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rj,duniidszai3d'lau (Democracy)

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fifniiuiilisuwynid (pluralistic) (gniw 1)

(Curtis, 1997, p. 3) '

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(Curtis, 1997, p. 4)

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wrrn d f l ~ ~ d f GU~UUI& ntinmrdi6~vo~iui6~~ Jrzviid?musaugub

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nouGaw"n~lsuunir~lmniiuniiua5mn'u%u~ n . ~ . 1960 wrrnnouGaGndlu

szuunisdnnrot~lrilsinouGaw"n6 du luGn2i. nidu i~nzludkamn (luuwiar

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l ~ d (perestroika) ~~uu iuu"n i8n noiuilad (Mikhail Gorbachev) $PIUD~TW?UY~ i id

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E d l l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f i n d n 1 5 9 1 ~ ~ u " 4 6 d ~ ~ ~ 8 ~ 5 " ~ ~ 6 9 l l ~ ? 8 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ TRU o e a la w i ~ n ~ 8 ~ n u u ^ u u ~ ~ a z ~ ~ u a 5 n ~ ~ u u w ~ u " ~ n ~ ~ ~ u ~ z n i u ~ n ~ n i ~ d ~ ~ n ~ u o i 3 w n " ' 8 1 ' i ~ i i u

A a w imzniutwdidt~uci?uwuqvoq5zuuus5~n (Corporate system) w5orgus~Gn

(Corpotate state) d~~du'~zuund~f lun~uds:~~~ai~u~~u~n"u rzuu$mu wuiuh g?

g ~ ~ a ~ a d s z ~ u a u ' v o ~ ~ n v u o d i ~ ~ ~ n " ~ ~ ~ uird.rzmn iiu dhimnlazurosriu 1$%715 ' c i a ~knmnd.rmini~rninv~n"01~az~~nu1unaiu'5z~u~u lwdoviindi%dudi?llnunin

--

t ~ u ~ h ~ ~ i n ~ u d i u u ' ~ s J ' q $ ~ o i a t d u n ~ ~ ~ n z ~ t u u t ~ u ~ u " i ~ u " ~ ~ u o ~ ~ ~ u ? u d d p l

d5mnr G~Jiil~~m'lda~nnai~~mtnuwttw~3~uo~drztwa1# wrrndnq rinli'lfiiu-

1 ,

(Proportional Representation) 6 1 U ? U ~ i ~ ~ 0 : ~ n ~ l ~ 1 d 1 ~ a ~ t ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ n " ~ W 5 5 n ~ 1 4 ~ R1U

.ad d

~ - ' a r i ~ ~ u o q n - ~ ~ u u l 8 u q i I YCiiu ~ a ~ d 1 1 8 u o ~ ~ f f u ~ - ' n r i ~ u u n ~ n 7 1 u ~ ~ ~ f f u n ~ 0

naiu&~~niruo~drz'~~~vu!X tdiZm.rtiion~~ttaz8mnz~~uulur:uu8ma!audt5uiZ

~iilXtn'mr:uunaiuwrrnni~a!~~n?~~or:uuwaiuwrrn1X P~waimiulnAn'onsiii

~juiawn~ainwaiuw~m ttartguttoeuinitrii~"ju1aain~~uq9ii~uinw5rntZuaj~

fluia~uIiu:~ndi?drigiuzd~n~doun<ifQuiaainw5rnt~ua unthlun judr:

twwtnu~'tuiiu~u"er<itdu4~unt~u ~ ~ l l ~ t ~ ~ d i ? ~ d 1 ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ 9 1 ~ ~ n i 5 ~ f ~ ~ i a ~ ~ ~ f u 4 4

nc nrii~nouoi.rtdduuf3uiadc 55 plurzuz 45 3 vldr:twd~#r:uu8mdaua:ii

wrrnnirtiio~~o~Iur:~udi~q~u'i~doudwrrn uonain$uTYuu%liawdu"qt~fi

looinlw'w.r~ntuauluuiu#iu~~n~~uaiim'l#i~~~luani#au Y d ~ia:m~iis:uumrma"on~~~mw~:t~uizn~u~nn<iiiuEu rzuutiioniq'ld

a m a ~~nuiuocaarnr~um~d~u'~6td~~u~odi~6~ua ??nirtflon$qlda:rzuflmarazinaiu

Y d w n iiiiiiwi.jwuiwsu~~ro~1~rii.ji~uwi.jni5#au iid~uui.jnRw.rrnni.riij~.jiiazniuwa 2 d C( d.rzTuiQan#iuKu du Iunfiu7auiidr:*laiuo~os'uunuw55n(tliaui~u~~oJ"u

4 (german Farmers, party) w.j iQui in~~lq~u~~~d~z'buru"uinni i lut~wff~iu?ni ijniu

dohuni.rrhuC ~ . ~ ~ R I U W ~ J U W ~ T ~ Z M I I U ~ ? Q ~ (Right - to - Life Party) I u & ~ ~ Y

' w.r.rnin.j.jiuiiumniwii~.j.jiu~u~~iw~8uw'uin'uorii.jln#? nui?nw.r.rn$iluwn

dauuioinnwmwin.jriuiiaz6unu'unyu~nd~zuiu 80% uo.jw.r~nAuiainnwniw

in.j.siu?$uiiiuatiu

~ i u o ~ n a i u i i ~ n d i ~ ~ o . j w ~ ~ n n i ~ i ~ o ~ f i u n ~ u w a ~ ~ z 1 u a u " o i e i ~ u 8 u

iiaironainni~raahuo4niunu~.jijnaiui~oluwi.jni5iu"o~u i.jotii~s'auKuw4oin'n

nrillny u~nr?cr.ri~1ifuni~ia"ona'~~o.jw~5ns'aun'unui3nw~~nni~iu"o~azw"i.jius'au

r i u d o i o i ~ u m i ~ ~ ~ o n ~ i i a ~ l ~ ~ ~ i j 6 i u i a l u w i ~ n i ~ i u " ~ ~ i i a z w u i u i u s ' n ~ i w a ' ~ ~ i . j n i ~

$ o d u ~ w~~nm.nijo~azdo~i~a.jwiwa'.jluniliiu"o.j~~o1dlw"d.jidiwui~iiaz

u~uu1u~un14n151~~

w a J ~ z l u r 6 m s ~ ~ 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~55n?w"ylJ?n"w-ar~Yp~~a~?ni wssnaiaui

%..ll&l (Lok Dal)

81i3Ul ~5mdlf04 nib ( ~ u s l i m rot her hood) %id& B J P - ~ V ~ % I

TI%~"UU National Party, Party Quebecois Y

6%8%l; 's Progressive party dn0ltUl Tamil Federal

LF-illY‘U j Janata ~al-5 l . l 1%

fll511li91L~fl - Japanese Liberal Democratic Party, Italian Chistian Democratic Party

nisrn$0ul~a - TANU-LLMWCHIL~U

(Curtis, 1997, p. 2 1 )

riudiiu'unirlunir J f j niru'inpnaicr~JY'~6ul#i~nzni5fiinu~ulauia dia

1. f l u ialus:~ un~czif uufl? (Cabinet government) l$uqdllYu &l8u 4 d a vor&nqu sau&luaosfiu, ddu i~azo'u~iiu#au vqnunaiullmneiir!d~inwo4

B ~ ~ n q v o i h a ~~iwitnis&o4azdzznouo~~unmzf~uum4 uazv4a.rl8un4uvoci~i

wzsnnizlflo~~iiuiunfIuu~?~8uw'aw~in~u nazi3uini$uwssndfi~~a4Ii4uinlu B nrn38~~8~~az~$uaruiGnarniia"8Ggfl8luvmz~Guan'u#au naiulvou b4smii4

ihuuiw islla:diuu^8Gg$~z~w~ua~~du a w 4 ncuziguuazsu~rnvou~aun'uhod~u~

u ^ ~ ~ g ~ ~ I u n i s P 8 ~ 1 ~ w i ~ n i z ~ f l o 4 i~uum?ldnznuiuw"nvou~~nisgllanisu?wis

ciul~smsardaul9uf~uuo1?sau~qgllalu#iunislda4#au

. 2. ' szuudszaiuitufl nwipoluiml$udzz~wnn'l#szuudzzai~i~uii

zau&3nwaiudszmad!#Gi1dl##au fivmzdu6hdsza1ui~u~figiuz~~iwo4

ihuuiwisitn~ldul$ufl#funzlluuu^uu~uwi4nisldo41nufls4l~az~$ufi~i~un1s

u'i%'qt@i dau.rzuuv~~d~~i~aUnai~i.r~~~~fS'i~~oqn~oO3J'udoziod"~ni.rwauwa~u 9 4

~ ~ ~ . I < I ~ ~ Z U U ~ ~ ~ ~ I U I ~ U A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ ~ O J ~ ~ ~

dd a ' 3. ?~uiaim'.risam h.izuuunno rn.iddiuu'~~qlfl~n.rou9"idiuu3~i~

944 bi?uni.roonn~nuiunroun~u~~onaup]~lu#iuni.r~a"~ ~walfidiuu'5Gpdf15i8uflw~ ri 9 s diuioni.rh?ulawiiwo.r~ .rzuud;dulkin~.rziwndiqifi~qnai~i.rmf~iaiu cn.n.

1875-1940) I I ~ ~ f l l l l 3 0 l ~ ~ i / d (t7.n. 1946-1958) ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ I . J ~ I T

ii7otlfs"n"~1ihuuiair uazviilfS'iliguia~!da?unq d~~mnynmn~.rorildaiuil~i.r d~auudntiluia8q 102 t[sl iiasy~rnni.rPrigddid~uuiida~ 24 ?A iliau'n^liql{Z

d d pl 1~~:uu~i#~<im~i~~od'unno~iiwu6iuioo~d!muduioind.rz%i%u~i~~o~~ d u w iaso.I&~snsixlnuan'~~mzn#iun"u

9 1 0 r i w s 4. rzuunmz$u?nn (Council goveinment) .iru~njuguim~uw~roUi?u

d A a h d i?o~ i~ i~ i idn 'q~~o~n i iL~9~x l1w 'u6~8d~mi~~~ i i a~s l~4x lnmzfu~n1~6~~nu

ifl"on~~udiau'A^3J'y~~~aun'u?u~~rou~iu~un.rzw~a~6i~ q iiaz&dsmn#aui8u

daurau 1zuunou~au'a6~!#inu~i~zuu60~il# ~uanrnwT~i~urnniuna"~qnamia"u

!~lh:uumz$dnnroq~uw"fivouiaoJn'u1u3tuza'u q rnrioudazd6uui8uni.r5f

~ i ~ ~ ~ i d u d i i ~ i u z i u n ~ w i ~ n i 3 i ~ o 9

~.UZIU~ d i ~ i ~ w f i d ~ ~ u h l d u o t ~ i

unuinll~r6iwio~u'i~?1o~a'~aai d~rm~?h#

1. maii~~R'od.r:yul~d~s'j 89011;, tYfll~~Jfi~9l

2. Ihniriu.ro~diillwri4daryu~~~qS"j laorah, 5nnloa

3. 1flnias'uro~di~lwJ~s"~uum"s .aws"golu?ni

4 n?uqu~uumihuu~7oiIfai~10 ojnqu, Gmiii w?olaiiuwa"nnia I

i

5. lia?udiuu?nis nwfjoluini

6. ; 'q#f l l~s ' lJ~~~d1~~?)115 ~ ~ f l l ~ ~ ~ d ~ m 7. diui14n~wuiu liiouynaruu

8. 88d5iu o'udu, a%wos"llnuA

9. Rnar6iuipuud ~muui i , ~u~aoilmuci Y

l o . k~ru:naaui~mama?oaouniaM"i4iu nnijoiu?ni

uo4s'auia

I I. nial~iulu~iurt/l~udiufi1un"uijuia6~n~u

12. bi~m~fi?~q~~i~m'l(l&q~~#i~~ia~& awigoluim

13. ) I ~ H ~ ~ ~ ~ I M ~ Q U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A S Q Q ) ~ ? ~ 4 4 &mu, uqlruaud

~lolrnraui7nir5"gm I

(Curtis, 1997, p. 24)

84nu

(Curtis, 1997, p. 24)

I

I 1

niruioq nto ii?nfiiwssnniruu'o~n"u$us'guia~$unun"1m~udu um:uilun"nulevo.s I

Jrz~nn ilo.rriudrz~nu niritnni quniwouiuir n?irR'nirIT.lnu uinirAiu du 7 tounruo.r GNP

nir~nn: ~nrnaiio

1980-1993 1980-1993 1980-1993 1980-1993 1980- 1993 1980-1993 1980-1993

& n q ~ 13.8 9.9 2.4 3.3 13.5 14.0 30.0 32.5 7.5 6.6 32.9 33.7 38.2 43.4 . . OU 16.4 8.6 2.2 0.4 46.8 0.2 39.5 41.3 9.2

dhlflfl 7.4 6.0 0.9 7.0 14.8 16.1 49.6 45.5 6.8 5.0 15.6 20.4 39.3 45.5

IUD~$U 9.1 6.4 1.9 0.8 19.0 16.8 4.3 45.9 8.7 9.7 12.6 20.4 30.3 33.6

FDR 1980

5 ~ 1 ; ~ 19.8 14.5 2.2 1.6 1.9 7.1 24.2 16.2 48.3 58.0 13.2 16.9

4 4 ~ 18.4 15.8

riin6Tn 2.3 2.4 18.0 13.9 2.4 1.9 18.5 13.0 31.2 113.4 27.6 555 17.4 17.9

(Curtis, 1997, p. 26)

dn-nsoc~~dazdsztnsnis~i~u~u~uuitl~t~mndi~n"M lriu nwi~oluini'lrjiirzuu

nis~szriuqumwt~~qvi~twfiou~utuos~u~~iiuia'~ttm~ ns. 1883 w j o u~eruiunis

lu~iumu~i ie ih douqndszmulur(n~zuuni~dnn~o.j~zijni~ai.j~~wuni.j

m.rvpiie d.joirijrzciun~o~~uani.j~uni~~i.j~~wu~~~~~nii.j~unaiu~z~u au3m.j 8 o, d u

a h q ~m8iuna.jnu nno mrwuiuiunrz~ul~ijn~iu~~~q~i~~8iluni.j~ur~l~n"e, et d ~nirh.j.jiul$uru, n3uquniqzWullo. ~$uqnmrXiiiuii.jdrz~n~lflXQ.jvu lmz

Aiwu~ui~~~rni.rAiumrwa"~rl~~azqfiariwn~~uuo.jdrz~n ilopiTu6dszmddn?iu81a 8 8 et a~inirg~nianrsuo:diu.j~.jYqni~.j~~3m8ou~~azoiniu~9u~~uinuu llaz~idu

A' L.jAiauauluuiuviAluiq~1ni~13~~1~o~nulud~z~nuuo.j~11ulXuinuu#~u

izuiailaplTuoielw?~n'uJqniii4 1 ~ l i iun~ iun iu i .muo. j~1~~0~~17# ~ 1 . j A d 1so.jniiuniiAik4u d r z u i ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ i i 7 f ~ ~ a z u i.jnf.ji1u ia~7io1e~11aluYqnidi.j nd ~ ~ ~ ~ # i l ~ f l q ~ l ~ ~ . j 8 d i 4 d d 5 ~ ' f l i ' f l ~ f i 1 ~ 1 1 ~ . j ~ f liuniil~urto.jiliiu~i~4n31uariu15~

* 1 et ~ ~ 4 z l u $ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ si?~dl . j l 'h ~ ~ 1 5 1 ~ 1 ~ l ~ ~ l ~ ~ l Y I a ' 4 ' ~ ~ 5 1 ~ 1 1 8 d 1 . j 5 3 A l ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ n.H.

1970 ~ i i l # ~ n " ~ n i ? z ~ u d o 11az~~~~~~eniu1udrz~nunaiu~11.i.jn~m6~a.jn'u~~~ud

r9u8u 1 izuiaynlnilunaiudrz~nfl~z80.j~~~a ~ o . j w & i i ~ ~ f i d s : ~ ~ u ~ u o . j 6 ~

I' .4 (gross domestic product-GDP) 'I.jnulu~.jiluilJ?Uez8~.jQ6~arzuuni5~~QIIniu~u

d.rzmn ~~onau~uuluuium.rwa'~~~~~azni~Xi~zn$i.jdrzu Il1~iilanYap~u&& a 8ol .r:uuoirh~mzni.r1~u~znii.jd~z1wu~~~anrznudo~uo.j~.jnu~um~3un~z11arnir

8

du im:msArmii.jJrzlnn ~mzuluuiuuati~uia~~in~d~z~~~l~ua"iw'.j~u~~nu

a:7imuisnn~uquna7nol'i.j q indid7klrlifimu

A1#~1u1un1r~ltaa~nufi~44uu~n~ti~~lfiur~+m1~~Q~i~u l.hr ljulnauQ1

oiy, hirwdtiiiuiql. nirqlmqvniw, m.rhuciiif!u~Qnuiim, nisdrzriuilmu /

uazm~drzfiquniw

Miller a991, p. 390) defines politics as "a process whereby a group of people ,

whose opinions or interests are initially divergent, reach collective decisions which are

generally accepted as binding on the group, and enforced as common policy"

~ok~nqvo~iiamofo~~iinis~u"o~lu'li~~o~vo~lnsnulmnunu".jlmudiw"~7

w3o dolfl44on'~liiuuiqodiq nio nismnn.rla nio niruoa~uluuitoii~iaan'u

lfifibF~ui~~#m5fiainni~1~~a~~i(e'o~5~?~u5vo~~~mu~umiud~#na'ia1umood8u \

uial&a d 1 1 a d d d

liouyuuoy.iau19ugqmxIEu ~ m l w n l . i l ~ o ~ ~ ~ t ~ u ~ ~ w n a n L a u ~ ~ o i i # Aristotle

(384-322 BC) ndiai%i "uyu6duc?Plimr~io~Ffiu~44uri5o~~~&a" (man is by A

nature a political animal) gnl.i~fid884fl~n'u a d l

~1az~ha iun ' f i lmz~#~nq~a8 i~~~d4znouFf i~~44uwi%o~~~da 6~.11~unanaiaoin8fli

a~fi8u

odi~i4i;miu mqwallazmaiufioqni4woqmod~ugqmuEudLlmndiqn'od~~ 4 Y n.izuauni.im~ni~~io~Q~~~od~f.oGoodwi~~a"onwo~daod4au f.o.iowoanaqdldudaod4au

4 Y '4 (Public choice) n i d n ~ i n i ~ ~ ~ o d ~ ~ ~ i a z d ~ z ~ w f i o ~ m o ~ w " a i ~ w i ~ ~ o ~ u F u u i u a r i ~ i . r w z ~

2 d ~wsizu%uuiunimi~nrztdodar~wzrz~~u~~maiu#o~ni.rn~o~~uawi~~u~doddau~auvo~ d

drzmficu q ni.riimaiuldiloluuFuuiuari~i4wz (Public policy) wo~l~da~d.rzmfi~ d

n'oni.r~ni~Uiloi#?imulud.rz~wfiCod~vidmaiu~~~?;~ cr9oiimaiu8oio.mi.rou'iqY4 4d 4

d

nisifidulowiqni41ihq n?oumw~n~oin~:uuni.r~~o~Cuuioin#omna~uou

iu~auiiuvo~dau.iauwo~8~muli'u~do~n'fiudu~~&ad~al43J'~$1'un'umulu8~muEu#au

n i . r 6 i ~ i i u w i ~ n i r l ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ d o d d ~ ~ ~ d i o d i a l o d ~ ~ w o ~ o ~ ' o d ~ o ~jl.ium.rdvhlw"f~uiag

6iuiotfoz~~~u1fiw"imiun~wuiu uazaqlm{ii~iimiu~~f.ouiuEodi#

CnuiyuuiwuiIflBlu?ii~ 1~~.ri~uuassuuitm15uniwsauuo~3ir, " is .4 nrz i i uaz n~iui.aouo.ryuw +infimsliioclfiupIliiuuEu I I U ~ ~ A i:o~iPuuBssu

d 9 d B 1 4-9 rn.mirl3~~~nriiuilfl1~nis3~nsiznln~~un~naiu~~o n?iuf8nlmzpolniwuow?wa C a n dowq~nsruwimis~~~~~Tu~u~nn' i~uua81~ luud~squ.auar~n~uuo~w'nun~~u

A cX nwnisliioq a.ruuorjn'~n?iufn'n?iul6~'i1a1u~dwiqiszpIuEv~il~'td1d 53u&di?

qnnailazuluuiu ~laz~~~uo~iiur7namwuo~ds~.aivu~~z~dauiauo~lunszu~u

niswitnislh~ ~ l a z s z ~ u u o . r m s u o % ~ ? p ~ d o s z u u ~ ~ n a ' i a ~ i ~ n # o ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ s (~du uous'u

lu8nho~~dnnso.rdazl4diuia)

lunwknupoln'iwi~nis~~o~, ntu"au ~~arqdttuuuo~wqtnrsu 14% Qu-

, assunitmslu'oq gnciiunofilntjwa~u'odau nszu?unismtil.rnunis~goq dqOnwi%a

uiainwi?uoii~ q luii.rnu ibu nsouni?, h . r~uu , nimi, Bou?nau, mornssu 44.4 ~rnzaadz, iimu, 5 s . a ~ ~~~zmwu"uiuwumliluc lunwCpolu3m'ldittou~i nsouni?

a 4 91 w ~du~ob~nsouiinrzu?unis"uo~~~wu ~lu?iwmrzknlii?iilg'tdn~w~nfiinu~udu

naiuvcuiuiudartmn~uuotsruunis~do~'b~u~~fi~~~unmiuw'91~uiniswi~ A' nisido4 l8fiiudsruiw nn. 1945 ~ ~ o l ~ f i n i s n o i d ~ i s ' ~ i i ~ 7 uuuinniu~~H'ci~

A s A' I n i 7 wmRuuwuiuiudarkRs:uunislioqniuisn~'wu~~uwiqlnsy~~a im:knu

I~~udognmiulali chwquijnirlioqnudi$1"q go !lung l?luo$ (Max Weber) @-a

'18tfisruuir.mulfK4i

rruuynnaltugiu (Charismatic) sruunisldo~~~$uniar~~ini~nis

ldo~i(~i~nnalla:nis~nis~u"udoiota~nna ~mr~a:u?nis'bfiu~ld'iwi~wnis nfo d s luwicninui .iodi~lud&ial&;!lri 5Gdm~uynuo.rlinlms navilwqnuoqn~ntmr

~mro'uTfiGlCluqnuo~~nii'bu

~l~uuin'uuui.r~szn~bdunuiEu1#ili

1. lunjnuiiuu&~a~ d~zvinsd?uh~l~u&Idfino~lu3zuun13i

invm~imzu'ut8u8mdau#i~uin~o~~a"~~mc~dd4zviviSid~~~u (gross national

pmdu~t- GNP) ~u~~nuaI?U~~~d3%~inb~i~iu~ublinni~invm~idudaud8u ilazu'u

idu8~d~u~i.r~'ouuo~wa"mK~.n"d~~vi~1Sido~#u ~uanij01u?niid~~vin5M"i~iu

(Curtis, 1997, p.8)

Curtis, Michael. Introduction to Comparative Government. Fourth Edition. I

Addison-Wesley Educational Publisher Inc., 1997.

~eutsch , Karl W., Dominguez, Jorge I., Heclo, Hugh. Comparative Government :

Politics of Industrialized and Developing Nations. Houghton Mifflin

Company., 198 1.

Grosser, Alfred. Les pays d'Europe Occidentale. La documentation franqaise.

Paris., 1994.

Hague, Rod., Harrop, Martin., Breslin., Shaun. Comparative Government and

Politics: An Introduction. Fourth Edition. Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998.