ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

valeri boWoriSvili

zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakulteti fizikis mimarTuleba

mzis aqtivobis Rrma minimumebis Seswavla kosmogenuri izotopebis 14C da 10Be - is saSualebiT

s a d o q t o r o d i s e r t a c i a

sadoqtoro disertaciisa da sadoqtoro programis xelmZRvaneli Tsu asocirebuli profesori simon wereTeli

Tbilisi 2009 weli

s a r C e v i

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

I. kosmosuri sxivebi

1.1 galaqtikuri kosmosuri sxivebi

1.1.1 kosmosuri sxivebi, maTze dakvirvebis meTodebi. . . . . . . . . . 7

1.1.2 kosmosuri sxivebis energetikuli speqtri da Semadgenloba, sivrculi izotropia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.1.3 kosmosuri sxivebis warmoqmna da gavrcelebis areali . . . . . . 10

1.1.4. kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis droiTi variaciebi . . . . . . . . 11

1.2 mze da mzis kosmosuri sxivebi

1.2.1 mzis agebuleba, magnituri veli, dinamo, mzis laqebi . . . . . . . 13

1.2.2 mzis qari, saplanetaTaSoriso magnituri veli. . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.2.3 galaqtikuri kosmosuri sxivebi helosferoSi, kosmosuri sxivebis modulacia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.3 kosmosuri sxivebi da geosfero.

1.3.1 dedamiwis magnituri veli, magnitosfero. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

1.3.2 mzis qari da dedamiwis magnituri veli, CrdiloeTis ciali. 29

1.3.3 dedamiwiseuli klimati da mzis aqtivobis gavlena masze . . . 31

II kosmogenuri izotopebi

2.1 kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmna da gavrceleba dedamiwis atmosferoSi.

2.1.1 kosmosuri sxivebiT gamowveuli birTvuli reaqciebi, kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis siCqare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2.1.2 kosmogenuri izotopebis gavrceleba geosferoSi, rezevuaruli modeli.A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

2.1.3 kosmogenuri izotopebis koncentraciis gazomvis meTodebi. . . . 38

2.1.4 monacemTa analizis meTodebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

2.2 sxvadasxva movlenebis Seswavla kosmogenuri izotopebis saSualebiT.

2.2.1 kosmogenuri izotopebi da adamianis anTropogenuli moRvaweoba. 43

2

izotopebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 mzis aqtivobaSi da kosmogenuri

3.2.1 mzis aqtivobis cikluroba maunderis minimumis dros. . . . . . . 57

s intensivobis aRdgena

, maunderisa da daltonis

Seswavla warsulSi istoriul

3.1.3

2.2.2 geofizikuri da astrofizikuri movlenebis Seswavla warsulSi. 44

III. mzis aqtivobis Rrma minimumebi.

3.1 mzis aqtivobis dinamika ukanaskneli ramodenime aseuli wlis manZilze. maunderisa da daltonis minimumebi.

3.1.1 mzis aqtivobis dinamikis monacemebze dayrdnobiT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

3.1.2 mzis aqtivoba da kosmogenuri 14C da 10Beminimumi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

kosmosuri sxivebi 14C -is mimocvlis 5 rezervuarul modelze dayrdnobiT. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 54

3.2 mzis aqtivoba Rrma minimumebis dros

3.2.2 mokleperioduli variaciebi

3.2.3 mzis aqtivobis sxva minimumebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 d a s k v n a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

l i t e r a t u r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3

Sesavali

mzis aqtivobis da misi ciklurobis geosferoze gavlenis Seswavla ukve didi xania rac mecnierTa yuradRebas ipyrobs, ara marto sufTa Teoriuli aramed praqtikuli mniSvnelobiTac, radganac is mTavari “wammarTvelia” dedamiwaze mimdinare biologiuri, klimaturi, geomagnituri da sxva kacobriobisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani mTeli rigi procesebisa. Sesabamisad dReisaTvis warmoebs misi yovelwuTieri monitoringi, rogorc dedamiwaze arsebuli sxvadasxva tipis mowyobilobebis farTo qselebiT, aseve xelovnuri TanamgzavrebiT da kosmosuri xomaldebiT, rac mis dRevandel mdgomareobaze gvaZlevs detalur warmodgenas. warsulSi ki mzis aqtivobis Sesaxeb informaciis “pirdapiri” wyaro SeiZleba iyos mzeze dakvirvebuli laqaTa ricxvebi. regularuli dakvirvebebi mzis laqebze mxolod ukanaskneli ramodenime aswleulis manZilze xorcieldeboda (1700 wlidan) da cnobilia volfis (anu ciurixis) laqebis ricxvebis saxeliT (WSN). ramodenime wlis ukan ki warmodgenil iqna monacemebi dawyebuli 1610 wlidan, egreTwodebuli jgufuri laqaTa ricxvebi (GSN), romlebic warmoadgens sxvadasxva damkvirveblebis mier Segrovil cnobebis erTobliobas, sadac TiToeul damkvirvebels Tavisi “wona” (faqtori) miewereba. istoriuli wyaroebidan mzis aqtivobis Sesaxeb informacia SeiZleba miviRoT aseve CrdiloeTis cialis sixSiris Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciiT. cxadia rom, istoriuli monacemebis saimedooba mcirdeba monacemTa siZvelesTan erTad, amas emateba damkvirvebelTa individualuri faqtorebi da dakvirvebaTa araregularoba.

warsulSi mzis aqtivobis Sesaxeb sxva wyaro aris kosmogenuri izotopebi 14C, 10Be, 36Cl, 26Al da a. S. romlebic atmosferos zeda fenebSi warmoiqmnebian maRalenergetikuli kosmosuri sxivebis atmosferos birTvebTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. mze gavlenas axdens heliosferoSi kosmosuri sxivebis gavrcelebaze da iwvevs maTi intensivobis Semcirebas atmosferos zeda fenebSi, amitom kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis siCqarec antikorelaciur damokidebulebaSia mzis aqtivobasTan. warmoqmnis Semdeg isini erTvebian bunebrivi mimocvlis ciklSi da xvdebian iseT bunebriv “arqivebSi” rogoricaa xis wliuri rgolebi, arqtikisa da antarqtikis yinulebi da a.S, sadac xdeba maTi deteqtireba. kosmogenuri izotopebis koncentraciis awymo droSi gansazRvra saSualebas gvaZlevs miviRoT obieqturi cnobebi mzis aqtivobis Sesaxeb warsulSi aTeul aTasobiT wlis manZilze, kerZod maTi saSualebiT aRmoCenilia mzis fizikaSi erT-erTi saintereso da dRemde bolomde Seuswavleli movlena – mzis aqtivobis Rrma minimumebi. aRmoCenil iqna: “ortis” (1010-1050w.), “volfis” (1282-1342), `Spereris~ (1416-1534) da sxva minimumebi. ukanaskneli cnobili Rrma minimumis dros – maunderis minimumisas (1645-1715 w.) mzis magnituri aqtivoba da Sesabamisad masze laqaTwarmoqmnis procesi TiTqmis Sewyda, amasTan gadasvla normaluri aqtivobidan Rrma minimumSi ganxorcielda mokle droSi, ramodenime wlis manZilze. aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom maunderis minimumis periods ukavSirdeba evropaSi mkveTri aciveba.

kosmogenuri izotopebis koncentraciaze gavlenas axdens aramarto mzis aqtivoba, aramed saplanetaTaSoriso sivrceSi mimdinare rTuli geoqimiuri da geofizikuri procesebic. swored amitomaa mniSvnelovani kosmogenuri izotopebis kompleqsuri Seswavla. am miznisaTvis naSromSi

4

gamoyenebulia dReisaTvis arsebuli xis wliur rgolebSi radionaxSirbadis koncentraciis precesiuli gazomvebis Sedegebi, miRebuli Tbilisis sax. universitetSi da vaSingtonis universitetSi. aseve grelandiis yinulebSi gazomili 10Be-is koncentraciis yovelwliuri monacemebi da aseve sxvadasxva laboratoriebSi miRebuli 14C-is kalibraciuli mrudis monacemebi, Sesrulebuli 5 wliani bijiT.

kosmogenuri izotopebis, kerZod radionaxSirbadis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia aseve bunebaze anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis Sefaseba, kerZod atmosferos daWuWyianebis samrewvelo CO2-iT, rac iwvevs globalur daTbobas – Tanamedroveobis erT-erT umwvaves ekologiur problemas.

Temis aqtualoba. mzis aqtivobis Rrma minimumebis Seswavla imTavidanve ipyrobda mkvlevarTa yuradRebas, zogierTi mosazrebebiT maTi arseboba gamowveuli iyo mzis diferencialur brunvaSi arsebuli anomaliebiT, misi SigTavsis globaluri maxasiaTeblebis SecvliT, TviT mzis “dinamos” funqcionirebis SewyvetiT da a.S. amasTan 14C –is koncentraciaSi maunderis minimumis dros gamovnelil iqna mZlavri 20-25 wliani periodulobebi, romlebic mzis aqtivobasTan iqna dakavSirebuli, Tumca mzeze laqebis TiTqmis ar arsebobis pirobebSi ver moiZebna meqanizmi aseTi Rrma modulaciis asaxsnelad. eqsperimentuli teqnikis swrafma ganviTarebam amaCqarebluri mass-speqtrometris Seqmnam, SesaZlebeli gaxada kvlevaSi sxvadasxva kosmogenuri da stabiluri izotopebis CarTva, kvlevebma kompleqsuri xasiaTi miiRo, gafarTovda aseve maTi arealic aTiaTasobiT da milionobiT wlis manZilze. Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda mravali Rrma minimumis “danaxva” mzis arsebobis manZilze, Tumca ciklurobis sakiTxi kvlav Riad rCeba. aseve mniSvnelovania kosmogenur izotopebze regionaluri da globaluri klimatis zegavlena, amitom dResaTvis aqtualurad ganixileba maTi saSualebiT warsulSi klimatis Seswavlis sakiTxi.

naSromis mizania SeviswavloT mzis aqtivobis dinamika, misi ciklurobebi da kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis Taviseburebebi Rrma minimumebis dros. winaswar daTariRebul nimuSebSi gansazRvruli kosmogenuri izotopebis 14C da 10Be –is koncentraciebis saSualebiT.

mecnieruli siaxle: Tsu. kosmosuri sxivebis laboratoriaSi gazomili radionaxSirbadis monacemebze dayrdnobiT miRebulia a) kosmosuri sxivebis intensivoba ukanaskneli 400 wlis manZilze, b) naCvenebia rom

maunderis minimumis dros 14C koncentraciaSi dominirebda ∼20 wliani perioduloba, g) mzis aqtivobis indeqsebisa da kosmogenuri izotopebis kompleqsuri Seswavlis safuZvelze navaraudebia rom es perioduloba ZiriTadad gamowveulia naxSirbadis mimocvlis ciklze globaluri klimatis gavleniT.

naSromis mecnieruli da praqtikuli Rirebuleba. miRebuli Sedegebi sasargebloa mzis aqtivobis, misi “dinamos” funqcionirebis meqanizmebis kvlevaSi, kosmosuri sxivebis modulaciis, kosmogenur izotopebze sxvadasxva geofizikuri faqtorebis, aseve klimatis zegavlenis da ekologiuri kvlevebis sakiTxebSi. sufTa praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT Sedegebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas istoriuli nimuSebis daTariRebis sizustis gazrdisaTvis.

5

publikaciebi. disertaciaSi miRebuli Sedegebi gamoqveynebulia eqvsi

samecniero statiis saxiT. disertaciis struqtura da moculoba. disertacia Sedgeba Sesavalis,

sami Tavisa da daskvnisagan. Seicavs 78 nabeWd gverds. disertaciaSi warmodgenilia 4 cxrili, 58 naxazi da citirebuli literaturis nusxa, romelic Seicavs 257 dasaxelebas.

6

Tavi I. kosmosuri sxivebi. $ 1 galaqtikuri kosmosuri sxivebi.

1.1.1 kosmosuri sxivebi, maTze dakvirvebis meTodebi.

kosmosuri sxivebi warmoadgenen dedamiwaze kosmosidan mosuli

maRalenergetikuli damuxtuli nawilakebis: protonebis, sxvadasxva nivTierebebis birTvebisa da eleqtronebis erTobliobas. 1912 wels viqtor hesis mier sahaero balonebiT eqsperimentulad dadgenil iqna rom 2000m. simaRlidan dawyebuli eleqtroskopSi ionizaciis siCqare mkveTrad iwyebs zrdas da 4000-5000m-ze ormagdeba (34ioni/sm3), xolo 9000m simaRleze is aRwevs 80ion/sm3 rac 40-jer ufro metia vidre zRvis doneze. sabolood maTi kosmosuri warmomavloba dasabuTebuli iqna milikenis mier 1925 wels, mis mierve iqna Semotanili termini – kosmosuri sxivebi[1]. dReisaTvis dadgenilia maTi gavlena garemo pirobeze da klimatze, amitom ukve eWvs aRar iwvevs maTi Seswavlis aucilebloba aramarto sufTa mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, aramed praqtikuli mniSvnelobiTac [2-4].

gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebidan intensiurad iwyeba stratosferoSi kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis Seswavla sahaero burTebiT (balonebiT). vernovis mier[5], radiogadamcemebiT aRWurvili aparatebiT Catarebuli gazomvebiT dadgenil iqna kosmosuri sxivebis ganeduri efeqti, maTi kuTxuri ganawileba, Semadgenloba da energetikuli speqtri. 50-iani wlebidan ki iwyeba regularuli dakvirvebebi geigeris mTvlebisagan Semdgari teleskopebiT aseuli kev/nuklonidan ramodenime aTeuli gev/nukloni energiis mqone nawilakebze, 30-35km simaRlemde [6-8].

sahaero balonebis eqsperimentebis paralelurad, 50-iani wlebidan iwyeba kosmosur sxivebze dakvirvebebi neitronuli monitorebiTac. rogorc cnobilia atmosferoSi moxvedrisas maRalenergetikuli kosmosuri sxivebi iwveven birTvuli reaqciebis kaskads, Sedegad miiReba neitronebi, romlebic Seneldebian siTbur energiebamde. swored neli neitronebis deteqtireba xdeba proporciuli mTvlelebis saSualebiT. mTvlelis samuSao airs warmoadgens 10BF3 an 3He, xolo neitronebis deteqtireba xdeba 10B(n,p)7Li an 3He(n,p)3H reaqciebis saSualebiT. cxadia rom maTi Tvlis siCqare garda kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobisa Zlieradaa damokidebuli sxva faqtorebze: atmosferul wnevaze, simaRleze zRvis donidan, geofizikur koordinatebze da a.S. [9]. dReisaTvis msoflioSi Seqmnilia neitronuli deteqtorebis farTo qseli, romlis daxmarebiTac SesaZlebelia detaluri informaciis miReba msoflios sxvadasxva adgilas ganlagebuli neitronuli monitorebis sadgurebidan [10,11]. neitronuli monitorebis gamoyenebiT Seiswavlian kosmosuri sxivebis ramdenime wuTidan dawyebuli aTeulobiT wlebiT damTavrebuli periodis mqone variaciebs [12].

60-iani wlebidan intensiuri kvlevebi warmoebs dedamiwis xelovnuri TanamgzavrebiTa da kosmosuri xomaldebis saSualebiT. aRsaniSnavia EXPLORER, PIONEER, ЭЛЕКТРОН, ВЕНЕРА МАРС da VOYANGER, ULYSSES xomaldebze Catarebuli gazomvebis seriebi, sadac Seswavlili iqna dedamiwis radiaciuli sartylebi, mzis qari, planetaTaSoris sivrceSi galaqtikuri kosmosuri sxivebis gavrceleba da a.S. [13-15].

7

kosmosuri sxivebis maRalenergetikul komponents Seiswavlian maT mier atmosferos birTvebTan birTvuli da eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebebis Sedegad generirebul meorad nawilakebze dakvirvebiT. aRsaniSnavia miwisqveSa eqsperimentebi meoradi miuonebis xisti komponentis Sesaswavlad [16-18] da kompleqsuri danadgarebi gankuTvnili farTo atmosferul Rvarebze dakvirvebisaTvis [19-22]. aseTi danadgarebi warmoadgenen did farTobze ganlagebul sxvadasxva tipis deteqtorTa erTobliobas (mag. msoflioSi yvelaze didi observatoria Pierre Auger moicavs 3000km2 farTobs da aRWurvilia 1600 Cerenkovis mTvleliT da 4 fluoroscenciuli deteqtoriT [23]). am eqsperimentebSi Seiswavlian 1014-15

ev.ze maRali energiebis kosmosur sxivebs. isini gvaZleven informacias kosmosuri sxivebis warmoSobis, gavrcelebis arealis da sxva parametrebis Sesaxeb. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo dros xorcieldeba zemaRali energiebis kosmosur sxivebis mier atmosferoSi gamowveuli Cerenkovis gamosxivebis kosmosuri xomaldebiT Seswavlis proeqti[24]. kosmosuri sxivebis warmoSobis, aCqarebisa da gavcelebis kvlevaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis radio, rentgenul, gama da aseve neitrinul astronomias [1,25]. Tavis mxriv kosmosuri sxivebis kvlevebmac gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa elementaruli nawilakebis, birTvul fizikasa da astrofizikaSi. bevri elementaruli nawilaki swored kosmosuri sxivebis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoaCines, kosmosuri sxivebis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCenilia aseve zemaRali (1021 ev) energiis nawilakebi romelTa warmoSobis da aCqarebis sakiTxi dReisaTvisac diskusiis sagania. [26,27].

1.1.2 kosmosuri sxivebis energetikuli speqtri da Semadgenloba, sivrculi izotropia.

kosmosuri sxivebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia energetikuli speqtri. saplanetaTSoriso sivrceSi maT mniSvnelovan nawils dabali energiis mzismieri kosmosuri sxivebi warmoadgenen (e.w. mzis qari), romelTa udidesi nawili dedamiwis magnituri velis mier CaiWireba. dedamiwis atmosferoSi ki ZiriTadad galaqtikuri warmoSobis maRalenergiuli kosmosuri sxivebi aRweven. am TavSi ganvixilavT galaqtikuri warmoSobis kosmosur sxivebs.

kosmosuri sxivebis eqsperimentebSi izomeba diferencialuri I(E)

energetikuli speqtri an integraluri intensivoba (1) [1,17].

aq E nawilakebis energia, I(E)dE aris E, E+dE energiis mqone nawilakebis ricxvi mosuli farTis erTeulze, drois erTeulSi, erTeulovan

sxeulovan kuTxeSi zedapiris marTobulad [ ]

∫∞

=>0

)()( 0E

dEEIEI

evstrdwmsm

ricxvi snawilakebi2 ⋅⋅⋅

=)(EI .

nax. 1-ze warmodgenilia pirveladi kosmosuri sxivebis intensivoba 1÷109 gev. energiis areSi. speqtrs aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli xarisxobrivi xasiaTi, Tanac xarisxis maCvebneli -2,7-ia roca E<106-7 gev. nawilakebisaTvis, xolo ufro maRali energiebis dros xarisxis maCvenebeli -3,1 xdeba. zemaRali energiebis areSi (nax. 2) 1019-20 gev ki daikvirveba mciredi zrda Tumca am intervalSi gazomvaTa cdomileba didia [28].

8

(1) formuliT gansazRvruli intensivoba aris jami protonul-

birTvuli da eleqtronul-pozitronuli komponentebis intensivobebisa:

eIII += n aq , xolo +− +=eee III ∑=

AZAZn II

,, , sadac aris

intensivoba elementisa

AZI ,

Z –rigiTi nomriT da A -masuri ricxviT. kosmosuri sxivebis SemadgenlobaSi yvelaze meti protonebia (92%), Semdeg _ heliumis

nax 1. pirveladi kosmosuri sxivebis energetikuli speqtri. 1-109 gev energiis diapazonSi[28].

kinetikuri energia E, [gev] nawil

akTa nakadi

I(E)

⋅ E2,

5 1/(m

2 ⋅str⋅wm⋅gev

-1,5)

kinetikuri energia log(E, [ev]) nawil

akTa nakadi

log(

I(E)

⋅ E3

1/(m

2 ⋅str⋅wm⋅gev-2))

nax 2. zemaRali (E>108 gev) energiis pirveladi kosmosuri sxivebis energetikuli speqtri[28].

9

biTvebi (7%), aseve daimzirebian CNO birTvebi (0.5%) xolo yvela danarCeni nawilakebis wvlili 0.5%-ia. aRsaniSnavia amasTan, rom am komponentTa diferencialuri speqtris formebi emTxveva erTmaneTs. protonebisaTvis ki mTel energetikul diapazonSi SeiZleba visargebloT formuliT:

51.2

78.2

)(4866.01)(9.1

−

−

⋅+⋅= EP

EPI (2). aq )2()( 0EEEEP ⋅+= , xolo =938 gev.

protonis uZraobis energiaa [29].

0E

nax 3-ze warmodgenilia dabali energiis kosmosur sxivebsa da mzis sisitemaSi elementebis fardobiTi gavrcelebuloba. rogorc Cans, isini daaxloebiT erTnairia. [30,31]

rac Seexeba kosmosuri sxivebis eleqtronul-pozitronul komponents

masSi pozitronebis raodenoba sruli raodenobis mxolod 10%-ia. mcire raodenobiT aseve daikvirveba antiprotonebi da antibirTvebi [32-33].

garda energetikuli speqtrisa da Semadgenlobisa kosmosuri sxivebis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelia sivrculi izotropia, romelic daikvirveba farTo energetikul intervalSi, 1017 ev-mdec ki [23,34,35]. maRali energiebis kosmosur sxivebSi ki saxezea mkveTrad gamoxatuli anizotropia [36].

1.1.3 kosmosuri sxivebis warmoqmna da gavrcelebis areali. dRevandeli warmodgenebiT, mxolod axal da zeaxal varskvlavebSi,

pulsarebsa da galaqtikis aqtiur birTvebSia SesaZlebeli kosmosuri sxivebis generireba da maRal energiebamde maTi aCqareba. isini TavianTi gavrcelebis gzaze urTierTqmedeben galaqtikur da metagalaqtikur magnitur velebTan, varskvlavTSoris mtverTan da reliqtur gamosxivebasTan. am urTierTqmedebebis Sedegad xdeba kosmosuri sxivebis Semadgenlobisa da energetikuli speqtris cvlileba, aseve generirdeba radiogamosxiveba. kosmosuri sxivebis Semadgenlobis qimiuri da izotopuri

analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT rom, isini ≈ 5-10 g/sm3 nivTierebas

ganWolaven. aqedan gamomdinare maTi sicocxlis xangrZlivoba iqneba ∼3⋅108 weli [25]. rac miuTiTebs maT galaqtikur warmomavlobaze, kerZod maTi

nax.3. elementebis fardobiTi gavrcelebuloba mzis sistemaSi (wrewiri) da dabali energiis kosmosur sxivebSi[31].

far

dobiT

i gavrcel

ebuloba

10

generireba ZiriTadad unda xdebodes zeaxali varskvlavebis afeTqebisas, rasac eTanxmeba radioastronomiuli monacemebic [26,37,38]. warmoqmnis Semdeg isini difuzias ganicdian da avseben galaqtikis halos. mravaljeradi dajaxebebi da Sesabamisad pirveladi mimarTulebidan

gadaxrebi iwveven maTi maRal sivrcul izotropulobas (1017ev-ze≈0,5%) [35]. rac Seexeba zemaRali energiis kosmosur sxivebs, kosmosuri sxivebis diferencialur speqtrSi gadaRunva (nax 1) unda miuTiTebdes maTi gavrcelebis Taviseburebaze, kerZod metagalaqtikur xasiaTze. dReisaTvis maT SesaZlo wyaroebad ganixileba galaqtikebis aqtiuri birTvebi [39]. reliqtur gamosxivebasTan urTierqmedeba iwvevs zemaRali energiebis kosmosur sxivebSi energetikul danakargebs, Sesabamisad iwvevs speqtris maRalenergetikul CamoWras da maTi gavrcelebis arealis SezRudvas (dReisaTvis es areali sxvadasxva avtorebis SefasebiT moTavsebulia 40-1000 mps areSi) aseve aRsaniSnavia anizotropia romelic daimzireba zemaRali energiis (>1017 ev) energiis kosmosur sxivebSi [40,41].

1.1.4 kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis droiTi variaciebi.

dedamiwaze dakvirvebadi variaciebi pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT 3 klasad. esenia atmosferuli, geomagnituri da astronomiuli faqtorebiT ganpirovnebuli anu aradedamiwiseuli warmoSobis variaciebi. atmosfruli variaciebi gamowveulia generaciis integraluri jeradobis, anu saSualod erT pirvelad nawilakze mosuli xelsawyos mier registrirebuli ricxvis cvlilebiT. am variaciebis sidide ZiriTadad damokidebulia atmosferos simkvriveze, wnevaze da temperaturaze. geomagnituri variaciebi gamowveulia dedamiwis gulSi da magnitosferoSi mimdinare procesebis gavleniT mis magnitur velze. aseTi tipis variaciebi iwveven kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis Secvlas. aradedamiwiseuli variaciebis mizezi ki SeiZleba iyos galaqtikuri kosmosuri sxivebis urTierTqmedeba mzis qarTan da magnitur velTan, zeaxali varskvlavis afeTqeba, varskvlavuri anizotropia da a.S. A pirvel miaxloebaSi, kosmosuri sxivebis i meoradi komponentis, k punqtSi, t drois momentSi dakvirvebadi intensivobisaTvis D, h0 wnevis pirobebSi SeiZleba davweroT [42]:

∫∞

=)(

0 )),(),(,(),()(tR

iik

k

dRthTthRmtRItD variaciisaTvis gveqneba:

∫∫∞∞

+−=)( 0)( 00

)()()()()()(0

tR

kik

ikk

tR

kii

i

ik

ik

kk

dRRWI

IRWRdRRWmm

DD δδδδ

( 3)

aq Rk(t) efeqturi geomagnituri CamoWris sixistea, I(R,t) pirveladi kosmosuri sxivebis diferencialuri speqtria, mi generaciis efeqturi integraluri jeradobaa, T(h,t) ki temperaturaa. nulovani indeqsi miuTiTebs Sesabamisi sididis mniSvnelobaze t=0 monentSi. aq Wi

k

(R)=D0(R)m0i(R)/Ik

i0 aris i uri komponetis kavSiris koeficienti. (3)-is

marjvena mxareSi wevrebi aRweren Sesabamisad atmosferuli, geomagnituri da aramiwieri xasiaTis variaciebs. miuonuri komponentasTvis dadgenilia

11

Semdegi Tanafardoba: wnevis 1 mm.vw.sv. iT gazrda iwvevs intensivobis 0,345% iT Semcirebas, xolo temperaturis 10C –iT gazrda 0,18% iT Semcirebas[43]. dedamiwis geomagnituri veli pirvel miaxloebaSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT

rogorc dipoluri veli: aq λ geomagnituri

ganedia, dedamiwis magnituri momenti, ki misi mniSvneloba 1955

wels. geomagnituri variaciebis mizezi SeiZleba iyos rogorc dedamiwis magnituri velis cvlileba, aseve magnitosferoSi mimdinare sxvadasxva procesebi. am tipis variaciebi iwveven kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobaSi 5-10% ian cvlilebebs da dominireben aTaswleulobiT drois skalaze. ramodenime dRidan aswleulobiT drois skalaze ki dominirebs mzismieri variaciebi (100%). mze ara marto axdens mamodulirebel moqmedebas galaqkiur kosmosur sxivebze, aramed TviTacaa kosmosuri sxivebis wyaro (mzis kosmosuri sxivebi). mzis aqtivobiTaa gamowveuli kosmosur sxivebSi 1, 11 da 22 wliani aseve 27 dRiani da sxva periodis mqone variaciebi [44]. aRsaniSnavia aseve galaqtikuri warmoSobis variacebic, romlebic gamowveulia mzis sitemis moZraobiT galaqtikis centris mimarT, romelTa wvlili didia milioni wlis drois skalaze. garda zemoT CamoTvlili regularuli tipis variaciebisa (periodulobebi), mniSvnelovania aseve araregularuri (spontanuri) tipis variaciebi rogoricaa magaliTad axali da zeaxali varskvlavebis afeTqebiT da mzis mier inicirebuli magnituri qariSxlebiT gamowveuli variaciebi.

λ40 cos)/)((9,14)( kkk MtMtR =

)(tM k 0kM

sabolood SeiZleba vTqvaT: a) kosmosuri sxivebi pirobiTad SeiZleba 3 kategoriad davyoT:

dabalenergetikul (aseul mevamde) romlebSic ZiriTadi wvlili mzismieri warmoSobis kosmosur sxivebs miuZRviT; Sualeduri energiebis (1017ev mde) romlebic galaqtikuri warmoSobis arian da zemaRali energiebis, romlebic SesaZloa metagalaqtikuri warmoSobis iyvnen.

b) pirveladi kosmosuri sxivebi ZiriTadad protonebisagan Sedgeba (90%),

α nawilakebis wvlili daaxloebiT 9% ia xolo danarCeni birTvebisa 1%. pozitronebis wvlili mTeli eleqrtonul pozitronuli komponentis daaxloebiT 10% s Seadgens, xolo antiprotonebis raodenoba protonebze 3-4 rigiT naklebia.

g) kosmosuri sxivebis energetikuli speqtri xarisxobrivi xasiaTisaa da

kargad aRiwereba [ ]strdwmsm

naw.2 ⋅⋅

⋅=> − 7.1)(1)( GevEEI formuliT

xarisxis maCvenebeli -2 mde mcirdeba E >1015 gev energiebisaTvis, xolo zemaRali energiebis areSi kvlav daikvirveba intensivobis zrda (nax. 1,2). eleqtronuli komponentis energetikuli speqtric xarisxobrivi xasiaTisaa

109-1011 ev diapazonSi:

1510 10310 ⋅<< E

[ ]strdwmsm

naw.2 ⋅⋅

⋅=> −− 22 )(105.1)( GevEEIe .

d) kosmosur sxivebs maRali sivrculi izotropuloba axasiaTebT. es Tviseba vrceldeba TiTqmis mTel energetikul arealSi 1018 ev mde. zemaRali energiebis kosmosur sxivebSi ki daikvirveba mkveTrad gamoxatuli anizotropia [40].

e) galaqtikuri kosmosuri sxivebis intensivoba SeiZleba mudmivad CavTvaloT asiaTasobiT wlis droiT skalaze.

12

$ 2 mze da mzis kosmosuri sxivebi

1.2.1 mzis agebuleba, magnituri veli, dinamo, mzis laqebi. mze Cvengan uaxloesi varskvlavia, mzemde manZili 150 milioni km-ia,

misi radiusi 696000km wona ki 2.1030kg-ia. mze ZiriTadad Sedgeba srulad ionizirebuli wyalbadisa da heliumisagan (90% da 10% Sesabamisad). mzis sruli energetikuli gamosxivebaa 3,8.1033 erg/wm, anu mzis zedapiris yoveli kvadratuli metri asxivebs 100mgvt energias. am kolosaluri energiis wyaro aris mzis wiaRSi mimdinare TermobirTvuli reaqciebi, romlebic intensiurad mis gulSi midis (ix. nax.4), [45]:

1H+1H→2D+e++ν; 2D+1H→3He+γ; 3He+3He→4He+1H+1H; 3He+4He→7Be+γ; 7Be+e-→7Li+ν, 7Be+1H →8B+γ,8B→8Be+e++ν ; 7Li+1H→4He+4He, 8Be→4He+4He. (p-p cikli) 12C+1H→13N+γ; 13N→13C+e-+ν;13C+1H→14N+γ; 14N+1H→15O+γ; 15O→15N+e-+ν; 15N+1H→12C+4He. (C-N cikli).

am reaqciebis Sedegad oTxi protonisagan miiReba heliumi da gamoiyofa 26,7

mev energia, romlis nawili gadaitaneba γ gamosxivebis mier e.w. radiaciul zonaSi, xolo nawili gamoTavisufldeba neitrinos saxiT. mzis gulis

radiusi daaxloebiT mTliani radiusis meoTxedia, temperatura aq 150⋅106 gradusia. radiaciuli zonis sisqec daaxloebiT mzis radiusis meoTxedia, aq temperatura 2.106 gradusamde xolo nivTierebis simkvrive (150-dan 20g/sm3-

mde) ecema.

daaxloebiT mzis radiusis 3/4 dan nivTierebis simkvrivis dacemis

gamo energiis gadatanis radiaciuli gza nakleb efeqturi xdeba da dominirebas iwyebs misi konveqciuri gadatana, Sesabamisad am ares konveqciuri zona qvia, temperatura aq mniSvnelovnad ecema da fotosferoSi (mzis xilul nawilSi) aris 5700 gradusi. radiaciul da konveqciur zonas Soris aris viwro gardamavali are taxoxazi (tachocline), sadac mkveTradaa gamoxatuli wnevis gradienti. qromosferoSi temperatura

nax.4 mzis agebuleba.

taxoxazi

fotosfero

mzis guli

radiaciuli zona

konveqciuri zona

13

iwyebs zrdas da aRwevs 20000 gradusamde, Semdeg ki ufro swrafad izrdeba koronaSi ukve 10 milion graduss Sedgens.

mze brunavs Tavisi RerZis garSemo, amasTan ekvatoruli brunvis periodi aris 25 dRe, xolo polusebTan is Seadgens 30 dRes (xSirad amboben periodis “saSualo” mniSvnelobas 27 dRes), anu mzis brunva

atarebs diferencialur xasiaTs.

nax 4. mzis magnituri velis generaciis

ori efeqti. a) ϖ efeqti b) α efeqti[50].

rogoc cnobilia, moZravi plazma iwvevs magnituri velebis generirebas [46], amasTan magnituri velis Zalwirebi “Caiyinebian” da waritacebian mis mier. wamovidginoT rom raRac momentSi mzis magnitur vels aqvs poloidaluri xasiaTi. garkveuli drois Semdeg xdeba magnituri velis Zalwirebis daxveva da

poloidaluri veli Rebulobs toroidalur xasiaTs. (nax 4a) “daxveuli” Zalwirebi zogan amodian mzis zedapirze

(nax 5), rac iwvevs zedapiris gacivebas - temperatura 4700 gradusamde ecema, Sedegad Sesabamisi adgilebi mzis diskoze laqebis saxiT Cans [47,48]. mzis Semdgomi brunva velis kidev ufro metad daxvevas iwvevs. amasTan mciremaStaburi xraxnwiruli moZraobebi (konveqciuri da brunviTi moZraobebis Sedegi) kravs magnituri velis Zalwirebs kvanZebad meridianul sibrtyeSi (nax 4b). es mciremaStabiani araerTgvaronebebi jamSi iwveven didmaStabiani poloidaluri velis generirebas [49] rac asrulebs mzis

cikls. (e.w. α efeqti) [50,52]. laqaTwarmoqmnis es meqanizmi muSaobs Cveulebrivi dinamos msgavsad, (meqanikuri energia gadadis magniturSi) amitom mas mzis dinamos uwodeben. mzeze laqebi Cndebian rogorc calkeuli saxiT, aseve jgufurad. zomiT zogierTi maTganis diametri 60000km-sac aWarbebs da dedamiwidan SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT Tavisuflad Cans, Tumca raodenobiT ufro metia mcire zomis laqebi (3500km-dan

nax 5. mzis dinamos

elementebi: 0,1 magnituri

velis generireba

konveqciur zonaSi. 2,3

velis gadatana taxoxazSi.

4 ϖ efeqti. 5. α efeqti. 6.

mciremaStabi

7. velis amosvla

zedapirze, xilul

struqrurebis warmoq

[50].

ani α efeqti.

i

mna

14

nax. 6 laqaTa helioganedis damokidebuleba droze. (pepliseburi diagrama)[53].

dawyebuli). jamSi isini mzis mTliani farTis 0,5% mde nawils faraven. maTi sicocxlis xangrZlivoba ramodenime saaTidan ramodenime Tvemde meryeobs, isini warmoiqmnebian mzis ciklis dasawyisSi 300 ganedis maxloblobaSi da migrireben ekvatorul areebSi (karingtonis kanoni). nax. 6 ze gamosaxulia laqaTa mdebareobis damokidebuleba droze, e.w. pepliseburi diagrama. TviT laqebs rTuli struqtura gaaCniaT: mkveTrad

gamoxatul bnel regions gars akravs SedarebiT naTeli are, e.w. naxevradCrdili. magnituri velis daZabuloba saSualod 1000-1500 gausia (0,1-0,15 tesla), amasTan bnel areSi daZabuloba 1800-3700 gausia, xolo naxevarCrdilSi is 700-1000 gausamde ecema [52,53].

magnituri velis B daZabulobas eleqtrulad gamtar da moZrav

garemoSi aRweren BBUtB 2)( ∇+××∇=∂∂ μ (4) gantolebiT. aq U plazmis

moZraobis siCqarea, xolo η magnituri gamtareblobaa. Tu siCqares da magnituri velis daZabulobas warmovadgenT rogorc “saSulo” mniSvnelobebisa da fluqtuaciebis jamad (B=B0+b, U=U0+u. <b>=<u>=0)

miviRebT: 02

00 )( BBUtB

∇+×∇+××∇=∂∂ με . aq ε=u×b saSualo

eleqtromamoZravebeli Zalaa. is SeiZleba warmovadginoT

k

jijkjij x

BB ∂∂

+= 00 βαε saxiT, sadac αij da βijk tenzorebi damokidebulia

siCqarisa da gamtareblobis fluqtuaciebze da isini umniSvnelod mcire xdebian didi skalis SemTxvevaSi. erTgvarovani da izotropuli

difuziisas ki αij=αδij , βδijk =βδijk; da 02

000 )()()( BBBUtB

∇++×∇+××∇=∂∂ βμα (6).

kinematikuri “dinamos” [54] mTavari problema swored am gantolebis

amoxsnaa, mocemuli U0-saTvis da SerCeuli α-sTvis, magram amoxsnebs eqsponencialurad zrdadi an klebadi xasiaTi aqvs, amitom (6)-s xsnian siTxis moZraobis gantolebebTan kompleqsSi, magnituri velis daZabulobisa da plazmis moZraobas Soris ukukavSiri iwvevs amonaxsnebis amplitudebis SezRudvas. am efeqtis “CarTva” koeficientebs damokidebuls

xdis magnitur velze: 20

1 Bξα

α+

= . aq α0 mniSvnelobaa magnituri velis ar

15

arsebobisas, ξ aris koeficienti, romelic aRwers milevis xarisxs. msgavsi

gamosaxuleba SeiZleba daiweros β - sTvisac. mzis dinamos modelebi aseve mgrZnobiareni arian magnituri velis

generirebis adgilis mimarT. adrindeli modelebis mixedviT veli generirdeboda mTel konveqciur zonaSi, magram am modelebs axasiaTebdaT mTeli rigi sirTuleebi, ris gamoc wamoyenebuli iqna idea mzis dinamos konveqciuri zonis fskerTan, rac dadasturda kidec Tanamedrove helioseismologiuri monacemebiT (nax. 6). [50,51,56,57]. am Teorias zedapiruli (Iterface Dynamo) dinamos Teoria qvia da dReisaTvis didi popularobiT sargeblobs, Tumca am Teoriasac aqvs sirTuleebi, erT-erTi maTgania misi muSaoba mzis aqtivobis Rrma minimumebis dros, kerZod maunderis minimumis dros [56-58].

1 6 0 0 1 6 5 0 1 7 0 0 1 7 5 0 1 8 0 0 1 8 5 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 5 0 2 0 0 00

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

WS

N,G

SN

t , d r o (wl eb i )

n a x . 7 . vol f is ( W S N ) d a j gu f u r i ( G S N ) l a qaT a r ic x veb i .

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT mzis laqebi mzis “dinamos muSaobis”

yvelaze TvalsaCino Sedegia. maTze aTasobiT wlis winandeli cnobebi moipoveba, magram regularuli dakvirvebebi mxolod ukanaskneli ramodenime aswleulis manZilze xorcieldeboda da cnobilia volfis (anu ciurixis) laqebis ricxvebis saxeliT[59] (WSN). yovelwliuri dakvirvebebi moicavs periods 1700 wlidan dRemde, yovelTviuri 1749 wlidan da yoveldRiuri 1874 wlidan [60]. dakvirvebebi warmoebs rogorc calkeul laqebze, aseve laqaTa jgufebze da saboloo ricxvi iTvleba formuliT:

Rz=k(10⋅G+N). (7) sadac G da N laqaTaQjgufebisa da calkeuli laqebis raodenobaa, xolo k sakoreqcio faqtoria, romelic akomensirebs sxvaobebs gamowveuls sxvadasxva droSi sxvadasxva damkvirvebeliT, teqnikuri aRWurvilobiTa da sxva faqtorebiT. 1998 wels houtis da Satenis mier warmodgenil iqna monacemebi dawyebuli 1610 wlidan [61], egreTwodebuli jgufuri laqaTa ricxvebi (GSN), romlebic ganisazRvreba ase:

16

∑=i

iig Gkn

R 08,12 (8) aq Gi aris i uri damkvirveblis mier Cawerili laqaTa

jgufis ricxvi ki yoveli am damkvirvebelis individualuri faqtoria, n warmoadgens dakvirvebaTa ricxvs drois manZilze, xolo 12.08 masStaburi faqtoria, romelic iwvevs Rz da Rg is damTxvevas 1874-1976 wlebSi[61]. nax 7 ze warmodgenilia orive monacemebis grafiki. masze kargad Cans mzis laqebis ricxvis TiTqmis nulamde Semcireba maunderis minimumis dros 1645-1715 wlebSi [62,63] da aqtivobis mniSvnelovnad Sesusteba daltonis (1790-1830ww.) minimumis periodSi. aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom monacemebSi dominirebs cnobili 11 wliani cikli, romlis periodulobac ramdenadme varirebs (8-14 wlis farglebSi), xolo daltonis minimumis dasawyisisas daikvireba naxtomiseburi cvlileba fazaSi e.w. “fazuri katastrofa” [64].

mzis atmosferoSi (fotosfero, qromosfero, korona) garda laqebisa daikvirveba sxva arastacionaluri movlenebi, granulebi da supergranulebi, fakelebi (CiraRdnebi), spikulebi, gamonazardebi, koronaluri maryuJebi da xvrelebi, da a.S. yvela es movlena mzis magnitur velTanaa kavSirSi da maTi intensivoba icvleba iseve rogorc mzis sxva maxasiaTeblebi laqaTa ricxvTan ciklSi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia afeTqebebi da mzis koronaluri masis eJeqciebi, romelTac Tan sdevs miliardobiT tona trotilis eqvivalenturi energiis gamoTavisufleba eleqtromagnituri, elementaluri nawilakebis (protonebisa da eleqtronebis) nakadis saxiT.

1.2.2 mzis qari, saplanetaTaSoriso magnituri veli.

TiTqmis 1400 wlis ukan Cinelma astronomebma SeniSnes rom kometis kudi yovelTvis mzis sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli. dReisaTvis dadgenilia rom es movlena gamowveulia mzidan moZravi damuxtuli nawilakebis – e.w. mzis qaris mier.

nax. 8. mzis qari da magnituri veli[66].

nax. 9 mzis qaris truqra da xelovnuri Tanamgzvrebis

moZraobis sqematuri suraTi[69].

misi intensiurad Seswavla xorcieldeba mxolod bolo dros, kosmosuri xomaldebis Венера, Explorer, Yohkoh, Ulyses, SOHO da a.S. mier (nax.9). mzis

17

konveqciur zonaSi Casaxuli intensiuri turbulenturi moZraobebi iwveven magnituri bgeriTi talRebis generirebas, atmosferoSi es talRebi plazmis simkvrivis mkveTri dacemis gamo gadaiqcevian dartymiT talRebad. dartymiTi talRebi efeqturad STainTqmeba, rac iwvevs koronis temperaturis zrdas ramodenime milion gradusamde. amasTan veRar xdeba nawilakebis mniSvnelovani nawilis “daWera” mzis mier, rac iwvevs koronis uwyvet gafarToebas – mzis qars [65,66]. nax.8 warmodgenilia mzis magnituri velis struqtura [66]. magnituri velis Zalwirebi ekvatorul zonaSi Caketilia, xolo polarul regionebSi Ria (koronaluri xvreli) [67,68]. Sesabamisad gvaqvs mzis qaris neli da Cqari komponenta. is avsebs mTel saplanetaTSoriso sivrces da vrceldeba daaxloebiT 100 a.e. manZlze (nax. 9). gafarToebasTan erTad misi siCqare ecema da sabolood STainTqmeba varskvlavTSoris sivrceSi (heliopauza) [69,70]. dedamiwis maxlobel neli komponentis siCqare 330 km/wm Cqaris –700km/wm; simkvrive 12 da 4 naw/sm3;

temperatura 7⋅104 da 1,4⋅105K-ia protonuli da eleqtronuli komponentebis Sesabamisad.

mzis qaris Tanamedrove modeli Seqmnili iqna parkeris mier [71,72]. hidrodinamikuri modeli eyrdnoba sferuli simetriis miaxloebaSi iseTi gantolebis SerCevas romlebic akmayofileben mzis koronaSi arsebuli fizikuri pirobebidan mzis qaris dedamiwis maxloblobaSi dakvirvebad parametrebamde gluv gadasvlas. aseT pirobebSi SeiZleba davweroT:

2

)()(

1)()(r

GMdr

rdprdr

rdvrv ⊗+−=ρ

(8) (moZraobis gantoleba)

000)()( Avdrrvr ρρ = (9) (uwyvetobis gantoleba) α

ρρ

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

00

)()( rprp (10) (gazuri mdgomareobis gantoleba)

aq v(r) , ρ(r) da p(r) mzis qaris siCqare, simkvrive da wnevaa; A(r)=A0(r/r0)2 nakadis ganivkveTis farTobia, 1<α<5/3 politropiis maCvenebelia. nulovani indeqsebiT aRniSnulia cvladebis mniSvneloba raRac r0 manZilze mzis centridan. (8-10) gantolebebis amoxniT miviRebT:

21

21

202

11uHuH

uu

u ≡−−

+=−⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−

+−

αα

ξξαα

α

(11) aq u0 sawyis pirobebze

damokidebuli inregraciis mudmivaa, xolo pr

GMHv

ru

rr

0

02

0

02

0

,21,

ρρξ ⊕=== . (11)

gantolebas ara aqvs zusti analitikuri amonaxseni, amitom ikvleven

asimptotur SemTxvevebs ξ>>1 (didi manZilebi) da ξ<<1 (mcire manZilebi).

roca ξ→∞ maSin u →∞ ar akmayofilebs (11) –s, anu gvaqvs 2 SemTxveva u→0

an u→const. u→const SemTxvevaSi ρξ→∞→const. rac ar Seesabameba fizikur

realobas. e.i. ξ→∞ SemTxvevaSi ρ→0 da fizikuri azri aqvs mxolod parkeris

gantolebis mxolod “qvemoTa” amonaxsnebs (nax. 10a). ξ→0 SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT, azri aqvs mxolod “zemoTa” amonaxsnebs.

nax.10b. ze naCvenebia koronis sxvadasxva temperaturis Sesabamisi mzis

qaris siCqare. gamoTvlebiT T0=0,5⋅106K dros dedamiwis maxloblobaSi qaris

siCqarea 260 km/wm xolo T0=4⋅106K dros 1150 km/wm –ia, rac ar ewinaaRmdegeba eqsperimentul monacemebs, magram plazmis simkvrive

18

gamoTvlebiT TiTqmis 5 jer meti gamodis vidre dakvirvebuli (5-10 naw. sm-3). hidrostatikuri modeli samarTliania im SemTxvevaSi, roca dajaxebaTa ricxvi eleqtronebsa da ionebs Soris didia, rac ganapirobebs plazmis ionuri da eleqtronul komponentebis temperaturaTa tolobas, magram plazmis gafarToebasTan erTad es piroba irRveva. amitom moZraobis gantolebaSi (8) wneva icvleba ionuri da eleqtronuli komponentebis wnevebis jamiT (P=Pe+Pi=nk(Te+Ti)) , xolo gazuri mdgomareobis gantoleba icvleba energiis Senaxvis kanoniT, romelic iwereba cal-calke ionuri da eleqtronuli komponentebisaTvis. orkomponentiani modelis mixedviT gamoTvlili parametrebi axlos aris eqsperimentulad dadgenilTan (siCqare 330 km/wm, simkvrive 15 naw/sm3) [73,74].

mzis qaris swrafi komponenta SeiZleba or nawilad davyoT: rekurentul

da sporadulad. Cqari mzis qaris rekurentuli komponenta regularulad fiqsirdeba dedamiwis maxloblobaSi mravali Tvis manZilze 27 dRiani periodiT (mzis brunvis sixSire). misi wyaro rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT koronaluri xvrelebia sadac magnitur vels TiTqmis radialuri mimarTuleba aqvs da Sesabamisad xels ar uSlis mzis koronis plazmis radialur gafarToebas. rac Seexeba mzis qaris sporadul nawils isini maRalintensiuri da moklevadiani nakadis saxiT arian gamoxatuli (siCqare aRwevs 1200 km/wm). aseTi nakadis wyaro aris mzeze afeTqebani da koronaluri masis ejeqciebi. am movlenebis dros mzis koronalur

struqturebSi generirdeba rentgenuli da γ gamosxiveba aseulobiT mev energiis protonebi, eleqtronebi da neitronebi [75-77]. TviT nawilakebis aCqarebis meqanizmebi sxvadasaxvaa[65,78-81]. nawilakebis energetikul speqtrs kosmosuri sxivebis msgavsad xarisobrivi xasiTi aqvs, xolo maqsimaluri energia ramodenime gev-ic SeiZleba iyos. mzismieri kosmosuri sxivebis izotopuri da elementuli Semadgenlobis Seswavla iZleva saSualebas pirdapiri informacia miviRoT mzis Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb, Tumca aRsaniSnavia rom, isini gare konveqciuri zonidan saplanetaTSoso sivrceSi moZraobisas ganicdian fraqcionirebas[82]. moZraobisas mzis qari saplanetaTaSoriso sivrceSi [83,84] “waritacebs” magnitur vels da warmoqmnis saplanetaTaSoriso magnitur vels (IMF). mis struqturas ganapirobebs mzis brunva Tavisi RerZis garSemo 27 dRiani periodiT da

a) b)

nax. 10. parkeris gantolebebis amonaxsnebi: a) mrudebis erToblioba romlebic akmayofileben (11) –s. b) mzis qaris siCqaris radialuri profili koronis sxvadasxva sawyisi temperaturis pirobebSi[73].

19

magnituri veli. (nax 1) magnituri velis daZabuloba mzidan radialuri mimarTulebiT ecema r-1,12 kanoniT da dedamiwis maxloblobaSi aRwevs 10-5-10-6

gauss.

nax11a-ze naCvenebia saplanetaTSoriso magnituri velis “seqtoruli”

struqtura niSani + da – miuTiTebs velis polarobaze dipolur miaxloebaSi. mzis brunva iwvevs magnituri velis daxvevas arqimedes spiralis saxiT xolo seqtoruli struqtura gamowveulia e.w. neitraluri fenis arsebobiT sadac magnituri velis daZabuloba nulTan axlosaa [85,86]. dedamiwa moZraobs ra eplikur sibrtyeSi aRmoCndeba neitraluri fenis xan zemoT xan qvemoT Sesabamisad xvdeba saplanetaTaSoriso manituri velis sxvadasxva polarobis areSi. miuxedavad imisa rom saSualod saplanetaTSoriso magnitur vels aqvs spiraluri struqtura, masSi aris mcire da didmasStabiani araerTgvarovnebebi. mciremasStabiani araerTgvarovnebebi (fluqtuaciebi) romelTa zoma naklebia 109 m-ze da sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 1 saaTze warmoiqmneba rogorc uSualod mzis koronaSi, aseve saplanetaTSoriso sivrceSi, mzis qaris urTierTqmedebis Sedegad alfenis talRebTan. mzis magnituri veli icvleba 22 wliani periodulobiT anu am periodulobiT xdeba mzis velis gadapoluseba. magnituri velis daZabulobasTan ciklSi icvleba mzis aqtivoba da Sesabamisad aqtiuri regionebis, mzeze afeTqebebis, koronaluri masis eJeqciebis da sxva arastacionaluri movlenebis ricxvi, romelTac Tan sdevs mzis qaris siCqaris naxtomiseburi Secvla saplanetaTSoriso sivrceSi, rac erT erTi ZiriTadi mizezia didmasStabiani araerTgvarovnebebis warmoqmnisa saplanetaTSoriso magnitur velSi.

a) b)

nax.11 a) saplanetaTSoriso magnituri velis seqtoruli struqtura. b) magnituri velis neitraluri fena.

nax. 12. saplaneTataSoriso velis struqtura radi-aluri gamrudebisas

20

didmaStabiani araerTgvarovnebebis warmoqmnis maxasiaTebeli dro ramodenime dRea. am dros mzis qaris siCqaris Secvla xdeba 100-200

km/(wm⋅dRe) rac iwvevs saplanetaTSoriso velis radialuri komponentis gamrudebas (nax. 12.) [73,87]. afeTqebebisas aseve xdeba energetikuli nawilakebisa da rentgenuli sxivebis generireba romlebic ramodenime dRis ganmavlobaSi aRweven dedamiwamde da daikvirvebian neitronuli monitorebiT [88, 89].

1.2.3 galaqtikuri kosmosuri sxivebi heliosferoSi, kosmosuri sxivebis

modulacia. heliosferoSi gavlisas galaqtikuri kosmosuri sxivebi

urTierTqmedeben saplanetaTSoriso magnitur velTan. zemoqmedebis Sedegad maTi dabalenergetikuli nawili ganidevneba mzis sistemidan, anu xdeba kosmosuri sxivebis modulacia. Tanamedrove Teorias kosmosuri sxivebis saplanetaTSoriso sivrceSi moZraobis Sesaxeb safuZveli daedo gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi [90-92]. ganvixiloT parkeris cnobili gamosaxuleba kosmosuri sxivebis difuziisaTvis:

),,()(ln

)(31)( )( tprQ

pfVfVfvfK

tf

IVIIIII

d

I

s +∂∂

⋅∇+∇⋅−∇⋅−∇⋅∇=∂

44 844 7687687648476

(9)

aq f p momentis mqone kosmosmosuri sxivebis nawilakebis ganawilebis funqciaa drois t momentSi, V mzis qaris siCqare, Q nawilakebis wyaroa. vd ki nawilakTa dreifis siCqarea, romelic gamowveulia saplaneTaSoriso magnituri velis gradientiTa da simrudiT. K(s) aris difuziis tenzoris

simetriuli nawili aq K|| da K⊥ aris difuziis

koeficientebi “saSualo” saplanetaTSoriso magnituri velis paraleluri da marTobuli mimarTulebiT [93]. (9)-Si marjvena mxares pirveli wevri aRwers kosmosuri sxivebis anizotropul difuzias planetaTaSoris magnituri velis araerTgvarovnebebSi (nax.12), meore – araerTgvarovan heliosferul velSi dreifs, mesame mzis qariT gamowveul konveqcias gare mimarTulebiT, meoTxe gafarToebad mzis qarSi nawilakebis adiabatur Senelebas [94,95], xolo bolo wevri ki aRwers nawilakTa wyaros (magaliTad anomaliur kosmosur sxivebs

⎥⎥⎥

⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎢

⎣

⎡=

⊥

⊥

rA

A

kkkk

kK

00

00||

θ

1 [96-98]). am gamosaxulebis gamartiveba SesaZlebelia garkveuli daSvebiT romlebic samarTliania

1<<∂drf

fr pirobiT, miviRebT: 0

3=

∂∂

+∂∂

RfVP

rf

κ(10). aq

zecpR = nawilakTa sixistea,

difuziis koeficienti ki ⎩⎨⎧

<⋅>⋅

=)()(

0

0

bb

b

PPPPPP

kβκβκ

formiTaa aRebuli [99,100].

kargi miaxloebiT SeiZleba CavTvaloT rom, Sida heliosferoSi radialuri mimarTulebiT modulaciis xarisxsa da mzis qaris siCqares Soris pirdapirproporciuli damokidebulebaa da mzidan daSorebis

1 anomaluri kosmosuri sxivebi aris energiuli nawilakebi (pikap ionebi), romlebic aCqardebian heliopauzaSi.

21

mixedviT I=1-(r/R)α kanoniT[101] icvleba. nax 13 -ze moyvanilia kosmosuri

sxivebis intensivoba kosmosuri xomaldis ULUSSES monacemebze dayrdnobiT, romelmac gadaWra heliosfero 800S dan 800N mde, am dros radialuri mimarTulebiT gaiara 1,3-2,3 ae. intensivobis helioganedze damokidebuleba Seswavlili iqna IMP8 monacemebTan erTobliobaSi, romelic mTeli am periodis manZilze heliosferos neitralur fenaSi imyofeboda. ULUSSES/IMP8 Tanafardoba miuTiTebs maRal helioganedze kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis 20% ian zrdaze [102].

nax. 13. mzis qaris siCqare (zeda

paneli) da 250-2000 mev energiis

protonebis intensivobis

damokidebuleba helioganedze

(qvemoTa paneli). ULUSSES kosmosuri

xomaldis monacemebis mixedviT[102].

nax 14. galaqtikuri 1,2 gev eleqtronebisa da 169-382 mev/nuloni heliumis intensivobis droze damokidebuleba gazomili kosmosuri xomaldebis mier[103].

nax 14-ze warmodgenilia kosmosuri xomaldebis monacemebi 1,2 gev eleqtronebisa da 169-382 mev/nukloni heliumis atomebis intensivobebisTvis nax.15-17 ze ki laqaTa ricxvis, moskovisa da klimaqsis neitronuli monitorebis, stratosferuli gazomvebisa IMP-8 kosmosuri xomaldis monacemebi da maTi urTierTkorelaciebi[102].

22

nax. 15. laqaTa ricxvis, klimaqsis da moskovis neitronuli monitorebis Tvlis siCqaris aseve kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis stratosferuli da IMP-8(E>106mev) kosmosur xomaldze Catarebuli gazomvebis droze damokidebuleba. naxazze +da- niSnebiT aRniSnulia saplanetaTSoriso velis polaroba[106].

nax.16 kosmosuri

sxivebis (10 gev energiis protonebis) intensivobis variaciebsa da laqaTa ricxvs Soris kavSiri sxvadasxva ciklebisaTvis[106].

TvalnaTliv Cans rom, kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobasa da mzis aqtivobas Soris Zlieri antikorelaciuri kavSiria, aseve saxezea sxvadasxva meTodebiT da farTo energetikul diapazonSi Seswavlili kosmosuri sxivebis monacemebis urTierTTanxvedra. monacemebSi mkveTradaa gamokveTili cnobili 11 wliani anu Svablis cikli. nax 17-ze warmodgenil 10 gev protonebisa da mzis laqaTa ricxvis urTierTdamokidebulebaSi mkveTradaa gamokveTili histerezisi kenti nomris mqone ciklebSi, rac dakavSirebulia mzis velis polarobis cvlilebasTan. didi “kvanZi” Cndeba (+/-) cvlilebisas patara ki piriqiT (-/+). es aixsneba kosmosuri sxivebis SedarebiT didi intensivobiT uaryofiTi polarobisas.

23

nax.17 a)murmanskis regionSi sxvadasxva simaRleze sahaero burTebiT gazomili maionizirebeli nawilakebis nakadi. b) neitronuli monitorebsa da sxvadasxva simaRleze nawilakTa nakads Soris korelaciebi [7]

mzis laqebsa da intensivobas Soris kavSirisaTvis arsebobs ramodenime empiruli formula [42,103-105] maT Soris cnobili formula dadgenili CaraxCianis jgufis mier 0,1-15gv energiis protonebis intensivobisaTvis: I=I0·exp(-A·η0.8Φ-1.2) (11) aq η-mzis laqebis jgufebis ricxvia, Φ-maTi helioganedi. I0 da A mudmivebia. mravalparametriani simulaciuri modelis mixedviT dadgenilia kavSiri saplanetaTSoriso magnituri velis, mzis qaris parametrebsa da kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis variacias Soris:

( )∑

∑∑ ∑ ∑ +++++=∂)(

)'()()'()'()'(}1)'()(

ττ

η ηηH

HHVpp W

tHWbtVbtpbtpbtbbat (12) aq H

manituri velis daZabulobaa η misi daxris kuTxea, WH woniTi fuqciebia,

p(t) mzis velis polarobaa romelic ±1 ia sxvadasxva polarobis dros, xolo 0 magnituri velis polusebis gadapolarobisas, V(t) ki mzis qaris

siCqarea, t′=t-τ, da WH(0)=C0, WH(τ)=τα(τ>0). xolo 1972-1998 wlebSi am

gamosaxulebze dayrdnobiT gamoTvlili parametrebia: a = 6,44, bH =-0,014, bη=-0,221, bp =-1,43, bv =-0,30, bηp =-0,40, α=0, c0 =1; τuH = 2, τuη =9, τup =1, τuv =31 Tves [106]. nax. 18,19 ze kargad Cans kosmosuri sxivebis modulaciis energetikuli xasiaTi, kerZod dabalenergetikuli CamoWra. variaciebis ampliruda izrdeba nawilakTa energiis (sixistis) Semcirebis kvaldakval, xolo intensivoba mcirdeba mzis aqtivobis zrdasTan erTad. es ase Caiwereba:

24

nax 18. kosmosuri sxivebis intensivoba da laqaTa ricxvi[107].

[ ] ⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡⋅Φ= dEdN

dEdN

t0 sadac dE

dN nawilakTa speqtria, ( )

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡−=Φ R

tkβexp (13) -

modulaciuri funqciaa, k(t) mzis aqtivobaze

damokidebuli modulaciis parametria. rogroc nax.15,17 dan Cans mzis ciklis luw (A>0) da kent (A<0) ricxebSi kosmosuri sxivebis intensivoba sxvadasxva formisaa: luw ciklebSi minimumidan maqsimumamde is ufro nela izrdeba (da piriqiT) aseve maqsimumis xangZlivoba gacilebiT ufro mcirea vidre kent ricxebSi (nax 18) [107]. aRsaniSnavia aseve rom, daikvirveba ramodenime Tvis “dagvianeba” mzis aqtivobis sxvadasxva indeqsebsa da kosmosuri sxivebis intensiviobas

Soris ix. I cxrili [108].

cxrili I. droiTi dagvianebebi mzis aqtivobis indeqsebs (laqaTa ricxvs , radio gamisxivebas, mzeze afeTqebebis indeqss) da kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobas Soris sxvadasxva periodis manZilze.

maqsimaluri korelaciis koeficienti

biji(Tveebi)

WSN SRF SFI WSN SRF SFI polaroba A>0(1952–1956) 04 04 – 0.847 0.836 – A<0(1961–1968) 10 10 – 0.869 0.868 – A>0(1973–1979) 01 03 00 0.844 0.829 0.775 A<0(1982–1989) 09 09 01 0.881 0.857 0.809 A>0(1992–1999) 05 05 03 0.908 0.902 0.847 A<0(2001–2006) 14 14 14 0.750 0.748 0.648

ciklis nomeri 19 10 10 – 0.936 0.932 – 20 02 01 – 0.863 0.855 – 21 11 11 11 0.885 0.893 0.806 22 01 03 03 0.913 0.925 0.878 23 15 14 14 0.832 0.814 0.519

25

$ 3 kosmosuri sxivebi da geosfero.

1.3.1 dedamiwis magnituri veli, magnitosfero.

nax 19. dedamiwis magnituri veli[109].

kosmosuri sxivebis moZraobaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens dedamiwis magnituri veli, iwvevs ra maTi dabalenergetikuli nawilis ekranirebas da sxvebis traeqtoriis mniSvnelovnad Secvlas. is kargad

aRiwereba dipoluri veliT, romlis centri 430km-iTa daSorebuli dedamiwis centridan xolo RerZi 11,50 iTaa daxrili dedamiwis brunvis RerZidan (nax19). amasTan unda aRiniSnos rom, misi samxreTi polusi CrdiloeT geografiul polusTan mdebareobs, magnituri velis dipoluri momenti Seadgens

8,3⋅1022 a⋅m2, xolo dedamiwis zedapirTan magnituri velis

saSualo induqcia 5⋅10-5 teslaa. dedamiwis zedapirTan dakvirvebadi magnituri veli 3

sxvdasxva warmomavlobis velebis superpoziciis Sedegia: 1. velebi, romlebic warmoiqmnebian dedamiwis zedapirTan, 2. kosmosuri warmomavlobis velebi (mzis qarTan da kosmosur sxivebTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegi) da 3. dedamiwis SigTavsis dinamikasTan dakavSirebuli velebi. amasTan unda aRiniSnos rom es ukanaskneli dominirebs magnituri velis formirebaSi da misi wyaro aris dedamiwis magnituri hidrodinamo. dedamiwis magnitur vels swavloben magnetometrebiT stacionalur magnitur observatoriebSi, TviTmfrinavebidan, kosmosuri xomaldebidan da dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebidan magnituri gadaRebebiT, aseve arqeomagnituri da paleomagnituri meTodebiT, romlebic damyarebulia zogierTi mineralis (Tixa, feomagnetuli mineralebi.) Tvisebaze SeiZinos narCeni damagnitebuleba gacivebisas. arqeomagnetuli meTodebiT Seswavlilia magnituri veli 8-10 aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo paleomagnituri meTodebiT ki aseulobiT miloni wlis manZilze. geomagnituri velis Seswavla warsulSi, aTeul aTasobT wlis manZilze SesaZlebelia aseve kosmogenuri izotopebis saSualebiT (ix. Tavi 2 $2.1.2). dadgenilia, rom geomagnituri velis daZabuloba saSualod mudmivi iyo 2 miliardi wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tumca adgili qonda mis variaciebs da velis mimarTulebis Secvlas. jer kidev XII saukuneSi SeamCnies geomagnituri velis daxrilobis cvlileba, romelic 0,2%-s Seadgens weliwadSi[109,110] (anu 22km-iT gadaadgildeba dasavleTiT). geomagnituri velis variaciebSi Soris yvelaze mZlavia 8000 wliani perioduloba, romelis drosac xdeba dipoluri momentis 1,5-2 jer Secvla, aRsaniSnavia aseve dedamiwis magnituri velis gadapoluseba. daaxloebiT 105-107 wlis periodulobiT xdeba velis daZabulobis mkveTrad 3-10 jer Semcireba, 103-104 wlis

26

ganmavlobaSi, am periodSi ki magnituri velis polarobis ramodenimejer Secvlaa SesaZlebeli [109, 111].

dedamiwis 6-7 radiusis farglebSi misi magnituri veli SeiZleba CavTvaloT dipolurad da sferulad simetriulad. anu

MM rMrB 2

3 sin31),( λλ += (14) aq Μ geomagnituri velis dipoluri momentia.

λΜ magnituri ganedi. davuSvaT, nawilakis siCqare adgens raRac θ piC kuTxes magnituri ZalwirebTan, maSin is SeiZleba warmovadginoT or mdgenelad: magnituri Zalwiris gaswvirv moZraobad da larmonis sixSiriT

brunvad Zalwiris irgvliv: ZeBmc

vRT l

l ππ 22=

⊥= . aq m, ,Ze nawilakis masa da

muxtia, Rl larmonis radiusia. Caketili Zalwirebis gaswvriv aseTi saxis moZraobisas xdeba nawilakebis CaWera. (nax20) marTlac, nawilakis moZraobisas magnituri polusisken velis daZabuloba izrdeba. nawilakze

moqmedi F||=(Ze/c)(v⊥Br) Zalac izrdeba da sabolood iwvevs mis gaCerebas da ukan mobrunebas. nawilakis larmonis moZraobisas magnituri momenti

inaxeba BZe

mvcZeR ll

222 sinθπϖπμ == , Tu magnituri veli stacionaluria, maSin

nax.20. damuxtuli nawilakis moZraoba dedamiwis magnitur velSi[112].

const≈B2sinθμ . drois yovel mometSi magnituri momenti mimarTulia

magnituri velis Zalwirebis mxebis gaswvriv, radganac B icvleba velis

Zalwiris gaswvriv, Sesabamisad icvleba piC kuTxec. rodesac sinθ=1 piroba Sesruldeba, anu nawilakis siCqare daZabulobis marTobuli xdeba anu mis mier moZraobis Semdgomi gagrZeleba SeuZlebeli gaxdeba da moxdeba misi arekvla. stacionalur pirobebSi Tu arekvlis wertili dedamiwidan 100 km ze maRla mdebareobs nawilaki SeiZleba Zalian didi drois manZilze osciliebdes. aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom nulovani piC kuTxis mqone nawilakebi Seuferxeblad Semodian dedamiwis atmosferoSi.

meore adiabaturi invarianti aris qmedebis integrali CrdiloeT GN da samxreT Gs arekvlis wertilebs Soris moZraobisas:

∫∫ −==N

s

N

s

G

G

G

G

dsBBpdspJ ||3|| /1 es niSnavs rom ∫ −N

s

G

G

dsBB ||3/1 sidide inaxeba anu

nawilaki ganeduri dreifisas yovelTvis gansazRvrul Zalwirebze imyofeba.

27

aseTi traeqtoriebis erToblioba qmnis zedapirs, romelsac radiaciul sartyels eZaxian. CaWerili nawilakebi gansxvavdebian TavianTi masiT, energiiT da piC kuTxiT, amitom isini qmnian “TavianT” sartylebs, swored aseTi sartylebis erTobliobaa dedamiwis radiaculi sartylebi nax.21a. protonebisa da eleqtronebis ganawileba sartylebSi araTanabaria, protonebi avseben sartylebis Siga xolo eleqtronebi gare nawils nax.21b. radiaciuli sartylebis Sevseba xdeba mzis qaris nawilakebisa da kosmosuri sxivebis dedamiwis atmosferosTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad

warmoqmnili albedo neitronebis daSlis produqtebiT [112-114]. dedamiwis magnituri veli gadaxris maRali energiis

a) b)

nax 21 a) dedamiwis radiaciuli sartylebi b) sxvadasxva energiis nawilakTa nakadis intensivobebis damokidebuleba dedamiwidan manZilze L=R/Rd erTeulSi gazomilze[112].

kosmosur sxivebs sawyisi mimarTulebidan, Sedegad xdeba kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis Semcireba. gadaxris xarisxi damokidebulia nawilakTa sixistesa da moZraobis mimarTulebaze. dipolur miaxloebaSi(14) CamoWris sixistisaTvis gvaqvs Stermeris cnobili gamosaxuleba:

)]sinsin1(1[sin4φ

=MP φ

α kl sibrtyesa da moZraobis mimarTulebas Soris nax

22a. dedamiwis dipoluri velis variaciebis gamo CamoWris sixistec ganicdis cvlilebebs, anu fiqsirebul geografiul koordinatis Sesabamisi

32 φα−+Rc (15). aq kuTxea nawilakis moZraobis mimarTulebasa

da dipolis RerZs Soris, i dipolis RerZsa da nawilakis mdebareobaze gavlebu

a) b)

nax 22. a)1985 wlisaTvis 100 km simaRleze CamoWis sixistis damokidebuleba koordinatebze. gamoTvlili dipoluri velis miaxloebaSi. b) magnituri velis evolucia droSi 300 geografiuli ganedis da 00 300 400 500 grZedis mqone kordinatebisaTvis[115].

28

CamoWris sixiste da kosmosuri sxivebis intensivoba am wertlSi icvleba[115, 116]. nax 22b-ze warmodgenilia CamoWris sixistis cvlileba ukanaskneli 2000 wlis manZilze 300 geografiuli ganedis mqone wertilebisaTvis.

1.3.3 mzis qari da dedamiwis magnituri veli, CrdiloeTis ciali.

mzis qari da planetaTaSorisi magnituri veli intensiurad

ituri elis mniSvnelovan Secvlas. magnitosfero SemosazRvrulia dartymiTi talR

nawili nawilakebisa aRwevs magnitur kudSic da warmoqmnis plazmur fenas, “cxel” regions cvladi siblgamoyofilia Txeli neitraluri feniT, romelSic magnituri velebi

aze magnituri wneva rac iwvevs

urTierTmedebs dedamiwis magnitur velTan da iwvevs dipoluri magnv

iT romelic Cndeba mzis qarTan urTierTqmedebisas. am regionSi nawilakebis moZraobisas mcirdeba maTi siCqare da umravlesoba airekleba regionidan, romelsac qvia magnitofena. nawili damuxtuli nawilakebisa moZraobs ra magnituri velis Zalwirebis gaswvriv polaruli qudis gavliT aRwevs ionosferoSi. mzis qaris moZraobis mimarTulebiT dedamiwis magnitosfero wagrZelebulia da warmoqmnis magnitur kuds.

sxvadasxva naxevarsferodan erTmaneTs abaTileben. neitraluri fena esazRvreba plazmosferos, romelic Tavis mxriv ekvris gars ionosferos da warmoadgens civ da mkvrivi plazmis regions. nawili eleqtronebisa da ionebisa gadadis ionosferodan plazmosferoSi nax23. swored plazmosferoSi aris warmodgenili radiaciuli sartylebi [117]. maTi Semadgenloba Cveulebriv pirobebSi ar icvleba.

mzeze afeTqebebisas, maSin, rodesac mzis qaris siCqare mniSvnelovnad izrdeba xdeba dedamiwis magnituri velis deformireba, e.w. magnituri qariSxali. am dros izrdeba aseve plazmur fen

nax. 23 magnitosferos struqtura “wynari” qarisa da magnituri qariSxlis dros[117].

antiTa da simkvriviT. plazmuri fena

mis zewolas neitralur fenaze nax23. am dros damuxtuli nawilakebi moZraoben magnituri velis Zalwirebis gaswvriv da aRweven atmosferos zeda fenebSi, ZiriTadad polarul regionebSi, rac iwvevs naTebas, e.w. CrdiloeTis cials [118,119]. magnituri qariSxlis dros atmosferoSi gamoiyofa 1gv-s rigis energia. maTi dafiqsireba SeiZleba Cveulebrivi magnitoskopuri xelsawyoebiT.

29

nax24. volfis ricxvebi (gaferadebuli are) aa indeqsebi (texili xazi) da fineTSi dakvirvebuli meteorogiul Canawerebze dayrdnobiT CrdiloeTis cialis raodenoba (wreebi,1881-1964ww) da 5 sadguris monacemebis mixedviT gasaSualoebuli monacemebi (marTkuTxedebi 1973-1977 ww)[128].

arsebobs mlebic faravs daaxloebiT 150 wlis intervals. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia e.w. aa

vizualuri efeqtis (naTebis) gamo CrdiloeTis ciali iolad dakvir movlenas warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, arsebobs TiTqmis aTaswliani cnobebi

magnituri aqtivobis indeqsebis ramodenime mwkrivi, ro

indeqsebi, romlebic izomeboda 1863 wlidan 2 saaTiani intervaliT[120,121]. isini kargad korelireben erTmaneTs Soris da volfis ricxvebTan [122,123], amitom ganixilebian rogorc erT-erTi wyaro mzis aqtivobisa warsulSi.

nax24. CrdiloeTis cialis raodenoba istoriul cnobebze dayrdnobiT. muqi xaziT naCvenebia 25 wertiliT gasaSualebuli mrudi.

vebad

maT Sesaxeb, Tumca es cnobebi araregulruli xasiaTisaa, aRsaniSnavia amasTan rom, naTeba daikvirveboda ZiriTadad Ramis periodSi, mzis sinaTlis Zlieri fonis gamo. dReisaTvis arsebobs uwyveti droiTi mwkrivebi mogrovili ramodenime avtoris mier [124-128]. CrdiloeTis cialis monacemebic [123,127-129] Zlier korelireben mzis aqtivobis volfisa da jgufur laqaTa ricxvebTan (nax.23,24). unda aRiniSnos, rom

30

Sesrulebulia am monacemebze dayrdnobiT mzis aqtivobis volfis ricxvebis aRdgena, dawyebuli 1100 wlidan dRemde [130].

1.3.4 dedamiwiseuli klimati da mzis aqtivobis gavlena masze.

ea mzis

aqtivobasa da klimatis urTierTkavSirze, kerZod XVII saukuneSi evropaSi aciveb

(nax25) aRsaniSnavgamosxive

mzis mamodulirebeli gavlenis gamo

zegavlena [2,136], Sesabamisad atmosferos gamWirvalobis cvlies rols

ebebisaTvis. detaluri instr

daaxloebiT meoTxedi saukunis ukan edim wamoayena id

a daukavSira mzis aqtivobis Rrma minimums – maunderis minimums[131]. dReisaTvis es gavlena ukve myaradaa dadgenili [132,133], xolo misi meqnizmebi da wvlili klimatis formirebaSi ki jerjerobiT diskusiis

sagans warmoadgens [134,135]. mravalferovani gavlenis meqanizmebidan

ia mzis bis variacia;

mzis qaris gavlena globalur

eleqrtrogamtarobaze [4]; kosmosuri sxivebze

atmosferoSi RrubelTwarmoqmnis

procesis siCqareze leba da a. S.

TamaSobs klimatis formirebaSi, marTlac 2% iani cvlileba RrublebiT dafaruli zedapiris farTobis iwvevs daaxloebiT 1.2vati/m2 cvlilebas dedamiwis zedapiris mier STanTqmuli energiisa, rac TiTmis “saTburis efeqtiT” gamowveuli STanTqmis tolfasia (1.5vati/m2).

klimatisa da misi variaciebis Seswavla warsulSi erT-erTi aqtualuri sakiTxia dedamiwis Semswavleli mecnier

nax. 25. mzis aqtivobis gavlenis meqanizmebi klimatze

mzis mier gamosxivebuli

ukanasneli efeqti albaT erT-erT ZiriTad

umentuli Canawerebi klimatis Sesaxeb moipoveba mxolod XIX saukunis bolodan [138]. miuxedavad amisa, sxvadasxva wyaroebidan SesaZlebelia warsuli klimatis aRdgeba aTaseulobiT wlis manZilze [139-141, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/recons.html] (nax.26). naxazze daikvirveba temperaturis Semcirebebi mzis aqtivobis minimumebisas. mzis aqtivoba gavlenas axdens aramarto globalur temperaturaze, armed atmosferul da okeeanuri wylebis cirkulaciaze. kvlevebma aCvena mkveTrad gamoxatuli 20-30 wliani perodulobebis arseboba stabiluri δ18O izotopis, aseve xis rgolebis sisqesa da sxva monacemebSic [143-145]. bunebrivia, am tipis variaciebs xSirad ukavSireben mzis cnobil 22 wlian ciklurbas [108, 142,143]. rogorc nax.27 - dan Cans mzis aqtivobis “gamoZaxili” regionalur klimatSi kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa da Zlieraa damokidebuli regionis geografiul mdebareobaze.

31

nax. 26 aRdgenili Crdilo naxevarsferos tempetatura uk. 2000 wlis manZilze[138,139].

nax. 27 a) saSualo zedapirul temperaturis cvlileba 1680-1780 wlebSi b) regresia 1650-1850 wlebSi aRdgenil mzis mTlian gamosxivebasa da saSualo zedapirul temperaturas Soris[137].

32

Tavi II. kosmogenuri izotopebi.

$ 2.1 kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmna da gavrceleba dedamiwis atmosferoSi.

2.1.1 dedamiwis atmosferoSi kosmosuri sxivebiT gamowveuli birTvuli reqciebi, kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis siCqare.

cxrili II. kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis reaqciebi, saSualo siCqare da sruli raodenoba.

kosmogenuri izotopi

naxevardaSlis periodi

warmoqmnis reaqciebi

warmoqmnis saSualo siCqare naw/sm2wm

[146]

sruli raodenoba

t.

14N(n,p)14C 14C 5730 16O(n,3He)14C 2.0 60

16O(N,7X)10Be 10Be 1,5•106 0.02 100 14N(N,5X)10Be 36Cl 301 000 40Ar(N,5X)36Cl 0.001 4

716 000 40Ar(N,15X)26Al 0.0002 1 26Al

dedamiwis atmosfero permanentulad “ibombeba” kosmosuri sxivebiT, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi ZiriTadad maRaenergetikuli (E>100kev) protonebia. maTi atmosferos birTvebTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmnebian kosmogenuri izotopebi: 14C, 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl da a.S (II cxrili). kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis procesis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aris warmoqmnis siCqare, romelsac iTvlian monte-karlos meTodiT[146-149]. rogorc II cxrilidan Cans, sxvadasxva izotopebis warmoqmnis siCqare mniSvnelovnad gansxvadeba erTmaneTisagan, rac maTi

generirebis meqanizmebiTaa gamowveuli: 14C warmoiqmneba kosmosuri sxivebis mier atmosferoSi inicirebuli birTvuli reaqciebis Sedegad generirebuli meoradi neitronebis mier, romlebic Seneldebian da CaiWirebian atmosferos (ZiriTadad azotis) birTvebis mier. 14C is warmoqmnaSi neitronebis daaxloebiT 65% monawileobs, danarCeni ki brundeba ukan kosmosur sivrceSi an STainTqmeba atmosferoSi mimdinare sxva procesebis dros [147,150]; 10Be, 36Cl da 26Al ki warmoiqmnebian kosmosuri sxivebis Semadgeneli nuklonebis atmosferos birTvebTan pirdapiri urTierTqmedebisas [151-153]. 14C-is warmoqmnis maqsimaluri siCqare (neitronebis maqsimaluri nakadic) daimzireba 15-18km simaRleze, sxva kosmogenuri izotopebic ZiriTadad atmosferos zeda fenebSi warmoiqmnebian (10-15km ze maRla)[148]. Ekosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis siCqareze Zlier gavlenas axdens geomagnituri veli, romelic iwvevs kosmosuri sxivebis energetikul

CamoWras (§1.3.1, CamoWris sixiste R(λ )=14.9cos4λ gv) da warmoqmnis siCqaris

ganedur damokidebulebas, romelic TiTqmis erTnairi formiT vlindeba yvela izotopSi (nax 28).

33

garda geomagnturi velisa, kosmosuri sxivebis modulacias iwvevs mzis aqtivobac (§1.2.3), romelic aRiwereba modulaciis parametriT(13), cxadia rom es ukanaskneli iwvevs variaciebs warmoqmnis siCqareSi[154], nax.29.

dadgenilia

29,1

0

)(0059,0])[(Q

tQGVtk Δ= (16) empiruli Tanafardoba

radionaxSirbadis warmoqmnis siCqaresa modulaciis parametrs Soris, rigi avtorebis mier napovni iqna volfis ricxvebs Soris wrfivi kavSiri: Q[at./(sm2⋅st)]=a-b⋅W, ramdenadme gansxvavebuli koeficientebiT (a=2.6, b=0.0055 [155]; a=2.0091, b=0.0041 [156]; a=2.56, b=0.007 [157]). wrfivi damokidebulebaa 10Be –is warmoqmnis siCqaresa da volfis ricxvebs Sorisac[105].

nax 28. 10Be-is warmoqmnis

siCqaris (fardobiTi

erTeulebi) damokidebuleba

mzis aqtivobasa (modulaciis

parametri, mv) da geomagnituri

velis daZabulobaze (M0=8,3⋅1022

g⋅m2)[154].

kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobasa da 14C-is warmoqmnis siCqares

Sorisac arsebobs msgavsi damokidebuleba: I[naw⋅m-2⋅wm-1⋅str-1] =385Q2,45[naw⋅sm-2⋅wm-1][157], ΔI=4,5·ΔQ0,78 (17) aq ΔI da ΔQ gamosaxulia procentebSi 1890 wlis

saSualo donesTan SedarebiT, Sesabamisad 3854naw⋅m-2⋅wm-1⋅str-1 da 2,54naw⋅sm-

2⋅wm-1 [42,158]. mniSvnelovania aseve aRiniSnos, rom sxva procesebsac, kerZod

a) b)

nax 29 a) kosmogenuri 10Be is warmoqmnis siCqaris damokidebuleba geografiul ganedsa da atmosferos “siRmeze” b) radionaxSirbadis warmoqmnis siCqaris damokidebuleba ganedze sxvadasxva modulaciis parametrisas [154,158]

34

mzeze afeTqebebs da zeaxali varskvlavebis warmoqmnasac SeuZliaT kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis siCqareze mniSnvelovani gavlenis moxdena (§2.2).

2.1.2 kosmogenuri izotopebis gavrceleba geosferoSi, rezevuaruli modelebi.

warmoqmnis Semdeg kosmogenuri izotopebi erTvebian rTul geofizikur da geoqimiur procesebSi: radionaxSirbadi jer praqtikuliad myisve iJangeba 14CO naxSirbadis Jangamde, xolo Semdeg 4-12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi 14CO2-is orJangamde. 14CO2 ki Cvelebriv araaqtiur naxSiroJangTan erTad erTveba naxSirbadis mimocvlis sistemaSi[159]. 10Be (26Al, 36Cl) ki “jdeba” atmosferul aerozolebze da naleqebis saxiT xvdeba dedamiwis zedapirze [149,170,171]. kosmogenuri izotopebis gavrcelebis process aRweren e.w. rezervuaruli modelebiT. geosferos yofen ramodenime rezervuarad, Tvlian rom, am rezervuarebSi kosmogenuri izotopebi Tanabradaa ganawilebuli da weren maT Soris izotopebis

balansis gantolebebs: ∑=

−+=n

jii

ij

ji NQN

dtdN

1

)( λτ

(18) aq n rezervuarebis

raodenobaa, da aris Sesabamisad kosmogenuri izotopis koncentracia

da warmoqmnis siCqare –ur rezervuarSi, λ izotopis daSlis mudmivaa,

xolo - τi,j gadasvlis droebia i –uridan

iN iQi

j –ur rezervuarSi (gadasvlis

albaTobis Sebrunebuli sidide ji

ij,

1λτ = ). 10Be–is mimocvlis procesi

SedarebiT martivia: izotopi warmoqmnidan 1-2 wlis manZilze xvdeba arqtikis an antarqtikis yinulebSi, sadac xdeba misi deteqtirebaP(nax 28a). 14C–is mimocvla ki rTuli procesia, mas aRweren or, sam [163] xuTrezervaruli da rezervuarul-difuziuri modelebiT[162,164], (nax. 28.b). dReisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneba 12 rezervuaruli (PANDORA) da sxva modelebi[165,166]. rezervuarebs Soris gadasvlis droebi ganisazRvreba eqsperimentulad e.w “bombis” efeqtze dayrdnobiT: gasuli saukunis 50-60 ian wlebSi biTvuli afeTqebebma gamoiwvia atmosferoSi neitronebis koncentraciis (Sesabamisad kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis siCqaris) naxtomiseburi zrda [161,167-169]. sxvadasxva rezervuarebSi “bombis efeqtis”

b)

nax. 30. geosferoSi 10Be –is (a) da 14C –is 5 rezervuaruli (b) mimocvlis modelebi.

35

eqsperimentalurad gazomvis gziT SeiZleba gadasvlis droebis gansazrvra. gadasvlis droebi aseve SeiZleba SevafasoT “zius” efeqtiTac (organuli sawvavis wvis gamo atmosferoSi moxda araaqtiuri naxSirbadis injeqcireba da Sesabamisad 14C –is konentraciis Semcireba) [170]. rezervuarebis raodenobis SerCeva ZiriTadad ganpirovnebulia praqtikuli amocanidan gamomdinare: erTi mxriv rezervuarebis raodenobis zrda iwvevs modelis sizustis gazrdas, meore mxriv es moiTxovs gadasvlis droebis aramarto gansazRvras, aramed maTi droSi cvlilebis codnasac, rac xSirad SeuZlebelia. [159] –Si moyvanilia rezervuarebis optimaluri raodenobis (n) Sefaseba, naCvenebia rom, grZelperiodiani (periodiT T≥105 weli) cvlilebebis aRsawerad sakmarisia umartivesi orrezervuaruli (atmosfero da okeane) modeli. T~103

weli-Tvis nopt≥4; T~102weli-Tvis nopt≥5; T~10weli-Tvis

nopt≥6. 10Be-is warmoqmnis siCqaresa da yinulebSi mis koncentacias Soris

martivi urTierTkavSiri aris: AnvQ Be =10 [147,154]. aq n koncentraciaa [104at/g], ν yinulis simkvrivea [g/sm3], da A akumulaciis siCqarea [sm/weli]. radionaxSirbadis warmoqmnis siCqaresa da koncentacias Soris kavSiris dasadgenad ixsneba (18) gantolebaTa sistema furies meTodiT[157,171]. cxadia rom 5 rezervuruli modelisasTvis (nax 28b) Qu = Qd = Qb =Qg=0 da Qa =Q.

SemovitanoT aRniSvnebi: )()( tNNtN iii Δ+= ; )()( tQQtQ Δ+= sadac iN da

Q koncentraciisa da warmoqmnis siCqareTa stacionaluri, anu

wonasworuli mdgomareobis Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebia, rac 0=dt

dNi (3)

pirobas Seesabameba. da )(tNiΔ )(tQΔ ki am mniSvnelobebidan gadaxraa. Tu

gadavwerT (18) –s am aRniSvnebSi, gavakeTebT misi orive mxaris furie gardaqmnas da amovxsniT, miviRebT:

dtQtQwHdt

NtN iwteiwte

a

a ∫∫ −−

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡Δ=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡Δ )()()( (19)

sadac gadacemis funqcia ase moicema:

( )( )

( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡

++−

+−−−

++−

++

++⋅−

−⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡

++−

++−−

++−

−−

+−=

2222

2

322222221

2222

22

3222

2

2221

1

)(

EDwwF

EDEwFVCBwwBC

CBVBw

Viw

EDwwF

EDwEwFVCBwwBC

wBCVBw

BVAwH

aq Semotanilia Semdegi aRniSvnebi: abbaV λλ ⋅=1 ; abbggaV λλλ ⋅⋅=2 ; auuaV λλ ⋅=3 ;

auabA λλλ ++= ; bgbaB λλλ ++= ; gaC λλ += ; uduaD λλλ ++= ; duE λλ += ;

udduDEF λλ ⋅−= . sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, xuTrezervuaruli modeli muSaobs rogorc filtri, romelic warmoqmnis siCqaris signals

( ) ( )22 )](Im[)](Re[)( wHwHwHf +== jer asustebs da CamoarCens )](Re[)](Im[

wHwH

arctg=ϕ

faziT[172]. nax.31 -ze moyvanilia am sidideTa grafikebi τab=30; τba=30,6; τbh=40; τha=100; τaz=7,5; τza=9,7; τzs=22,7; τsz=40 gadasvlis droebisaTvisa da kreigis

mier Sefasebuli koncentraciebisaTvis [147,159]: Νa=7,5⋅109; Νh=12,4⋅109;

36

Νb=3,8⋅109; Νz=9,0⋅109; Νs=4,3⋅1011; aseve PANDORA –s da oSger-seingentaleris rezervuaruli modelebis mixedviT [165,173,174].

aRsaniSnavia rom, radionuklidebis mimocvlis ciklze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens klimati, globaluri tempratura, aseve okeanuri wylebis cirkulaciis Taviseburebebi [151,174-179] nax.32.

okeane moculobiT yvlelaze didi rezervuaria, is TiTqmis 50 jer met radionaxSirbads Sicavs atmosferosTan SedarebiT amitom cvlilebebi okeanuri wylebis cirkulaciaSi did gavlenas axdens 14C-is koncentaciaze.

nax. 32. kosmogenur izotopebze klimatis gavlenis sqema [151].

nax. 31 gaZlierebisa da fazuri

wanacvlebis sixSireze

damokidebuleba radio-

naxSirbadis mimocvlis sistemis

sxvadasxva modelis mixedviT.

zemoT: teqstSi aRwerili xuT

rezeruaruli modelidan

gamomdinare [152, 165]. qvemoT:

oSger-seingentaleris (uwyveti

xazi) da PANDORA –s modelebi

(wreebi) [158,166,167].

aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom kosmogenuri izotopebis paralelurad kosmosuri sxivebi axdenen ra atmosferos ionizacias, warmoqmnian NO3-

ionebs. es ukansknelni ganicdian hidradacias HNO3- mde da msgavsad 10Be –isa, “jdebian” aerozolebze xolo Semdeg ileqebian yinulebSi. dReisaTvis arsebobs didi droiTi garCevisunarianobiT (ramodenime kvira)

37

Sesrulebuli gazomvebi, romlebic moicaven ukanasknel ramodenime aseuli wlis droiT intervals. nitratebis koncentacia mgrZnobiarea ara marto galaqtikuri kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis cvlilebis, aramed mzeze afeTqebebis, vulkanuri aqtivobis da klimaturi cvlilebebis mimarTac[180,181].

2.1.3 kosmogenuri izotopebis koncentaciis gazomvis meTodebi

dRevandeli SefasebebiT dedamiwis asaki ramodenime miliardi welia, es niSnavs rom, kosmogenur izotopebs mxolod erTaderTi saxis warmomaloba SeiZleba hqondeT: kosmosuri. marTac, Tu CaTvliT rom, yvelaze didi naxevardaSlis periodis mqone kosmogenuri izotopis 10Be - is sawyisi koncentacia misi stabiluri izotopis 9Be – is koncentaciis toli iyo mzis sistemis warmoSobisas, aRmoCndeba rom sul raRac 100 milioni wlis Semdeg misi koncentacia 1at/gr – mde Semcirdeboda. imisaTvis rom, SesaZlebeli gaxdes nimuSebSi damakmayofilebeli sizustiT (1-3%) kosmogenuri izotopebis koncentaciis gazomva saWiroa, xelsawyos 10-14-10-15 mgrZnobiaroba qondes[182]. aseTi mcire koncentraciebis gazomvisaTvis istoriulad pirvelad ganviTarda radiometriuli meTodi[183,184]: cnobilia rom radioaqtiuri izotopis koncentracia SeiZleba martivi formuliT daviTvaloT Tu gavzomavT mis aqtivobas N=1,44T1/2A. es meTodi gansakuTrebiT efeqturia mcire naxevardaSlis periodis mqone izotopebis, kerZod ki radionaxSirbadis koncentraciis gazomisaTvis. radionaxSirbadi ZiriTadad koncentrirdeba organuli warmoSobis nimuSebSi: xis rgolebSi, zRvis marjnebSi, mcenareTa da cxovelTa organizmebSi da a.S. aqtivoba ki izomeba scintilaciuiri [184] an proporciuli[185] mTlelebisagan Semdgari danadgarebiT. dReisaTis gazomis da aseve gazomvisaTvis aucilebeli nimuSebis winaswari qimiuri damuSavebis meTodebi kargadaa daxvewili da srulyofili, Sedegad cdomileba 2-3% aRwevs (Sesabamisi literatura farTodaa tiraJirebuli mag. ix. www.radiocarbon.org). xolo TviT procedura ramodinime etapad xorcieldeba: pirvel etapze xdeba dendroqronologiurad damuSavebuli nimuSebis winaswari qimiuri

damuSaveba da gamoSroba karbonatebisa da sxva arasasurveli komponentebis mosaSoreblad, Semdeg xdeba misi dawva maRal tempereturaze da CO2 is miReba, saboloo etapze ki isev qimiuri damuSavebiT xdeba nimuSis gasazomad vargis kondiciamde miyvana (magaliTad Txevad scintilatorebSi gazomvisaTvis xdeba benzolis miReba) [184,185]. gazomvis dros erTdroulad izomeba nimuSis (an nimuSebis), fonisa da saerTaSoriso etalonis (standartis) aqtivoba.

[186,187] nimuSis aqtivoba iTvleba formuliT: [ ]BST

STS

NNNN

C−−

=Δ %14 (20). saboloo

nax.33 amaCqarebluri mas-peqtrometris pricipuli sqema[182].

38

Sedegebi ki warmoidgineba (20) Si fraqcionaciuli Sesworebebis Setanis

Semdeg, risTvisac zomaven Tanafardobas mass-speqrtrometruli meTodiT. radiometruli meTodebiT didi naxevardaSlis periodis mqone kosmogenuri izotopebis koncentraciis gazomva araefeqturia (zogjer SeuZlebelic), amitom bolo periodSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba amaCqarebluri mas-speqtrometruli meTodi. amaCqareblur mas-speqtrometrSi (nax.33) uaryofiTi niSnis ionTa wyarosagan (nimuSisagan), miRebuli ionebi eleqtrostatikuri amaCqarebliT aCqardebian da xvdebian gadamuxtvis areSi, sadac xdeba maTi gadamutva da Semdgomi aCqareba ramodenime aTeul mev energiamde. nawilakTa separacia mass-speqrometriTa da ΔE-E deteqtoriT xdeba. Cveulebriv mass-speqtrometrTan SedarebiT maRali mgrZnobiaroba miiRweva imis gamo, rom nawilakTa separacia (SerCeva) xdeba aramarto masisa da muxtis TanafardobiT, aramed energetikuli maxasiTeblebiTac. amasTan gadamuxtvis arisa da uaryofiTi ionTa wyaros arseboba gamoricxavs mag. 14N+, 12CH2

+ fonuri minarevebis wvlils 14C koncentraciis gazomvisas [190,191].

C13∂

mcire moculobis (aTeulobiT mg) nimuSebSi didi naxevardaSlis periodis (da aseve stabiluri) izotopebis koncentaciis gazomis SesaZleblobam, aseve gazomvis siCqarem da siiafem gamoiwvia amaCqarebluri mass-speqtrometriis ganviTareba da misi gamoyeneba ara marto samecniero, aramed praqtikuli TvalsazrisiTac [187,191]. 2.1.4 monacemTa analizis meTodebi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, komogenuri izotopebis koncentracaze eqsperimentalur cdomilebasTan erTad mravali faqtori axdens gavlenas [192]. amitom kosmogenuri izotopebis koncentraciaSi variaciebis wyaros identifikaciisaTvis saWiroa monacemebis droiTi mwkriidan gamovyoT Sesabamisi periodulobebi ($1.1.4), anu movaxdinoT droTi mwkrivis (anu signalis) speqtralur analizi. amisaTvis pirdapiri meTodia signalis

furie gardaqmna: ∑−

=

−=

1

0

2

)()(N

i

Nikj

dk eixTfXπ

(20) aq 1−=j , x(i) monacemebia N maTi

raodenobaa, Td gazomvebs Soris droiTi biji (SerCevis sixSire), xolo

TWNTkf dk /1/2)/( === π sixSirea. (20) formuliT miRebuli Sefasebebi

statistikurad aramdgradia, amitom SemoaqvT sidide: 2)(1)( fX

PfS xx = (21),

romelic warmoadgens P sixSiruli intervaliT gasaSualebul signalis furie komponentebis modulis kvadrats. aseTnairad gansazRvrul sidides Tavisi fizikuri azric gaaCnia, misi ganzomileba emTxveva simZlaris ganzomilebas, amitom mas simZlavris speqtris simkvrives uwodeben[193-194]. arsebobs simZlavris speqtris sxva saxiT ganmartebebi da Sesamamisad misi miRebis sxvadasvxa xerxi[194,195], kerZod mtkicdeba rom, (20) eqvivalentura CamoWrili avtokorelaciuri funqciidan miRebuli speqtrisa:

ττ τπ

detxtxfCxxP

P

fj

∫−

−+=

2/

2/

2

)()()( (22), am meTods belkmen-tiukis meTods

uwodeben[193]; simZlavris speqtri SeiZleba miviRoT zolovani filtris

39

gamoyenebiTac: ),,(~1)( 2e

e

BftxB

fSxx = (23). aq x~ filtris gamosavali, xolo

Be gaSvebis zolis siganea. simZlaris speqtris (21-23) Sefasebebi

emorCilebian χ2 ganawilebas n Taisuflebis xarisxiT (cxrili III),

cxrili III. Tavisuflebis xarisxi simZlavris speqtris sxvadasxva meTodiT daTvlisas.1

miRebis meTodi Tavisuflebis xarisxi standartuli gadaxra

s.s. (21) n=2M M/1 avtokorelacia (22) n=2N/m Nm / filtracia (23) n=2Be dNT )/(1 de NTB Sesabamisad SesaZlebelia maTi cdomilebebis daTvla da saimedoobis intervalebis ageba. mniSvnelovania aseve aRiniSnos rom, mtkicdeba droSi da sixSirul diapazonSi gasaSualebis eqvivalenturoba, anu

( ))()( 22 txXfX ≡ (24) [194].

zemoT ganxiluli meTodebi monacemTa raodenobis simciris SemTxvevaSi ar iZleva maRali sixSiruli garCevis unarianobis miRwevis saSualebas. am naklisagan Tavisufalia maqsimaluri entropiis (bergis)

meTodi. misi idea mdgomareobs SemdgomSi: davuSvaT φx aris x is pirveli M avtokorelaciuri koeficienti. amocana aris rom, vipovoT iseTi simZlavris speqtri PPx, maqsimalurad SemTxveviTi procesisa, romelsac aqvs igive avtokorelaciuri koeficientebi rac x-s. gausis procesis

entropia moicema formuliT ϖϖ dPh x ))((log2

1

21∫−

= . SeiZleba vaCvenoT, rom h –is

maqsimalizacia SeiZleba M-1 rigis Y avtoregresiuli procesiT:

bYaYaY nMnnM += =++ 111K aq an gausis TeTri xmauria b dispersiiT. aqedan

gvaqvs: 21

1

0

1)(

∑−

=

+

=M

k

ikk

X

ea

aPϖ

ϖ (25). am meTodiT miRebuli Sedegi ramdenadme

damokidebulia sawyisi parametris (M) SerCevaze, amitom is parametrul models warmoadgens. damatebiT aRsaniSnavia rom, am meTodis gamoyenebisas mkacrad moiTxoveba x(t) procesis stacionaroba [195, www.atmos.ucla.edu/tcd/ssa/]. stacionarobis es moTxovna ki xSirad ar sruldeba, radganac monacemebi rogorc wesi Seicavs dabalsixSirul trends, Tanac xSirad saWiroa davakvirdeT mxolod mis garkeuli komponentebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes Semdegi procedura: a. zolovani filtris

gamoyenebiT gamoiyos Sesabamisi sixSiruli diapazoni )()(),(~ txfHBtx l = aq

H(f) filtris gadacemis funqciaa b. radganac (24) gadasma samarTliania amitom SeiZleba miRebuli mwkrivis saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris daTvla

1 aq N monacemTa sruli raodenobaa, M gasaSualebul furie komponentTa ricxvia, m korelaciuri funqciis dagvianebis maxsimaluri mniSvneloba. Be ki gaSvebis zolis sigane

40

sxvadasxva intervalSi da Sesabamisi Sefasebebis miReba g. Tu procesi kvazistacionaluria anu mocemul sixSirul diapazonSi sruldeba stacionarobis piroba, maSin SegviZlia wina etapze miRebuli Sefasebebis

normireba:

∑

∑∞

−∞=

−=

+=

tl

L

Ll

xx

BtxN

BtxLtS

),(~1

),(~2

1)(~

2

2

τ

τ t=L..N-L (26). cxadia rom, es sidide aRar

gamoxatavs signalis calkeuli komponetis simZlavres, is aRwers am komponentis droSi evolucias, amasTan L mezobeli Sefasebebi erTmaneTTan korelireben. III cxrilSi moyvanili standartuli gadaxris daTvlis

formula am SemTxvevaSidac samarTliania )/(1 de LTB=σ (27). (21-25) wesiT ganmartebuli simZlavris speqtri ar iZleva signalis

maxasiaTeblebis droSi evoluciis aRweris saSualebas, anu gardaqmna lokalizirebulia sixSirul diapazonSi da droSi srulebiT araa lokalizirebuli. es nakli SeiZleba aRmovfxvraT Tu aiRebT “droSi moZrav” segments da misTvis miviRebT simZlavris speqtris Sefasebebs, anu xelovnurad movaxdenT gardaqmnis droSi lokalizebas (msgavsad (26) isa), magram maSin davkargavT sixSirul diapazonSi garCevisunarianobas. dReisaTvis droSi evolucirebadi da bevri sxvadasxva sixSiruli komponentebis Semcvleli signalebis analizisTvis farTod iyeneben

veivlet analizs. aviRoT bazisuri normireburi Ψ funqcia, romelic

swrafad mcirdeba roca t→∝, nulovani saSualo mniSvnelobiT. mag. e.w

morletis veivleti: . cnobili f(t) funqciisaTvis uwyveti

veivlet gardaqmna moicema ase:

2/4/1 20)( ηηϖπηψ −−= ee j

∫∞

∞−⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ −

= ')'(1)'(),( * dts

tts

tfstW ψ (28) aq η=(t′-t)/s

aq t droa s ki veiletis masStabi. parametri s

1 Cndenba normirebis

pirobis gamo: ∫∞

∞−

=⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ −

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ − sdt

stt

stt ')'()'( *ψψ (29). [196,197] veivlet analizis arsi

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom xdeba sabaziso funqciis droSi wanacvleba, sxvadasxva masStabze gaWimva da f(t) funqciasTan “msgavsebis” daTvla. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia rom, veivlet gardaqmna aramarto lokalizirebulia droSi da sixSirul diapazonSi, aramed misi lokalizaciis xarisxi icvleba masStabis (cetraluri sixSiris) SecvlasTan erTad[191]2. diskretuli signalis SemTxvevaSi (29) gadaiwereba

ase: ∑−

=⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ −

=1

0'

*'

)'()(

N

n

dnn s

Tnns

xsW ψδ (30). simZlavris speqtris msgasad veilet

gardaqmnis drosac energia ganawilebulia, magram axla ara marto sixSirul diapazonSi, aramed mTel veivlet naxevarsibrtyeze, aseve unda aRiniSnos rom, veivlet gardaqmnis Sedegebi ramodenimedme aris damokidebuli sabaziso funqciebis SerCevaze, rac detaluradaa ganxiluli

[198]Si. simZlavris speqtris msgavsad xmauris veilet speqtri χ22

2 uwyvetis garda arsebosbs asee e.w. diskretuli veivlet gardaqmna, romelic detaluradaa ganxiluli [193]-Si.

41

ganawilebiTaa ganawilebuli, anu: 222

2

21)(

χσ kn P

sW> (31) aq Pk aris Teoriuli

xmauris speqtris im k komponentis saSualo simZlavre, romelic s veivlet masStabs Seesabameba. magaliTad “wiTeli xmaurisaTvis”,

)2cos(211

2

2

NkPk παα

α−+

−= k=0..N/2 (α=0 TeTri xmaurisaTvis). furie analizis

msgasad gasaSualeba aqac SesaZlebelia da iwvevs Tavisuflebis xarisxis gazrdas[199].

(21)-i SeiZleba ganvazogadoT ori sxvadasxva signalisaTvis:

)()(1)( * fYfXP

fS xy = (32) mas kross-speqtrs uwodeben. zogierTi fizikuri

sistema, magaliTad, zemoT ganxiluli naxSirbadis mimocvlis sistema (19)[172], iwvevs signalis (am SemTxvevaSi radionaxSirbadis warmoqmnis siCqaris) speqtraluri maxasiaTeblebis cvlilebas, anu:

)()()( 2 fSfHfS xy = . aq Sx da Sy Sesabamisad signali da sistemis

gamoZaxilia. Tu davuSvebT rom signali stacionaluri SemTxveviTi

procesia (TeTri xmauri) maSin )()( fSfHS xxy = kross-speqtri mTlianad

gansazRvravs sistemis yofaqcevas, anu Tu es ukanaskneli da signalis simZlavris speqtri cnobilia, gamoZaxilis funqcia da misi fazac gansazRvrulia. zogad SemTxvevaSi kross-speqtri gamoxatavs ori mwkrivis speqtraluri maxasiaTeblebis msgavsebas, analogiurad kovariaciuli funqciisa, romelic TviT wkrivebis msgavsebis xarisxs gamoxtavs. korelaciis koeficientis msgavsad SesaZlebelia kros-speqtris normireba:

)()(

)()(

2

2

fSfS

fSf

yx

xyxy =γ (33) da mas koherentulobis funqcias uwodeben

. sistemis Tvisebebis dinamiuri cvlilebebis Sesaswavlad,

msgavsad speqtraluri analizisa am SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia droSi kros-speqtris (da koherentulobis funqciis) xelovnuri lokalizacia, Tumca kros-veivlet gardaqmna da veivlet-koherentuloba, romlebic

ganisazRvrebian rogorc da

1)(0 2 ≤≤ fxyγ

)()()( * sWsWsW Yn

Xn

XYn =

)()(

)()(

sWsW

sWsWC

Yn

Xn

XYnXY

n = (34)

Sesabamisad, ukeTes Sedegebs iZleva. saimedoobis funqcia ki SeiZleba

ganvsazRvroT rogorc fesvi ori χ2 kanoniT sididisa, romlis ganawilebis

simkvrive moicema ase: dzzzppZ

∫ ΚΓ

= −−)(

0 01

2

2

)()2/(

2ν νν

ν. (3) aq Zν(p) aris p

albaTobis Sesabamisi saimedoobis intervali Γ gama fuunqciaa, Κ0 ki 0-ovani rigis modificirebuli beselis funqcia[199-201, http://paos.colorado.edu/research/wavelets;http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~ wavelab].

42

$ 2.2 sxvadasxva movlenebis Seswavla kosmogenuri izotopebis saSualebiT. 2.2.1 kosmogenuri izotopebi da adamianis anTropogenuli moRvaweoba. adamianis uSualo zegavlena kosmogenuri izotopebis koncentraciaze aisaxa sayovelTaod cnobili “bombisa” da ziuss efeqtebiT. “bombis efeqts” uwodeben gasuli saukunis 50 wlebSi birTvuli afeTqebebis gamo atmosferoSi neitronebis raodenobis naxtomiseburi zrdiT gamowveul kosmogenuri izotopebis konentraciis zrdas.

nax 34 ze moyvanilia sxvadasxva geografiuli ganedisaTvis gazomili 14C da 36Cl [168,202]. rogorc Cans, radionaxSirbadisa da 36Cl koncentaciebSi adgili qonda TiTqmis 100% ian zrdas, ramac gadafara yvela sxva efeqti. samecniero TvalsazrisiT, am movlenam didi gamoyeneba hpova radionuklidebis sxadasxva rezervuarebs Soris mimocvlis aRsawerad, kerZod naxSirbadis sxvadasxva “rezervuarSi” gadasvlis droebis gansazRvris kuTxiT ($2.1.2).

nax 34. bombis efeqti 14C da 36Cl monacemebSi[168,202].

adamianis mier bunebrivi sawvavis moxmarebis Sedegad atmosferoSi xdeba didi raodenobiT CO2 –is inJeqcireba, rac iwvevs globalur daTbobas (ixileT nax26 $1.3.4) – Tanamedrove civilizaciis erT-erT umwvaves problemas[203]. cxadia rom, inJeqcirebuli araqtiuri CO2 iwvevs atmosferoSi radionaxSirbadis koncentraciis Secirebas (nax 35.a), rasac pirvelad daakvirda ziusi xis rgolebSi 14C –is koncentraciis Seswalisas[170]. dReisaTvis ziusis efeqtis sididis gansazRvra xdeba sxvadasxva meTodebiT: 1. “sawarmoo” meTodi efuZneba atmosferoSi inJeqtirebuli sawarmoo naxSirbadis raodenobis Sefasebas; 2. “radionaxSirbaduli” meTodiT ziusis efeqts iTvlian rogorc sxvaobas 14C –is koncentraciis gazomil mwkrivsa da radionaxSirbadis 1850 wlis koncentraciis dones Soris, Semdeg monacemebi aproqsimirdeba umcires kvadratTa meTodiT. sirTule am midgomisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom 1850 wlidan dawyebuli 14C –is koncentracia Semdgom wlebSi uTuod Seicvleboda ziusis efeqtis ararsebobisas mzis aqtivobis gavleniT,

43

amitom SeuZlebelia zustad “industriuli” mizezebiT gamowveuli 14C –is koncentraciis Semcirebis dadgena; 3. “kosmofizikuri” meTodi saSualebas iZleva ziusis efeqtis sidide meti sizustiT ganvsazRvroT. (17) formulis gamoyenebiT afaseben radionaxSirbadis warmoqmnis siCqares da rezervuaruli modelis gamoyenebiT iTlian 14C –is mosalodnel “kosmofizikur” koncentracas. am koncentraciasa da dakvirebad sidedes Soris sxvaoba aris ziusis efeqti “sufTa” saxiT[204-206].

cxadia rom, garda ekologiuri mniSvnelobisa, ziusis efeqti Seiswavleba misi 14C monacemebidan gamoricxvis mizniT, rac ganxorcielda kidec Tsu -Si miRebuli radionaxSirbadis koncentraciis mwkrivisTvis zemoTaRwerili meTodebiT[204]. amsaTan “radionaxSirbaduli” meTodi nawilobriv modificirebuli iqna, kerZod industriamdel monacemebze dayrdnobiT statistikuri meTodebiT Sefasebul iqna radionaxSirbadis koncentraciis mosalodneli droiTi svla ziusis efeqtis ararsebobisas da miRebul Sedegs “gamoaklda” dakvirvebadi koncentraciebi. Sedegad miRebuli sidide ufro karg TanxmobaSia sawarmoo da astrofizikuli meTodebiT miRebul SefasebasTan (nax 35. b). efeqtis sididem 1890 wlidan (efeqtis gamovlenidan)

1940 wlamde (bombis efeqtamde) Seadgina (2,4±0,35)% rac TanxmobaSia sxva analogiur SefasebebTan [202,207,208]. cdomilebebi ZiriTadad gamowveulia radionaxSirbadis koncentaciiis savaraudo droiTi svlis (ziusis efeqtis ararsebobisas) SefasabaSi daSvebuli SecdomebiT.

nax. 35 ziusis efeqti Tsu 14C monacemebis mixedviT.

garda bunebaze adamianis zegavlenis Seswalisa, radionaxSirbadis koncentraciis gansazRvram didi praqtikuli gamoyeneba istoriuli da xelovnebis nimuSebis daTariRebis kuTxiT [209,210].

2.2.3 geofizikuri da astrofizikuli movlenebis Seswavla warsulSi.

$1.3.1, 1.3.2 da 2.1.1 –Si ganvixileT dedamiwis magnituri veli da misi

gavlena kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis siCqareze. rac Tavis mxriv iwevevs clilebebs kosmogenuri izotopebis koncentaciebSi[210-215]. cxadia,

44

rom kosmogenuri izotopebis koncentaciebze dayrdnobiT Cven SegviZlia aRvadginoT geomagnituri velis daZabuloba warsulSi. unda aRiniSnos rom, geomagnituri velis daZabulobis gavlenis Seswala kosmogenur izotopebze aseve mniSvnelovania monacemebidan misi gamoricvxis kuTxiT.

nax 36 –ze warmodgenilia 36Cl da 10Be monacemebze dayrdnobiT

aRdgenili da tradiciuli meTodebiT (magnitometruli) gazomili magnituri velis daZabuloba warsulSi[213]. radionaxSirbadis monacemebSi geomagnituri velis gavlenas “gamoricxaven”

( ) .738810402

2sin97,427,4)()( 00

01414

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ +⋅⋅−−Δ=Δ ttCtC π

(27) formulis

saSualebiT [186,212,215]. aq t _ mimdinare kalendaruli welia. (Cvens eramde t uaryofiTia). rogorc (27)-dan da nax.36-dan Cans geomagnituri veliT gamowveuli variaciebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs mxolod aTasobiT da aTiaTasobiT wlis masStabze, amasTan amplitudiT is yvela sxva tipis variaciebze mZlavria.

nax 36. magnituri velis daZabuloba warsulSi aRdgenili grenlandiis yinulebSi gazomil 36Cl da 10Be monacemebze dayrdnobiT (muqi xazi) da tradiciuli meTodiT gazomili xmelTaSua zRvis naleqovan fenebSi. (Ria xazi). Ria feriT gaferadebulia gazomis cdomilebebis are[213].

kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis siCqareze astrofizikuri faqtorebidan gavlenas axdens mzis aqtivoba da galaqtikuri kosmosuri sxivebis intensivoba. es ukanaskneli galaqtikuri warmoSobisaa1 da maTi intensivoba Teoriuli mosazrebebiT mudmivi unda iyos drois didi periodis manZilze (ix §1.1.3, §1.1.4). Tumca mzis sistemis galaqtikur spiralSi moZraobis gamo, aseul aTasobiT da milionobiT wlis droiT masStabebze es mosazreba samarTliani araa. erTaderTi saSualeba drois aseT masStabebze kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis Seswalisa aris kosmogenuri izotopebi.

1 kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnaSi ZiriTadi wvlili SeaqvT 50 gev ze naklebi energiis protonebs, romelTa galaqtikuri warmomaloba dadgenilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

45

dReisaTvis arsebobs 10Be, 36Cl da26Al –is precesiuli gazomvebi

ukanaskneli 100000 wlis [146,216,217] xolo 14C -is ukanaskneli 50000 wlis manZilze[218,219]. nax. 37 a) ze moyvanilia kosmogenuri 10Be-is warmoqmnis siCqare ukanaskneli 60000 wlis manZilze miRebuli grelandiis yinulebSi gazomil monacemebze dayrdnobiT. naxazidan Cans, rom am periodis manZilze kosmosuri sxivebis intensivoba mudmivi iyo garda 30-40 aTasi wlis periodisa, rodesac daikvireba misi ipulsuri zrda. aseTive zrda dafiqsirebulia 14C –is (nax 37b) da sxva kosmogenuri izotopebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT. savaraudod, es zrda gamowveuli unda iyos mzis sistemis maxlobel raionSi (50ps) daaxlovebiT 1050 erg simZlavris zeaxali varsklavis afeTqebis Sedegad. ZiriTadi pikis winmswrebi SedarebiT patara

piki gamowveuli unda iyos γ kvantebiT, romlebic SedarebiT swrafad moaRwevdnen dedamiwamde. aseTi simZlavris afeTqeba maxlobel regionebSi Zalze didi iSviaTobaa, magram SesaZlebelia ramodenime mcire simZlavris afeTqebis SemTxveva ukanasknel aTaswleulSi, rasac SeiZleba gamoewvia SedarebiT mcire efeqti [220-222].

nax 37. a) 10Be warmoqmnis siCq. uk. 60000 wlis manZilze b) 10Be da 14C koncentaciebze dayrdnobiT aRdgenili kosmosuri sxivebis intensivoba Cv.w.a. 50000-20000 wlebSi[216,221].

mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, erT-erTi yvelaze sainteresoa kosmogenuri izotopebis saSualebiT mzis aqtivobis Seswala warsulSi. mze da mzismieri kosmosuri sxivebi iwveven mzis sistemaSi Semosuli kosmosuri sxivebis modulacias ($1.2.3-1.2.4), Sedegad gvaqvs antikorelaciuri damokidebuleba mzis aqtivobasa da kosmogenuri izotopebis koncentracias Soris, rac kargad Cans nax.38a-ze[223,158]. kosmogenuri izotopebis saSualebiT dadasturebuli iqna mzis aqtivobis Rrma minimumis - maunderis minimumis (1645-1715ww) arseboba[63], aseve aRmoCenili iqna sxva Rrma minimumebi Spereris, volfis, ortis da a.S. Semdgomma kvlevebma kidev ufro gazarda minimumebis raodenoba, isini pirobiTad 2 saxed SeiZleba davyoT: maunderis (SedarebiT viwro) da Spereris (ufro ganieri) tipis minimumebad (nax.38b) [223]. aseve unda aRiniSnos rom, mzis aqtiobaSi cnobili 11 wliani periodulobis garda naxuli iqna 200, 400, 2400 wliani ciklebic [224,225]. aRsaniSnavia rom, Rrma minimumebis dakvirvebis drois

46

nax.38 a) samxreT polusze gazomili 10Be-is koncentracia, laqaTa ricxvi da CrdiloeTis cialis sixSire. b) radionaxSirbadis koncentracia ukanaskneli 8000 wlis manZilze[165,223]

statistikurma analizma aCvena rom, maTi droSi ganawileba qaoturia, lodinis drois ganawileba ki eqsponecialuri xasiaTisa, rac puasonis ganawilebis maxasiaTebeli niSania[226]. kosmogenuri izotopebis koncentracia aseve mgznobiarea mzeze mZlavri afeTqebebis mimarT, rodesac didi raodenobis maRali energiis (>100mev) nawilakebi generirdeba, garda radionaxSirbadisa, romlis koncentaciis mosalodneli zrda afeTqebebisas 0.1% -ia [227-228].

47

III. mzis aqtivobis Rrma minimumebi.

3.1 mzis aqtivobis dinamika ukanaskneli ramodenime aseuli wlis manZilze. maunderisa da daltonis minimumebi.

3.1.1 mzis aqtivobis dinamikis Seswavla warsulSi istoriul monacemebze

dayrdnobiT rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mzis aqtivobis erT-erTi yvelaze

TvalsaCino da popularuli maxasiaTebeli aris mzis laqebi ($1.2.2).

rogorc RGN aseve GSN monacemebSi dominirebs ≈100 wliani da ≈11 wliani periodulobebi e.w Svablis cikli (IIIcxrili). Svablis ciklurobis rogorc perioduloba, aseve amplituda icvleba drois manZilze [63,208], rogorc es nax 39-ze moyvanil veivlet speqtridanac kargad Cans[229,230].

cxrili III. periodulobebi mzeze laqaTa ricxvebis RGN monacemebSi

periodi

monacemebSi [weli]

aplituda periodi GSN monacemebSi

[weli] aplituda

98.6 27.9 98.6 35.6

10.9 51.2 10.9 62.8

10.5 43.6 10.5 59.0 8.4 17.4 9.8 44.5

laqaTa ricxvis droSi evolucia SeiZleba aRiweros modulaciuri funqciiT [230]. Cvens mier gamoyenebul modelSi “bazisur” funqciad aRebul iqna

Am(t)cos2(2πT(t) / t +Fm(t))==1/2[Am(t)]+ 1/2[cos(4π T(t) / t +2Fm(t))] (35) [225] sadac t – droa (wlebSi) Am amplituda xolo T da F periodi da faza Sesabamisad. parametrebi SerCeulia martivi proceduriT: viRebT L sigrZis

droiT fanjras, am fanjaraSi moxvedrili momacemebisaTvis vpoulobT Am, Tm da Fm parametrebs umcires kvadratTa meTodiT, Semdeg xdeba fanjris wanacvleba droiTi RerZis gaswvriv. cxadia rac ufro didia L miT ufro Zlier korelireben am paramertebis mezobeli Sefasebebi da miT ufro

nax 39. laqaTa jgufuri (GSN) ricxvis veivlet speqtri[230].

48

gluvia miRebuli Am(t) Tm(t) da Fm(t) mrudebi. meore mxriv, L is

zrdasTan izrdeba (35) funqciiT interpolirebuli mrudis gadaxra monacemebisagan. nax 40 dan Cans, rom L is optimaluri mniSvneloba aris (10÷18), amasTan interpolaciis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad ar icvlebaa Tu fazas an periods mudmivad CavTvaliT. (sixSiruli modulacia an fazuri modulacia). nax.40 –ze warmodgenilia interpolirebuli da dakvirvebuli laqaTa ricxvis mrudebi, xolo nax41-ze amplitudisa da fazis evoluciis mrudebi. fazuri modulaciis modelidan miRebuli Fm(t)-s Sefasebebi gacilebiT ufro gluvia, vidre sixSiruli modulaciis modelidan miRebuli T(t) (nax.37 g). aRsaniSnavia aseve fazis stabiluroba drois didi periodis manZilze, garda minimumebis dasawyissa da boloSi, gansakuTrebiT ki daltonis minimumis dasawyisSi1 (ix. e.w “fazuri katastrofa” [63]) [225].

0 10 20 30 40 500

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1 maunderis minimumisas dakvirvebuli fazuri gardatexa naklebsaimedoa dakvirvebuli laqaTa ricxvis simciris gamo

a)

yvela parametri, RGN

yvela parametri, GSN

fazuri mod., GSN

sixSiruli mod., GSN

fazuri mod., RGN

sixSiruli mod., GSN

saS

ual

o kvadrat

uli

gad

axra mo

nacemeb

idan

L, fanjris sigane

modeli, monacemebi

0 10 20 30 40 500

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

L, fanjris sigane

vizual

urad

gansaz

Rvr

uli perio

did

an g

adax

ra

yvela parametri, RGN

yvela parametri, GSN

sixSiruli mod., GSN

sixSiruli mod., GSN

modeli, monacemebi

b)

nax 40. sxvadasxva tipis modulaciuri modelisaTvis monacemebidan intepolirebuli mrudis(a) da cilis gamoTlili periodis vizualuridan[63] (b) gadaxris damokidebuleba SerCeuli fanjris siganeze

nax. 41 (29) formuliT gansazRvruli da laqaTa GSN ricxvebi, L=12 T=22

49

sxva mniSvnelovani istoriuli wyaro mzis aqtivobis Sesaxeb aris CrdiloeTis cialis monacemebi (ix. §1.3.3, nax. 24). rogorc nax 43 ze moyvanili veivlet speqtridan da mis GSN ricxvebs Soris veivlet koherentulobis suraTidan Cans, isini mzis aqtiobis aramarto dinamikas aramed mis ciklurobasac kargad aRweren ukanaskneli ramodnime aseuli wlis manZilze. drois ufro did Skalaze Tavs iCens istoriuli cnobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli infomaciis danakargi da aqedan gamomdinare saimedoobis mkveTri dacema, rac kargad Cans nax. 24 ze. aseve Zlier

nax. 42 a) amplitudis evolucia droSi volfisa (Ria xazi) jgufuri (muqi xazi) laqebis ricxvebisaTvis, sixSiruli modulaciis modeli. b) igive damokidebulebebi fazuri modulaciisas. g) fazisa da periodis (texili xazi) droze damokidebuleba, fazuri da sixSiruli modulaciis modelebis mixedviT.

nax. 43 a) CrdiloeTis cialis monacemebis veivlet speqtri b) veivlet koherentuloba mzis laqaTa (GSN) ricxvebisa da cialis monacemebs Soris

50

mniSvelovania, monacemebSi damkvirvebelTa subieqturi faqtorebiT gamowveuli cdomilebebi[61]. 3.1.2 mzis aqtivoba da kosmogenuri 14C da 10Be. maunderisa da daltonis minimumi.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, istoriuli monacemebis saimedooba mkveTrad mcirdeba monacemTa siZvelesTan erTad. Tavis mxirv kosmogenuri izotopebis koncentraciebze gavlenas axdens aramarto Mmzis aqtivoba, aramed saplanetaTaSoriso sivrceSi mimdinare rTuli geoqimuri da geofizikuri procesebic. amitomaa mniSvnelovani mzis aqtivobis kompleqsuri Seswavla sxvadasxva monacemebze dayrdnobiT. aRsaniSnavia rom, dReisaTvis arsebobs ramodenime mwkrivi precesiuli gazomebvisa yovelwliuri bijiT, romelTagan pirveli miRebuli iqna Tbilisis sax. universitetSi 1983-1986 wlebSi [186,232] da moicavs ukanasknel 400 wels. ukanasknel 500 wels moicavs vaSingtonis universitetSi xis rgolebSi gazomili 14C –is koncentraciebi [233], xolo 600 wels - grelandiis yinulebSi gazomili 10Be –is mwkrivi (Sveicariis saxelmwifo sazRvao mecnierebaTa da teqnologiebis instituti)[234] nax.44. aseve mniSvnelovania bolo periodSi nagoias universitetSi miRebuli radionaSirbadis yovelwliuri mwkrivi, romelic 1200 wels moicavs [187,235].

rogorc nax44.–dan Cans 14C –is monacemebi karg TanxmobaSia

erTmaneTTan, amasTan maunderis minimumisas daikvirveba 2.1±0.5% -iani zrda, romelic sxva laboratoriebSi miRebul monacemebSic daimzireba[236,237].

nax. 44 a) Tsu sa da vaSingtonis universitetSi miRebuli radionaxSirbadis koncentraciis mwkrivebi. b) grelandiis yinulebSi gazomili 10Be.

51

rogorc avRniSneT, kargi miaxloebiT SeiZleba CavTvaloT rom, kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis siCqare ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia mzis aqtiobasTan ($2.1.1), amasTan (35) dan gamomdinare ki es siCqare SeiZleba 2 komponentis: mamodulirebeli da modulirebuli variaciebis jamad warmovidginoT. (13,16)-ze dayrdnobiT ki SesaZlebelia laqaTa ricxvidan dedamiwis atmosferoSi kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobisa da kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis siCqaris aRdgena. ukeTesi Sedegi SesaZlebelia miviRoT (9,10) gantolebis amoxsniT an mis mixedviT nawilakebis moZraobis simulaciis gziT [100, http://cosray.unibe.ch/laurent/planetocosmics]. warmoqmnis siCqaridan 14C –is koncentraciaze gadasvlisaTvis ki SesaZlebelia visargebloT naxSirbadis mimocvlis balansis gantolebis amonaxsniT (19), an movaxdinoT (18) -is programuli modelireba, am procedurebis gamoyenebiT Cvens mier miRebul iqna 14C –is koncentraciis mniSvnelobebi laqaTa ricxvis monacemenze dayrdnobiT da Sedegi Sedarebul iqna eqsperimentalur monacemebTan, aseve maT saSualo mniSvnelobasTan rac nax.44b.-zea warmodgenili. nax.44a.-ze naCvenebia 25 wertiliT gasaSualebuli 10Be is koncentraciisa da (35) dan gansazRvruli Am modulaciuri funqciis droiTi mrudebi1, maT Soris korelaciis koeficienti aris 0,6.

rogorc Cans a) 14C –is monacemebis samive mrudi ufo Zlier korelirebs

mzis aqtiobasTan, vidre 10Be –is monacemebi. b) korelaciis xarisxi aRdgenil da 14C gasaSualebul monacemebs Soris ufro maRalia, vidre calke Tsu sa da vaSingtonis universitetis monacemebs Soris (rmean=0.91,

nax. 44 a) 25 wertiliT gasaSualebuli 10Be is koncentracia (Ria xazi) da modulaciuri funqcia (muqi xazi) b) 14C –is koncentracia GSN idan miRebuli (muqi xazi), Tsu s monacemebi (wertilovani xazi), vaSigtonis universitetis monacemebi (texili xazi) da maTi saSualo mniSnvelobebi. (Ria xazi)

rtsu=0.85 da rwu=0.87 SD = 0.1, 0.19 da 0.17 Sesamamisad). es SeiZleba aixsnas

1 10Be–is koncentracia pirdapirproporciulia misi warmoqmnis siCqaris. ix. §2.1.1.

52

atmosferos kargi aRrevadobiT, romelic asustebs lokaluri araeTgvarovnebebiT gamowveul efeqtebs radionaxSirbadis didperiodul variacebSi. dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilidan aRebuli monacemebis gasaSualeba ki kidev ufro amcirebs regionalur efeqtebs [238].

daltonis minimumi, mzis aqtiobaSi erT erTi yvelaze s

nax 45. mzis aqtivoba daltonis minimumis dros. muqi xazi -Am (fazuri modulaciis modeli), Ria xazi -10Be is koncentracia grenlandiis yinulebSi CrdiloeTis cialis ricxvi (texili xazi)

da

aintereso minimu

warmoadgens saSualo xangZlivobis impulsuri tipis signals 14C- is

mTagania, radganac is mxolod 40 wels grZeldeboda da amitom

mimoclis sistemisaTvis. daltonis minimumis dros mzis aqtivobis mkveTr, naxtomisebur Semcirebas Sedegad moyva kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis aseTive saxis cvlileba, rac dasturdeba 10Be-is koncentraciisa da CrdiloeTis cialis monacemebis safuZelze nax 45. naxazidan Cans daaxloebiT 30% zrda beriliumis koncenrtaciaSi daltonis minimumis dros. daaxloebiT igive zrda unda iyos kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobaSi, da 12-15% zrda radinaxSirbadis warmoqmnis siCqareSi rac 5 rezervuaruli modelidan gamondinare Seesabameba xis wliur rgolebSi 0,5-0,7% zrdas da rac daikvirveba kidec. miuxedavad amisa, kargi korelacia (0,7) aris aRdgenil monacemebis vaSingtonis universitetSi gazomil mwkrivTan, Tsu monacemebTan ki susti (0,1). rac gamowveuli unda iyos monacemebze regionaluri faqtorebis, kerZod ki kareliaSi1 am periodSi dafiqsirebuli dafiqsirebuli temperaturis zrdis gamo ix. nax.46,47 [238,239].

x

nax.46 radionaxSirbadis

koncentraciis droiTi

svla daltonis minimumis

dros. laqaTa rocxvidan

aRdgenili (muqi sqeli

xazi), 14Ctsu (texili), 14Cwu

(uwyveti T eli xazi) da

saSualo mniSvneloba

(sqeli Ria xazi).

1 xis wliuri rgolebis nimuSebi aRebuli iyo kareliaSi moWrili fiWvidan

53

sabolood, unda iTqvas rom, drois am skalaze (T=25÷400w)

damakmayofilebeli Tanxvedra gvaqvs mzis aqtivobis “istoriul” wyaroebsa da kosmogenuri izopebis koncentaciis monacemebs Soris, rac niSnavs rom:

nax.47 temperaturuli anomaliebi Crdilo naxevarsferoSi. daltonis minimumumis dasawyissa (zemoTa paneli) da mis meore naxevarSi (qvemoTa, paneli 1810-1830ww)[239].

1. kosmosuri sxivebis modulaciis meqanizmi ucvleli iyo rogorc minimumebis, aseve mTeli am periodis manZilze ($1.2.4.)

2. 5 rezervuarli modeli kargad aRwers radionaxSirbadis mimocvlis procesebs, aqedan gamomdinare klimaturi da sxvadasxva globaluri geofizikuri procesebis gavlena mcirea masze.

3. daltonis minimumis dros dakvirvebuli sxvaoba savaraudod gamowveulia regionaluri klimatis anomaliiT. regionaluri geofizikuri procesebis gavlena 14C –is koncentaciaze SesamCnevia, magram dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxidan aRebuli monacemebis gasaSualeba iwvevs mis gamoricxvas.

4. regionaluri efeqtebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas aqdens 10Be –is koncentaciaze, savaraudod maunderis minimumisas arsebuli sxvaoba (nax 44) am faqtorebiTaa gamowveuli, miT umetes rom, amave izotopis samxreT polusze aRebul nimuSebSi msgavsi gansxvaveba ar daikvireba[165,.240].

3.1.3 kosmosuri sxivebis intensiobis aRdgena 14C is mimocvlis 5

rezervuarul modelze dayrdnobiT.

radinaxSirbadis monacemebze da misi mimocvlis modelze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia misi warmoqmnis siCqaris aRdgena, (19)-is ukugardaqmnis

a

aN

wNwHQwQ )().()( 1 Δ=Δ − (30) gamoyenebiT ($2.1.2). warmoqmnis siCqaridan

ki modulaciis parametrisa (ix.$1.2.4, 13) da kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis miReba (16). cxadia amasTan, monacemebidan unda gamoiricxos ziusis efeqtiT gamowveuli ($2.2.1) 14C – is koncentraciis Semcireba. dabali periodulobis signalisaTvis (T<400 weli) gaZlierebis koeficients kargad

aRwers wrfivi damokidebuleba: 828001 +⋅=−

πωf (31) rac niSnavs rom,

radionaxSirbadis mimoclis sistema muSaobs rogorc dabalsixSiruli filtri, asustebs ra 11 wliani periodulobebs daaxloebiT 80 jer, 5 wlians - 170 jer. amis gamo eqsperimentaluri, aseve sxva mizezebiT gamowveul xmauri, dominirebs maRalsixSirul diapazonSi, sadac mzis aqtivobiT gamowveuli variaciebi sustia. cxadia rom, (30) gardaqmnis

54

pirdapiri gamoyeneba gamoiwvevs am komponentebis umarTebulod gaZlierebas. meore mxriv, kosmosuri sxivebis pirdapiri dakvirvebebis, mzis aqtivobis indeqsebis da neitronuli monitorebis monacemebidan Cans, rom 11 wlianze ufro dabali xangrZlivobis periodulobebi TiTqmis araa warmodgenili kosmosur sxivebis intensivobis mrudebSi (ix. cxrili III). es SesaZleblobas gvaZlebs H – is modifikacia gavakeToT ise, rom maRali sixSireebis gaZliereba ar moxdes an gamoviyenoT dabalsixSiruli filtri, moncemebidan im sixSiruli diapazonis gamosayofad sadac mzis aqtivobiT gamoweuli variaciebi dominirebs.

nax48. 14C –is warmoqmnis siCqaris (a), modulaciis parametris (b) da kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis droiTi mrudi (g), 1600 – 1950 wlebSi. g) - ze texili xazebiT aRniSnulia kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis cvlilebis dReisaTvis dakvirvebadi intervali.

zemoT aRwerili procedurebis gamoyenebiT da Tsu birTvuli fizikis kaTedris birTvuli kosmofizikis jgufSi gazomili xis wliur rgolebSi kosmogenuri radionaxSirbadis koncentraciis eqsperimentuli monacemebze dayrdnobiT, miRebul iqna kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis, radionaxSirbadis warmoqmnis siCqaris da modulaciis parametris droze damokidebulebis mrudebi (nax.48) [172]. naxazze texili xaziT aRniSnulia pirdapiri gazomvebis gziT miRebuli intensivobis variaciebis dReisaTvis ($1.2.3) dadgenili sazRvrebi. rogorc Cans, aRniSnuli sazRvrebis farglebSi kargad jdeba radionaxSirbadis eqsperimentuli monacemebidan Cvens mier aRdgenili kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis mrudi (garda maunderis minimumis periodisa), aseve modulaciis parametris miRebuli

sidide (0÷800MV) kargad eTanxmeba mzis aqtivobis indeqsebze da kosmogenur

55

izotop 10Be -ze dayrdnobiT miRebul analogiur mniSvnelobebs [241,242]. analogiuri meTodiT, radionaxSirbadis “sayalibro” monacemebidan [223] aRdgenili iqna misi warmoqmnis siCqare uk. ramodenime aTasi wlis manZilze [173], Sesabamis drois intervalSi isinic damakmayofilebel TanxvedraSia [172]-Tan. yovelive zemoTaRniSnuli miuTiTebs MmTlianobaSi rekonstruqciis koreqtulobaze, Tumca fizikuri TvalsazrisiT Znelad asaxsnelia maunderis minimumis dros modulacis Zlieri xarisxi. aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom maunderis minimumis dros daikvirveba warmoqmnis

siCqaris saSualod ≈30% da kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis ≈55% zrda.

56

mzis aqtivobis cikluroba

3.2 mzis aqtivoba Rrma minimumebis dros.

3.2.1 maunderis minimumis dros

mzis aqtivobis sakiTxi maunderis minimumis dros mzis fizikis erT erT aqtualuri problemaa. am periods ukavSirdeba mzeze laqebis TiTqmis sruli gaqroba, romelic zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT dakavSirebulia mzis diferecialur brunaSi arsebul anomaliebTan. amasTan aqtualuria am

periodSi mzis magnituri velis, mzis qarisa da kosmosuri sxivebis modulaciis sakiTxi. Sesabamisad, udides mniSvnelobas iZens kosmogenuri izotopebis saSualebiT mzis aqtivobis drois am periodis Seswavla.

rogorc adre aRvniSneT, 14C- is yovelwliuri monacemebis mrudi maunderis minimumis dros pirvelad miRebul iqna Tsu-Si [243]. ciklurobis analizi gakeTda speqraluri analizis meTodiT, Sedegi wamodgenilia nax.49-ze [244]. rogorc naxazidan Cans, simZlavris speqtrSi mTavari piki maRali 95% sandoobis intervaliT SeiniSneba ~0.05hc sixSireze (Sesabamisi periodi 20 weli). garda amisa SeiniSneba SedarebiT susti piki ~0.12hc sixSireze (Sesabamisi periodi 8 weli). am ukanasknelis sandooba dabalia.

nax.49 belkmen-tiukis meTodiT gansazRvruli simZlavris spqtris

damokidebuleba sixSireze (periodi-1), Tsu

radionaxSirbadisaTvis maunderis minimumis

dros (1645-1715 wlebSi).

es Sedegebi mogvianebiT dadasturda rogorc vaSingtonis universitetSi, aseve nagoias universitetSi Catarebuli radionaxSirbaduli gazomvebiT

[237]. sainteresoa, rom ∼20 wliani ciklu oba dominirebs aseve poluralur yinulebSi gazomil nitratebis koncentraciaSi (nax.50). cxadia, zemoTaRniSnuli perioduloba daukavSirda galaqtikuri sxivebis intensivobis variaciebs[239]. yovelive amis safuZvelze

gamoiTqva mosazreba maunderis minimumis dros mzis modulaciis arsebobis Taobaze, rac niSnavs rom, mzis “dinamo” mainc agrZelebs muSaobas mzeze

r

nax.50 belkmen-tiukis meTodiT

gansazRvruli simZlavris spqtri. vu

radionaxSirbadisa da nitratebis

konncentaciisaTvis maunderis

minimumis dros.

57

laqebis praqtikulad ararsebobis pirobebSi, xolo perioduloba asocirebul iqna mzis aqtivobis 22 wlian, e.w. hales ciklTan. Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, aqtivobis mkveTri Semcirebis pirobebSi, anu saplanetTaSoriso sivrceSi manituri araerTgvarovnebebis TiTqmis ararsebobis pirobebSi, (9) gamosaxulebaSi mainc rCeba wevrebi, romlebic iwveven modulacias (“narCeni” modulacia)[247]. magram am efeqtiT SeiZleba aixsnas sididiT 20% mde variaciebi radionaxSirbadis warmoqmnis siCqareSi mzis aqtivobis “normalur” periodTan SedarebiT, iseTi intensivobis

variaciebis axsna, romelic maunderis minimumisas daikvirveba ix.§1.3.1, nax.48 SeuZlebelia. amasTan arc mzis laqebis (GSN), CrdiloeTis cialis da arc 10BeEis monacemebSi 22 wliani cikluroba maunderis minimumSi ar Cans [248,249]. rac am periodSi Zlieri modulaciis arsebobis pirobebSi warmoudgenelia. Sesabamisad dadga aucilebloba kosmogenuri izotopebis monacemebis kompleqsuri analizis, aramarto maunderis minimumis aramed mimdebare periodebis drosac.

3.2.2 mokleperioduli variaciebi mzis aqtivobaSi da kosmogenuri

izotopebi. warsulSi 11 wliani periodulobebis e.w. Svablis ciklurobis

arsebobisa da misi evoluciis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT did interess iwvevda mkvlevarebs Soris. nax. 51 ze mocemuli Tsu. radionaxSirbadis da beriliumis koncentraciis veivlet speqtri ukanaskneli 400 wlis manZilze.

nax. 51 Tsu. radionaxSirbadis (marcxniv) da beriliumis koncentraciis (marjvniv) veivlet speqtri (morles bazisiT) [237da 230] is mixedviT.

rogorc Cans, mxolod bolo dros, daltonis minimumis Semdgom periodSia saxeze kargi Tanxedra orive monacemebs Soris. nax. 52 ze ki warmodgenilia

(26) is mixedviT gansazRvruli (§2.1.4), sxvadasxva monacemebis ki 7-15 wliani ciklurobebis jamuri simZlavris evolucia droSi. nax. 53 ze ki 10Be, 14Cwu da

14Ctsu (muqi xazi) monacemebis simZlavris speqtri maunderis minimumamde, minimumis dros, mis Semdeg, daltonis minimumisas da daltonis minimumis Semdeg [238].

58

nax 52 mokleperioduli (7-15 wliani) ciklurobebis jamuri simZlavris evolucia droSi. laqaTa monacemebze (a), radionaxSirbadis Tsu (b, Ria xazi) da vu (b, muqi xazi) da 10Be monacemebze dayrdnobiT (g, muqi xazi). aqve moyvanilia 14C is atmosferoSi koncentraciis kalibraciuli mrudi (INTCALL 2004). (g, Ria xazi).

a)

b)

g)

95%

nax. 53. a) 10Be (Ria xazi), 14Cwu (texili xazi) da 14Ctsu (muqi xazi) speqtri

maunderis minimumamde (1600-1645), maunderis minimumis dros(1645-1720), mis Semdeg (1720-1790), daltonis minimumisas (1790-1830) da daltonis minimumis Semdeg(1830-1930). b) 11 wliani ciklis evolucia miRebuli modulaciuri modelis mixedviT(muqi xazi) da maRalsixSiruli filtris gamoyenebiT (texili xazi)

upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos rom, zolovani filtris meTodiT

59

gansazRruli mokleperioduli (7-14 wliani) periodulobebis jamuri simZlavre Tsu -s monacemebSi TiTqmis 1 rigiTaa didi, vidre vaSingtonis universitetis monacemebSi. gamoTqmuli iqna mosazreba[237], rom es ganpirobebuli iyo regionaluri klimatisa da 14Ctsu variaciebs Soris fazuri TanxvedriT.

nax. 54. veivlet kross-speqtri GSN sa da aRdgenil a) 14Cvu b)14CTsu warmoqmnis

siCqareebs Soris; g) GSN-sa da 10Be; d)14CTsu -sa da 14Cvu; e) 14CTsu -sa da

10Be Soris. konturiT naCvenebia 95% saimedoobis intervali.

nax 52, 53 dan Cans rom garda raodenobrivi sxvaobisa saxezea Tvisobrivi uTanxmoeba monacemebs Soris. ase Tu ise damakmayofilebeli Tanxvedra daikvireba mxolod bolo aswleulSi, mzis aranormalurad didi aqtivobis epoqaSi, rac kargad Cans nax.54-ze moyvanili vavelet kros-speqris suraTebidan [250]. aqve aRsaniSnavia erTi SexedviT ucnauri faqti: 14Ctsu da 10Be Soris ufro kargi korelaciaa, vidre massa 14Cwu Soris.

zemoTaRniSnuli faqtebis erTobliobis asaxsnelad Tavdapirvelad SevafasoT 11 wliani ciklurobis mosalodneli amplituda mzis “normaluri” aqtivobis periodSi (1840-1900w). (31) dan gamomdinare samarTliani unda iyos tolobebi:

)70()11(

;)(

)(1

1

14

exp14

1

1

14

14

−

−

−

−

⋅Δ⋅Δ

=ΔΔ

Δ⋅ΔΔ⋅Δ

=ΔΔ

fAmfAm

CC

tfAmtfAm

CC

maun

swabl

maun

ectedswabl

maunmaun

daldal

maun

dal marTlac pirveli

toloba damakmayofilebeli sizustiT sruldeba: 0.6/1.6≈0.4, meoredan

gamomdinare 11 wliani ciklis amplituda 0,3÷0.4% unda iyos, anu TiTqmis gazomvis cdomilebebis toli. mniSvnelovania aseve rom, mze garda kosmogenuri izotopebi warmoqmnis siCqaris pirdapiri osclaciisa, iwvevs klimatur oscilaciebsac, es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea 22 wliani periodulobebis mimarT [251] da Tavis mxriv gavlenas axdenen kosmogenuri izotopebis mimocvlis sistemaze (rezervuarebs Soris

gadasvlis droebze). ixileT §1.3.4, §2.1.2, nax.31, aseve [252,175]. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, mzis aqtivobis cikluroba iwvevs geosferoSi urTierTqmed

60

oscilatorTa warmoqmnas1. Tu ganvixilavT VHH λ+= 0 tipis hamiltonians

sadac ∑∑ +=i

ii

i qPH 22

21

21

, ∏=i

iqV xolo λ ki xmaurs aRwers, maSin roca λ

>0 ze kerZod, roca λ=3 da Η=4.2 gantolebis amonaxsnebi arian qaoturi, rac niSnavs rom sistemis mdgomareobis aRmweri funqciis avtokorelaciuri

funqcia droSi “CamoWrilia” (→0, roca t→∞), meore mxriv (22) ze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom xdeba spetraluri suraTis

“ganbudovneba” [254]. aq p sa da q –s qveS Cven pirdapir SegviZlia vgulisxmoT kosmogenuri izotopebis warmoqmnis siCqareebi da koncentaciebi. mzis

“normaluri” aqtivobis periodSi, λ (romlis wyaroa klimaturi mwkrivebis

maRalsixSiruli komponenti da eqsperimentuli cdomilebani) da H erTi rigisaa da Sesabamisad, 14C is monacemebi zogjer urTierTgamomricxavia.

aqtivobis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba H/λ Tanafardoba da xdeba suraTis “gamkveTreba” – 11 wliani ciklis mkveTrad gamoxatva. radgan warmoqmnis siCqare Rrma minimumisas naklebad icvleba, dominirebs “klimaturi” variaciebi[250].

nax. 55. zeemoTa paneli : 14CTsu da NO3 Soris veivlet-koherentuloba. qvemoT: 10Be; da NO3 koncentraciis 15 wlis saSualo mniSvnelobebi.

radganac nitratebic kosmogenuri izotopebis msgavsad ganicdian klimatur gavlenas [255,256] nax 55. ze moyvanili veivlet-koherentuloba

1 sainteresoa rom, e.w “alternatiuli volfis ricxvebisaTvis” amplitutebis sixSireze damokidebuleba iseTia, rom isini SeiZleba gavixiloT rogorc ori SeerTebuli arawrfivi osilatori [253].

61

Tsu radionaxSirbadisa da NO3 Soris, zemoT gamoTqmuli mosazrebis sasargeblod kidev erT damatebiT argumentad SeiZleba ganvixiloT. amasTan

10Be; da NO3 koncentraciis variaciis droiTi svlis Sedareba

maunderis minimumisas kidev ufro amyarebs §3.1.3 Si gamoTqmul varauds am periodSi 10Be – is didperiodul variaciebze klimatis gavlenis Sesaxeb, miT umetess, Tu gavixsenebT cnobebs evropaSi civi periodis Sesaxeb [131].

nax. 56. spereologiur (stalagmitebis) monacemebze dayrdnobiT Crdilo naxevarsferos aRdgenili temeraturisa da a) 14CTsu, b)

14Cvu, g) 10Be da d) NO3

Soris veivlet koherentuloba.

nax 56 ze Cans maunderis minimumis dros Crdilo naxevarsferos

aRdgenili temperaturisa da Cvens mier ganxilul monacemebs Soris kargi

62

korelacia 18-25 wlian drois Skalaze[257]. anu SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom maunderis minimumisas dakvirebuli cikluroba mniSvnelovan wilad gamowveluli unda iyos naxSirbadis mimocvlis sistemaze globaluri klimatis gavleniT. aseve unda aRiniSnos rom, es daskvna ar ewinaaRmdegeba

adre §3.2.2-Si gamoTqmul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb rom maunderis minimumis drosac ki, laqebis ararsebobis pirobebSi adgili qonda kosmosuri sxivebis modulacias, piriqiT ganamtkicebs mas, radganac globaluri klimaturi variaciebic Tavis mxriv “imarTeba” mzis mier.

3.2.3 mzis aqtivoba sxva minimumebSi.

miuxedavad imisa rom, rogorc wina paragrafSi iqna naCvenebi, erTi

romelime izotopis monacemebze dayrdnobiT drois konkretul intervalSi mzis ciklurobaze daskvnis gakeTeba Znelia, radganac globaluri da regionaluri geofizikuri procesebis gavlena Zlieria kosmogenuri izortopebis mokleperiodul variaciebze, zogadi mosazrebidan gamomdinare garkveuli daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba. marTlac, mzis aqtivobis erTnair “signalze” drois sxvadasxva arcTu ise daSorebul monakveTSi mosalodnelia naxSirbadis mimocvlis sistemisa da klimatis

erTnairi “pasuxi” (gamoZaxili) da piriqiT. magaliTad, Spererisa da maunderis minimumebis dros mosalodnelia erTnairi cikluroba erTidaimave an geografiulad axlomdebare adgilidan aRebuli nimuSebSi Catarebuli gazomvebSi. IV cxilSi moyvanilia nagoias universiteSi

miRebuli, ukanaskneli 1200 wlis manZilze, yovelwliur xis rgolebSi radionaxSirbadis koncentaciis monacemebi. rogorc Cans, maunderis minimumi Tavisi ciklurobiT unikaluri araa, TiTqmis yvela Rrma minimumSi daikvirveba msgavsi speqtraluri suraTi. analogiuri daskvna SeiZleba gavakeToT nax. 57 –ze moyvanili globaluri temperaturis simZlavris speqtris suraTebidan da nax. 58 –ze warmodgenili veivlet speqtridan.

cxrili IV cikluroba Rrma minimumebis periodSi radionaxSirbadis monacemebis mixedviT [247] periodi Svablis cikli hales cikli 11 wliani

ciklis simZlavre

10-e saukune 9-10 17 Sesustebulia 11-saukune 10 (12) 22 Sesustebulia Spereris minimumi 11 22(susti) Sesustebulia maunderis minimumi 13-15 23-29 Sesustebulia

nax. 57 sxvadasaxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT aRdgenili globaluri temperaturis [140] simZlavris speqtri mzis aqtivobis sxvadasxva minim

umebis periodSi.

63

nax. 58. a) 14CTsu b) 14Cvu g)

14Cnu (nagoias universiteti) da d) 1 0Be-is veivlet

speqtri

nax.51 kosmogenuri izotopebis: a) 14CTsu, b) 14Cvu, g) 14Cnu da 10Be –is monacemebis veivlet speqtri

64

daskvna disertacia eZRvneba mzis aqtivobis, kerZod misi minimumebis kompleqsur

Seswavlas Tbilisis sax. universitetSi, vaSingtonis universitetSi da grelandiis yinulebSi gazomili kosmogenuri izotopebis 14C isa da 10Be –is koncentaciebis yovelwliur monacemebze dayrdnobiT. miRebulia Semdegi ZiriTadi Sedegebi: 1) aRdgenilia kosmosuri sxivebis intensivobis, radionaxSirbadis

warmoqmnis siCqarisa da modulaciuri paramertris yovelwliuri mniSvnelobebi ukanaskneli 400 wlis manzilze, Tsu 14C is monacemebze dayrdnobiT, naCvenebia rom maunderisa da daltonis minimumis dros adgili qonda warmoqmnis siCqareSi 30% da 7% ian zrdas Sesabamisad.

2) laqaTa ricxvis, 14C isa da 10Be is monacemebSi diperioduliani variaciebis kompleqsuri Seswavlis safuZvelze naCvenebia: a) kosmosuri

sxivebis intensivobis ≈55% da ≈30% zrda maunderisa da daltonis minimumis dros. b) 10Be –is didperioduli variaciebi ufro metad ganicdis sxvadasxva faqtorebis gavlenas vidre 14C. g) radionaxSirbadis konecntraciaSi regionaluri faqtorebis gavlena SeiZleba gamoiricxos dedamiwis sxadasxva adgilas gazomili monacemebis gasaSualebiT. d) naCvenebia rom, xuTrezervaruli modeli kargad aRwers radionaxSirbadis mimocvlis procesebs. drois didperiodul skalaze. e) Seswavlilia adamianis anTropogenuli gavlena radionaxSirbadis koncenraciaze, dadgenilia rom ziusis efeqtis sididem Tsu monacemebSi Seadgina 2,4%.

3) naCvenebia rom, maunderis minimumis dros Tsu 14C is monacemebSi

dominirebda ≈20 wliani perioduloba, mogvianebiT Sedegi dadasturebuli iqna 14C is sxva laboratoriebSi Catarebuli gazomvebiT.

4) mzis aqtivobis indeqsebisa da kosmogenuri izotopebis mokleperioduli variaciebis kompleqsuri SeswavliT naCvenebia rom: a) 14C da 10Be -is koncentraciebi ganicdian Zlier zegavlenas sxvadasva geofizikuri xasiaTis regionaluri procesebis mier. b) radionaxSirbadis monacemebSi maunderis minimumis dros dakvirebuli

≈20 wliani perioduloba ZiriTadad gamowveuli unda iyos misi mimocvlis sistemaze globaluri klimatis gavleniT.

avtori did madlobas uxdis uxdis mecnier xelmZRvanels, asocirebul

profesors simon wereTels sadisertacio Temis SemoTavazebisa da masze muSaobis dros gaweuli daxmarebisTvis.

madlobas vuxdi aseve Cems Tanaavtorebs l. WotorliSvils, z. tokliliSvils da gamoyenebiTi birTvuli fizikis laboratoriis TanamSromlebs gizo nanavas, giorgi yoriauls, mixeil maxvilaZes, maia samxaraZes wlebis ganmavlobaSi TanamSromlobisTvis.

madlobas vuxdi agreTve fizikis fakultetis TanamSromlebs: grigol sxirtlaZes, ana ivanovas, malxaz qvirias da saxalxo bankis saprocesingo departamentis yvela TanamSromels gaweuli Tanadgomisa da moraluri mxardWerisaTvis.

65

didi madloba minda gadavuxado Sveicariis saxelmwifo sazRvao mecnierebaTa da teqnologiebis institutis profesor iung beers 10Be monacemebis da aseve TemasTan dakavSirebuli masalebis mowodebisaTvis. aseve madlobas vuxdi nagoias universitetis profesor Mdr. Kkimiaki masudasa da dr. hiroko Mmiaharas TemasTan dakavSirebuli masalebis mowodebisaTvis.

66

67

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