S ection 2 The Brain (Encephalon) ( 脑 )

Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 1

SSectionection 2 2 The Brain (Encephalon) (The Brain (Encephalon) ( 脑脑 ))

THE BRAIN STEM ( 脑干 )

THE CEREBELLUM ( 小脑 )

THE DIENCEPHALON ( 间脑 )

THE TELENCEPHALON ( 端脑 )

Average Total Weight: 1400 g


A. Divisions of Brain ( 脑的分部 )

Early embryo ( 早期胚胎 )

forebrain ( 前脑 ) (prosencephalon)

midbrain ( 中脑 ) (mesencephalon)

hindbrain ( 菱脑 ) (rhombencephalon)

telencephalon ( 端脑 )

diencephalon ( 间脑 )

mesencephalon ( 中脑 )

metencephalon ( 后脑 )

myelencephalon ( 延脑 )

cerebrum ( 大脑 )

diencephalon ( 间脑 )

midbrain ( 中脑 )

pons ( 脑桥 )medulla oblongata( 延髓 )

cerebellum ( 小脑 )

Late embryo ( 晚期胚胎 ) Adult ( 成人 )


B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )

1) medulla oblongata (bulb) ( 延髓 )

2) pons ( 脑桥 )

3) midbrain ( 中脑 )

4) rhomboid fossa

( 菱形窝 )

1. Subdivision of the brain stem




2) pons ( 脑桥 )

3) midbrain ( 中脑 )

4) rhomboid fossa

( 菱形窝 )

1. Subdivision of the brain stem



a. anterior median fissure ( 前正中裂 )

b. pyramid ( 锥体 ) c. decussation of pyramid

( 锥体交叉 )

d. anterolateral sulcus ( 前外侧沟 ) - XII

B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) 2. External features ( 外形 )


e. olive ( 橄榄 ) -

dorsal - IX, , XIⅩ f. bulbopontine sulc

us

( 延髓脑桥沟 ) -VI,VII,VIII



B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) g. posterior median sulcus

( 后正中沟 )

h. gracile tubercle

( 薄束结节 )

i. cuneate tubercle ( 楔束结节 )

j. obex ( 闩 )

k. inferior cerebellar peduncle ( 小脑下脚 )


2) pons ( 脑桥 )

a. basilar part ( 基底部 ) - V

b. basilar sulcus ( 基底沟 )



c. middle cerebellar peduncle ( 小脑中脚 )

d. pontocerebeller trigone ( 脑桥小脑三角 )

e. superior cerebellar peduncle ( 小脑上脚 )

f. superior medullary velum ( 上髓帆 )


d


3) midbrain ( 中脑 ) a. crus cerebri (大脑脚 ) b. interpeduncular fossa (脚间窝 ) - III c. posterior perforated substance (后穿质 )



d. superior colliculus ( 上丘 )e. brachium of superior colliculus ( 上丘臂 )f. inferior colliculus ( 下丘 ) - IVg. brachium of inferior colliculus ( 下丘臂 )



a. median sulcus ( 正中沟 )

b. sulcus limitans ( 界沟 )

c. locus ceruleus ( 蓝斑 )d. striae medullares

( 髓纹 )

B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) 4) rhomboid fossa ( 菱形窝 )

(floor of the 4th ventricle 第四脑室底 )


e. vestibular area

( 前庭区 )

f. acoustic tubercle ( 听结节 )

g. medial eminence ( 内侧隆起 )

h. facial colliculus ( 面神经丘 )



i. hypoglossal triangle

( 舌下神经三角 )

j. vagal triangle

( 迷走神经三角 )

k. area postrema

( 最后区 )

l. inferior medullary velum ( 下髓帆 )



a. tela choroidea of 4th ventricle ( 第四脑室脉络组织 )

b. choroid plexus of 4th ventricle ( 第四脑室脉络丛 )

c. median aperture of 4th ventricle ( 第四脑室正中孔 )

d. lateral apertures of 4th ventricle ( 第四脑室外侧孔 )

B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) 5) fourth ventricle ( 第四脑室 )


B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 )3. Internal structure ( 内部结构 )

1) nuclei of cranial nerves ( 脑神经核 ) a. Somatic motor column (GSE) ( 躯体运动柱 ) i. oculomotor nucleus (III 核 ) ii. trochlear nucleus (IV 核 ) iii. abducens nucleus (VI 核 ) iv. hypoglossal nucleus (XII 核 )


i. motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve ( 三叉神经运动核 ) → muscle of mastication

ii. facial nucleus ( 面神经核 ) → muscles of expression

iii. nucleus ambiguus ( 疑核 ) → muscle of pharynx and larynx

iv. accessory nucleus ( 副神经核 ) → trapezius & sternocleidomastoid

B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) b. special visceral motor column

(SVE) ( 特殊内脏运动柱 )


i. accessory oculomotor nucleus (Edinger-Westphal) ( 动眼神经副核 ) → sphincter pupillae, ciliary m.

ii. superior salivatory nucleus ( 上泌涎核 ) → lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland

B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) c. general visceral motor column (GVE) ( 一般内脏运动柱 )


iii. inferior salivatory nucleus ( 下泌涎核 ) → par

otid gland

iv. dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve ( 迷走神经背核 ) → most viscera in neck, thorax and abdomen



nucleus of solitary tract (孤束核 ) a. gustatory n.(味觉核 ) ← taste (VII,IX,X)

b. cardiorespiratory n.(心呼吸核 ) ← all sensory of viscera (I

X,X)

B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) d. visceral sensory column (GVS,SVA) ( 内脏感觉柱 )


i. mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve

( 三叉神经中脑核 ) ← proprioceptive sense of masticatory mm.

ii. pontine nucleus of V. ( 三叉神经脑桥核 ) ← tactile sense of head

B. Brain Stem ( 脑干 ) e. general somatic sensory column (GSA) ( 一般躯体感觉柱 )


iii. spinal nucleus of trige

minal nerve

( 三叉神经脊束核 ) ← pain and thermal sense of head

f. special somatic sensory column

(SSA) ( 特殊躯体感觉柱 )



i. ventral & dorsal coc

hlear nuclei ( 蜗腹侧核 , 蜗背侧核 ) ← cochlear ganglion (hearing)

ii. vestibular nuclei ( 前庭神经核 ) ← vestibular ganglion (balance)



2) Noncranial nuclei ( 非脑神经核 ) a. gracile nucleus ( 薄束核 ) Location: lower part of medulla. fasciculus gracilis (T4) internal arcuate fibers ( 内弓状纤维 ) decussation of m

edial lemniscus ( 内侧丘系交叉 ) medial lemniscus ( 内侧丘系 )

b. cuneate nucleus ( 楔束核 ) Location: upper part of medulla. fasciculus cuneatus (T4) same as gracile nucleus.



c. inferior olivary nucleus ( 下橄榄核 ) all the central nervous system olivocerebellar fibers — inferior cerebellar pedunclecerebellum.

d. superior olivary nucleus ( 上橄榄核 )e. pontine nuclei ( 脑桥核 ) corticonuclear tract pontocerebellar fibers — middle cerebellar pedunclecerebellum.

f. nucleus of inferior colliculus( 下丘核 )

g. red nucleus ( 红核 )h. substantia nigra ( 黑质 )



3) white matter ( 白质 ) a. Long sensory tracts ( 长感觉束 ) i. medial lemniscus ( 内侧丘系 ) ii. lateral lemniscus ( 外侧丘系 ) iii. trigeminal lemniscus ( 三叉丘系 ) iv. medial longitudinal fasciculus ( 内侧

纵束 )



v. anterior spinocerebellar tract ( 脊髓小脑前束 ) vi. posterior spinocerebellar tract ( 脊髓小脑后束 )b. Long motor tracts ( 长运动束 ) i. corticospinal tract ( 皮质脊髓束 ) ii. corticonuclear tract ( 皮质核束 ) i + ii = pyramidal system ( 锥体系统 )


Function: The voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles


iii. rubrospinal tract ( 红核脊髓束 )iv. tectospinal tract ( 顶盖脊髓束 ) v. olivospinal tract ( 橄榄脊髓束 )vi. vestibulospinal tract ( 前庭脊髓束 )vii. reticulospinal tract ( 网状脊髓束 ) iii-vii = extrapyramidal system ( 锥体外系 )


Functions: To regulate the tonicity of the muscles. To coordinate the muscular activities. To maintain the normal body posture and produce habitual and rhythmic movements.


4) reticular formation (RF) ( 网状结构 )Definition: intermingled grey and white matter collecti

velyFunctions: a. agrypnode ( 醒觉 ) b. ascending reticular activating system ( 上行激活系统 ) c. visceromotor control ( 内脏运动控制 ) d. osphresis ( 嗅觉 )



A. Division ( 分部 ) 1. Decussation part ( 交叉部 ) 1) decussation of medial lemniscus ( 内侧丘系交叉 ) 2) decussation of pyramid ( 锥体交叉 ) 2. Olivary part ( 橄榄体部 ) inferior olivary nucleus ( 下橄榄核 ) [medial bulbar syndrome 延髓内侧综合征 ] [lateral bulbar syndrome (Wallenberg) 延髓外侧综合征 ]

Internal Structure of the Medulla Oblongata


B. Decussation part ( 交叉部 )


cortico-spinal

tract 85% ( 皮质脊髓束 )

lat. corticospinal tract ( 皮质脊髓侧束 )

muscles of limbs

( 四肢肌肉 )

ant. corticospinal tract ( 皮质脊髓前束 ) muscles of

trunk( 躯干肌 )

cortico-nuclear

tract 15%( 皮质核束 )

hypoglossal nuc. nuc. ambiguusaccessory nuc.

( 舌下 , 疑 , 副 n 核 )

mm of tongue,pharynx &

larynxSCM & trapezius( 舌肌 , 咽喉肌 ,

胸锁乳突 ,斜方肌 )

decussa

tion

of pyra

mid

(

锥体交叉)

1 躯体随意运动

头颈部随意运动2

ant.white commissure

n.ambiguus 疑核


C. Olivary part ( 橄榄体部 )

gracile nuc.

cuneate nuc.

medial lemniscus

( 内侧丘系 )

lateral spinothalamic tract( 脊髓丘脑侧束 )

anterior spinothalamic tract( 脊髓丘脑前束 )

spinothalamic tract (lemniscus)[ 脊髓丘脑束 ( 脊髓丘系 )]

internal arcuate fibers

( 内弓状纤维 )

decus. of

med.lemnisc

内侧丘系交叉

gracile tr.( 薄束 )

cuneate tr.( 楔束 )

1

2

本体 ,精细触觉

疼痛 ,温度觉

粗略触觉


II


Internal Structure of the Pons

A. Basilar Part ( 基底部 ) a recent part phylogenetically

( 种系发生为新的部分 )

B. Tegmental Part ( 被盖部 ) continuation of the medulla

oblongata ( 为延髓的延续 )


A. Basilar Part ( 基底部 )

corticopontine fibers ( 皮质脑桥纤维 )

pontocerebellar fibers ( 脑桥小脑 f) mid.cerebellar peduncle ( 小脑中脚 )

cochlear nuclei ( 两侧蜗神经核 )

lateral lemniscus ( 外侧丘系 )

sup. olivary nuc.( 上橄榄核 )

pontine nuclei

( 脑桥核 )

B. Tegmental Part ( 被盖部 )

Internal Structure of the Pons


Internal Structure of the Midbrain

A. Cerebral Peduncle (大脑脚 )

B. Tegmentum (被盖部 ) C.Tectum (顶盖部 ) dorsal to the mesencephalic aqueduct (位于中脑水管背侧 )


Internal Structure of the MidbrainA. Cerebral Peduncle ( 大脑脚 ) Descending fibers from the cerebral cortex ( 来源于大脑皮质的下行纤维 )

1. Pyramidal tract ( 锥体束 ) (corticospinal tracts, corticonuclear tracts) at the middle 3/5

2. Frontopontine tract ( 额桥束 ) at medial 1/5

3. Parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tracts ( 顶枕颞桥束 ) at lateral 1/5

[Weber's syndrome 中脑脚底综合征 ]


B. Tegmentum ( 被盖部 ) 1. Substantia nigra ( 黑质 )

1) reticular part ( 网状部 )

2) compact part ( 致密部 )

→ caudate ( 壳 ) and

putamen ( 苍白球 )



Red nuc.( 红核 )

magnocellular part ( 大细胞部 )

parvocellular part ( 小细胞部 )

rubrospinal tract( 红核脊髓束 )

anterior horn( 前角神经元 )

cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum( 大脑和小脑皮质 )

inf. olivary nuc.( 下橄榄核 )

Cerebellum( 小脑 )

vent. tegmental decus.


2. Red nucleus ( 红核 )


1

nucleus of inferior colliculus( 下丘核 )

lateral lemniscus ( 外侧丘系 )

brachium of inferior colliculus( 下丘臂 )

med.geniculate body ( 内侧膝状体 )

2gray matter

layers of sup.colliculus

( 上丘核灰质层 )

brachium of sup. colliculus ( 上丘臂 )

tectospinal tract( 顶盖脊髓束 )

dorsal tegmental decussation( 被盖背交叉 )

Internal Structure of the MidbrainC. Tectum ( 顶盖部 )


3

pretectal area( 顶盖前区 )

brachium of superior colliculus( 上丘臂 )

accessory oculomotor nuc.( 动眼神经副核 )

ciliary ganglion

( 睫状 n 节 )

sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle( 瞳孔括约肌 , 睫状肌 )

D.D. Mensencephalic aqueduct (cerebral aqueduct) ( 中脑水管 )



Ascending Fasciculi of the Pons and Midbrain

A. Acoustic sense ( 听觉 )spiral organs( 螺旋器 )

cochlear n( 蜗神经 )

cochlearnuclei

( 蜗 n 核 )trapezoid body

( 斜方体 )

brachium of inferiorcolliculus ( 下丘臂 )

medial geniculate body( 内侧膝状体 )

nucleus of inferiorcolliculus( 下丘核 )

LATERAL LEMNISCUS( 外侧丘系 )

高频蜗背侧核低频蜗腹侧核


B. Sensory of face (pain and temperature) ( 面部痛温觉 )


( 面部痛温觉 ) spinal tract of V. n.( 三叉神经脊束 )

Thalamus(ventroposterior medial nuc.)

( 丘脑腹后内侧核 )

Trigeminal Lemniscus( 三叉丘系 )

spinal nucleus of V.n.( 三叉神经脊束核 )


C. Tactile sense of face ( 面部触觉 )

tactile sense of face

( 面部触觉 )

trigeminal n.( 三叉神经 )

pontine nucleus of V.n.( 三叉神经脑桥核 )

trigeminal lemniscus( 三叉丘系 )

THALAMUS(ventroposterior medial nuc.)

( 丘脑腹后内侧核 )



D. Equilibratory sense of head ( 头部平衡觉 )

related nn.( 相关神经 )

mm. of tongue& limbs

( 舌 ,四肢肌肉 )


medial longitudinalfasciculus ( 内侧纵束 )

nuclei of Ⅲ, ,ⅣⅥ

(III,IV,VI 核 )III,IV,VI nerves

extraocular mm.( 眼外肌 )

equilibratory sense of head

( 头部平衡觉 )vestibular n.

( 前庭神经核 )

nuclei of XII,& ant. horn)

( 脑 , 脊神经核 )

vestibular n. ( 前庭神经 )


Descending Fasciculi of the Pons and Midbrain

Voluntary movement ( 随意运动 )

pyramidal tract (in middle 3/5 crus cerebri)

( 锥体束 )

corticospinal tract( 皮质脊髓束 )

corticonuclear tract ( 皮质核束 )

facial nuc.(lower 2/3)( 面 n 核 )

all cranial nuclei ( 脑神经核 )


Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem

Definition: The field intermingled cell bodies of neuron (grey) and nerve fibers(white matter) collectively termed reticular formation (RF) ( 神经胞体和纤维交错排列成为网状结构 )

Characteristics: Wide spread network, almost all the afferent and efferent fibers connect all the central nervous system

( 广泛分布 , 几乎与全部中枢神经系的纤维相连 ).



Functions:

A. Somatomotor control ( 躯体运动控制 )

B. Activation of the behavioral arousal, maintain the conscious state of cerebral cortex. ( 保持大脑醒觉 )

ascending reticular activating system ( 上行网状激活系统 ): senses → RF → cerebral cortex [deep coma 深昏迷 ]


C. Visceromotor control ( 内脏运动控制 ): a series of vital functional centers (respiration, cardiovascular controlling, vomiting, etc.)

cerebral & cerebellar cortex → RF → reticulospinal tract → anterior horn.

D. Osphresis( 嗅觉 ): limbic system( 边缘系统 ) → RF (rapheal nuclei 中缝核 )



E. Main nuclei ( 主要核团 ): 1. Rapheal nuclei ( 中缝核 ): in median plane o

f brain stem( 位于脑干正中面 ). 2. central (medial) group ( 中央群 ): in param

edian plane of brain stem ( 位于脑干旁正中平面 ).

3. Cerebellar reticular formation nuclei ( 小脑网状结构核团 )

4. Nuclei of catecholamine (CA) ( 儿茶酚胺核团 ): locus ceruleus ( 蓝斑 ).



E. Main nuclei ( 主要核团 ):1. Rapheal nuclei ( 中缝核 ): in median plane of brain stem( 位于脑干正中面 ).

Transmitter ( 递质 ): 1) 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) ( 五羟色胺 ) 2) enkephalin ( 脑啡肽 )

2. central (medial) group ( 中央群 ): in paramedian plane of brain stem ( 位于脑干旁正中平面 ) Transmitters: enkephalin ( 脑啡肽 )



3. Cerebellar reticular formation nuclei ( 小脑网状结构核团 ): 1) lateral R N ( 外侧网状核 ) 2) paramedian R N ( 旁正中网状核 ) 3) tegmentoreticular nucleus of pons ( 脑桥被盖网状核 )

4. Nuclei of catecholamine (CA) ( 儿茶酚胺核团 ): locus ceruleus ( 蓝斑 )


S ection 2 The Brain (Encephalon) ( 脑 )

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