


7

kraSeni miiCnevda, rom sakuTari

enobrivi monitoringi xSirad xels

uSlis, rogorc Tavisufal komuni-

kacias, aseve enis aTvisebas zogadad.

kraSeni miiCnevda, rom maswavlebel-

Ta mTavari funqcia iyo, enis Sems-

wavlelebs daxmareboda Camoyalibe-

buliyvnen `optimalur monitorebad”,

rac gulisxmobs, rom enis Semswav-

lels ganuviTardes unari, naklebad

moaxdinos monitoringi Cveulebrivi

komunikaciis dros, xolo enobrivi

monitoringi umjobesia `CarTos~ wi-

naswar dagegmili gamosvlis, mola-

parakebis, weriTi samuSaos dros.

M4. Eenobrivi Senatanis hipoTeza

kraSenis mier formulirebuli

meoTxe hipoTeza iTvleba erT-erT

umniSvnelovanes hipoTezad meore

enis swavlisa da aTvisebis Teoria-

Si. Senatanis hipoTeza xsnis, rogor

SeiZleba enis Semswavlelma droTa

ganmavlobaSi ganiviTaros enobrivi

kompetencia.

aRniSnuli Teoriis mixedviT,

enis Semswavlels unda miewodos im-

aze odnav meti, rac man ukve icis. am

Teorias “+1-is” Teoriasac uwodeben,

rac gulisxmobs enis Semswavlelis

arsebul codnaze mxolod mciredis

damatebas (anu +1). kraSeni miiCnevda,

rom enis Semswavlels SeuZlia gai-

gos konteqsti, Tu igi mxolod mci-

rediT aRemateba mis enobriv kompe-

tencias.

N aRniSnuli hipoTezis kon-

teqstSi mniSvnelovania agreTve kra-

Senis mosazreba, rom maswavlebelma

enis Semswavlelis fokusireba gra-

matikuli konstruqciebis swavlebis

nacvlad, enis SemswavlelisTvis ga-

sageb sakomunikacio kodze unda

moaxdinos. mxolod am principebiT,

enobrivi Senatanis arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi xdeba enis Semswavlelis

mier sakuTari azris sworad for-

mulireba da enis etapobrivi aTvise-

ba.

kraSeni Tvlis, rom enis Sems-

wavlelebi gadian erT-erT umniSv-

nelovanes fazas - ,,dumilis pe-

riods’’ (silent period), rodesac isini

cdiloben gaaZlieron sakuTari eno-

brivi kompetencia, sanam gadavlen

enis gamoyenebaze. Sesabamisad, mas-

wavleblebma unda gaiTvaliswinon

enis Semswavlelebis aRniSnuli `du-

milis periodi” da ar unda moaxdi-

non maTze zewola enis gamoyenebis

TvalsazrisiT. `dumilis periodSi”

an arasakmarisi enobrivi kompeten-

ciis dros, rodesac enis Semswav-

lels Txoven enis gamoyenebas, enis

Semswavlelebi mimarTaven sakuTar

mSobliur enas da am enaSi arsebul

konstruqciebs, rac iZleva komunika-

ciis, magram ar iZleva meore enis

aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT progresi-

rebis saSualebas.

5.Eefeqturi filtris hipoTeza

M kraSenis mier SemoTavazebuli

mexuTe hipoTeza gaxlavT efeqturi

filtris hipoTeza. avtori efeqtur

filtrSi gulisxmobs enis aTvisebi-

saTvis iseT mniSvnelovan faqtorebs,

rogoricaa motivacia, Tavdajerebu-

loba, SiSi. TiToeuli am Sinagani

faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, sxva-

dasxva doneze xdeba enis aTviseba.

Sesabamisad, maswavlebelma unda


8

gaiTvaliswinos enis Semswavlelis

Sinagani filtris zemoT miTiTebuli

faqtorebi enis swavlebis procesSi.

kraSenis mier SemoTavazebuli

xuThipoTeziani Teoriis farglebSi,

meore enis aTvisebisa da swavlebis

TvalsazrisiT ramdenime mniSvnelo-

vani sakiTxi ikveTeba: (a) meore enas-

Tan mimarTebiT enis aTviseba ufro

mniSvnelovania, vidre enis swavla (b)

enis aTvisebisaTvis mniSvnelovania

gaazrebuli Senatani, anu enis Sems-

wavlelis arsebul codnaze mxolod

mciredis damateba, rac ar gaarTu-

lebs komunikacias (anu +1-is princi-

pi); (g) enis aTvisebaze gavlenas ax-

dens Sinagani filtris iseTi faq-

torebi, rogoricaa motivacia, Tav-

dajerebuloba da SiSi. Sesabamisad,

maswavlebels udidesi mniSvneloba

eniWeba, raTa SeZlos enis Semswav-

lelis motivireba, Tavdajerebuli

gaxados enis Seswavlis mimarT da

moxsnas enis aTvisebisa da enis ga-

moyenebis mimarT SiSi.

sveinma sakuTar naSromebSi

1985 da 1993 wels ganavrco kraSenis

Teoria. sveinis azriT, enis

asaTviseblad mxolod enobrivi

gaazrebuli `Senatani~ (language input) ar aris sakmarisi. mniSvnelovania

`gaazrebuli enobrivi Sedegi~ (Comrehensible Output). am Teoriis

mixedviT, èna aTvisebulia, `roca

Cven vlaparakobT am enaze.

Tavdapirvelad gvaqvs problemebi

Cveni azris gadmocemisas, magram

araerTi cdis Sedegad vaxerxebT

swori formebiTa da konstruqciebiT

komunikacias~ (kraSeni, 2004, gv. 4).

sveinis azriT, gaazrebuli enobrivi

Sedegi zogierT viTarebaSi ufro

metad uwyobs xels enis aTvisebas,

vidre ènobrivi Senatani~. jonsoni

(2004) miiCnevda, rom gaazrebuli

enobrivi Sedegis Teoria mniSv-

nelovania enis aTvisebisas, radgan

enis Semswavleli TvalnaTliv

amCnevs saubrisas sxvaobas, Tu risi

Tqma surda da risi Tqma SeZlo.

Sesabamisad, gaazrebuli enobrivi

Sedegi xels uwyobs enis Sems-

wavlels, gaiazros sakuTari

lingvisturi kompetencia, rac,

saboloo jamSi, saSualebas aZlevs

mas, meti Zalisxmeva mimarTos

enobrivi kompetenciebis im aspeq-

tebze, sadac problemebi da

xarvezebi misTvis TvalsaCinoa.

kraSenisa da sveinis kvalda-

kval, ganviTarda araerTi sxva

Teoriac, maT Soris, magaliTad,

longis ìnteraqciis hipoTeza~ da

van patenis ènobrivi Senatanis

procesirebis~ modeli. aRniSnuli

Teoriebi aqcents akeTebdnen enis

Seswavlis procesze da am procesSi

garemosa da kulturul aspeqtebs

aqcevdnen yuradRebas. im periodSi am

Teoriebma iseTi popularoba ver

moipova, rogorc kraSenis Teoriam,

Tumca dResdReobiT aRniSnuli

Teoriebi meore enis aTvisebis

Tanamedrove Teoriebis nawiladac

SeiZleba miviCnioT. Teoriebis,

romlebic enis Seswavlisas mTavar

aqcents akeTeben kulturul da

socialur aspeqtebze.

3. konstruqtivizmi / socialur-

kulturuli kognituri Teoriebi

konstruqtivizmis Teoria

meore enis swavlebisas mTlianad

efuZneba vigockis 1962 da 1978 wels


9

naSromebs da mis mier SemuSavebul

socio-kulturul Teorias. kons-

truqtivizmis mTavari idea, rom

moswavleebi TviTon ageben sakuTar

codnas informaciis aRmoCenis,

gardaqmnisa da gaTavisebis gziT.

vigocki mianiSnebda swavlis

socialur aspetze da miiCnevda, rom

moswavleebi swavloben

zrdasrulebTan da TanatolebTan

komunikaciisa da interaqciis

Sedegad (janaSia, 2009). vigockim

swavlebis sami midgoma Semoitana: (a)

Sinagani saubari; (b) skafoldingi;

(g) uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona.

Sinagani saubari - vigocki

miiCnevda, rom moswavleebi sakuTar

TavTan saubriT axdendnen codnis

gaTavisebas da mas moswavleebis mier

Sinagani saubari swavlebis procesis

mniSvnelovan aspeqtad miaCnda.

ganviTarebis uaxloesi zona -

ganviTarebis uaxloesi zona

gulisxmobs im moqmedebaTa da

amocanaTa erTobliobas, romelTa

Sesruleba bavSvs damoukideblad ar

SeuZlia, magram advilad axerxebs

TanatolebTan da mozrdil

adamianebTan interaqciisa da maTi

daxmarebis meSveobiT.

skafoldingi - skafoldingi

pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli

Sinagani saubrisa da ganviTarebis

uaxloes zonasTan da gulisxmobs

moswavlis mier codnis konstru-

irebas maswavleblis daxmarebiT,

rac mas SesaZleblobas aZlevs,

Seasrulos amocanebi da davalebebi

misi uaxloesi ganviTarebis zonis

farglebSi. vigockis Teorias

ramdenime mniSvnelovani aspeqti

axasiaTebs swavlis procesisTvis:

- moswavle TviTon agebs sakuTar

codnas;

- bavSvis swavlaze gavlenas

axdens garemo interaqcia,

romelic xels uwyobs

moswavlis kognitur ganviTa-

rebas;

- ganviTareba xdeba garemo

interaqciis Sedegad;

- bavSvis sakuTar TavTan

komunikacia xels uwyobs mis

kognitur ganviTarebas;

- ena da azrovneba viTardeba

erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad

da erTdroulad da saboloo

jamSi xdeba maTi Serwyma da

interaqcia;

vigocki seriozul yuradRebas

uTmobda sakuTari Teoriis

ganviTarebisas enobriv aspeqtebs.

vigockis azriT, enis swavla,

enobrivi kompetenciebis ganviTareba

da procesireba socialuri

interaqciis Sedegia da enis aTviseba

ufro advilad xdeba cxovrebiseul

situaciebSi, vidre saklaso oTaxSi.

Sesabamisad, vigocki Tvlida, rom

sxvadasxva socio-kulturuli

konteqsti ganapirobebda adamianis

mier enis aTvisebas Soris sxvaobas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom vigocki enas ar

miiCnevda ubralod miRebuli codnis

gamoxatulebad, igi Tvlida rom

enasa da azrovnebas Soris aris

mniSvnelovani kavSiri da ena

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs

kognitur ganviTarebaSi.

vigockis ganviTarebis

uaxloesi zonis Teoriis meore enis

praqtikuli swavlebis kuTxiT

gamoyenebis mcdeloba hqonda

donatos (1998), romelmac ganaviTara


10

koleqtiuri skafoldingis midgoma.

donatos mixedviT, koleqtiuri

skafoldingi gulisxmobs Semswav-

lelTa jgufis mier erTmaneTis

daxmarebas da erTmaneTTan inter-

aqcias, rac ufro meti Sedegis

momtania, vidre maswavleblis,

mSoblis an am enaze molaparakis

daxmareba.

Kkognituri ganviTarebis

Teoriebis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli

piaJec mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobda

Tavis naSromebSi enis aTvisebisa da

kognituri ganviTarebis sakiTxebs.

piaJe Tvlida, rom individis mier

enis aTviseba damokidebuli iyo mis

kognitur ganviTarebasa da inte-

leqtze. piaJes azriT, jer xdeboda

individis kognituri, xolo Semdgom

enobrivi kompetenciebis ganviTareba.

piaJe enis funqcias or nawilad

yofda: (a) enis egocentruli

funqcia; (b) enis socializaciis

funqcia. enis egocentruli da

socializaciis funqciebic, Tavis

mxriv, iyofoda qvesistemebad:

egocentruli funqcia socializaciis funqcia

1. gameoreba 1. informaciis adaptireba

2. monologi 2. kritika;

3. ormagi an koleqtiuri monologi 3. brZaneba

4. moTxovna da daSineba

5. kiTxva/pasuxi

piaJe miiCnevda, rom enis

aTviseba unda xdebodes realur

socialur da kulturul kon-

teqstSi. enis Semswavlelis mier

enis gamoyeneba problemebis mosag-

vareblad, socialuri interaqciis

dros, socialuri sakiTxebis

ganxilvisas aris mniSvnelovani

aspeqti enobrivi kompetenciebis

gansaviTareblad.

piaJes da vigockis enisa da

kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebs

Soris erTi mniSvnelovani gansxva-

vebaa. piaJe Tvlida, rom jer

xdeboda adamianis kognituri

ganviTareba da kognituri ganvi-

Tarebis Sesabamisad, enis aTviseba.

vigockis Teoriis Tanaxmad ki _

azrovnebisa da enis ganviTarebis

procesi erTdroulad mimdinareobs.

vigocki miiCnevda, rom socialuri

interaqcia iyo Tavad kognituri

ganviTarebis safuZvelic. piaJe

naklebad amaxvilebda yuradRebas

individis kognituri ganviTarebisa-

Tvis socialuri garemos mniSvne-

lobaze.

Mmeore enis aTvisebis socio-

kulturul Teoriebs Soris

mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs

mixeil baxtinis mosazrebebs.

baxtinis Teorias `antilingvustur~

Teoriasac uwodeben. miuxedavad

imisa, rom baxtinis Teoria

kritikulad iqna miRebuli, baxtini

iTvleba erT-erT udides moazrovned

me-20 saukuneSi da misma naSromma

safuZveli daudo araerTi axali

naSromis warmoSobasa da Zveli

naSromebis aqtualizacias.


11

baxtinis naSromis saTaveebi

literaturuli Teoriidan modis da

enis koncefciebTan aris dakavSire-

buli. Mbaxtini amtkicebda, rom yve-

la ena socialur-ideologiuri fe-

nomenia da yofaSi mxolod socia-

luri interaqciis Sedegad warmoi-

Soba. Sesabamisad, ena socialur-

politikuri viTarebis dinamikisa da

specifiurobisgan ganuyofelia.

baxtinis naSromebi ar ganix-

ilavs lingvistikis formas, rogorc

fonologiis, sintaqsiis da leqsikis

abstraqtul sistemas. baxtinisaTvis

mniSvnelovania socialuri, kultu-

ruli da politikuri konteqsti enis

aTvisebisTvis da meorexarisxovani _

enis lingvisturi konstruqciebi.

jonsonma Tavis publikaciaSi

2004 wels baxtinis Teoriis meore

enis aTvisebasTan dakavSireba scada.

jonsons miaCnda, rom miuxedavad

baxtinis Teoriis sakamaTo xasiaTi-

sa, man ufro farTo gasaqani misca

vigockis enis aTvisebis Teorias da

misi aqtualizacia axal WrilSi

moaxdina. amasTanave, jonsoni aRniS-

navda, rom enis mniSvneloba kogni-

turi ganviTarebisTvis ar aris

srulyofili, Tu is garkveul so-

cialur koncefciaSi enobriv aspeq-

tebs ar Seiswavlis.

daskvna

meore enis swavleba axali

dargia saqarTvelos realobaSi.

qarTulis, rogorc meore enis

saswavlo gegmaze muSaoba mxolod

2005 wlidan daiwyo. samecniero da

kvleviTi TvalsazrisiT, am

mimarTulebiT aqtiurobac mxolod

amis Semdeg gaxda SesamCnevi rogorc

arasamTavrobo, agreTve umaRlesi

saganmanaTleblo da kvleviTi

dawesebulebebis mxridan. Sesabami-

sad, meore enis aTvisebis

TvalsazrisiT mwyobri da erTiani

Teoriuli mimoxilva ar arsebobs.

Sesabamisad, meore enis maswavleb-

lebisTvis xelmiuwvdomelia aRniS-

nuli Teoriebi da maT mier ar xdeba

maTi gaazreba da praqtikaSi

gamocda. mniSvnelovania am

Teoriebis praqtikuli Sedegi da

saklaso sivrcesTan am Teoriebis

dakavSireba. Semdgomi statiis

mizani, romelic, savaraudod,

Jurnalis Semdgom nomerSi

gamoqveyndeba, swored meore enis

swavlisa da aTvisebis Teoriebis

praqtikuli gamoZaxilis analizs

mieZRvneba.


12

literatura

brauni, 2000 - Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching (4th ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman.

brauni, 2001 - Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pe-dagogy (2nd ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman.

donato, 1998 - Donato, R. (1998). Collective scaffolding in second language learning. In J. P. Lantolf & G. Appel (Eds.), Vygotskian approaches to second language research (pp.33-56).

vaiTi, 1981 - White, L. (1981). The responsibility of grammatical theory to acquisitional data. In N. Hornstein & D. Lightfoot (Eds.). Explanation in linguistics: The logical problem of language ac-quisition (pp 241-271). London, UK: Longman.

vigocki, 1978 - Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mental development of children and the process of learning (M. Lopez Morillas, trans.). In M. Cole, V. John-steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman (Eds.),

vigocki, 1962 - Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. vigocki, 1978 - Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. In M. Cole, V. vigocki, 1978 - Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological

processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. kozulini, 2002 - Kozulin, A. (2002). Sociocultural theory and mediated learning experience. School

of Psychology International, 23, 7-35. korderi, 1967 - Corder, S. P. (1967). The significance of learner’s errors. International Review of

Applied Linguistics, 5 (4), 162-170. kraSeni, 1977 - Krashen, S. (1977). The monitor model for adult second language performance. In

M.Burt, H. Dulay & M Finocchiaro (Eds.), Viewpoints on English as a Second Language (pp. 152-161). New York: Regents

kraSeni, 1981 - Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Ox-ford, UK: Pergamon Press.

kraSeni, 1982 - Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford, UK:Pergamon Press.

kraSeni, 1985 - Krashen, S. (1985). The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. London, UK: Longman.

kraSeni, 1992 - Krashen, S. (1992). Under what conditions, if any , should formal grammar instruction take place? TESOL Quarterly, 26, 409-411.

kraSeni, 1994 - Krashen, S. (1994). The effect of formal grammar teaching: Still peripheral. TESOL Quarterly, 27, 722-725.

kraSeni, 1997 - Krashen, S. (1997). Foreign Language Education: The Easy Way. Culver City, CA: Language Education Association.

kraSeni, 2004 - Krashen, S. (2004). Why Support a delayed-gratification approach to language educa-tion? The Language Teacher, 28 (7), 3-7.

kuminsi, 2006 - Cummins, J. (2006). BICS and CALP. Retrieved December 20, 2010, from http://www.iteachilearn.com/cummins/bicscalp.html

lado, 1957 - Lado, R. (1957). Linguistic Across Cultures: Applied Linguistic for Language Teachers. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

piaJe, 2002 - Piaget, J. (2002). The language and thought of the child. In B. M. Power & R. S.Hubbard (Eds), Language development: a reader for teachers (2nd ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.


13

sveini, 1993 - Swain, M. (1993). The output hypothesis: Just speaking and writing aren’t enough. Ca-nadian Modern Language Review, 50, 158-164.

xomski, 1959 - Chomsky, N. (1959). A review of B. F. Skinner’s Verbal Behavior. Language, 35, 26-58. xomski, 1965 - Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T Press.

Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (pp.20-32). Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.

janaSia, n., imedaZe, n., gorgaZe, s., (2009) ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi. maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centris gamocema.

jonsoni, 2004 - Johnson, M. (2004). A philosophy of Second Language Acquisition. New Harven, CT: Yale University Press

Shalva Tabatadze, Irina Shubitidze

Theories of Second Language Acquisition Theories

ABSTRACT

The article reviews theories of second language acquisition (SLA) and learning. The second language theory is a new discipline in science and research. The development of the field started only in the end of 50st of the 20th century. The article reviews the theories of second language acquisition in the context of three major scientific research traditions, which have deeply influenced all theories and methods of SLA acquisition. “(a)structuralism or descriptive behaviorism, (b) rationalism and cognitive psychology, and(c) constructivism” (Brown, 2000, p. 12). The review of theories of second will assist teachers to analyse their practical experience and use the practical implications of Second Language Acquistion Theories in classroom setting.


14

alan kroufordi

paata papava

meore enis aTvisebisa da kiTxvis swavlebis strategiebi dawyebiT fazaze

abstraqti

saqarTveloSi bi/multilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis

danergvis gzaze metad mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso

gamocdilebis gaziareba da rogorc mecnieruli kvlevis, ise

programebisa da proeqtebis praqtikuli Sedegebis gacnoba.

ukanasknel aTwleulebSi mniSvnelovani transformacia ganicada

wignierebis ganviTarebisadmi midgomebma rogorc mSobliur, ise

meore enaze. gafarTovda da gamdidrda efeqturi saswavlo

strategiebisa da resursebis maragi. winamdebare statiaSi Cven

mimovixilavT meore enis aTvisebasa da wignierebis ganviTarebasTan

dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. aseve, warmovadgenT ramdenime praqtikul

strategias, romelTa gamoyeneba sagrZnoblad aCqarebs da

aadvilebs kiTxvis unarisa da wignierebis ganviTarebas

moswavleebSi.

zogierTi sabaziso debuleba meore

enis aTvisebis Taobaze

Tavdapirvelad SevexebiT meore

enis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebul im

konceptualur aspeqtebs, romlebic

myar safuZvels uqmnis kiTxvisa da

weris swavleba-swavlis process

dawyebiT safexurze.

• Cven iseve vswavlobT meore

enas, rogorc mSobliurs.

bavSvebi advilad euflebian

mSobliur enas gramatikuli

struqturebis gacnobierebis

gareSe. analogiurad, bavS-

vebs SeuZliaT meore enis

aTviseba gramatikis Seswav-

lis gareSe.

• bavSvebi gadian e. w. „du-

milis periods“. am periodSi

isini ismenen, magram ar

metyveleben. Tumca, es

srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom am

periodSi isini ar swavloben.

enis Seswavla gacilebiT

ufro efeqturi da swrafi


15

iqneba, Tu bavSvs dasaw-

yisSive gamarTuli formebiT

saubars ar mosTxoven.

• bavSvebi Secdomebs uSveben

meore enis producirebis

(calkeuli frazebis gamo-

Tqmisa da laparakis) dros.

am Secdomebis Sesworeba ar

aris mizanSewonili. sinamdvi-

leSi Cven saqme gvaqvs ara

„SecdomebTan“, aramed jer

kidev dasaxvew, gasamarT

formebTan, rac Tavad

moswavlis aqtiurobasa da

dros moiTxovs.

• moswavleebi enas iTviseben

maSin, roca usmenen da

cdiloben, gaigon. laparakis

dros swavla ar mimdi-

nareobs.

zemoT moyvanil konceptualur

debulebebs, meore enis aTvisebis

komunikaciur midgomasa da swavleba-

swavlis konstruqtivistul para-

digmas Seesabameba iseTi saswavlo

strategiebi, rogoricaa: bunebrivi

midgoma da sruli fizikuri reaqcia.

bunebrivi midgoma metad

efeqturi strategiaa. misi gamoyeneba

advilad aris SesaZlebeli garemoSi

arsebuli realuri nivTebiT, xelT

arsebuli TvalsaCinoebebiT, ilus-

traciebiT da sxv. igi ar moiTxovs

ZviradRirebul saswavlo resursebs

da wignebs. gakveTilis Sinaarsi

saintereso Temebis garSemo aigeba

da ara gramatikuli elementebis

mixedviT. aseTi Temebis magaliTebia:

ferebi, sakvebi, megobrebi, samuSao

da sxv. moswavleebs da maswav-

leblebs erTad SeuZliaT

saintereso Temebis mofiqreba.

bunebrivi midgoma sami ZiriTadi

safexurisagan Sedgeba.

pirveli safexuria sruli

fizikuri reaqcia. am fazaze

moswavleebi ismenen SekiTxvebs da

miTiTebebs. moswavle miniSnebiT,

SexebiTa da sxva fizikuri

moZraobiT gamoxatavs imas, rom

gaigo maswavleblis naTqvami. am

etapze moswavleebi ar saubroben. es

safexuri ramdenime kviris ganmav-

lobaSi grZeldeba, sanam bavSvi

erTsityvian pasuxebs gamoTqvams.

sruli fizikuri reaqciis magaliTebi:

maswavlebeli moswavle maCvene lurji wigni. awevs lurj wigns. giyvars kanfeti? Tavs daaqnevs.

Tu xedav karadas, fexze adeqi. fexze dgeba.

Tu banani wiTelia, awie xeli. xels ar wevs.

bunebrivi midgomis meore

safexuria adreuli producireba.

am safexurze bavSvebi „diax“ an

„ara“ pasuxebs gamoTqvamen. aseve,

pasuxoben erTi an ori sityviT.

meore safexuri kvirebis

ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. safexuris

dasasruls bavSvebi mokle fra-

zebiTa da winadadebebiT iwyeben

laparaks.


16


17

SekiTxvis nimuSebi pasuxis nimuSebi

gaqvs fanqari? diax.

wiTeli ufro mogwons Tu

yviTeli?

wiTeli.

CanTa skamzea Tu magidaze? magidaze.

rZe aris .......................... . TeTri.

ra aqvs levans? ori kalami.

ra dalie diliT? Cai.

mesame safexuri aris adreuli

metyveleba. am safexurze moswav-

leebi mokle winadadebebiT

pasuxoben, Tumca zogierT sityvas

gamotoveben xolme. marTalia, bevr

Secdomas uSveben, magram maTi

gamonaTqvamebis azri gasagebia. metad

mniSvnelovania, rom am fazaze

Secdomebi ar SevusworoT, vinaidan

isini TviTon gauCinardeba aqtiuri

swavlis procesSi.

Tu maswavlebeli ramdenime Tvis

ganmavlobaSi intensiurad gamo-

iyenebs bunebrivi midgomisa da

sruli fizikuri reaqciis

strategiebs, moswavleebi kargad

moemzadebian kiTxvisa da weris

unarebis asaTvisebeli aqtivo-

bebisTvis.

kiTxvis swavleba ucxo/meore enaze

es qveTavi ZiriTadad kiTxvis

swavlebas Seexeba. pirvel rigSi,

gavixsenoT, Tu ra viciT kiTxvis

swavlebisa da swavlis Sesaxeb?

Cven mxolod erTxel

vswavlobT kiTxvas.

- mniSvnelovania, rom moswavlem

Tavdapirvelad mSobliur enaze

iswavlos kiTxva da wera.

- amis paralelurad, moswavles

SeuZlia mosmena da laparaki

meore enaze.

- amis Semdeg moswavle gacilebiT

advilad da swrafad eufleba

kiTxvas da weras.

- kiTxvis unarebis umravlesoba

erT enaSi igivea, rac meore

enaSi.

- kiTxvis unarebi erTi enidan

meoreSi gadadis.

- igive exeba weris unarebsac.

moswavleebi TviTon gadaitanen

kiTxvisa da weris unarebs. Cveni

amocanaa, davexmaroT moswavleebs

imis gagebaSi, rasac kiTxuloben.

- am procesis dasawyebad

saukeTeso meTodia enobrivi

praqtikis midgoma.

- moswavleebi ufro swrafad

SeZleben meore enaze kiTxvas, Tu

Tavdapirvelad mSobliur enaze

kiTxvas iswavlian.

18

komunikaciuri midgomis gamoyeneba

meore enaze werisa da kiTxvis

swavleba-swavlis procesSi

arcTu didi xnis win

iTvleboda, rom bavSvebs ar unda

daewyoT kiTxvisa da weris Seswavla

meore enaze manam, sanam mosmena-

gagebisa da metyvelebis unarebs

garkveul doneze ar daeuflebodnen.

sinamdvileSi, meore enaze kiTxvisa

da weris procesi SeiZleba daiwyos

enis aTvisebis adreul etapzeve,

gansakuTrebiT meore enis im

SemswavlelTaTvis, romlebic ukve

weren da kiTxuloben mSobliur

enaze. metic, wera-kiTxvis codnas

SeuZlia mniSvnelovani roli

iTamaSos meore enis yvela

komponentis Seswavlis procesSi

(kraSeni da tereli).

kavSiri axali enis

komunikaciuri gziT aTvisebasa

(acquisition) da wignierebas Soris

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

konstruqtivistul paradigmaSi.

gudmani (1986) ganixilavs enisa da

wignierebis dauflebis process,

rogorc mTlianidan nawilisaken

moZraobas. igi ZiriTad aqcents

realur garemoSi avTenturi enis

gamoyenebaze akeTebs. Smiti (1995)

kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas

aniWebs avTenturobas, acxadebs ra,

rom `wigniereba warmoadgens

socialur fenomens. calkeuli

pirovnebebi xdebian wignierebi ara

imis gamo, rom isini oficialurad

iReben ganaTlebas, aramed iqidan

gamomdinare, ris Sesaxebac isini

kiTxuloben da weren da vis Sesaxeb

kiTxuloben da weren”.

konstruqtivistuli paradigmis

aRniSnuli konceptebi srul

SesabamisobaSia meore enis swav-

lebis komunikaciuri midgomis

principebTan. ganvixiloT kiTxvisa

da weris meTodebi/strategiebi,

romlebic xels uwyobs meore enis

aTvisebas aRniSnuli perspeqtivis

farglebSi.

wera-kiTxvis adreuli gamocdileba

da misi mniSvneloba

meore enis SemswavlelTa

umetesobas adreuli asakidan ukve

gaaCnia enis bunebrivad aTvisebis

met-naklebi gamocdileba. rogorc

Sin, ise garemomcvel TemSi, bavSvebi

yoveldRiurad xvdebian sxvadasxva

SefuTuli produqtis etiketebs,

abrebs, satelevizio warwerebs,

avtomobilis brendebs da a. S. isini

xedaven, rogor kiTxuloben ojaxSi

ufrosebi, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ki

maTac ukiTxaven. TandaTanobiT

bavSvi acnobierebs, rom, rogorc

mSobliur, ise sxva enebze arsebuli

nabeWdi Tu dawerili teqstebi

sityviT gamoxatul azrs

warmoadgens.

ucxo/meore enis Semswavlel

klasSi mravalferovani nabeWdi /

dawerili teqstebiT gamdidrebul

garemos didi mniSvneloba aqvs

kiTxvis swavlisaTvis saWiro

resursebis uzrunvelsayofad. meore

enis Semswavlelebs ar sWirdebaT

calkeuli asoebis dasaxelebis an

bgerasa da asos Soris Sesa-

tyvisobis codna imisaTvis, rom

amoicnon da isaubron etiketis,

sakuTari saxelis an sxva avTenturi

teqstis Sesaxeb. saklaso oTaxSi

teqstebTan Sexeba garkveulad

anazRaurebs iqamde ararsebul an

arasakmaris gamocdilebas.

sakvanZo leqsika da enobriv

praqtikasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvis

procesi

tereli (1981) gvirCevs, rom

bunebrivi midgomis gamoyenebis

garkveul etapze saubris dros

gamoTqmuli sakvanZo sityvebi

carciT daiweros dafaze an baraTis

saxiT gaikras kedelze (mniSv-

nelovania, rom moswavleebi

mSobliur enaze ukve werdnen da

kiTxulobdnen). rogorc zemoT

vTqviT, bunebrivi midgomiT muSaobis

adreul etapze moswavleebi sakuTar

azrebs erTi an ori sityvis

meSveobiT gamoxataven. amasTan, isini

im sakvanZo leqsikuri erTeulebis

kiTxvasac iwyeben, romlebic

Casawerad TviTonve miawodes

maswavlebels sakuTari azrebis

gamoxatvisas.

sityvis daweris Semdeg

moswavleebs saSualeba eZlevaT,

gamoTqvan am sityvebTan dakavSi-

rebuli Tematuri frazebi (mag.

sakvebis, megobris, ojaxis wevrTa

saqmianobis Sesaxeb).

aseve efeqturia TiToeuli

moswavlis mier sakvanZo

leqsikonidan iseTi sityvis amorCeva,

romelic misTvis gansakuTrebiT

sainteresoa. mas Semdeg, rac

moswavle uCvenebs sityvas,

maswavlebeli iwers mas sakvanZo

sityvebis wignSi da aseve wers am

sityvasTan dakavSirebul winada-

debas an frazas, romelsac mas

moswavle karnaxobs. Semdeg moswavle

ukiTxavs mis mier nakarnaxev frazas

maswavlebels da akeTebs mis

ilustracias. sabolood, moswavle

wers sityvas da winadadebas. es

gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo

strategiaa im etapze, roca

moswavleebi axal anbans iTviseben.

mSobliur enaze werisa da

kiTxvis codna sasurveli

safuZvelia, romelsac mogvianebiT

unda daeyrdnos wera-kiTxvis

Seswavla meore enis aTvisebis dros.

kvleva da praqtika cxadyofs, rom

wera-kiTxvis sabaziso unar-Cvevebi

moswavles mSobliuri enidan meore

enis aTvisebis procesSi gadaaqvs

maSinac ki, rodesac meore enis

anbani mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba

mSobliuri enis anbanisagan.

ukve arsebuli enobrivi

gamocdilebis gamoyeneba meore enis

Seswavlis dros warmoadgens

moswavlis stimulirebis SesaniSnav

gzas, raTa mas gauCndes daintereseba

nabeWdi masalisadmi (mustafa da

fenrouzi, 1985; neseli da ounsi, 1981;

diqsoni da neseli, 1983). enobrivi

praqtikis meTodis gamoyeneba

exmareba moswavles meore enaze

dawerili imgvari teqstebis

gagebaSi, romelTa sirTule

damoukidebeli kiTxvis dones

aRemateba.

mas Semdeg, rac maswavlebeli

xmamaRla waikiTxavs an moyveba

moTxrobas, moswavleebi Tavad

yvebian ambavs, maswavlebeli ki

dafaze an didi formatis qaRaldze

wers nakarnaxev teqsts. pekis (1989)

TvalsazrisiT, es aqtivoba exmareba


19

moswavleebs, gaiumjobeson moTxro-

bis struqturis gagebis unari.

karnaxis procesSi dawerili teqsti

saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs,

gaiazron misi Sinaarsi, isaubron

nawarmoebze da, amave dros, eziaron

mis kulturul aspeqtebs.

mokle moTxrobebis (ambebis)

gamoyenebis Semdeg maswavlebeli

sTavazobs moswavleebs, rom

karnaxisaTvis gamoiyenon ilustra-

ciebi, realuri nivTebi da sxva

resursebi. sasurvelia, rom

saswavlo aqtivobas daematos

ramdenime komponenti, magaliTad _

arsebuli codnis gaaqtiureba, weris

miznisa da auditoriis gansazRvra.

aseve sasargebloa naweris Sesaxeb

msjeloba, teqstis redaqtireba da

SemdgomSi moswavleebis mier weris

procesis damoukideblad warmarTva.

erToblivi kiTxva

kiTxvis swavlis adreul

safexurze kidev erT efeqtur

formas warmoadgens didi wignis

wakiTxva. saubaria wignebze,

romlebic mkafio qargazea agebuli

da enobriv formebs araerTxel

imeorebs. Tavdapirvelad, teqsts

maswavlebeli ukiTxavs bavSvebs,

Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebTan

erTad kiTxulobs, bolos ki -

mxolod moswavleebi kiTxuloben. am

aqtivobis dasawyisSi sasurvelia

ilustraciebis daTvaliereba da

mimoxilviTi saubari. msgavsi

wignebis gamoyeneba maswavlebels

aZlevs kiTxvis procesis modeli-

rebis saSualebas imgvarad, rom

moswavleebs Tavad SeeZlebaT

daakvirdnen, Tu ras gaakeTeben amave

teqstis damoukideblad wakiTxvis

dros. garda amisa, moswavleebi

iwyeben nacnob teqstSi asoebsa da im

bgerebs Soris Sesabamisobis

dadgenas, romlebsac kiTxvis dros

gamoTqvamen (holdavei, 1979).

linCis (1986) mixedviT, erTob-

livi kiTxvis procesi iwyeba

saubriT wignis Sesaxeb im leqsi-

kuri erTeulebis gamoyenebiT,

romlebic ukve aTvisebulia.

erToblivi kiTxva mniSvnelovani

instrumentia leqsikuri maragisa da

zogadad, sabaziso codnis

gasamdidreblad. meore enis

Semswavlelebi ufro xSirad arian

iseTi ojaxebidan, sadac nabeWdi

masala ufro naklebadaa, an sadac

mSobliur enaze werisa da kiTxvis

unari SeiZleba SezRuduli iyos.

moswavleebi erTad aTvaliereben

wignis garekans da ilustraciebs.

maswavlebeli exmareba maT azrebis

gamoxatvaSi. moswavleebi acnobiere-

ben, rom SeuZliaT gamoTqvan varaudi

imis safuZvelze, rac ukve ician.

maswavleblis mier teqstis kiTxvis

paralelurad, isini akeTeben

komentarebs da cdiloben ipovon

paralelebi gamoTqmul varaudebsa

da moTxrobaSi ganviTarebul

movlenebs Soris.

bevri maswavlebeli fiqrobs,

Tu rogor SeZleben moswavleebi

didi wignis kiTxvis dawyebas manam,

sanam dekodirebas anu sityvebis

gaSifvras iswavlian. Smitis

mixedviT, didi wignis jer

maswavleblis mier, Semdeg ki

erToblivad wakiTxva moswavleebSi


20

zrdis warmatebis gancdas da

Tavdajerebulobas. Sedegad, isini

cdiloben, meti sizustiTa da

mondomebiT waikiTxon teqsti. roca

moswavleebi jgufurad ukiTxaven

maswavlebels teqsts, es kidev ufro

meti warmatebis grZnobas badebs,

radgan calkeul Secdomebs yurad-

Reba aRar eqceva. moswavleebs

saSualeba eZlevaT, Tavad Seasworon

sakuTari Secdomebi da naklebi

SfoTviT gaagrZelon kiTxva.

kiTxvis procesSi moswavleebi

iwyeben imis dadgenas, Tu teqstis

romeli nawili gadmoscems moTxro-

bis ama Tu im epizods. garda amisa,

isini iwyeben maTTvis saintereso

sityvebis amocnobas, romlebic ufro

xSirad Cndeba furclebze.

aRniSnuli sityvebi aucileblad

advilad wasakiTxi sityvebi ar aris.

moswavles uadvildeba maTi

amocnoba imis gamo, rom interess

iwvevs. iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa

„behemoTi“ an „vardisferi“ _

SeiZleba ufro advilad amosacnobi

da dasamaxsovrebeli aRmoCndes

meore an mesame wakiTxvisas, vidre

iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa „albaT“

an „isev“. linCis (1986) mixedviT,

nacnobi moTxrobebis gameoreba

moswavleebisTvis damRleli ar aris

da xels uwyobs kiTxvaSi swrafi

warmatebis miRwevas.

leqsikis ganviTareba

rodesac moswavleebi kiTxu-

loben meore enaze, mwiri leqsikuri

maragi yvelaze did dabrkolebas

uqmnis teqstis gagebas. es problema

mSobliuri enis aTvisebis drosac

aqtualuria, radgan moswavles

xSirad ar gaaCnia sakmarisi

leqsikuri da akademiuri codna

gonebaSi azris konstruirebisaTvis.

ganvixiloT leqsikis ganviTa-

rebis ori mniSvnelovani aspeqti.

erTi aris mdidari enobrivi garemo.

Cven viciT, rom adamianebi ukeT

swavloben sityvebs, rodesac maTi

aTviseba zedmiwevniT konsteqstua-

lizebul garemoSi mimdinareobs da

ara ganyenebulad. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, rac ufro mdidaria enobrivi

garemo, miT ukeTesi iqneba

konteqstSi aRqmuli leqsikuri

erTeulebis wvdoma da maTi

mniSvnelobis gageba, rasac Sedegad

maTi gamoyenebac mosdevs.

Cven xSirad Tavs vikavebT

xolme meore enis Semswavlele-

bisaTvis instruqtaJebis micemisgan

iseT sagnebSi, sadac SeTavazebulia

maRali konteqstualuri formebi -

mecnierebaSi, socialur mecniere-

bebSi, xelovnebaSi, musikaSi da

saswavlo programis sxva sferoebSi.

kroufordis (1993) mixedviT, Cven

unda davrwmundeT, rom saswavlo

gegmis aRniSnuli sferoebi meore

enis Semswavlelebs miewodebaT

konteqstualizebuli formiT da

mdidari leqsikiT. swavleba mocemul

sagnebSi unda moicavdes erToblivi

/ jgufuri swavlis meTodebs,

problemebis gadaWras da leqsikuri

maragis gamdidrebaze orientirebul

sxva strategiebs.

fonuri codnis gasaaqtiure-

beli an gansaviTarebeli bevri

rekomendebuli strategia swored

leqsikuri erTeulebis swavlebas

ukavSirdeba. semantikuri sqema


21

warmoadgens erT-erT aseT

strategias, magram misi gamoyeneba

unda Semoifarglos sakvanZo da

konceptualurad Zneli leqsikis

swavlebisaTvis. sxvagvarad, kiTxvi-

saTvis mcire dro dagvrCeba.

metad produqtulia SerCeuli

literaturuli nawarmoebis naxev-

rad xmamaRali an maRali xmiT

winaswari wakiTxva. amis Semdeg

maswavlebels SeuZlia mokled

axsnas zogierTi sityva. axali

leqsikuri erTeulebi warmodgenili

unda iyos konteqstTan kavSirSi.

garda amisa, maswavlebelma unda

ubiZgos moswavleebs, gamoTqvan

azrebi, vinaidan jgufSi vinmes

aucileblad eqneba garkveuli codna

axali sityvis Sesaxeb. zogjer

sityvebis mniSvnelobis axsnisTvis

SeiZleba darTuli ilustraciebis

mixedviT, TvalsaCinoebebis an

maswavleblis mier momzadebuli sxva

masalis gamoyenebiT.

weris procesi

enis swavlebisa da

aTvisebisadmi konstruqtivistuli

midgomis ZiriTad princips

warmoadgens mosmenis, saubris, kiT-

xvis da weris urTierTgadajaW-

vuloba. hadelsonis SexedulebiT,

meore enis Semswavlelebi aRniSnul

oTx komponents erTianobaSi

aRiqvamen da ara rogorc

damoukidebel fenomenebs (hadel-

sonis 1984). ficjeraldis mixedviT,

wera bavSvis cxovrebaSi sakmaod

adreul asakSi iwyeba. amitom ar

aris saWiro, dekodirebis unaris

ganviTarebas davelodoT (fic-

jeraldi, 1993). rasakvirvelia, es

mosazreba SegviZlia meore enis

Semswavlelebzec ganvavrcoT. maT

esaWiroebaT waxaliseba, raTa meore

enaze wera rac SeiZleba adre

daiwyon, gansakuTrebiT im

SemTxvevaSi, roca mSobliur enaze

weris sabaziso unari ukve

Camoyalibebuli aqvT. Secdomebs,

romlebsac isini weris dros

uSveben, iseve unda mivudgeT,

rogorc saubris dros daSvebul

Secdomebs. pirdapiri Casworebebis

nacvlad, SegviZlia swori formebis

miwera, raTa moswavlem TandaTa-

nobiT daxvewos naweri.

mokle reziume da daskvna

bunebrivi midgoma warmoadgens

yvelaze farTod gavrcelebul

komunikaciur midgomas. am midgomis

farglebSi minimumamde aris

dayvanili yvelanairi saxis

Sesworeba da gramatikuli

konvenciebis pirdapiri swavleba.

bunebrivi midgoma gulisxmobs

imgvari saswavlo garemos Seqmnas,

romelic hgavs mSobliuri enis

aTvisebis garemos. igi Tanabrad

efeqturia patara bavSvebis,

mozardebis Tu zrdasrulTa

swavlebisaTvis.

roca moswavle enis codnis

Sualedur dones miaRwevs,

SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva sagnis

meore enaze swavlebis dawyeba e. w.

„meurveobiTi“ swavlebis gziT.

aRniSnuli tipis swavlebisas

ZiriTadi orientirebia: gagebis

miRweva-SenarCuneba, maswavleblis

mier mowodebuli masalis dozireba


22

da araverbaluri enis, damxmare

masalebis da ilustraciebis

intensiuri gamoyeneba. Sedegad

viRebT swraf progress meore enis

leqsikuri maragis aTvisebasa da,

zogadad, akademiur miRwevebSi.

aRniSnuli amocanebis Sesas-

ruleblad moswavleebi droulad

unda daeuflon meore enaze kiTxvas

da weras specialuri strategiebis

meSveobiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen

intensiur komunikacias da gagebazea

fokusirebuli. konstruqtivistuli

pozicia kiTxvis swavlebis Sesaxeb

srul SesabamisobaSia meore enis

swavlebis komunikaciur midgomasTan.

igi emyareba avTentur, funqciur

enas, mniSvnelobis konstruirebas,

mTlianidan nawilze gadasvlas da,

amasTan erTad, moswavlezea orien-

tirebuli.

literatura

aSeri, 1982 - Asher, J. J. (1982). The total physical response approach. In R. W. Blair (Ed.), Inno-vative approaches to language teaching (pp. 54-66). Rowley, MA, USA: Newbury House.

iunesko, 1953 - The use of vernacular languages in education. Paris, France: UNESCO. iunesko, 1992 - Language policy, literacy, and culture: Round table. Geneva, Switzerland: International Conference on Education. kraSeni, 1982 - Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition.

London, UK: Pergamon Press. kraSeni, 1983 - Krashen, S. D., & Terrell, T. D. (1983). The natural approach: Language acquisition

in the classroom. New York, NY, USA: Pergamon/Alemany. kroufordi, 1993 -Crawford, A. N. (1993). Literature, integrated language arts, and the language

minority child: A focus on meaning. In A. Carrasquillo and C. Hedley (Eds.), Whole Language and the Bilingual Learner (pp. 61-75). Norwood, NJ, USA: Ablex.

kroufordi, 1994 - Crawford, A. N. (1994). Communicative approaches to second language ac-quisition: From oral language development into the core curriculum and L2 literacy. In C. F. Leyba (Ed.), Schooling and language minority students: A theoretical frame-work (2nd ed., pp. 79-131). Los Angeles: Evaluation, Dissemination and Assessment Center, California State University, Los Angeles.

kroufordi, 1995 - Crawford, A. N. (Ed.) (1995). A Practical Guidebook for Adult Literacy Pro-grammes in Developing Nations. Paris: UNESCO.

kuminsi, 1986 - Cummins, J. (1986) Empowering minority students: A framework for intervention. Harvard Educational Review, 56, 18-36.

papava, 2008 - paata papava. konstruqtivistuli, mTlianobiTi da avTenturi midgomebis upiratesoba meore enis aTvisebis procesSi. statiebis krebuli: saxelmwifo enis swavlebis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi. gamomcemloba „saimedo“. 2008.


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23

Alan Crawford, Paata Papava

Second Language Acquistion and Reading Strategies on Primary Stage of language Acquisition

ABSTRACT

It is important that teachers in Georgian bilingual schools have access to the information and resources that are widely used in different programs around the world. This article provides information about communicative approaches and instructional strategies for teaching reading in a second language that prove to be successful in many countries. First, we should go back to what research and practice tells about second language acquisi-tion. We learn a second language in the same way as we learn our mother tongue. Children easily learn their mother tongue without learning grammar. They can also learn a second language without learning grammar. In the first stage of second language acquisition child-ren go through a silent period. They listen, but they do not speak. They are learning during this period. They learn faster when they don't have to speak correctly at the beginning. Children will make mistakes in their second language, which should not be corrected. They make mistakes because their language is not mature. Children are learning when they are listening and understanding, not when they are talking. The natural approach (Krashen and Terrell, 1983) is a very effective communicative ap-proach for teaching a second language. Teachers do not need expensive materials and books. They can teach with real objects and illustrations they already have. The topics of lessons are themes, not grammatical elements. Teachers and children can choose themes of interest together. The natural approach has three stages: First stage is comprehension or total physical re-sponse (TPR). In this stage, children listen to questions and commands. They show that they understand what the teacher says by pointing, touching, and other physical actions. They do not need to speak. The first stage continues for several weeks until children begin to respond with one-word answers. Second stage is early production. In this stage, children begin to respond with yes or no. They give answers of one or two words. The second stage continues for many weeks. Then children will begin to answer with phrases and short sentences. Third stage is the emergence of speech. In this stage, children begin to answer with short sentences. They leave out some words. They make many mistakes, but we can understand what they mean. We do not correct their mistakes. The mistakes will go away as the child-

ren learn more. There are several other effective TPR strategies that are easily applied to small groups or to an entire class. The TPR approach can reach high levels of language. What are some basic do we know about literacy in a second language? We only learn to read once. First, we should learn to read and write in our mother tongue. We can also learn to speak and understand a second language. Then, we can learn to read and write in the second language very quickly. Most reading skills in one language are the same in a second language. Reading skills transfer from one language to another. Many writing skills do, too. Children will transfer skills themselves. We need to help them understand what they read in the second language. Children can begin learning to read and write in the second language, too. The language experience approach is the best way to start. They will learn faster if they learn to read in the mother tongue first. When second language learners have intermediate second language proficiency, they should have access to the basic curriculum through careful application of communicative approach strategies in sheltered second language instruction. The focus of this instruction should be on maintaining comprehension through the pacing of teacher input and through the extensive use of nonverbal language, illustrations and other visual aids. This instruction results in rapid increase in second language vocabulary. At an appropriate time, second language learners should receive instruction in second lan-guage reading and writing through strategies that ensure continued comprehension and communication. When second language learners read in their second language, the lack of vocabulary knowledge is often an obstacle to comprehension. A constructivist view of read-ing instruction is very consistent with communicative approaches to second language ac-quisition. It focuses on the construction of meaning, proceeding from whole to part, it treats authentic, relevant, and functional language, and it is student centered. In the early stages of literacy, teachers will find that the key-vocabulary and language ex-perience approaches can provide second language learners with access to print that is con-sistent with their stage of production. When they are able to begin reading simple text, we should provide scaffolding through prereading activities that develop background know-ledge and vocabulary. In addition, background knowledge they develop from the basic cur-riculum in the primary language provides a strong base for learning to read in the second language.


25

nino popiaSvili

bilingvuri ganaTleba identobis diskursSi

(sabWoTa da postsabWoTa gamocdileba)

abstraqti

bilingvuri ganaTleba srulad cvlis adamians, ayalibebs mis

fsiqologias da mimarTebebs. cnobilia, rom bilingvuri /

multikulturuli ganaTlebis dros pirovneba ecnoba da iyenebs

sxva enidan Semosul kulturas. es ki adamianSi qmnis axal,

damatebiT identobas.

sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirobebSi bilingvuri ganaTleba

qmnida sabWour identobas. rusuli ena, rogorc meore, xolo zog

SemTxvevaSi ki _ pirveli ena, imdenad mniSvnelovani da

savaldebulo iyo, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval zogierT

qveyanaSi Tu eTnikur jgufSi dRemde inarCunebs Zvel gavlenas.

postsabWoTa periodSi SeiniSneboda identobis krizisi, romelic

bilingvur ganaTlebasTanac iyo uSualo kavSirSi.

bilingvuri ganaTlebis, ro-

gorc cnebisa da procesis Sesaxeb,

mravali mosazreba gamoikveTa. Tavad

termini `bilingvuri ganaTleba~

araerTmniSvnelovania da amitomac

misi ramdenime ganmarteba arsebobs.

erTi gagebiT, bilingvuri ganaTleba

gulisxmobs mSobliuri enidan meore

enaze, ZiriTadad _ saxelmwifo enaze

gadasvlas. zogierTi mkvlevari fi-

qrobs, rom bilingvuri ganaTleba _

esaa ori enis _ mSobliurisa da

meore enis (ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi sax-

elmwifo enis, an regionuli enis)

erTdroulad da erTnairad floba,

an erTnairad srulyofa (vargesi,

2004). sxva mosazrebis Tanaxmad, bi-

lingvuri ganaTleba ar warmoadgens

problemas arc saxelmwifosaTvis da

arc sociumisaTvis, radgan esaa

garkveuli resursi, romelic unda

iyos gamoyenebuli da ara problema,

romelic unda gadaiWras (hornber-

geri, 2000). am midgomis mixedviT, bi-

lingvuri ganaTleba ar unda vaq-

cioT dabrkolebad da ar unda dav-


26

saxoT misi gadaWris gzebi, radgan

problema SesaZloa gadaiWras, an

darCes mougvarebeli. Tu bilingvur

ganaTlebaSi vigulisxmebT resurss,

maSin TviTon problemac dakargavs

mniSvnelobas, xolo resursis amoq-

medeba ki SeiZleba daigegmos etapo-

brivad da garemoebebis mixedviT. re-

sursis gamoyeneba ki mudmivi da

mdgradi procesia, romelic SeiZle-

ba iyos kargad dagegmili da gaT-

vlili.

bilingvuri ganaTleba xuT mTa-

var komponents unda akmayofilebdes:

1. bikulturalizmi, an multi-

kulturalizmi, romelic gu-

lisxmobs unars, rom sruliad

srulfasovnad grZnobde Tavs

sakuTari eTnikuri kulturis

wiaRSi da, aseve, dominanti

kulturis wiaRSic.

2. maRalprofesiuli bilingvizmi,

anu ori (an meti) enis sru-

lyofili floba.

3. ori (an meti) kulturis fun-

damenturi ziareba da kultu-

raTa Serwyma.

4. keTilganwyobili damokidebu-

leba sxva kulturisa da enis

matareblebisadmi.

5. eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis

Tanaswori ganaTlebis miRebis

saSualeba (trilosi).

Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom am kom-

ponentebis dajgufebac SesaZlebe-

lia, radgan pirveli, mesame da

meoTxe punqtebi garkveulad gamom-

dinareoben da avseben kidec erTma-

neTs. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba vigu-

lisxmoT, rom bikulturalizmi da/an

multikulturalizmi Tavis TavSi

moicavs rogorc ori an meti kul-

turisadmi mikuTvnebulobas, kultu-

raTa Serwymis, gaTavisebis process,

aseve keTilganwyobas sxva kulturi-

sa da/an enis warmomadgenlebis mi-

marT.

bilingvuri ganaTleba srulad

cvlis adamians, ayalibebs mis fsi-

qologias da mimarTebebs. cnobilia,

rom bilingvuri/multikulturuli

ganaTlebis dros pirovneba ecnoba

da iyenebs sxva enidan Semosul

kulturas. es ki adamianSi qmnis ax-

al, damatebiT identobas.

TviTidentifikaciis kriteriume-

bi: sqesi, erovneba, mSobliuri ena,

ojaxi, interesebi icnobs damatebiT

maxasiaTeblebsac, romlis mixedvi-

Tac, adamiani sakuTari Tavis iden-

tobas axdens. meore ena xSirad

identobis erT-erTi gare maxasiaTe-

belia, miT ufro im garemosa da im

SemTxvevaSi, Tuki meore enis statusi

saxelmwifo enas ukavia.

meore ena xSirad udris meore

identobas, an TviTidentobis Semav-

sebeli xdeba.

cnobilia, rom Tu meore ena

erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli

enaa msoflioSi, komunikaciis dros

am enaze saubris dros xdeba ro-

gorc enobrivi komponentebis: leqsi-

kis, sintaqsis, morfologiis xSiri

gamoyeneba, aseve swored meore enis

gavleniT kulturuli da yofiTi

Taviseburebebis, geografiuli da

istoriuli komponentebis CarTvac.

Tu meore ena saxelmwifo enaa,

misi mniSvneloba kidev ufro far-

Tovdeba. meore identobis an idento-

bis maxasiaTeblis rolic kidev

ufro ikveTeba da meore enis gamoye-

nebis motivaciac ufro izrdeba.


27

sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic mul-

tieTnikuri da multikulturuli

saxelmwifo iyo, Tavis TavSi moi-

cavda mraval enasa da kulturas,

sadac dominanti rusuli da/an sab-

WoTa kultura iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris

arsebobis pirobebSi, meore enis

statusi rusul enas hqonda miniWe-

buli. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi

rusuli enisa da kulturis ideo-

logiuri zegavlenis Sedegad Ca-

moyalibda sabWoTa kultura, ro-

melic mTlianad rusulenovani iyo.

rusuli ena erTdroulad aucile-

bel/savaldebulo da elitarul

enad iqca. rusuli enis mravalmxriv-

ma da iZulebiTma statusma sabWoTa

kavSirSi mcxovrebi xalxebis umrav-

lesobaze didi ideologiuri zegav-

lena da identobis rusul enasa da

kulturasTan formireba gamoiwvia.

rogorc aRniSnaven, “sabWoTa saganma-naTleblo da enobrivi politikis Se-degad saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTni-

kuri jgufebi _ rusebi, somxebi, azer-baijanelebi, afxazebi, osebi, berZnebi, qurTebi da sxvebi gaxdnen rusuli politikuri da enobrivi sazogadoe-bis nawili” (tabataZe).

mniSvnelovania imisi xazgasma,

rom rusul identobasTan gansaku-

Trebul siaxloves amJRavnebdnen

sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali is xal-

xebi, romlebic mogvianebiT eTnikur

umciresobebad miiCneoda. sakuTari

enisa da kulturis gverdiT isini

swavlobdnen da ecnobodnen ara re-

gionul enas (saqarTvelos maga-

liTze, qarTuls), aramed rusul

enas. identobis amgvarma formirebam

ki SemdgomSi warmoSobil konfliq-

tebSi erT-erTi mTavari roli iTa-

maSa.

cnobilia, rom TviTidentoba

identobebis mravalferovnebisagan

Sedgeba, sadac TiToeuli komponenti

SesaZloa iyos wamyvani. entoni d.

smiTi aRniSnavs: `me~ mraval idento-

basa da rols moicavs, iqneba es

ojaxuri, teritoriuli, klasobrivi,

religiuri, eTnikuri Tu genderuli.

is agreTve avlens, Tu rogor efuZ-

neba TiToeuli es identoba im so-

cialur klasifikaciebs, romlebmac

SesaZloa saxe icvalos an sulac

gaqres” (smiTi, 2006). sabWoTa kavSi-

ris arsebobis pirobebSi bilingviz-

mis niadagze SeZenili identoba gan-

sazRvravda sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxo-

vrebi xalxebis ganviTarebas. rusu-

li enis gavlena xSir SemTxvevaSi

mSobliur enaze mZlavric ki iyo.

SeZenili, meoreuli identoba Tanda-

Tan dominanti xdeboda da pirveladi

identoba _ meoreuli. es procesi

gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli iyo

sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali mravali

xalxisaTvis, romlebic SesaZlebe-

lia sam kategoriad dajgufdes:

1. pirvel rigSi, slavuri enebis

xalxebisaTvis. Mmag.: ukrainele-

bisa da belorusebisaTvis. rad-

gan rusuli ena yvela respub-

likaSi da mTel kavSirSic sax-

elmwifo ena iyo, swored am

enaze mimdinareobda oficialu-

ri da administraciuli saqmis-

warmoeba. amitomac iSviaTad

dgeboda saWiroeba erovnul

enaze saqmiswarmoebisa. gansaku-

TrebiT ki, slavuri enebis

jgufSi Semavali xalxebisaTvis.

es faqtori dRemde aris prob-


28

lemad qceuli. cnobilia, rom

belorusiaSi meoce saukunis

bolos belorusuli gamocxad-

da saxelmwifo enad, magram

dRemde iq ori saxelmwifo enaa:

rusuli da belorusuli da

saqmiswarmoebac orive enaze

mimdinareobs. amasTan, rogorc

belorusiaSi, ise ukrainaSi sa-

Sualo skolebisa da umaRlesi

saswavleblebis umravlesobaSi

rusul enaze mimdinareobs

swavleba. mxolod zogierT fa-

kultets aqvs e. w. ori seqtori,

sadac rusulTan erTad nacio-

nalur enaze (belorusuli,

ukrainuli) aswavlian.

2. Sua aziis qveynebSi erovnul

enasTan erTad saxelmwifo enad

an saxelmwifo enasTan gaTana-

brebulad aris qceuli rusuli,

radgan wlebis ganmavlobaSi

administraciuli da oficia-

luri saqmiswarmoeba mimdina-

reobda rusulad da gamomdi-

nare am gamocdilebidan, Sua

aziis respublikebisaTvis admi-

nistraciuli saqmiswarmoebis

rusuli enidan erovnul enaze

gadatana rTuli an SeuZlebel-

ic ki aRmoCnda. unda aRiniSnos

isic, rom Tu wina punqtSi sama-

galiTod aRebuli belorusuli

enis SemTxvevaSi belorusuli

ena Zalze axlosaa rusulTan

da enobrivi barieri ar an nak-

lebad aris damabrkolebeli,

ufro rTuli mdgomareobaa

Suaaziis qveynebis nacionalur

enebTan dakavSirebiT.

3. is eTnikuri jgufebi, romleb-

ic sabWoTa kavSirSi sxva res-

publikebis Semadgenlobis Sig-

niT moiazrebodnen (mag, osebi,

adiReelebi, CeCnebi, inguSebi da

sxv.) rusul enas gansakuTrebu-

li mondomebiTa da miswrafebe-

biT euflebodnen, radgan maTT-

vis rusuli sxva, damatebiTi

dasayrdeni iyo.

sakuTari kulturuli identoba

yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi

Semavali xalxebisaTvis sakmaod

gvian, meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebi-

saTvis gaxda aqtualuri. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi Sema-

vali xalxebis mxridan kulturuli

da enobrivi identobis SegrZnebam da

gaTviTcnobierebam miiyvana sabWoTa

kavSiri daSlamde.

uTuod sagulisxmoa isic, rom

globaluri transformaciebis epo-

qaSi garkveul transformacias ga-

nicdis identobac. Sesabamisad, Tu

sabWoTa gamocdilebas gaviTvalis-

winebT, postsabWoTa epoqaSi damou-

kideblobamopovebuli xalxebi iden-

tobis krizisSi aRmoCndnen. am

process erTa da xalxTa TviTga-

morkvevis xanasac uwodeben. arsebobs

Sexeduleba, rom swored identobis

krizisi gaxda politikuri, eTnikuri

Tu religiuri konfliqtebis erT-

erTi mTavari mizezic. zogierTi eqs-

pertis azriT, es konfliqti “eno-

brivi omebi” iyo (svaniZe, 2006).

bilingvizmi identobis trans-

formaciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi max-

asiaTebeli da mTavari faqtoria.

mniSvnelovania isic, rom bilingvuri

garemo saganmanaTleblo politiki-

saTvis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli kon-

teqsti unda iyos. aRniSnulia, rom

enobrivi ganaTlebis politikis or-


29

ganizeba unda iTvaliswinebdes

lingvistur garemos, individebisa da

saxelmwifos mimdinare da samomavlo

moTxovnilebebs (Tu romeli enebia,

rogori kompetenciebia am enebSi?) da

enaTa swavlebis koncefciebs (eno-

brivi ganaTlebis politikis ganvi-

Tareba evropaSi, 2008).

identobis krizisis Semdeg

postsabWoTa qveynebSi identobis

transformaciis axali talRa

daiwyo, romelic bilingvur ganaT-

lebas mWidrod daukavSirda. “bi-

lingvuri ganaTlebis mizani xom,

erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo enis saTana-

do doneze aTviseba, meore mxriv ki -

umciresobaTa enebis SenarCunebasa

da ganviTarebaze zrunvaa. aseTi

konceptualuri midgoma umciresoba-

Ta warmomadgenlebs uxsnis enobrivi

da masze, ase vTqvaT, `gadabmuli~

erovnuli TviTidentifikaciis da-

kargvis safrTxis SegrZnebas da mo-

tivacias umaRlebs Semswavlelebsa

da maT mSoblebs, Seiswavlon sax-

elmwifo ena: maTTvis cxadi xdeba,

rom saskolo bilingvuri ganaTleba

mozardis momzadebis instrumentia

misi karieruli winsvlisa da so-

cialur-ekonomikur Tu politikur

sferoebSi warmatebis misaRwevad,

amasTan, bavSvis mSobliuri kultu-

ruli garemo ki ar iTrguneba,

aramed viTardeba da ukeT warmoCin-

deba meore enis garemosTan Sedare-

bis fonze” (gabunia, 2010).

saxelmwifo anu samoqalaqo

cnobierebis srulyofilad gaazreba

SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo enis flo-

bis gareSe. saxelmwifo enis, rogorc

meore enis srulyofilad flobis

SemTxvevaSi maRldeba rogorc sax-

elmwifo cnobiereba, aseve xdeba

meore identobis Secnoba an TviTi-

dentifikaciis damatebiTi komponen-

tiT Sevseba. es ki xels uwyobs mo-

qalaqis srulfasovan CarTulobas

samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi.

saqarTvelo, rogorc mravale-

rovnuli qveyana, damoukideblobis

mopovebis pirvelive wlebSi dadga

mravalenobrivi da mravalnaciona-

luri realobis winaSe. bilingvuri

ganaTlebis kuTxiT politikis Semu-

Savebas ramdenime etapi dasWirda,

Tumca dReisaTvis eqspertebi miiCne-

ven, rom: “saqarTvelos kanonmdeblo-

ba calsaxad usvams xazs saxelmwifo enis mniSvnelobas saxelmwifo admini-strirebis sferoSi da, amasTanave, qmnis garantiebs eTnikuri umcireso-bebis uflebebis dasacavad, maT Soris mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba. dRevandel etapze, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania am sakanonm-

deblo orive mimarTulebis aRsasru-leblad realuri meqanizmebis Cadeba. orive sakanonmdeblo mimarTulebis aRsruleba da ganxorcieleba SesaZ-

lebeli iqneba mxolod eTnikuri um-ciresobebis swori saganmanaTleblo politikis wyalobiT. swored multi-

lingvuri ganaTlebis politikaa erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gamosavali, raTa es orive sakanonmdeblo mimarTuleba aRsruldes da ganxorcieldes rea-

lobaSi” (tabataZe, 2010). postsabWoTa realobidan gamom-

dinare, vfiqrobT, ukve daZleulia

is krizisi, romelic postsabWoTa

qveynebs meoce saukunis bolos axa-

siaTebdaT enobrivi politikisa da

bilingvuri ganaTlebis kuTxiT.


30

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dReisaTvis sa-

qarTvelo, rogorc postsabWoTa

da/an postkolonialuri qveyana,

ufro metad zrunavs bilingvu-

ri/multilingvuri ganaTlebis dasa-

nergad, gansakuTrebiT ki, erovnuli

umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regio-

nebSi.

bolo xans saqarTveloSi gaCnda

tendencia, rom saxelmwifo enis

gverdiT, e. w. meore enis funqcia

SeiZinos inglisurma, rac saxelmwi-

fo politikis kursis dasavlurma

politikam, msoflio enobrivma ten-

denciebma da qarTuli identobis

axalma transformaciam Tanabrad ga-

napiroba. saqarTvelos xelisufle-

bis es mimarTeba sxvadaxva kuTxiT

gaxda niSneuli, ganxorcielda da

xorcieldeba ramdenime proeqti,

romlebic inglisuri enis swavleba-

sa da gavrcelebas uwyobs xels ro-

gorc dedaqalaqSi, ise regionebSi.

saxelmwifoebrivi politikis amgvar

kurss saqarTveloSi hyavs rogorc

momxreebi, ise mowinaaRmdegeebi. mo-

winaaRmdegeTa didi nawili amaSi

rusuli enis gavlenis axal Canac-

vlebas xedavs, xolo momxreebi, Zi-

riTadad, msoflio tendenciebs iT-

valiswineben.

literatura

barti, 2003, Барт Р. Общество, воображение, реклама // Система моды: Статьи по семиотике культуры. - М.: 2003.

gabunia, 2010, kaxa gabunia, enisa da sagnobrivi Sinaarsis integrirebuli swav-

lebis Taviseburebebi bilingvur klasSi, Tb., 2010, Jurn. “biling-

vuri ganaTleba” #1, 2010.

enobrivi ganaTlebis politikis ganviTareba evropaSi, 2008, enobrivi

mravalferovnebidan _ mravalenovan ganaTlebamde. ZiriTadi

versia enobrivi politikis ganyofileba evropis sabWo, 2008

vargesi, 2004, Varghese, M. M. Professional Development for Bilingual Teachers in the United States: A Site for Articulating and Contesting Professional Roles. BILINGUAL EDUCATION AND BILINGUALISM, 2004, Vol. 7, No. 2&3, pp. 222-238.

TevzaZe, 1999, g. TevzaZe, saqarTvelo: Zalauflebis simulaciebi, Tb., 1999.

TevzaZe, 2003, g. TevzaZe, saqarTvelo: Zalauflebis dabruneba, Tb., 2003.

svaniZe, 2006, Svanidze, G. National minorities in Georgia, review. Retrieved on March 25, from the website: www.minelres.lv.archive.htm <http://www.minelres.lv.archive.htm>

smiTi, 2006, entoni d. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba, Tb., 2006

tabataZe, 2010, <http://www.scribd.com/doc/16213298/Multilingual-Educational-Policy-by-Shalva-Tabatadze-Georgian-Version>

hornbergeri, 2000, <http://www.gse.upenn.edu/~hornberg/papers> /Revisiting Continua 2000.pdf


31

Nino Popiashvili Bilingual Education in the Discourse of Identity

(Soviet and port-soviet experience)

ABSTRACT

Bilingual education can completely alter a person, and build up an individual’s psychology and attitudes. It’s a well known fact that while receiving bilingual/multicultural education, a person gets to know and applies the culture of a foreign language. And this, in its turn, creates another new identity within a person. During the Soviet era the bilingual education developed a soviet identity. The Russian lan-guage, having been used as a second and in certain cases as a first language, became so im-portant and compulsory that in some former USSR states or ethnic groups it still remains as influential as ever. The identity crisis was clearly evident during the post-soviet period. This severe crisis was directly related to the bilingual education.


32

ia afTaraSvili

bilingvizmi socialuri faqtorebis WrilSi

abstraqti

winamdebare statia miznad isaxavs, mkiTxvels gaacnos bilingvuri ga-

naTlebis formebi da tipebi, meore enis flobis kompetenciaze moq-

medi motivaciuri fatorebi. statiis Sesaval nawilSi saubaria kana-

dis lingvisturi skolis kvlevebis Sedegad gamokveTil bilingvuri

ganaTlebis formebze da `meore enis~ gansxvavebul funqciebze. bi-

lingvuri ganaTleba ganxilulia, rogorc bikulturuli ganaTleba.

statiis daskvniT nawilSi warmodgenilia dominirebadi kulturisa

da eTnikuri umciresobebis kulturis, rogorc `Zlieri~ da `susti~

kulturis zegavlena individis arCevanze: asimilacia Tu eTnikuri

identoba.

Cvens garemocvaSi, gansakuTrebiT

bolo periodSi, Zalian xSirad gves-

mis iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa: bi-

lingvizmi, multikulturuli ga-

naTleba, koleqtiuri orenovneba,

pirveli da meore ena da a.S. es gan-

sakuTrebiT aqtualuria samecniero

wreebSi, radgan am mimarTulebiT

bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi mniSv-

nelovani kvlevebi daigegma da gan-

xorcielda.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi bilingviz-

mis problema warmoadgenda mxolod

lingvistebis kvlevis sagans, magram

misi kompleqsuri xasiaTidan gamom-

dinare, igi dReisaTvis lingvistikis

garda, fsiqologiis, fsiqofizi-

ologiis da kidev mravali mecniere-

bis kvlevis sagans warmoadgens. bu-

nebrivia, sazogadoebaSi Cndeba kiTx-

vebi: ras niSnavs bilingvizmi (ore-

novneba), ras gulisxmobs cneba

`meore ena~, riT gansxvavdeba meore

enis Seswavla ucxo enis Seswavli-

sagan, misi aTvisebis ra formebi ar-

sebobs da a.S. es aris mxolod na-

wili im ZiriTadi kiTxvebisa, rom-

lebic Zalian arsebiTi da, amav-

droulad, naklebad Seswavlilia.

kanadis lingvisturi skolis

kvlevebis safuZvelze (makkei, 1990),

SesaZlebelia, orenovnebis (biling-

vizmis) Semdegi formebi gamovyoT:

pirveli, rodesac meore enis aT-

viseba xdeba adreul bavSvobaSi,

mSobliuri enis aTvisebis parale-


33

lurad, an Zalian mcire droiTi in-

tervalis gansxvavebiT. aseT SemTxve-

vaSi meore enis aTviseba individs

SeuZlia srulyofilad, man TiTqmis

erTnairad maRal doneze icis orive

ena, situaciis mixedviT advilad

SeuZlia erTi enidan meoreze gadas-

vla, orive enobrivi sistema gaSina-

ganebuli aqvs da SeuZlia orive

enaze fiqri. meore enis aTvisebis

SedarebiT tipobrivi forma gvaqvs im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac bavSvi izrdeba

mSobliur enaze (ojaxSi mxolod

erTi enaa) da skolaSi misvlisas is

iwyebs meore enis Seswavlas. aseT

SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, rom

bavSvma Rrmad aiTvisos meore ena,

magram misi funqciisa da gamoyenebis

TvalsazrisiT, pirvel enasas da

meore enas Soris mniSvnelovani

sxvaobaa. pirveli ena mainc rCeba mis

pirovnul da yoveldRiur enad, xo-

lo meore ena, romelsac skolaSi

Seiswavlis, warmoadgens oficialu-

ri kontaqtebis enas da maRali do-

nis socialuri funqcia akisria.

meore enis aTvisebis mesame for-

ma aris spontanuri forma, romlis

drosac enis aTviseba xdeba indivi-

disaTvis ucxo (aramSobliur) enaze

molaparake sazogadoebasTan pirda-

piri da mudmivi kontaqtis Sedegad.

am dros, marTalia, individis kompe-

tencia enis flobis TvalsazrisiT

SezRudulia, magram misi gamoyeneba

komunikaciisaTvis sruliad SesaZle-

belia da individs akmayofilebs sa-

kuTari codnis done. amis naTeli

magaliTia, rodesac zrdasruli emi-

grantebi xvdebian ucxo qveyanaSi da

komunikaciisaTvis iZulebulni xde-

bian, iswavlon am qveynis ena. Sesaba-

misad, enis floba Semoifargleba

mxolod sakomunikacio funqciiT.

meore enis Tvisebis meoTxe for-

maa, rodesac individi meore enas

Seiswavlis skolaSi, Tavissave

mSobliur qveyanaSi. (rogorc wesi,

ucxo enis Seswavla ase xdeba). misi

flobis kompetenciac sakmaod Se-

zRudulia.

rogorc zemoT aRniSnulidan

Cans, bilingvizmis sxvadasxva forma

enis flobis sxvadasxva kompetencias

gulisxmobs da, Sesabamisad, enis

sxvadasxva funqciaze miuTiTebs.

bilingvuri ganaTlebis Seswav-

las safuZveli Caeyara me-20 saukunis

meore naxevarSi da, konkretulad,

saskolo ganaTlebaSic Sevida

cvlilebebi, kerZod, saganmanaT-

leblo procesis konstruirebis

TvalsazrisiT, raTa SesaZlebeli

yofiliyo mSobliuri da ucxo enis

integrireba swavlebis procesSi. am

mimarTulebis farglebSi, 60-ian

wlebSi, Seiqmna specialuri

samecniero mimarTulebebi, romelTa

mizanic iyo eTnikuri umciresobebis

integracia dominirebad kultu-

rasTan.

gansakuTrebiT saintereso

gamocdileba gvaCvena aSS-m. swored

aq Caeyara safuZveli saxelmwifo

skolebSi eTnikuri umciresobis

bavSvebis orenovan swavlebas. es

programa ar gulisxmobda mxolod

ori enis safuZvlian codnas, aqcenti

gakeTebuli iyo aseve kulturul

komponentze. Sesabamisad, bilingvur

ganaTlebas SeiZleba vuwodoT

bikulturuli ganaTlebac. mecni-

erebi miiCneven, rom skolis mier

bavSvis eTnikuri kulturis aRiareba


34

xels uwyobs da zrdis swavlis

motivacias. m. pevzneri gamoyofs

bilingvuri ganaTlebis Semdeg

tipebs:

1. akulturaciuli tipi. termini

akulturacia modis laTi-

nuridan (acculturare) da

gulisxmobs ori kulturis

urTierTzegavlenis process,

rodesac erTi eri meore eris

kulturas srulad an

nawilobriv iTvisebs. am dros

maTi originaluri kultu-

ruli modelebi, ra Tqma unda,

icvleba, magram es ori jgufi

mainc erTmaneTisagan gansxva-

vebulia. bilingvuri ganaT-

lebis es tipi yalibdeba

bunebriv orenovan an

mravalenovan garemoSi, sadac

arsebobs yvelanairi wina-

piroba: politikuri, ekono-

mikuri da sociokulturuli,

imisaTvis, rom eTnikuri

umciresoba Seerwyas domi-

nirebad kulturas.

am tipis saxesxvaobebad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos e.w. `ganm-

devneli bilingvizmi~, rode-

sac saganmanaTleblo dawese-

bulebebSi yvela sagnis

Seswavla xdeba meore enaze

(rogorc wesi, es meore ena

eTnikuri umravlesobis enaa)

da TandaTanobiT xdeba

mSobliuri enisa da kulturis

gandevna; kidev erTi

saxesxvaobaa SemnarCunebeli

bilingvizmi, rodesac meore

enis aTviseba xdeba sakuTari

kulturisa da enis

SenarCunebis fonze.

2. izolacionisturi tipi -

rodesac eTnikuri umcire-

sobebis ganaTleba da

swavleba mimdinareobs Ziri-

Tadad mSobliur enaze im

mizniT, rom ar moxdes maTi

akulturacia da srulfa-

sovani integracia sociumSi.

bilingvuri ganaTlebis am

tips Tavisi politikuri

safuZvlebi aqvs da ZiriTadad

emsaxureba segregacias.

3. Ria tipi - Tanamedrove

evropul sazogadoebaSi

bilingvuri ganaTlebis yve-

laze ufro gavrcelebuli

tipi, romlis mizania

integracia msoflio sivrceSi,

kulturaTaSorisi komunikacia

da multikulturuli aRzrda.

rogorc vxedavT, ganaTlebis

nebismieri sistema _ iqneba igi

orientirebuli eTnikuri umrav-

lesobis TuU eTnikuri umciresobis

enaze _ mainc damokidebulia da

ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ras isaxavs

saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba miznad.

rogorc cnobilia, mTavar, sawyis

enad iTvleba is ena, romelTanac

adamiani aigivebs sakuTar Tavs,

miiCnevs Tavisad da iyenebs pirad

urTierTobebSi. es SeiZleba iyos

rogorc misi kulturis ena, aseve

dominirebadi kulturis enac.

rogorc mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben,

imisda mixedviT, bilingvizmis romel

formasTan gvaqvs saqme,

bilingvalebis mTavari enis

identifikaciis problemac sxvada-

sxvaa. magaliTad, bilingvalebis

nawilma, romelTac SenarCunebuli

aqvT mWidro kavSiri orive enasTan,


35

nawilobriv ar ician, romel enasTan

gaaigiveon Tavi. Zalian bevrisTvis,

romelTac meore ena Seiswavles

Zalian adreul bavSvobaSi, es meore

ena xdeba pirveli, anu ZiriTadi ena.

swored amitom kanadeli mecnierebi

miiCneven, rom imis gansazRvra, Tu

orenovani adamianisaTvis romeli

enaa `dominirebadi~ da inter-

ferenciis mTavari wyaro, arc Tu ise

advilia.

kvlevebma da dakvirvebebma

aCvena, rom individebisTvis, romel-

TaTvisac pirveli ena mSobliuri

enaa da saskolo ganaTlebac miiRes

am enaze, meore enis kompetencia

SedarebiT SezRudulia, Tundac

isini xSirad da xangrZlivi drois

manZilze iyenebdnen am enas. xolo is

individebi, romelTac saskolo

ganaTleba meore enaze – domi-

nirebadi kulturis enaze - miiRes,

am enis flobis TvalsazrisiT

sakmaod maRali kompetenciiT

gamoirCevian da xSir SemTxvevaSi

identifikacias axdenen am enasTan,

Tumca paralelurad inarCuneben

sakuTar kulturasa da enasTan

mWidro kavSirs.

zogierTi avtori (vainraihi, 1972)

am procesSi Zalian mniSvnelovnad

miiCnevs TviTon individis

motivacias, TuU rogori arCevani

gaakeTos: asimilacia Tu eTnikuri

identoba. am avtorebis azriT,

bilingvalis subieqturi gamoc-

dileba qmnis niadags imisaTvis, Tu

ra pozicia daikavos, roca erTi

jgufi Rebulobs mas, rogorc Tavis

wevrs, xolo meore ki _ gandevnis da

es yvelaferi mijaWvulia mis

sasaubro enasTan (minasova, 2002). is

acnobierebs am poziciebs da

arCevans akeTebs. rogorc wesi,

enobrivi poziciebis aseTi

personalizacia xorcieldeba

ymawvilobis asakSi, magram mZafri

enobrivi antagonizmis SemTxvevaSi,

SeiZleba adrec ganxorcieldes, rac

miuTiTebs imaze, rom enebis

Seswavlis Tanmimdevruloba, asaki

da kompetenciis xarisxi ganisa-

zRvreba sazogadoebis da ara TviT

individis mier.

enebis SeswavlasTan da ZiriTadi

enis gamokveTasTan dakavSirebiT

kidev erTi, aranakleb mniSvnelovani

da arsebiTi faqtoria individis

damokidebuleba `susti~ da `Zlieri~

enebisadmi. rogorc aRvniSneT,

bilingvizmis SemTxvevaSi ori ena

asrulebs sxvadasxva funqcias da

isini sxvadasxva prestiJulobiT

xasiaTdebian. bavSvi (individi),

romelic saubrobs `sust~ enaze,

acnobierebs sakuTari enis dabal

socialur statuss da prestiJs.

amavdroulad, acnobierebs imasac,

rom gardauvalia da aucilebelia

`Zlieri“ enis Seswavla, raTa moxdes

misi integracia sociumSi. am or

enasTan dakavSirebuli winaaRmde-

gobrivi, ambivalenturi grZnobebi

(erTi mxriv, aRtaceba `Zlieri” eniT

da, meore mxriv, mtruli ganwyoba

mis mimarT; siaxlove Tavis

mSobliur enasTan da, meore mxriv,

dazaralebulobis SegrZneba am

enisadmi kuTvnilebis gamo) aferxebs

individis kompetenciis ganviTarebas

am orive enis farglebSi.

Tu ufro detalurad gavecnobiT

bilingvizms - rogorc socialur

movlenas, mis pirovnul-socialur


36

aspeqtebs, vnaxavT, rom Zalian

mniSvnelovania am mimarTulebiT

kvlevebis ganxorcieleba da

kvlevis Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba.

edvard sepiris sityvebi rom

moviSvelioT, nebismieri ena, iseve,

rogorc nebismieri kultura,

iSviaTadaa `TviTkmari”: `urTierTo-

bis moTxovnileba aiZulebs erT

enaze mosaubre adamianebs, uSualo

an gaSualebul kontaqtSi Sevidnen

sxva - mezobel an dominanturi

kulturis enaze mosaubreebTan”.

nebismieri urTierTobis miRma ki

adamiani dgas, Tavisi pirovnuli,

TaviseburebebiTa da RirebulebaTa

individualuri sistemiT.

literatura

aleni da lamberti, 1969 - Aellen C. & Lambert W. E. Ethnic identification and personality ad-justments of Canadian adolescents of mixed English-French parentage. // Canadian Jour-nal of Behavioral Science. 1969. № 1. р. 69-86.

vainraihi, 1972 - Вайнрайх У. Одноязычие и многоязычие // Новое в лингвистике. М., Вып. 6. С. 57. minasova, 2002 - Минасова К.Р. Двуязычие как способ культурной интеграции этнических

меньшеств в многонациональном обществе. pevzneri, 1999 - Певзнер М.Н., Ширин А.Г. Билингвальное образование в контексте

мирового опыта (на примере Германии). Новгород; raku jana, 2008 - Racu Jana, Language psychogenesis in mixed communication environments. Mas-

ter's thesis, Chisinau Pedagogical State University, 2008 siguani da makkei, 1990 - Сигуан М., Макки У.Ф. Образование и двуязычие. Sirini, 2001 - Ширин А.Г. Становление научно-педагогической школы билингвального

образования // Научные традиции и перспективы педагогики. Межрегиональный сборник научных трудов.


37

Ia Aptarashvili Bilingualism in the context of Social Factors

ABSTRACT

The article introduces forms and types of bilingual education. The motivational factors, which influence the second language acquisition are analysed in the article. Introductional part of the article describes the research results of Canadian linguistic school, which identi-fied the effectivness of various bilingual educational programs as well as different “func-tions of second language”. Bilingual education is discussed, as bicultural education. The relations between dominant and ethnic minority cultures as "strong" and "weak" cultures as well as their influence on person’s choices: assimilation or ethnic identity are presented in final part of the article..


38

irine bagauri

enobriv ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebi da

bilingvuri ,,mexsiereba~'

abstraqti

winamdebare statiis mizania, rom mkiTxvels gaacnos bavSvis da,

aseve, mozardis enobriv ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebi, rogoric

aris socialuri, biologiuri, kulturuli da a.S.. statiis meore

nawili Seexeba bilingvur mexsierebas da da pirvel da meore enas

Soris arsebul kavSirs, aseve, ganxilulia erTi enidan meoreze

gadasvla da enebis Serevis procesi. daskvniT nawilSi saubaria

,,translingvizmze~, rogorc msoflio donis fenomenze da swored

translingvizmis konteqstSia ganxiluli multilingvali mwerlebi.

21-e saukuneSi bilingvizmi rea-

lobaa da Cven am realobis nawils

warmovadgenT. Mmsoflios naxevari

isedac bilingvali an multilin-

gvalia, xolo msoflios danarCeni

naxevari imis fiqrSia, Tu romeli

ena airCios meore an mesame enad.

Tumca, mravalenovan adamianebze

aseTi mzardi moTxovnilebis

miuxedavad, bilingvizmi, rogorc

movlena, dResac ganxilvis da

diskusiis sagans warmoadgens.

sakmaod xSiria profesionalebis,

maswavleblebis da fsiqologebis

mxridan rekomendaciebi bilingvizmis

negatiur SedegebTan dakavSirebiT.D

dReisaTvis bilingvizmi met-

naklebad Seswavlili movlenaa;

ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmav-

lobaSi uamravi kvlevaa Cata-

rebuli, romelTa Sedegebic ara Tu

bilingvizmis naklovanebaze, aramed

mTel rig sakiTxebSi upiratesobas

amtkicebs. Tumca, garkveuli SiSi

sazogadoebaSi mainc arsebobs.

vidre ori enis Seswavlas da

orenovnebas SevexebiT, mniSvne-

lovania, ganvixiloT Tavad enis

aTvisebis procesTan dakavSirebuli

faqtorebi, romlebic umniSvnelo-

vanes rols asruleben bavSvisa da

mozardis enobrivi ganviTarebis

procesSi. mocemul statiaSi


39

warmodgenilia iseTi faqtebi,

romlebsac erTi SexedviT kavSiri

ar aqvs enis aTvisebasTan, Tumca,

kvlevebis Tanaxmad, bavSvis enobrivi

ganviTarebisas didi mniSvneloba

aqvs dedis xasiaTs, sacxovrebel

garemos da sqessac ki. rac Seexeba

ori enis paralelur reJimSi

aTvisebas, aq yovelTvis Cndeba

kiTxva, Tu rogor poulobs adgils

adamianis TavSi es ori ena. am

SemTxvevaSi mexsiereba aris

bilingvuri, statiaSi warmodge-

nilia bilingvuri mexsierebis

grafikuli modeli. agreTve

SevexebiT bilingvizmis Tanmdev

process, romelic enobrivi kodebis

gadarTvisa da enebis Serevis

saxeliT aris cnobili. am kuTxiT

ganxilulia enebis Serevis mizezebi.

xolo daskvnis saxiT warmodgenilia

,,translingvizmi~, rogorc fenomeni,

romlis drosac adamianebi araTu

saubroben da metyveleben or an sam

enaze, aramed msoflio donis

Sedevrebsac qmnian erTdroulad

ramdenime enaze.

enobrivi ganviTareba da masze

moqmedi faqtorebi

ena ar viTardeba TavisTavad

da TavisTvis: igi dakavSirebulia

adamianis/bavSvis ganviTarebis iseT

aspeqtTan, rogoricaa fizikuri,

kognituri, emociuri, socialuri da

kulturuli aspeqtebi da ufro

metia, vidre garkveuli sityvebisa da

gramatikuli struqturebis aTviseba

(blumi, 1998).

enobrivi ganviTareba pirdapir

kavSirSia kognitur ganviTarebasTan.

imis Seswavla, Tu rogor xdeba

konkretul periodSi enobrivi

miRwevebi, gaZlevs saSualebas, rom

ganvsazRvroT mocemuli safexuris

kognituri procesebi (ouensi, 1996).

medikosebi, ganaTlebis specialis-

tebi da mkvlevrebi bavSvis

ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi amtkiceben, rom

bavSvebis mimarT cudad mopyroba

iwvevs enobrivi ganviTarebis

Seferxebas da leqsikur deficits.

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli

kvlevebi ZiriTadad Tvisebrivi

xasiaTisaa da miuTiTebs im

Sedegebze, romelTac, SesaZloa,

gamoiwvion adreul asakSi leqsi-

kuri deficiti. tipobrivi gan-

viTarebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebi

sakuTar mSobliur enas iTviseben

garkveul droiT CarCoSi, sakuTari

Sinagani Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

swored am garkveul asakobriv da

prognozirebad kanonzomierebaze

dakvirvebiT amtkiceben mkvlevrebi,

rom bavSvebs, romlebsac aRmzrde-

lebi cudad epyrobian, aReniSnebaT

enobrivi Seferxeba. aseve damtki-

cebulia, rom dedis gramatikulad

srulyofili saubari pozitiur

korelaciaSia bavSvis enobriv

ganviTarebasTan (leitmani, 1984).

gavlena da kavSirebi sxvadasxva-

gvari aRmoCnda: magaliTad, dedebi,

romlebic xSirad iyenebdnen

bavSvebTan diax / ara pasuxis

molodinis tipis SekiTxvebs (mag:

aris es yavisferi ZaRli?), maTi

Svilebi gamoirCeodnen damxmare

zepirsityvieri maragis ufro


40

swrafad gamdidrebiT. xolo dedebi,

romlebic saubarSi xSirad iye-

nebdnen brZanebiT winadadebebs anu

imperativebs (mag: wadi, aiRe is!) _

maTi bavSvebi, piriqiT, ufro nela

imdidreben zepirsityvier marags.

(euporti, 1979). zogadad, kvlevebSi

ikveTeboda mniSvnelovani tendencia,

romlis mixedviTac dedis mier

gadacemuli sintaqsuri struqtura

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs bavSvis

mier SeZenil enobriv Cvevebs.

msgavsi kvlevebi Catarda, romlebic

fokusirebuli iyo uSualod sity-

vebis aTvisebaze. gamoirkva, rom

bavSvis leqsikuri maragis done da

sityvebis codnis done pirdapir

kavSirSia dedis ,,laqlaqze~ (Hutten-locher, 1991). amave kvlevebis

safuZvelze dadginda, rom

depresiuli dedebi ufro mcire

interaqcias amyareben SvilebTan,

Sesabamisad, aseTi depresiuli

dedebis Svilebis leqsikuri maragiQ

aris ufro mwiri, vidre

aradepresiuli dedebisa (CiCeti, 2000,

koleri, 1977, miurei, 1996).

bavSvis mier enis aTvisebis

procesSi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes

faqtors warmoadgens socialur-

ekonomikuri statusis mravalfe-

rovneba.

rodesac mecnierebi ikvlevdnen

bavSvebis mimarT cudi mopyrobis

faqtebs, igi aucileblad iyo

kavSirSi socialur-ekonomikur sta-

tusTan da cudi mopyrobis faqtebi

ZiriTadad ikveTeboda dabali soci-

alur-ekonomikuri statusis mqone

sazogadoebriv fenebSi. xangrZlivi

dakvirvebis Sedegad gamoikveTa is

faqti, rom socialur--ekonomikur

statuss da ojaxis garemos Zalian

didi gavlena hqonda IQ-s Sedegebze.

aRniSnuli sxvaobebi gamoikveTa 8

wlis bavSvebSi (muri, 1968). dedebis

inteleqtis donis, ojaxis so-

cialur-ekonomiuri donisa da

bavSvis lingvistur da kognitur

ganviTarebas Soris kavSiri uamrav

kvlevaSia ganxiluli, sadac

calsaxad aris miTiTebuli es

kavSirebi. Mmagram aRniSnuli

kavSirebi da gavlena ufro aSkaraa

skolamdel asakSi, Semdeg ki skolac

erTveba. (CarCi da katigbagi, 1991,

lusteri da dubovi, 1992).

Mmkvlevrebma daadgines, rom

bavSvis leqsikoni daaxloebiT 13

Tvis asakidan iwyebs gamdidrebas,

da ukve 16 TvisaTvis Seadgens

saSualod 10-180 sityvas, ukve 23

Tvis asakSi es ricxvi izrdeba 300

sityvamde (romi, 1999). sainteresoa is

faqtic, rom sqesi, dabadebis

rigiTobac gansazRvravs bavSvis

leqsikonis ganviTarebis siCqares,

kvlevebma aCvena, rom gogonebi ufro

swrafad aviTareben TavianT

leqsikons, vidre biWebi (fensoni,

1994), aseTi sxvaoba gamowveulia im

faqtiT, rom gogonebi ufro

momwifebulni arian imave asakis

biWebTan SedarebiT (hofi, 2001).

zogierT kvlevaSi amtkiceben im

faqtsac, rom pirveli bavSvebi

upiratesobas floben leqsikonis

gamdidrebis procesSi. hofma

gamoTqva mosazreba, rom pirveli

bavSvebi erTi-erTze kavSirSi arian

ufrosebTan (hofi, 2001).

kompetenciis miRweva erTze met

enaSi ufro rTuli misaRwevia da

misi Seswavla mniSvnelovania, rom


41

xdebodes, ara mxolod socialuri

mxridan anu garedan, aramed

individualurad _ enis Semswav-

lelis WrilSi. Zalian bevri

diskusia da msjeloba mimdinareobs

meore enis SeswavlasTan mimarTebiT,

romlebic fokusirebulia swavlebis

meTodologiaze, Tumca mcired

ganixileba iseTi konteqstualuri

faqtorebi, rogorebic aris

individualuri, socialuri da

sazogadoebrivi, romlebic zemoqme-

debas axdenen studentis/moswavlis

swavlaze. aRniSnuli socialuri

faqtorebis ganxilva SesaZloa

moxdes enobrivi, Tavad enis

Semswavlelis da saswavlo procesis

perspeqtividan. aseTi faqtorebi

sxvadasxvaa: magaliTad, lingvisturi

distancia or enas Soris

(igulisxmeba mSobliuri ena da

meore/ucxo ena), mSobliuri enis

flobis done, agreTve sazogadoeb-

rivi damokidebuleba Sesaswavli

enis mimarT. CamoTvlili faqtore-

bidan farTo ganxilvis sagans

warmoadgens is faqti, Tu rogor

gavlenas axdens mSobliuri enis

codna meore enis aTvisebaze. aseve

gasaTvaliswinebelia sxva biolo-

giuri faqtorebi, rogoric aris

sqesi. SedarebiT adreul kvlevebSi

gansjis sagans warmoadgenda

genderuli sxvaobebi sxvadasxva

kognituri da gonebrivi amocanis

gadaWris dros (eigsti, 1997).

zogierT kvlevaSi ikveTeboda qal-

Ta sqesis upiratesoba srulyofili

zepirmetyvelebis fonze. msgavsi

kvlevebidan SesaZlebelia zogadi

daskvnis gamotana, rom qalebi

upiratesobas floben verbaluri

TvalsazrisiT mamakacebTan Seda-

rebiT. aseve, uamravi kvleva eZRvneba

profesiis arCevis faqtors meore

enis dauflebis procesSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom enisadmi

damokidebuleba tipuri aRmoCnda

ucxo enebisa da humanitaruli

mimarTulebis studentebisaTvis.

maTgan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian

inJineriis, kompiuteruli mecnie-

rebebisa da maTematikis mimarTu-

lebis studentebi. mniSvnelovania

agreTve is faqtic, Tu swavlebis

rogor stils irCevs individi,

radgan swavla _ es aris Sinagani

procesi da igi gansxvavebulia

TiToeuli individisTvis.

Bbilingvuri mexsiereba. ierarqiiuli

modeli

sainteresoa, Tu rogor inaxaven

bilingvalebi sakuTar enobriv

informacias? maTi enobrivi sistema

warmodgenilia erT Tu or enobriv

sistemaSi?

bilingvizmTan da tvinTan

dakavSirebiT erT-erTi mniSvne-

lovani sakiTxia lateralizacia

(paradisi, 2004). memarjveneTa umrav-

lesoba enis procesirebas tvinis

marcxena nawiliT axdens. (vaidi,

2002). mniSvnelovania, ramdenad

gansxvavdebian bilingvalebi enis

tvinis marcxena nawilSi late-

ralizaciis TvalsazrisiT? vaidma

da hulma (2001) am sferoSi

Catarebuli kvlevebis metaanalizis

Sedegad daaskvnes, rom monolin-

gvalebSi lateralizacia xdeba

marcxniv, xolo bilingvalebSi _

orive mxares, gansakuTrebiT ki


42

adreuli bilingvizmis SemTxvevaSi.

kimma da misma kolegebmac (1997)

aRmoaCines gansxvaveba adreul (sam

wlamde) da gviandel bilingvalebs

Soris. adreuli bilingvalebis

tvinSi ori ena ganTavsebulia cal-

calke, magram erTmaneTze gada-

bmulad da tvinis garkveuli

ujredebi gamoiyeneba orive enisTvis,

xolo gviandeli bilingvalebis

tvinSi ori ena ufro metad aris

gancalkevebuli erTmaneTisgan.

(beikeri, 2010).

aseve mniSvnelovania, rom

TvalsaCino gaxdes bilingvuri

mexsierebis modeli, romelic

xSirad aris biligvizmTan dakav-

Sirebuli miTebis safuZveli.

grafikuli naxazi: ierarqiuli bilingvuri modeli krolisa da stiuartis mixedviT,

1994.

aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Sedare-

biT martivad warmosadgenad,

ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTi:

warmovidginoT kavSiri sityvebs

Soris ,,Love'' da ,,siyvaruli~

qarTulenovani adamianisTvis. sityva

,,siyvaruli~''misTvis asocirdeba

yvelaferTan, rac uyvars (mag: me

miyvars Cemi kompiuteri), xolo

sityva ,,Love'' gamoiyeneba ufro

romantikuli daniSnulebiT, colTan

an SeyvarebulTan mimarTebaSi. (mag:

me miyvars Cemi coli). bilingvur

mexsierebaSi mniSvnelovania agreTve

is faqti, Tu rogor xdeba or enaSi

sityvebis integracia/gancalkeveba.

bilingvuri mexsiereba aRqmulia,

rogorc gancalkevebuli, magram

urTierTkavSirSi arsebuli ori

leqsikonis erTianoba. Cven mier

warmodgenili grafikuli naxazi

warmoadgens swored aRniSnuls.

mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom es ori

gancalkevebuli leqsikoni erTma-

neTTan dakavSirebulia gansx-

vavebuli SemaerTebeli isrebiT,

romlebic agreTve ukavSirdeba

ZiriTad konceptualur ,,sacavs~.

meore enis leqsikoni pirveli enis

leqsikons ukavSirdeba Zlieri

isriT, xolo pirvelidan meorisken

mimarTuli isari aris wyvetili, anu

Sesustebuli. savarudod, swored am

xazebSi aisaxeba is wesi, mimdevroba,

romlis mixedviTac xdeba meore

enis aTviseba. amgvarad, rodesac

meore enis Semswavleli meore enaSi

swavlobs axal sityvas, es axali

sityva yovelTvis asocirdeba pirvel

pirveli ena meore ena

konceptualuri ,,sawyobi’’

(cnebebis maragi )


43

enaSi arsebul sityvasTan. maga-

liTad, rodesac qarTulenovani

moswavle swavlobs axal leqsikur

erTeuls inglisurSi ,,House'', igi am cnebis asocirebas moaxdens qar-

TulSi arsebul SesatyvisTan,

Sesabamisad ,,House'' Zlieri xaziT

daukavSirdeba qarTul ,,saxls~.

mocemuli struqturis mixedviT Cans,

rom meore enaSi arsebuli cnebebi

daqvemdebarebulia pirvel enaSi

arsebul cnenebze (heredia, 1996).

bilingvalebi iSviaTad Targ-

mnian pirveli enidan meore enaze,

amitom aris pirveli enidan gamoma-

vali xazi ufro susti da wyvetili.

meore enis Seswavlisas ZiriTadad

xdeba iseTi sityvebis Seswavla,

romlebic pirveli enis leqsikonSi

ukve arsebobs, anu, martivad rom

vTqvaT, meore enaSi arsebuli leqsi-

kuri maragi damokidebulia pirvel

enaSi arsebul maragze, xolo piri-

qiT TiTqmis ar xdeba, swored es da-

mokidebuleba aris gamoxatuli

Zlieri da susti isrebiT. garda or

enaSi arsebuli leqsikonebisa, bi-

lingvuri mexsiereba Sedgeba kidev

erTi komponentisgan, romelsac Seg-

viZlia vuwodoT konceptualuri

,,sacavi~, an cnebebis maragi, sadac

moTavsebulia abstraqtuli repre-

zentaciebi samyaros Sesaxeb. aRniS-

nuli konceptualuri ,,sacavi~ dakav-

Sirebulia orive enis leqsikur ma-

ragTan, Tumca kavSiri pirvel enas-

Tan aris ufro Zlieri da myari

meore enasTan SedarebiT, rac dama-

kavSirebeli isrebidanac naTlad

Cans. logikuri msjelobidan gamom-

dinare, cxadia, rom Targmanis

SemTxvevaSi, bilingvali ufro swra-

fad gadaTargmnis meore enidan pir-

vel enaze, mag: (house - saxli), vidre

piriqiT.

mniSvnelovania im garemoebis

gaTvaliswineba, rom ganxiluli

modeli da warmodgenili susti da

Zlieri SemaerTebeli isrebi icvle-

ba, rodesac saubaria dabalansebu-

li, anu srulyofili bilingvalis

mexsierebaze. aseT dros Targmnis

procesi erTi enidan meoreze da

piriqiT ar gansxvavdeba da koncep-

tualur ,,sacavTanac~ orive enis

leqsikoni erTnairad aris dakavSi-

rebuli. garda amisa, pirveli da

meore ena ar unda gavigoT, rogorc

aucileblad mSobliuri da ucxo

ena, SesaZloa, rom pirveli ena iyos

dominanturi ena, xolo meore, Tun-

dac mSobliuri, magram naklebad

dominanturi (heredia, 1996).

erTi enidan meoreze gadasvla da

enebis Sereva

bilingvizmsa da or enas Soris

sazRvrebisa da kavSirebis

dadgenisas, mniSvnelovania kidev

erTi sakiTxis gaanalizeba da

farTo sazogadoebisaTvis

warmodgena. es movlena cnobilia

enebs Soris gadarTvebisa da enebis

Serevis saxeliT. aseve SegviZlia

gamoviyenoT terminebi ,,koduri''

gadarTva da ,,koduri'' areva.

lingvistur mravalferovnebaSi

termini kodi bunebrivad da

konceptualurad asocirdeba konkre-

tul enasTan an dialeqtTan. romeini

aRniSnavda: ,,me gamoviyeneb termin

,,kods~, romelic Seexeba ara

mxolod romelime gansxvavebul enas,


44

aramed calkeul enebs SigniT

arsebul saxesxvaobebs da gansx-

vavebul stilebs (romeini, 1995).

lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, bevri

mkvlevari ar iTvaliswinebs moce-

mul ganmartebas kodTan dakavSire-

biT. lingvisturi ,,kodi~'' SeiZleba

aRniSnavdes ara konkretul enas,

aramed verbalur komponents,

romelic SeiZleba iyos ufro

patara, vidre morfema, an iseTi

kompleqsuri, rogoric mTlianad

enobrivi sistema.

bilingvizmis ganxilvisas erT-

erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, rasac

xSirad ayeneben mSoblebi da

maswavleblebi, aris bavSvis mier

ori enis erTmaneTSi areva.

`hinglisuri~ (hindi da inglisuri),

`espinglisuri~ (espanuri da

inglisuri), `tex-mesi~ (texasuri da

meqsikuri) da `uelinglisuri~

(uelsuri da inglisuri) xSirad

gamoiyeneba frazebad bavSvebis mier

enis arevis xazgasasmelad. Tumca,

aRsaniSnavia, rom enebis areva Tu

erTi enidan meoreze gadarTva

SesaZlebelia garkveul situaciebSi

misaRebi da normaluri iyos.

aRsaniSnavia, rom monolingvalebs

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvT

erTi enidan meore enaze gadarTvis

procesisadmi da isini amas aRiqvamen

naklad da orive enis arcodnad. arc

bilingvalebi aRiqvamen bolomde

pozitiurad am process da xSirad

bodiSsac ixdian erTi enidan meore

enaze gadasvlisTvis, Tumca

aRsaniSnavia, rom enebis gadarTva

aris mniSvnelovani lingvisturi

instrumenti. es procesi ar aris

SemTxveviTi da gaazrebuli da

logikuri azrovnebis Sedegia.

bilingvalisTvis erT-erTi enaa

mTavari ena, romelzec sworad agebs

gramatikul konstruqciebs Tu

winadadebis wyobas; am enas

matricul enasac uwodeben. Zalian

cota bilingvali axerxebs ori enis

gancalkevebiT gamoyenebas, xolo Tu

ra gzebiT xdeba enebis areva, Zalian

rTuli da gansxvavebulia. grosenma

(1992) gamijna `monolingvuri reJimi~

(roca bilingvali iyenebs erT enas

monolingval TanamosaubresTan) da

`bilingvuri reJimi~ (roca bilin-

gvali aris bilingvalebis garemoc-

vaSi da SeuZlia erTi enidan meore

enaze gadarTva). `monolingvuri

reJimis~ drosac ki bilingvalebi

xSirad gadaerTvebian meore enaze

winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe. erTi

enidan meore enaze gadarTvas

ganapirobebs enobrivi unari,

arsebuli situacia da konteqsti,

mosaubresTan arsebuli urTierTo-

bebi da mosaubreTa statusi (beikeri,

2010), Sesabamisad, enobrivi kodebis

Secvla ar aris mxolod ling-

visturi sakiTxi, aramed asaxavs

mniSvnelovan socialur urTierTo-

bebsa da Zalauflebis gadanawilebis

process.

daskvna /diskusia.

daskvnis saxiT warmogidgenT

,,translingvizmis'' fenomens da

masTan dakavSirebul magaliTebs,

romelic calsaxad miuTiTebs

bi/multilingvizmis upiratesobaze.

msoflioSi arseboben Semoqmedebi,

romlebsac aqvT unari, daweron

nawarmoebebi erTze met enaze. isini


45

SeiZleba CaiTvalon msoflio

literaturis saocrebebad. aseT

Semoqmedebs ZaluZT, rom sakuTari

Semoqmedeba gamoxaton mravalfero-

vani verbaluri sistemis saSualebiT,

isini Tavisuflebi arian im

kulturisa da TviTmyofadobisagan,

romelic maT kulturaSi TavisTavad

Zevs. sakiTxis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis,

warmogidgenT msoflio donis

Semoqmedebs.

jon miltonze (me-17 saukune,

inglisi) ambobdnen, rom sanam

mxedvelobas dakargavda, mas

evropisTvis xelmisawvdomi yvela

wigni waukiTxavs yvela enaze rac ki

gamocemula im epoqaSi. CvenTvis aseve

cnobilia, rom is werda ara mxolod

inglisurad, aramed laTinurad,

berZnulad da ebraul enazec. ,,rac

12 wlis gavxdi, mere ar maxsovs

SuaRamemde davwoliliyavi loginSi,

erTTavad vmecadineobdi~...''aseTi

bejiTi mecadineobisa da gansakuT-

rebuli lingvisturi niWis wya-

lobiT man pataraobaSive srul-

yofilad Seiswavla laTinuri da

berZnuli, xolo cota xnis Semdeg -

franguli, italiuri, ebrauli,

qaldeuri da siriuli. mas

moixsenieben, rogorc udides

inglisel avtorsa da polemikoss.

vladimer nabokovi rusi -

amerikeli mwerali, moRvaweobda

1899-1977 wlebSi, pirveli nawar-

moebebi dawera rusulad, Tumca

sayovelTao aRiareba, rogorc pro-

zaikoss, inglisur enaze dawerilma

romanebma moutana. nabokovis

sayovelTaod cnobili namuSevari

inglisur enaze aris ,,lolita~'

(1955), kritikosebi xSirad uwodeben

am romans me-20 saukunis

umniSvnelovanes nawarmoebs. aristok-

ratiul ojaxSi dabadebulma

nabokovma ruseTSi gaatara bavSvoba

da yrmoba, ojaxis wevrebi

rusulad, frangulad da ingli-

surad saubrobdnen, amitom igi

bavSvobidan mieCvia sam enaze

metyvelebas. Dwarmatebis miRwevaSi

bi\multilingvizms misTvis xeli

namdvilad ar SeuSlia.

SeuZlebelia, rom translingviz-

mis konteqstSi ar ganvixiloT cno-

bili irlandieli mwerali, poeti da

dramaturgi, samuel beketi (1906-

1989), romelic paralelur reJimSi

qmnida Sedevrebs frangul da in-

glisur enaze. Bbeketis savizito ba-

raTia 1952 wels dawerili piesa

,,godos molodinSi~. 1969 wels beke-

ti nobelis premias iRebs litera-

turaSi.

ingliseli mwerali da inglisuri

literaturis klasikosi jozef ko-

nradi (1857-1924) warmoSobiT polo-

neli iyo, Tumca, polonuris garda,

Tavisuflad flobda inglisur,

frangul da rusul enebs.

gadmovinacvloT saqarTveloSi

da gavixsenoT saxelganTqmuli poeti

ieTim gurji (1875-1940), romelic iyo

saxalxo meleqse da lotbari, Zveli

Tbilisis aSuRuri poeziis saukeTe-

so warmomadgeneli. ieTim gurji

leqsebs Txzavda qarTul, somxur da

azerbaijanul enebze.

saqarTveloSi moRvaweobda eTni-

kurad somexi poeti da meleqse

saiaTnova (1712-1795); is ganTqmuli

iyo Tavisi leqsebiT da kamanCeze

dakvriT. saiaTnova gaxldaT erekle

II-is karis musikosi da momRerali.


46

dRemde moRweulia saiaTnovas Seqm-

nili daaxloebiT 200 simRera, Tumca

mas aTasobiT simRera unda hqonoda

Seqmnili. Mmisi simRerebis umravle-

soba qarTul, somxur da sparsul

enebzea Seqmnili.

globaluri samyaro SegviZlia

warmovidginoT, rogorc enaTa samya-

ro. Tumca enis mniSvneloba yve-

lasTvis erTnairi ar aris. Tu enas

ganvixilavT, rogorc komunikaciis

saSualebas, romelic gamoiyeneba

telefonis, internetis, video kon-

ferenciebisTvis, maSin enobrivi mra-

valferovneba aqtualurobas kargavs,

radgan enis, rogorc komunikaciis

saSualebad warmodgenilia erTeuli

globaluri enebi. magram Tu enas

warmovidgenT, rogorc specifikur

sistemas, romlis saSualebiTac xde-

ba kulturis gadmocema, cxovrebis

asaxva, maSin ena ufro met datvirT-

vas iZens. zogierTi mkvlevari va-

raudos, rom msoflioSi gavrcele-

buli 6000 enidan 21 saukuneSi nax-

evari ver gadarCeba (anderhili, 2009).

aseTi prognozebis gamo lingvisti-

kaSi terminic ki damkvidrda romel-

ic ,,ekolingvistikis~''saxeliT aris

cnobili, marTlac Tu mecnierebi

zrunaven garkveul mcenareTa da

cxovelTa jiSebis gadarCenaze, ra-

tom ar SeiZleba, rom enebis xelSe-

wyoba moxdes. mravalenovneba aris

Zala da resursi. amitom mSoblebs

da maswavleblebs ar unda eSinodeT

mravalenovani ganaTlebis, Tundac

Cven mier CamoTvlili mwerlebis

magaliTidanac kargad Cans, rom or

da met enaze ganaTleba ara Tu

zRudavs enis Semswavlels, aramed

mravalmxriv aviTarebs da umdidrebs

msoflmxedvelobas.

zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebis gan-

xilva kidev erTxel miuTiTebs im

faqtze, rom ena zogadad urTulesi

fenomenia da enis aTviseba da Ses-

wavla ufro metia, vidre mxolod

sityvebis da winadadebebis daswavla.

enobriv ganviTarebasTan dakavSire-

buli sxvadasxva socialuri, biolo-

giuri da individualuri faqtorebis

ganxilva mniSvnelovania, radgan

rodesac adgili aqvs moswavlis an

individis Seferxebas enobrivi

TvalsazrisiT, mizezebi veZioT Ca-

moTvlil faqtorebSi, gaviTvalis-

winoT bilingvuri mexsierebis Tavi-

seburebani da lingvisturi darR-

vevebis mizezad ar aRviqvaT mxo-

lod bilingvizmi.

literatura

anderhili, 2009 _ Underhill, J.W. Humboldt, worldview and language. beikeri, 2010 _ k. beikeri, bilingvizmisa da bilingvuri ganaTlebis safuZvlebi.

,,samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis

centris'' 2010 wlis qarTuli versiis gamocema.

gleitmani, 1984 _ Gleitman, L., Newport, M., & Gleitman, H. (1984). The current status of the motherese hypothesis. Journal of Child Language 11, 43-79.


47

endriu, 2008 _ Andreou, G.,Andreou, E., Vlachos, P.(2008), Individual Differences in Second Lan-guage Learning among University Students. In : Language Development:Learning and Dsorders. 2008, pp.145-162.

eigsti, 2008 _ Child Maltreatment: Effectson Gramatical and Lexical Aspects of Language acquisi-tion. In: Language Development: Learning and Dsorders. 2008, pp.99-117.

kelmani, 2003 _ Kellman, S.G., Switching languages: translingual writers reflect on their craft. ouensi, 1996 _ Owens, R. 1996. Language Development. USA: Macmillan heredia, 1996 _ Heredia , R.R. Bilingual Memory: A Re-Revised Version of the Hierarchical Model

of Bilingual Memory; www.wikipedia.org <http://www.wikipedia.org> hofi-ginsbergi, 1991 _ Hoff-Ginsberg, E. 1991. Mother-child conversation in different social

classesand communicative settings. Child development, 62(4), 782-96.

Irina Bagauri

Bilingual Memory and Factors, which Influence the Language Develompent Processes

ABSTRACT

The present article aims to introduce to the readers social, biological, cultural and other factors, which influence child’s and adult’s language development. The second part of the article describes the issue of ,,Bilingual Memory’’ and the relationship between first and second languages in this context. The issue of ,,code- switching’’ and ,,code- mixing’’ proc-esses is analysed in the third part of the article. The final part of the article is devoted to the worldwide phenomenon ,,Translingualism’’. The multilingual writers are presented and discussed in the context of ,,Translingualism’’ in this part of the article.


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