Ruth Linksalinger Gustav Landauer in Historical Transmissions

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GUSTAV LADAU ER

STORCAL TRASSSOS

b R -S H)

When, n 1919, Gut Lnder, then frty-nne yer ld,

fund h eth t he hnd f ver-gtted trp, t f

h w hd been wrtten nd publhed nd h tw-luehkespee, cmpn twenty-dd ppulr lectue, w cn

ceptlly edy t be prnted H prnted crpu n 1 9 19 cntned

h erly nel nd nell : De Tdesede n Mcht

ud Mechte nclung "Lebeng tt und "Arnld Hmelheber) delng wth ubject f le nd regenertn h

el pltcl n c tt "Flugchen) de ZuecheKess 189), En e u efeu de Abeteksse 189),

Vn uech b Ld 189) h tw jr ey3 n e

nrch "De nd fre, de elb ene Gewlt ehr ueben)

h phlphcl keps ud Mystk,4 n utgrwth f h cl

lbrtn wth Frtz uthner the ltter pchkk; h

dente, mure tue n cnty, relutn, nchm,

nd cl, enttled De Reutn n Aufuf um m;6

le f h e preuy publhed n pltc, wr nd

pece Recheschft1 h ny wr f trnltn nclung:

Meter Echrt Mystsce chte, eer Krptn Ld

wtschft, duste ud Hde, h Geesete He nd

Dresden and epzg (1893); Koeln (1923)2 Berln (1903); Koeln (1923)

Pblshed n Zuk/t 1895 and 101; dscssed b Marn Bbr n Die

Zit (nna 104 Gsta naer4 Berln (1903); Koel 1923)

rr (190 119 123) Brln (1911); Koeln (1925)

7 Berln, ( 919) Koeln 1924).



1 LIK-SALIGER (HYMA) []

De Fesche Relut Gerge Bernard Shaw' smus

Jue M ee Wat Whtan' De Wudet and Ocar

Wide' Zwe Geseche v de Kust, ud vm Lebe Ladauer'

tw e anthgy f eJe us de Jessche Revutthe tranatin f agre' Ds Pstmt d D Ke d

duel Kmme, Wide' D lds des D Gey and De

smus ud de eee des Mesche i which Landuer and hi

wife the pete edwig Lacann Landauer, cabrated.

The crpu f hi pbihed wr included hundred f eay

n pitic, phiphy, cia cience d lierature, breiew f we-nwn and itte-nwn thr, appreciatie

tranati f radica authr, ang which the f rdhn

re he net, peica editia and e pen etter and

rejinder t editr and authr, identicti f any f which

wi be ade fr the rt tie in y b. t f thee eay

nd tranatin were pbihed i De st bh in ere

nd neue Fge) f the year 18999 well in Landauer'wn r third st, which he irtuly edited and wrte

ne fr 1909 t 191. e wa, hweer a pric and cured

ntributr t e fty r ity a jurn i which hi

ne tye and enitie tranati fud dedicted reder. The

nte f any f hi ectur hae been preered ; e btract

f the are caed in ecret plice archie, t which the writerh had acce. 2 It can be aed uneuicay that the writer,

he critic, the theretician, the editr and eyt Guta Landaer

wa wel-nw t det f the aant-rde d epreinit

Gstav Ladaer Germa ewih Popst ad Cosmopota. Iden

<on of Lndauers essas s ded b ers ppe (Dversen)

n e nduer css of e Insue of So Hsor n Aser

m, Holnd

9 89295 89599

ese re no n e Buber rcves erusem, Isre Te nsr of e Ineror of e Gen Deocrc Repubc aned

ccess o e Secre Poce les of e Gern pre nd e Prussan ae

oused n e od rol domns n Sns Souc Posd Deed ackno

edgeen s de regrdng specc eras ced Lnduers polc

cves ee obsered nd carefuly noed for os of s lfe



GSV LER SR SSSS 1

urnl f Wlhelnn Gen, 3 he eerl hund

wh were cune wh he erl rdcl /t d he

ler reder r ubcrber he re lerr /t pened

b Lnduer fr 1909 191 Thugh we d n he precepublher' gure, he fc h f Lnduer' b wen

nd e n ree edn le u hn h h

lerr well h plcl e fullled edcnl

ncn r ll, bu ler grup f le cl ell

wrng e.

Lnuer rle n he Brn Relun f 19181919, n

whch he held ru ce d whch he de, cpuled

h led nnl prnence n Gen, nd ge re

publc epren f bh regre n rerned glng,

be epreed n he Gen e "Schdefrede. The elge

f h cle frend nd ce uch he rdcl pe

Erch ueh, he crc Julu Bb, he rer Auge Huch

ner, he phlpher rz hner nd r Bber pennd publhe n 19195 re mng lne f deep p n pe

erng berne gn e d fe f n f he p,

See Raabe Paul Die Zeitschrte d Sammge es iterarische

Expressioisms (Stuttgart 194) Staatsrcv Pts Pr Br Rep 0 Tt 9 Set 4 189 14870 De

Soiaist I (189196) reprts 100 ssues f Der Soaist prnted r aDa 1892 reprts n Nveber 11 1892: 1120 subscrbers n ean

ttal lst 275 Staatsrcv Ptsa P Br Rep 0 Tt 95 Sect 4 1809

1487; Der oiast IV (898190) pe reprts n ugust 22 1898 t

2000250 ssues f Soiaist are prnte n ul 89 tat 1500 are rnte

and abut 4 rean usld StaatsArv Ptsa Pr Br Re 0 Tt 95

Sect 4 189 14872; Der Soiaist II (189598) ple lsts subsrbers ag

te te fllng fre an dest jls: Die Hie Frankfurt

Recht vor Ae Asterd; Feideker laukee; Vorbote Cag;

agebatt San Francs San ransc Co (sc) L'Actio Soiae Les

emps Novea La Reve Sociaste ll n Pars; etsch-Soiademokratishe

Lesebibiohek Pars; La Debace Soiae Begum e orch Lndn The

irebrad Prtlan Oregn Arbeitersimme urc Ehische Kr re

burg; st () Zetungs At Berl Maske (Hlbnatssrt des Duesselrer Sauspas XIV

(191819) Als: uus Bab Gstav aae (Berln 1919)



1 LIK-SIG (HYMAN)

rtyr, n ptle, Jeulie gure, ligned prphet nd

techer, entr f the genertin nd iinry nd er

n thee erly ert t expre gret pernl l nd bereeent,

he nturl ephi i n the reclectin f Lnduer pernlchri nd dyni, the riginlity f hi t, the wrth f

hi literry ctributin, n the mening f hi trgic deth

They re bily nt writig f nyi nd criticl elutin

f he crpu f Lnduer wr nd chen t. The phil

phicl Friz uthner, wh hd drwn th yung Lnduer

cle t hi w jurl Deutschd, d mde h cllbrtrin hi wr n pcht, nd hd encurge h cuin,

Augute Huchner, t uppr hi generuly, hpig wrie

b n Lnduer 6 Hweer, the t f ding jutice the

yng frien w eidently t gret n etinl brden. The

hitrin Hn Khn whe Mt ube er welth f

inigh n th perid, imilrl wted t write but Gt

Lnduer bt hi hpe were nt t be relized. The hitriceulgizer f Gut Lnduer w t be inted hi literry

ecur, rtin Buber, wh pent decde reiing ll f

nduer jr writing, while gthering tw ddtinl n

thlgie f ey De wedede Mesch nd e, nd

in clbrtin wi n Britchgi-Schmer) Gust Ldu:

e Lbes efe, tw lume editn f Lnduerletr. Buber riginlly prjected lue f Lnder peeche

during the Reluin f 191819, but he w nr ble t

6 Maske (alonassch es Desselofe Schspelhases V

(191819 301 ans Kohn Mari Bber: Sei Wer d Seie Zei (elle 1930 Gav adaer: Sei ebesga i rie/e ne Mkn o

a BschSche heaseehen on Man Bbe (af am

an 1929 The exac on of he le pae as a ae of ea conce

o Bbe Plans fo he o oles ae especally ele n e follon

lees ec y Be an BschSche hch ae fon

Mappe e 684 of he Bbe ches n esale Decebe 1 4 1925

ah 3, 9 6, Noebe 30 19 Noembe 6 19.



GUSV ER SORC SSSS

secue te stenographc reports of these Sbseqent eearces,

ncuing my own, have ocated soe, but eve eoug o warant

a olme. Buber also wote of is intentio to issue a vome of

19 Fr deiled exchnge f letters n uer's pns fr he Lnduer

"Nchlss see Wetbehe, Dece er 7 n 92. Pls fr n nhgy

f leers were de erly. See ntice in Der Sydikast, Dece er 2, 92

plced y Mrtin uer reqestng letters. Siir reques ppered Decme

2 92 Mecheer Mrgepst

The exchnge is sicn. Deceer 7 926 under enry "AX POL

ITER. Se schreien u: "Mrin uer ht i Jre 920 Gus Lnduers Ausee geselt und ch ersprchen nch wei ende ueer

en Sisus und ndere plitische Frgen swie Lnders Nchlss

heruszugeen. Seitdem sind sechs Jhre ergngen. Seit sechs Jhren wechst

in ns und uner uns de enrle Idee Gus Lnduers, dss nichs it

wissenschficher Nendigkeit enstehen uss dss nichs nfeng, er

wr nen ds es gil, die eiehungen der enschen nicht die Insiuinen

zu ende. Sechs Jhre lng hen wr ergeens gewre, hen Eregnis

werde sehe, ws Lnduer prpheei h, hen einreen sehen, wr ergew h. Wu enthel uns uer r, ws wr s neig ruchen?

ru uessen wr uns den en, schwer erreichren nden des "Sis

ten us ensuchen ei ler Verehrung, die wir ue uer hegen, guen

wir in frgen u duerfen, r der Ansch ist dss w heue der wirenden

ch, der rdnende und erehenden Gew eines Geises wie Gus

Lndue enren kenen. Sie wuensche, dss wr hre Frge, wenn sie

uns egruendet erscheint, n Mrin uer weerleten und ihn ene

eenche Antrt iten. Ws wr s herit tn. A lng repy he

edir nd x Piter fwed n Decemer 2, 92 under enry MAR

TN ER. Se schreien ir: "Herr x Pier west dru hin, dss

ich Vrwrt der n ir us Gust Lnders Nchss herusgegeenen

Aufssung. "Der werdende ensch ei Kiepeeer, 92 er

sprchen hee, "nch wei ende ueer den Sisus und ndere pi

tische Fren swie Lduers Nchss herusugeen. S rs nich. Ich

he geschrieen "der Drlegung ueer den Aufu des Sisus und der

Aeusserunen f pischen Frgen, den ws Lnduer Sisus ne,

wr fer wie er ier wieder ente, keine piische Frge snde

eine des Leensufus ls wren uch in der Vereenichung der hin

terssene Scrifen Siismus und piische Akin u reen und je

eine n sch geschssenen nd uuee. De hndschrichen Nchss

wr i de nd "Der werdende Mensch. Einiges ennen, us i

he ich ds weendige ShkespereWerk herusgegeen e Rueen

en us hm de eersezug n Whin's "Gesege undshrifen



1 LISLINGER Y 6

bei Kurt Wol) ih uer die Ergaezug der euausgabe vo Skess ud

Mystik (bei Marca i Koel ud uer de Textverbesserug der euausgabe

vo "eister Eckharts mystsche Schrie bei ar Scabel) heragezoge

habe bsher 7 Baede herausgegebe dee Tee vo Ladauers had-schrilche aclass abgedruckt oder verwertet sd Her Poier scebt

weter Seitdem sid secs Jahre vergge ... secs Jare abe wr ver-

gebes gewartet Wer is deser Wir? Wer sat z ware sc ma, ewa

dem er sich i ee Buchhadlug begab, beszt set dre Jare de ee

de bede vo mir versrochee usazbaede, eet: Bege, Au-

saetze uebe Soziasmus Deses Buch st be ara i Koel erscee

also demselbe erlag, dem ch de euausgbe vo Ladauers uu

zum Sozialismus, vo seer Recesha vo see bede erzaeedeWerke ud vo "Skesis ud Mysti abe ersceie lasse Dass der

adere vo mr agekedge Bad, de usaze ud Rede zr osce

kto umassed, ct ebealls veroeet s, iegt sae

dara, dass ich och mer de Houg t augegebe abe, de ver

scoee Seogramme vo Rede Ladauers as der ltz Ze sees

Lebes auzude Bsher haber ich r die Pookole d Zeige

gedruke Daebe liegt es auch de gegewaerg Veraelsse m

detsce Bcverlag. Ud das bedeue: m dse Pk! HerrPozer ragt: Warum eaelt us Bube vor, was wr so oe rae

We ma doc dese Us mobsere koe, dass s s e was

se brauhe Haete das deutsce Publkum de oraer Hoee asgege-

bee) Erstauage des Bucs "Der werdede Mes augekau, so wuerde

jezt ee erheblc erweterte euasgabe vore, a wse

grossetels da dem Su ud Sammeleer vo os, Laers

Swegerso veles wertvole Materl zko a Ho -

elch braut se ict mer lage au s war ass erwaee

o dass de it maigaltge Swegke vrke Smlug

vo Ladauers Briee, vo dee ch er wrkg vo a s

Scmmer ee uswal i zwe Baede eraszge gedeke r

so wet gediee ist dass mit der Druckegug e oe bgoe

werde ka Briee ud Tagebueer as dr Jg, de e eaeede

Bad bde soe, selt Max Krose zsam e Pkato

vo Ladauers ProudoUebersetzug wrd vorre

o comlee steograc reors o Ldaue's oa ss e

Bavaria Revoluto have be oud aywere, bu we ave more excerts

a Bber ad 1926 Germa Jgedbd woud do or e Youg

Ladauer wat was ccomlsed or te Yog ar w e bcato

o s early mauscris Teehoe coversato w r os Fal

193 as, owever yelded te ormao e bed some Ladauer

mateas o te acesso o te azs to ower a eor o sd eds o

Ladaer



GSV R SORC RSMSSS

adae's trasats f Ph. Ths weltented ga

s as st tsadg and awats a dedcaed teecta hsta

D. Max Kste Lanaue's snaw ad ne f the few

pese g mebes f he faly wh ha assste Bbe ecang hdes f ettes t ad fm the ecease Ladae

f cs n Gust Ldu Lbs ,

was wkg a "Jugeba f Landae's wtgs whch

was t c hs aes hs ealy artcles st -

a sme f the letes pbshed befre the t f the cty

whc mak the dg le betwn te exeece f theyg ad the matre sta Ladaer b ws ne clete.

Ths task a emas t be dne. Mch f e matel h been

st t pstey bt the eset wk hs ge r (f the st

te) etfyg hneds f esays d tes wch he yng

Ladae wte the t sec st n e yas

p t a gaherng wt geat tcal ce the

t cmplet lt tlts a aecatn Lnae'sealy wtgs m Sh Dtch Sweh Ys

Hebew ech ee ttptd t te t ws Bube's

selfpsed task hs a ge ac f fren whch

e hm t peeate the fd te ltte's wtngs and t

aw a last tt f hm frm hs wn lette. the wk

Bbe pad caef heed t Lnae's eqet t exce catnn te blcat f lettes ctng teal nd eess

wch w cae embarrst t sur. Bber was

cats the eect f trls hch wee f a es

a ptca ate. The ltte tref d wh

Laae befre th age f twntye they ge ay

nsgt t he xtrraly ftf f s yt hs

teary flg hs st marag ly gly eecteltca act te wrl clt a anrct eet

s eg tngs an hlcl tg ga

See "en He 385 nd 684 Be Aes. See s Be le

s 925 nd nsen lee Seee 23, 19252

Appedi f n k



LSLGER YN

etra wrk an ptca actsm fr bh f whch he pa

eary wt repeate prsnment The eters smary reec

reatnshps an freshps wth crces wch Bber f

sgncant when he gathere the etters n the m n ateeteetwenes Mst f the raa crces wth whch Lanaer an

tane cntact are n ce the tw es was e

thers t perpetate he scast an anarchst fre.

hgh ber hmsef neer wrte a f-ength sty r ap

precan f the bee fren a he hstrca essay22 te

by na BrtschgSchmer was eer pbshe Zst-Scastrces whse egy was ptenty ece by Bber's eachg

ncreasngy apprprae Lanaer's sca a ptca hertge

he Zstsche Vksszastsche Parte (Hape Hazar) 3

ace -0 n Paeste a Cera rpe a pre

nay n Bern an Prage aght a prgra Jewsh reea

a renassace bt p cmmy sef-abr regsy

an sprta naasm24 Heae by e we-kw guresf A. D Gr a Vktr Cham Arsr hs grp per

peate mch f he ppsm a atss wch Ladaer

tagh a whch Bber sbseqety rasae n he "Vks

szass f ps-r a Paesne e 0 Jheft

f Ab, te ca rga f Hae Hazar bshe n

Ber s ente Gu Ld Gdh Beses repbsgse f Lanaer's esays whc deat wh e Jews eerece

a wh he nee fr cmma a seees s Gdh,

fr e rs tme carre a "prgramac Lanaer wh

Bber tre t mmraze n a sr essay ete "Der emche

Fehrer a base n a egy whch Bber ha eere a the

Prage r Cference Hape aar ere ccrre

these frcef remarks

22 F utne o popsed atice see Bube-Bitschgi-Schmme crespndence, Nvembe 2, 128 in Bube Achives, appe Het 684"

2 Adf Behm, Die ionistische Beweg (Bein, 135 538324 Wte aqueu, A Histor o/ Zionism (Ne k, 172. See Chpte 6

especiay mntue mngaph" inteectua hsty tcng inte

eatnship o Eupen and onst cutu nd ptc cent.



GSV LNR N HSRCL RNSMSSNS 177

Gsta anae was a peesie eae f the new

Jaism

Lanae's iea was iea

He ha e hea that Sehig New ha aisen i Ja

ism he ha hea ab i fm me bt it was t an

immeae pesence f hi 25

f he ey week i which Gsa Ladae ha etee

the genmet f hat ey week a cnfeece f Jewishsaist yth h bee cnee i Mich by Laae

a myself

In the sht appeca f the hesilZnis 26 pet an

wite A Zweig in the Gedehe, thee is te st hin ha

ee Lae's wn geeati ws ble t sese he iqeness

f Le's elin

He Gsta Lae was he y e etiay

g that te becase he kew h e h sty

a sly t esin eself fm sig fce i e t

be y etnay e ha t stat hee an w

S he peishe Gsta Laae a heic a a tagicge e t he Jews wh gae hi bih an the Gemas

h he ed a wh kile h

2 E hat davn gehet, dass es en Neues m Judntum gbt ; er hatdurh mh davn gehet, abe es a nht unmttelbae egnat fue

hn 2 Anld Zeg, deeply dstubed by Eurpean ant-semtsm tued Jesh ysts and Chassdsm and supprted mvements f Jeshagraan scalsm n the natnal hmeland Hs strngly develped arxsmbrught hm n cnt h Jesh suvvalsm nd he later ent ntexile n the ean Demat Republ. Hs essay ustav andae zumGedaechtns rtten n 14 beas traes f ths dsmft ts teament f andaes ant-axsm. See hs Ueber hrsteer Beln and Wemar

167.



17 LIK-SALIGER ( HYMA) 1

the pbg seachg ctbt f the the-stlscast

Zst hsta7 Has Kh thee s ths ealat

At the ey mmet whch the ema elt seema mere pssbly whch was wtht a dbt tre ly

Mch he ha t be actely wth t leadg ghtg

serg ad yg. Eag frce a se rt s

ageemet a yet takg he eay yke the ame

f that whch s geate tha the pty f the ddl

A me stcte appecat f the pes d the wrkf sta Laae f a Zst pespecte peare

19 Mat Be's percal Der Jude fr the pe f

Est Sm ettle "De weee Mesch de werede

Je. Ths ee page essay wet beyd setmetl reca

t ts attempt t place Ladae as a erm Dchter s a

fllwe f dh as a pathbeake ak t Ber eg

ew stas mythlgcal a lgstc thk s ptcal

utpa ad as a scal ejeatr. t pbe Laers rt

2 Hans Kohn Berger vieer Wete: Ei ebe im eitater er et

revoio (Frauenfeld 1965) The Buber-Britschg-Scher Cespndencealso cares reference to Kohns interest in rtng a andauer baphy ash that as never reaized

2 n dem Augenblck deutsche Revoluton auch nr megch schen as efeos nr in uenchen der Fall ar musste er taetg mt dabeisen fuehrend kaempfend ledend und sterbend. eat und aerm Schmutzund Zank verabscheuend und doch im Nahmen dessen das da goesser st asdie Reinheit des Eizelnen ihr hartes Joch auf sch nehmend e er dasgetan hat e! er sein Ineres ueberunden e! er sene Renhet e! er

de Schlumeden oegchketen Weteroesung presgegeben hat gressenr n hm den Heros den Erfeler der Sehnsuechte Beethvenscher Symphonen."

2 Presently Professor Emertus of Educaton he Hebre nversty f Jerusaem. For reatonshp to artn Buber see rete Schaeder Marti

Bber: Hebreische Hmaismus (oettingen 1966) and rete SchaederMarti Bber: Brie/wechse aus siebe ahrehte (189798, Heideberg972, eletort" by Est Smon.

0bvos reatn t Landauers on cectn essays nee



UTV DUR TORC TRMO

edess erma ctre3 as we as s Jews aachmes.3

t f tese are reaed t Ladaer's ragc fae33 a s n

tr t Ladaer's aby enter wheeartedy a

nata Jewsh renewa the emergg Zst memet.3t rased a sres f sggese qests ad dcated es f

hght t e rsd n ftre resarces n Ladaer's wrk,

bt t faed t se the qeess f Laaer's ath as erma

a Jw.

Ths qe teray btwee Jewsh rasm a ermac

ctre was mre ercetey cared a erew essay en

te "sa Ladaer shed n 9 y th hse

S awdwcz n arsaw.35 ceebrated Ladaer as the

great sytheszer a create tst36 "w saw the ast

ad th ftre hmsef ad the whe wrd,37 wse qe

ersay ad whse qey ms cassca stye

3 ein Deutschtum und mein Jdentum tun einander nichts zuleid undvieles lieb e llte vn einem EntderOder' heen nd glaubtebei einem UndUnd' bleiben u ennen "

32 Er stab im fremden le und auf de Bden fremde eistes ndeibes" It ud be imprtan pint u a andauer himsef never fehis esrangement f hich Sin speaks

• sein Schicsal ar Irtum und nich Efuellung, es ar nicht agisch

bhl es trauig ar" And again Er ueberug juedische Innbrunst undjuedisches Temp des ebens und der Wandlung af langsamere und scerfaeligere enschen An diesem Ziespal ist We erbrchen"

34 usav daue is gerade dhab gestrben e er den Zinism ich in seiner ebendin Schere s e er an die ichte rdegstellte, aerchenel und Wahn zu sein Einmal at er es sich zu eich geacund fuer diesen einen Irrtum is er gesrben."

3 I am debted gealy t Pfessr Benjamin Ravid f Bandeis Univesiysn f he philsphe, f caling ttnti his essay published

j X d D enache Schmeler ib f he eishhegic S f Ameica in Ne r, f maing avaiabe ex f his artice fr transain and citatin ranslains fr isicle, as all translains f qutains frm her languages are riginal

36 Haya ishsynthesa ish anuiti haysee sel'r hay reh e he�var v'e heatid, e atsm v'et haa

Din pra 0 'din 'l din adam 'din lam"



1] UV LDUR I HIRICL RMO 181

and outloo of Moses Hess o the prevous cetu, who alsosoght a syntess f Socals and Natonals. In hs scrcadeath Lander, the lonely ghter, ws caught n the suer

of the coon n of the Much Revoluton. Wth Landauer'surder, Western Soclst Prophec came to an end.43 Te reatseer has vanshed"44 In awdowcz the odern reder senes aconteporry who nderstood how nqel Lnduer wasweded to Jewsh Dasora ethcs n to Geran hstDchtng," how nqel the hrnger of Gest" was ale to

sacrce hself n the cuse of revlutonr actvs.A slar clea, clear readng o the vro tellectl contrtons of Landauer as well as of the honous syoss ofhs Eropean roots and Jewsh nsrton s ound n the Yddshntrodcton, enttled Gustav Lndauer: Der etsch, derSozalst, der Id" whch one of the translators, H. Franck, prefacedto hs trnslaton o Lander's Aufruf zum Soziasmus n 19145

Gstav Landaer, as Moes Hess, elongs to tht tye of JewshSoclsts, who uderstans the true greatess of HstorcalJdas as a gret clte. The contrto of tese socalstsles n the fct tt they proved the osslt of a free nd thkgew's eng ale to lve n the sprt o populs thout engcrushed (n the expresso) of hs w tonomos srt."46 He

eonged at once to the forward-lookng new Europea awakenng

, 43 "K'shenrtsa Landauer paskah han'vuah ha-ssiastt hamaaravt

"Ha0zeh hagadol eynenu In simiar ein: "e 'drt reh

derekh 'dro "A smbl fr the genertins t ce) and a trbazer

fr hs wn generatn.

Or sm sasms Ben 121) Ierssetzt fn deutsch durch H

Frnck n B. Roenthal it an nyung yn Gustav Landauers eben unung fn H Franc.) ee aso Dr Hean ranck. Aachsassche

de bavege be de Bialstk 11) (ars T Avv)

46 "Gusta Landauer ghert wy se Hess tsu jeem myn ydsh

soziaisten echer frstet diy eese grys fun dem hstrshen idetum-de

yser kutr ftu fun diy dosig sziasten beshet in dem vs z

ben bevyzen dy egichkei far a freyen n denkenden yden tsu leben in

geist fn fk und darbey nt seyn unterdrckt in dem eyge indiidueen

est



R (HYM)

whch ha been brogh abot by the rench Revoltion anparicipate, at the sae tie, in he perpetaton of the age-olcategorical-revoltonary" thoght-worl o the Jewish pro

phets. Lanaers cals to renewal of spirit an of freeo, thewin ieas of hs phlosophy, characterize his writing n all theany elds which harbore his orignal and creatve toghtoltical Econoy and Socology, Literary Critcs an hiosohy, hilology and History, Art an Biology. His forlation oH anitaran Socialis cae o his generation lke a new religion,

orgaic an natral in ts thnking The folowers were few, bthose who were coitte followe ke aosts of a new fath.The broad asses of active Socalsts d not know his work;but for those who i he reae a ltateu an art-critic,an an intellectal. He fell, a victi of the civl war of GeranSocal-Deocracy, in which the oltca Revolton foun itsterrble end in Gerany." Thogh for neary thry years he

consstently foght this Socialeocracy, paraoxcay he fonhis own en n close connectio wth this poltcal oveen withwhich he consciosly associate iself at the en of his life in teBavaran Revoution His ght was an nenng quest for love, cooperaton, an jstce His concepton of socas was the synthesis between inner conscience and outer (exteral) conitons of

hane, creatve socal lifeThe most signican Bberian in the Buber-inuence ransmisson of Lanaer was Marin Bber hmsel An early, ,appreciation of Lanaers work pblishe in the VeneseDie Zeit, celebrate Lanaers anarchical spirt an skepicalnivualist style the rive to esroy n orer o rebil Bbeperceptivly caght a his early ate the paraox which many

oters were later to elineate more succinctly, namely the raicalismin polical an philosophical otlook couple with a more con

The hng factrs f sca e are humn speech ca mres and

custm and art

8 "Gustav Landaer s geae kran n traghen rerkam fu

er detscher sa-demkrate mt wechem 'hat ch ay shyerch

farnt y pce revusye n etcan



[1 GUSTAV LANDAER IN HISRICAL ANSMISSIONS

eatie, aditid aetetii i te iteay ite edited tat adae deelet ld late ilien te dieti f a fee eti f st," t te it a

i e old i a fte ed e ale t disss Ladaeas sta Ladae te Aaist" t is inteeig t tethat altgh te aaist ad ialist eents fte saLadae as te aait" the sialist" the ialitilse," e iself a ee ite a full aeiatif Landaes tal qet Te 199 Paths n Utopa,49 i

ealt ith den tia oialists, is an adeqate ad teeaing f Ladae, t des t egi t sggest t te eadete synteti ad deitie aeiati f te fiedi ie sed f Landaue t st, ee, e nte tat, ideed,te aadx f a adial ad destyg itiqe f te sial eas go adiad wit a aestheti elitis i at a liteatet Ladae dying day t is tis aax and te lexities f

eon i fll f it, ake analysis ad taitue f Landae ad is k at te sa tie xitig adfustaing As Be ndestd ealy, Lanae did nt teo late, eege as a istent aait a negat teexising de in all f its taditis e as ealy as 190 itedt the exaiay sensiiity i i Laaue te

aout an elatishis le an fiesi5any f thse ee late t eie the antlgies f aaues letes ul emak a tis aility t aess fiedsa olleagues i tue utuality an dee aetion All f tseh ha ause to ite aot Lanaes elatioshi t iseon wife Hewig LahanLanae, the etess an taslato, teate ith amiatio an a etain eman Wet,"

this same to an f" f to amnis siits, this ing

9 rst ubshed n Engsh by Rutedge and Kegan Pau n Lndso " andauers hhste esterschaf s sene fee hemch ange

Art das Zueinande und Ineader zweer Menschen arzsteen Was n

einem zu ande an Unesagtem nd Unsagbrem zet was se

Rausch und guehendste Heensed de gdenem mente mt Egke

fuet



8 LI-LER HYM 6

togeter in true piriul rmony of two evote oul. Lnuerielf w cple of comunion even e trie to re out tote me in n eort to ve tem uil commuiie.

Ey n eulogie wic Buer lter wrote out Luerevoke ippointment n eem ig. The 8- Masken

crrie te romic ut criticl Lnuer n e Reolution.reprinte in te Tel Aiv - iue Ha-adaa n whiBuer clerly took politicl leve o i fri or rtiiptingin t uic Revolution. I Buer wroe piloophil

teologic piece entitle Te oly y wih he ecte oLnuer in memoril volume mring te tet nvrry ofi et eite y Profeor ugo Bergmn n n Koh.Reminicence of De were lo pulh inGern in te euctionl jornl Das werdede Zealer52 nin erew in the Lor-Zionit Te-Aviv orl Haoel Hazar.53

The colecion of ey writte y uer eween

n lo cotin ti ey.5 t mo noewoth rmonlke entence i the ryptic Lnuer fouh the Revoluiongint te Reolution for the ke o th Revol oreougfully ut eqully unnlytilly te e le witti oervion: Te Revolution will not tk hi he wi etnke y toe wo gt lke i perhp y

for oe ke te gt i conute. t i not qi r to thereer wether Buer coniere himelf on the termog toe or whom te t i eng w r wheher neein eiher group.

t i cler from telegrm wic were e o ppl to thegovernment o elf f Lnuer ro preprtion wic

51 Deekh Hakdesh," 'hro she Gsta andauer Haat HapeHaa).

52 Ene assch fe Eeueung de Eehug. Ths edtn (ayune 1 99) caed apprecatns d exepts f andaue's tngspetanng t educatn, especay cunayfunded pvate schs

53 'ekher t ead"

54 Enneungen an enen Td," nwese ech.



V LR I HIORICL RMO

were me b Buber55 more hn wo weeks befre Lnuee h he eepes econ n concern mus he meBuber who becme execuor of Lnuer's ese n who sere

s a ue mentor o the ughers who were orphne b theeh of ther fher6 Ye e jecve reer must note he resere ste he gre snce he morethnobjecve an oecsul ssessmens whch Bube's recolletons n summarposo nce. B conrs Lnuer who also was frlcreful not o overprse Buber's lerr gs an plce n erm

scholrshp?

from me o me revew for hmself anposer he nuence whch Buber h on hm an e ellecuale whch he h or fel.

55 A lttr fro Martin Bubr to August Hauschr, datd arch 11919 incldd in Martin Bradt and Lott Bloch-Zavr Briee an Agste

Haschner Brlin, 1929), 184: "Lib Frau Hauschnr Ein Aktion ist

wi ich Ihnn gichzitig tlgrr, in dism Augblick icht ogich

wil di Sitation noch nicht gklart ist und wir dahr nicht indtig gnugoulirn kontn, was wir ford Si usst auch, solang dr Kamf

noch in irgndinr orm fortdaurt, vollig nwirksam blibn Dggn

ussn wir fur dn Augnblick, wo in otlichr Al twa notwndig

in wird, ihn schon jtzt vorbritn Zu dism Zwck sol sich sogich au dm Frundskris in Ausschss bid, dr sich an di i Btracht ko

ndn Prsonichkitn Dutschads und Dutsch-strrichs mit d

Ersuch wndt, ihr Namn tr inn twa notwndign A stzn zu

dur. Dism Ausschuss solltn twa anghorn Si, ich, Dhm, Ein stin, Duont, Mautnr Mombrt, Sussman A tlgra was snt but i arivd too lat).

56 Bubr was much concd that th incom fro th books ould b

th girls' oly inco Lngthy gal actions followd th assassination of

Landaur on bhaf of montary cas which th orhand childrn ay hav

had against t stat or th stat of Bavaria in ligh of th fact that thir fathrd rsably bn manhandld and murdrd without athorization ad

without ilitary ordrs to do so A factnding comission was aso aoitd

bt I could nd no rcord of montary claims vr having bn aid ot Dr. Kronstin rortd in rsonal convrsation hon) that Bbr maintain

d clos contact with Landaur's daughtrs for may yars ar th lattr's dath

5 S Ladars rviw, "Di Lgnd ds Baalschm, Das iterarische

Ech 1910) lso G Landaur, "artin Bbr, Nee Baetter 1913).

5 ndatd handwrittn 141, Bubr Archivs Ma /5, Ein aar



18 LIK-SLIGER [8]

In he any books and essays which Buber penned durig andafte Landaue's ifeie, here are no hins or expressed staeetf indebtedness or uua iuece o ecods of fuitfu iner-

chages. hogh h m wroe ofte a reguary, and were mebes of he same orgaizatons (eue Freie Vosbuehe,ie Feie eeinschaf, Fore Kreis De SoziaisischeBud) he eber Buber" an Liebe Ladae" was everchanged o Liebe Mari" or Lieber Gsav" To the very end,he foa era Si" was eve ated to he ore iniae

D" in a relationship of frnship which sanned a qarter-cent. The engthy memoria vole which the enera Fedea-ion of Isaeli Labo p ou in 939 in tibute o he eor ofusav Landaue hich contained al hee f Bbe's reviosy

pulse elogies (and which evidenl did no even eit asecial and fesh contibion) akes no menion in any of tsessas any autho of the many points of contac which Buber

and Ladaue had. It is cuious how aho after ahor placesLandae wih senstvt and iagiaion into te famewok ofEuopean Leaturkii Poliical Econo he Hstoy oocais and above all into Jewish aionalUtopianis.Ye ot a one even hestaes to invesigae he lose aities in theneests and he ideoogies of he a o beqeated Landaer

o esh Utoiaism an the hide eade" ho as so beqeah-e o osteiy How ieent one eads oda te shotess ys

of eniscence ecolection and hantin soseacing ichaccoa he collections of eublishe essas it whchPofesso Gesho Schoe slowly ings c te eo of his

beove fen D Walte enjain to ostet Tis eo

Wrte es Dankes n artin Bur, der seinen Geschichten des bbi Nach

n sein Buch Die Leende des Bschem hat chfoen assen As ich

ein studierener Juenin wr, eschh r as rsse ebnis, dass ich in

der Lseestheit un sikeit ie an ewnich Raikismus

nennt, und de eistien uner des retriats ein neues Kutreement

fand das ir orher nz bekt eeiben war, etwas Fredes zwr

das aber Keie neuen Vkstums tu in denen meine hnsucht weistens,

wennschn nicht eine tur ufzuehen beehrte "



[19] GUTAV ADAUER I HISTRICA AISSIOS

comig to major frition within two decades after Benjaindeah shows a mch greater persoal involvement and acnow-edged crossfeilization of the two Jgendfrende" and their

wors than the two previosly discssed59 ho it wold ot be frtfl to probe Bbers moties too deely it is necessa to befair and to acnowledge that it has been far easier politically forGershom Scholem to perpetate the wor of Waler Benain inthe nineteensixies than it wold hae ben for Matin Bber torelate openly and iniately to Landaeian inenes in the late

eiar and early N periods. Sill; ne old have wshed thaa least the nineteenfties ight have broght p a fresh assess-ent and evalation of Landae ner Bbers ttelae and paternalisic patronage o he exten to which Bber id notcontribte this insight and this interest o the boos on Landaerin those years ser n yielding only partial insights into thtotality of Landaers wor and ioance. We deal with

reminiscences of reiniscences and framened essays Otertransissions pepetated the political stav Landae.

he rst of these political bioraphies was a notsosmall volme written in 192 in Swedish in a seies called RevoltionenFoeraempar" by the former President of te Geran Anarchist

S9 S Gerho Sole, "Wler Be n Ueber Waler Benjm

(Frnfur-- 1968). Alo Geho Schole, Nhor Wle

Benj Belne Chronk (Fnfur--, 197). Fo cholly

een of e nellecul e beeen Schole nd Bemn fro

erpe, ee And, "Reon, e New Yoke,

(Ocober 19, 18) nd ure, B'mvk al akhe -yahu

(Jele, 19), 1235; 13; 212 a ndebed o Dr. Judh

Berln Le, D of he Shh School fo Grl n Ne Yor fo

cllng y enon o he uel wor nd o Profeor Dd v

We of he Jeh eoloc of Aerc for h peronl

copy ble o e.6 Docor Pul loh of he Hebre Unery ha recenly ouched

upon e beeen Buber or nd ha of h conporre See

Aexnder Al " Bec nd he Jeh Mycl Tradon (Leo

Bec eoral Lure No 17) (Ne Yor, 173), p foonoe 8.



LIKLIGER (HYM) 0

Syndikalist Union, Augstin Souchy6 This oue enitledG tav Laaer: Revotions Fioso6 was, interestingy enough,ever transate and ae accessibe in any other European

angage, even though Mr Souchy is uent in Geran and tothis day expresses hisef with ease ad with istinct inguisticabiity n the series, Mr Sochy aso contribte a sty onAmerican narchism,63 which incues sdies on the ives ofibertarians such as Loise Miche, P J Proudhon, WiiaGodwin, Jhann Mos, Aexander Herzen, Robert Owen and

Enrico Maetesta Soch's stdy, which encompasses

pages,was the rst attemp to write a chronologica account of Landaer'sife and wriings Sochy 64 was a yng man at the time at whichLandaer's ideas ha been welfored, t the thenoung anhad the enet of persona association with Landae Askied worker, Agustin Sochy ate contibted a nber ofonographs on sbjects of interest to raicas His stdy of

Landaer, however, reied argey on the atter's ie ad writigst is signcant, becase it is the ony su w have which caeear ot o the abor movee and the tt o whic reated thecorps f Landae's wok to the events of his i

Sochy use an artice which andauer h written in onhe occasion of Kaiser Wihem's twentyfth nniversar in oce,

o introdce te word in which the yong andauer had beeneare an educated6 Then he fosed on the enitive iecesf Lanaer's sojourn in erich, fro - nd his stiesn phiosophy, word iteratre and the histor of art Sochyate Ladae's creativity as a writer to those ears He is asohe ony biographer of Landaer who, at this r ary part ofadauer's creativiy, saw a paradoxica inuece on the young

6 had th good fortun to nti Mr Souchy in his hom Munich

n August 6 Pubishd Stockhom by Ax Hostros Forag6 Anaristmartea i Chicago64 H is no in hs mid-ghts

"Vo unudzanzg Jhn



[1] UV LDUR I HIRICL RMIIO 1 89

andae Schopenhaeia pessiis and egsonian vitais6In he el yeas which follow, fo 1 89 on, Sochy coecty

singed ot the inence of eedik ieaende, close followe

f Ege Dehig Ience by iedaende, aae eteedthe cicl of "Die Jge,6 adicl ocialists like no Wille,

66 och 1 81, 8 .67 A gn fo he Meoil Fondion for Jewish Clre enbled e

o ccep n iniion from he Minis of he Ineior of he Gen Deocic epblic o cosl he chies of he Prssin ece Police now

being kep in he schi Mersebg nd he schi Posd. TheAchidieko, D. Flck kindl de ilble he recods of Der Soias

s kep b he ece Police of he Miisy of he Ineio. Pr Br Rep 30 Ti

95 Sec 4 148 nd Pr Br Rep 30 Ti 4 it S 1 68 13272, Vo. 1 hs os hoiie ess on Die ewegng der sozildeokischen ngen"This secion bses iself on eil pblished i he Gemn oci-Deocicjonl Vorwaers especill he isse of Ocober 21 , 1 8 1 , s well s eilpblished b Lnde in Der Soias in 183. I is deiled epor o he

el hiso of he Gemn ocil-Deocic pr whic is dicl o nd insecond liee. I ces he bek beween die Jngen nd he inline p o he Ef P Congess of Ocobe 20, 181 in which ebelsed he ocilis Exclsion Lw (ozilisengesez" gins his own colleges in he oeen, who considered heseles eolionr ocilDeocs." The police recods lis s ebes of his fcion Voll lle,pfeer Pl Ens, chwbe Aebch, ildbeger nd ginski.These wned o gie for he freedo of he prolei wiho he py

discipline of he mss p wiho cenlized ledeship, wiho pricipio in Gen consiionlis. They neged he ebelin ighognizion wih igh py discipline. The clled fo sepe Verein"sepe pr jols, nd prel reoliony p sessing economicss-cion mking he wokers mses of he ens of prodcion. TheJngen" were picll srong in elin nd in 180 ebel hd o ghe hd o nse he Jngen ediors of he Magdebrger Vokssimme ndhe Saechsische Arbeiereing The p congess in Ef in 181 sondedhe signicn pole of ebel which ws o chrcerize he Gen ocilDeocic poliicl cions prog fo he whole of is fre nd whichws o indice he penen dissisfcion which Lnder ws o hewih i Eobeng der poliischen Mch is ds ese nd ds pziel."The Mxis Geschiche der deuschen Arbeierbewegung (erlin 165, I,16164 sggess h he signicnce of he reol of he Jngen lies inBs Dchsezng des Mxiss." According o he Bern Boersen

Courer f Noeber 8, 1891 he Jngen," hing fond hemseles i



190 UNK-SANGER HYMAN ]

Wlelm oelsce, and Wlel Spo, wo actively popagated a

fee, antpaliaentaan, anacstsyndicalst gop wic was

bridgble opposition constitted heseles the "Vrin nabhaengigerSoilisen i a social hall o which ere aitted oy card-carryingociists. n he presece o people with no wome presnt his splinter

op was onded he "gen d the free anarchists entered, and pr

iodically also conrolled the "Nee reie olksbuehneth metings of which

gae hem an oppornity to gai embers and coworkrs for thir librarianheate b also to missioie o their partcularistic political intersts in

Gea Socialis. The police records abo Landar ar e spcic but

paradoical as hey are recrded Pr Br Rp Ti. 94 Li . S Vo The repor o P. # 33 described he iteal editoial dissatisfactions whichLandae prooked by cosng articles wih "Hoch di narchi and with

ciig philosophil anarchist literatre. He is criticied by his collags for

regading he paper as his ow "igen rather than as a partyorgan.

Police repor P. # 54 o two mots laer oweer old a soewhat dierent

story lisng daer denitely as beloging in the "Jngen and ot the aarchis action as haing b delegaed by the "ngen as representing

hir action a the erich Socialis Cones of 893 ("Arbiterongrss a which the adical socialists oce ore on order of Bebel wer hondd ot

o he Cogress. The police correctly conclded that th wnning of a mandaerom hat was n open "Volksersalng, a mner in which the "Jngn

always constitted hemseles to demonstrate their emphasis on spontaneity showed that Landaer indeed enoyed h condence of most of th Brlin"nge despite is conicts in the oal leadership. Th poic singled ot a

important ealy essay which Ldaer wrote or th Janary 2 893

isse o r ozis entitled m Progr dr Opposition. Stressing antipalientarianism and ass econoic actio, Landae calld for radical

opposition to he monopoly o capitalists. He writes that h SocialDemocrats

want poliical powr or the masses whereas "di Jngn want conoicpowr. ey stand clearly or oppositio aganst staist and clerical instittions

and agains all inherited ethical and legl coceptios ("Rhstorstllngn).They " . . . betachten den Soialisms als eine ne gross Weltanschaung

die einen Unegang der hilischen und irdischn Gotte in wahreGottedaerng hrbifehrn sol. is importan hr o no the strong langage ralling Waer Spengler and Nitsche ad o rmind readrs again tha Landar was only wenythree years old wh he wrote o his conception o socialism as a irtal "Han Rbrth. Sochy in his

Gsav Ldur also sed this type o langage abo his friend and mntor.

On p. 4 he wrote: "Vad ar detta o en roes ad a dn for in an niska? n oeeaennisa en proe ? ("A suprman [or as Waltr Ka

ma wold hae had it "an oan] or a roht



23 GTV LNDE IN IICL NSMSO

to nteest wn fo he s Der Sozialist68 so ce

ae iddecass saon sssons n elin a the actvtes

aon he "Nee eie Vosbehne n the yea 1892. t the

age of only twenywo, aae ha we a o he pa hefe e o foow, an wa whc e fet a ssoay

"caling"69 Te assocaon wh iz athne an nstc

analyss ated fo ths peo anae's confonaon with

ebe n the 1893 Coness of he Socialist Moveen foowe

The yea 1895 s cte by Sochy as sigcant fo the pbaon

of aae's boche, Ein Weg zur Befreiung der Arbeiterklassen.

The yea is signcant fo s ebaes ad ghs aon the

sa ebes of the Sozialis egaig he ieay sye an

choce of eay aea o be pbshed anae havn been

hoght a "hghbow an idecass teae, case po

bes

Socy ve anae's piosophy to a neatve a a

posve at? The negative pat was s sceptics : hs eanceon the athestc, sceptca paths ote by Mathne an foowe

by anae n his own kepsi ud Mysi.72 Te oe positve

8 dae hsef h o qe ovecoe (ad eve as o oveoe

he phosophca coe of apae ad pocs See

Soh p 1 9 : "aaue eaee sig hae fafoe a i anipe

arsmen ch alsa anpoe Souc p 1 : "aue ae allts evouoae av pncp ee aso

fece pp 227 o dae se o Sche o : "Es eg

d s es de ojEs eg d es g hvo

ade lso eed o Goehe o da e Soch cao p

"So mus d se as du ch teh s o sgte scho Se

n ophe; Un ene Ze nd eine ach zerue geaee

Fo e ebed sc ece0 Soch p 3 o aso spra n. 1

Soh p 3 8 o

s peod s oe es beee adc dvdsc sepd msca pecuao o aaoges o ohe ados see Gesho

coem On h bbah Smbolm(Ne Yo 1 965 esp Chae 1 o a coepoar o of "Scepcsm as m ae appe o

ahne nd adae see cad Popn Ho of cpcm

(New Yo 19 Fo he ecedes of scsm o ch dae



1 92 L-LER (HYMAN) [2]

pat was his aachis a his eliance o he ole of he ase Dichte), a ve special Geman coceion of he hgh oa

an esthetic fncin of the ais, folong Goehe, Schille,

a any Gean matics, in aiion o anae's ownconcetio of the "calling of sch folkes s Shakespeae.

The peio als saw Rebat as a sla folkaist, ispiing

an ecatig mlites.73 Sochy s anae in he fee,

iiialistic, aachist taitio of Go ohon, Stie,

an aknin.74 The convegece of oia an eolton occs

at is point an in eplaatio, Sochy elie heavily on Laae's on, De Revolo7

M Noa, he GeanJewsh Jeeah of he 89s (of he

nesicle) escie the peio eteen 890 an 900 as

follos "The sosiio of he imes s cosly conse, a

coon of feesh eslessness a e scoageen,

of feafl pesage a hanog ennciaio The ealen

feeing is hat of iinent eiion an enon inesicle is at once cofession an can The l nohe

faih conaine the fese ctine of he Dsk of he Gos.76

Ths oo is no howee etiely coet hsoay seakig.

Thee is anohe eaing. "The Eighteen Ninees ee so oleant

of noelty in a an ieas that i ol see as thgh the

eclinig ceny wishe to ke aens fo seveal ecaes ofintellecal a astic ooony. I ay inee e somehig

s eir see Non Con, The Prt o e Mem: Revooar

Meara a Mytca Aarcht o the Me Age (Ne or, 9)For reted denitions f Msticis, see Een Une, Mtcm (eor, 96). For seinl treten of sticis nd its reli to true

science nd ogic, see ertrnd sse, Mytcm a ogc (e r 9) ee Fritz ten, Introduction" in is The Potc o tra Der:

A Sty the Re o the Germac Ieoogy (e Yor, 965. tern signt begins it te qottion fr Cres Pg Tout coence enstiqe et tout nit en pitiqe" ic no n describes te stes of theigt on hich he concentrtes, bt so those of the Le sc s Lndue

74 ouc, p 458 oc 4 on

Hobroo ckson, The ghtee ete (e or, 66, p 8



] UV LDUR I HIRICL RMIIO

oe han coincince ha placed his ecae at he close of a

ceny, and -de-sicle ay have been at one and he sae ie a

swansong and a eah-be epentance77 The enal aciviy,

the seaching fo social sevice and a flle conal life, theqickening o iaginaion an qesining of accepe vales

wee inellecal signs ha any wee looking inwa an they

ebelling agains feafl ineqaliy, wee against he esablished

oe E Hobsbaw has ecenly eine s hat he vey

volnais and piiiveess of heoy ha chaaceied any

anachiss a ibeaians befoe he s Wold a was heivey asse7 Thei evoion wold coe becase hey waned

it o coe ; now ; insany7 Coien, pblic acion, seeing

h han conitin in is oaliy and wiing o he pe

specive of sincee aheniciy ae he coec ena posiions o

take As he yong Bbe once coecly pt i, "We ae he

evolio en of he calibe of Bbe and andae ee

pepae o heseles ino he living evolio by a concee poga of "copig o ebe acse has called

his poiial ose "he libeaing fncion of negaio

The belief hat inividals cold lead happy, enlightened,

aonoos lives, hogh no a onopoly of individalist an

achis, had is high poin in he pe9 wold in which an

dae woe and tagh This individalis ean "pinganachis ieas iediaely ino pacice an no waiing fo

sociey o change In a seinal aicle aes oll has chaac

eized his posiio as "Anachis beween Cois and

Individalis 2 Joll wies that he new concep o f indivalis

P Jckson, Chpes 1, 2, nd 3. Also . ghes, Conscisness

nd Socie(New Yok,

198,Chpe

2And Gehd Ms,

Prophes o

Yeserda (New Yok, 91

E. J obsbw, Reoionaries (New Yok, 1973, see Chpe 9.

Noe hee Theodo ez on Zionism: If o w i, is no egend"80 Did Ce, The Ision: An Essa on Poics, Theaer and he Noe

New Yok, 191 odeick edwd, The Anarchiss (London, 191, 48 The wie ecods peson deb o Pofesso Jo fo ong nd

choll session in London in 19 in which Pofesso Jo de nmeos



194 IK-SIGER [26]

n aarcst-oas coes fro two ai sorces : fo the

reacton agst he dscpned nd ogatic eran Socia

democratc ass party of te 189's an fo he Nezschean

critcs o borgeos socety.3 s has been icae hee Joaso nds te "Jngen to be ey eeents in attempting to ai

caze te an-stea socast traton of Eope Ecept for

occaona references, they hav not e fon their tre histoan.

Wth ther eass on vontars, the spontaneos econoic

stre, oose "ende, "Verene, coopeatives, an "o

nes, he Jngen and er co-frres the syncaistanarchsts ad te probes of non-totaitaan reotion o

egataan non-poetaran re, of party o oveen atoty

Te Revoton of 1 n Rssa was o cataplt soe of tese

sses nto ponence.4 To the etent to whch any ind of

"pops was an edcatie, anaia, "go-to-the-peope

oveen, t ad to face the sses of chage and evotion, of

oence ad pacstc senent. Thogh oten havng coonconcens wt asts an raisng ecnoc sses a poitca

consderatons, wc ran parae to ar's ad Enges bates

aganst aenaton and poetaran poweressness, on the whoe, the"Jngen and te narcsts traveed sociast oads whch had

been re cosey trod by tent-M rxist

Dehng, odhon,

an the ater renc yndcasts. To te eten t whic theyong andae raised tese sses, to te etent to whch he was

suggesios fo his wo which he ecouged. he ticle ws p of

smposium Achici chi e ondo Conempoeo (Ati de

Coveno pomosso dl odzioe uig Eiudi, Ti, 1971).8 Ibd p. 21 .8

See Pu Avich The Ran Anarh (ceton, 19. See asoFco Veuis e Root of Revoon: A ory of he Popt

and Soa Movemen n neeenh Centry a (New Yo, 19), espoducio b si Bei Chpes 1, 13, 20, d 1

85 o bcou ei s espil Geoge Licheim, Marxm

(Ne Yo 196) Deie phbeaing ich ise, Organere

Anarhm m ethen Kaerre o 7 (Bei 199), esp. hpe B

Sii is h his su coes hese poiical developments wihi

Euoean seing.



GSAV LANA N HSOAL ANSM SSONS

a wong ad tng eb of tese gos ad tese cces,

and to te extent o wc, n ate yeas e ad to etn ove

and ove agan te cangng pesupposons of these eay

omuatons s e a mao gue n ndesce and eaytwentetcent socsm ad anacs6 Soucy was te

st to ecod ts,? and s boo eps to pace andae n te

spectum of Euopean socasm cuent at the tme In s ant

communsm, antbosevsm, and antMaxs, andaue s

best caactezed as a popust o as Soucy ad t as a "com

munas Te boo s aso suggestve n pontng to te twoeducbe sous wc ued n andaue's beast s uestc,

md wam on te one and and s actvst, bunng popetc

adcasm on te ote and ot wee to sow n a of an

dae's wtngs, assocatons, and decsons ot can be

8 I wa o ackoege iebeess o Pofesso Geoge osse f e

Uivesi of Wiscosi fo suggesig a ecouaging is su as we a fo focusig aeio o e esice "oug Laaue as a scoa

ea icoia aeio was a o e Sweis su of Augusi Souc a

o is peso b Ruof e og of e Isiue fo Socia Hiso i Ase·am, wo ki aage e uic eeig gave iesabe ep i

evauig e "Laaue acass i e Aseam Isiue, Sue

97 he eseac was subvee b a ga fo e aioa ouaio

fo Jewis Cuue, eewi ackoeg wi appeciaio88 Souc, p 00: " me e exac beeckig ; kouis is same

saig of "couais is fou i e wo "kia (Hebew fo coa see) coie b e ea Hasome asi moee i

Paesine i e eas 90, i wic is moveen was eavi iuece b e pe of seac fo eica coui, iiviuaisic sefeazaio

a egeneaio, a acisic sociais wic Laaue au o caefu ocuee maei, Eka agai,

ashomer asair:3 (e Aviv, 97) esp p 3 an p 3 ; aso p 3 c Russiapouis Pee Sceibe, o Baui zu Lei (Leien, 90).

8 Souc, p 33 : "a, e va va sjaea, so boe i ans boes e ea feig, sia, fu av sako, kaek oc ie ; o skaa i kaeeks fu , egve bee ; en a sak bsane, opf me feis kaf, goeeae e skapakaf

he s copee biiogap of e Laaueia oeuves wi be pb

ise b e wie i e nex Proeedigs I i be base o aeias



96 LIK-LIER (HYMAN) [28]

tace in hi lat involveent an lat withawal in he ean

evoltion of 989 in Mnich Since i wie loae only

one copy of thi book, it t be ae a vey all

nbe wa oiginally pinte an that i i no eo veywie ciclation Pehap it can even be ai at i inigh i

nt avel vey fa nt the anae taniion A i int

it i ipotant to oint ot ha thee inigh in inigh oe

the contepoay eeache ipoant cle t hw ne

contepoaie, who wee yhetic i liil ege

e hi wok an eace to hi peonW have a iila epoage in Dh fo eniee Rolan

ol an inolve anachocialit, active in e oen

oveent who woe Gstaa Laaer Z Leegag e

Levewerk Thi book, of iila ize a he one by Soh wa

pblihe by "beiegeeencha e Woobke in

ollan in a eie enitle "ReligieSocialiie gen

an i an iicaion hat anae life' ok egn openetate ino eligio oveen no only in Jewihleinian

cile bt otetantEopean gop wel e ho

oee the book a a tetaent, "een bekeneni n he inc

ion he elate that aae "agi yeah ha

ae a eep ipeion on he2 The book ielf ha iginally

apeae a a eie of eveal aticle in e D Barcebladeonal in ie fo ebay o ne 9. n ion o

ot of hi pblihe wok an lette e ah ee have

ha te vey ae tenogahic eo f e evlion Wok

e Peaant n Solie' oncil eeing el in

te avaian Revolion4 ebayMach 99. ee wee

coleced in he Achies o he nsie o oci Hiso in sed,sppeened by hose o he ube chies in h Nio nd iesiyLibies, Jesle Assisnce o M do de Jon nd Ms. MotCohen is cknoweded.

Heniee olnd Hols, Gstaa anaer in evensgang en evens

e (e, 93.2 Hols p. 8 Ook zijn ische esdood hd een diepe indk

op ek."

bid . 4 Hos,



[9 GUV LDUR HRCL RMO 9

eviently ae available to he by Ma Konstein anae's

son-ina. They wol have given soe insight into anae's

speeches ing he Revoltion. To what etnt they wee co

plete can not be ascetaine fo t book. We know tha Matinb nev sccee i getting the fll stenogaphic co; he

was able to locate epots of only a few speechs (ebay 5

ach 9 9). The book conains h only available photogaph

of the ajestic tobstone which the Gen synicaist wokes

st fo ana as gavse onnt. (This was la

stoy.)The nvly of this vol lay i its citical naysis7 of

anae's biing ani-Mais (n ite which Holst

attibtes to ana's issing the poi of Ma's hanis) ;

in is sypaheic nstning of anae's chaisatic

psonaliy; b os ipo of all (an nily its ow)

95 Stenographscher Bercht ueber de Verhandungen des Kongresses derArbeter, Baue-und Sodatenraete (o 5. Feb bis 8. ez, The oiginl cn be fond in the in ttsbibliothek. I hd the se of cop belonging to the Jewish Ntionl nd Uniesit Lib, Jesle, Ms.No. 43, 40 of the be Achies

96 olst, pp. 404 .97 bd, esp Chpte III9 bd, p 73 on M heiin deed Lnde toch Mx wee onecht dt

h het gootenschelike, pofetische, essinistische in diens leenswekniet wilde of niet kon ekeen" ee lso ns oh, Martn Bbe (elleelg Jcob egne, 30, p. 5 In diese Anschng ntescheidetsich bes oziliss o Mxiss. De Unteschield iegt nicht iEndziel. De oziliss on Mx ht ds gleiche Endziel wie de Anchiss, de sich Gst Lnde zechnet, de f bes ozilphilosophieeinen entscheidenden Einss sgeebt ht Lndes Angie gegen den

Mxis, die o lle in seineAur um Soasmus

enthten sind nddessen schwechste tellen bilden, gehen ie, wenn sie sich gegen ds on xfgestellte Endziel z ic ten glben. Ach Mx wi die sttenlose,politische, feie Assozition, die whe Geeinsch, die ollendete Geselshft lle enchen. chon chlss des Kommunstschen Manests ist dsdetlich gesgt. Lndes nd bes oziliss etscheiden sich oMxiss icht i Ziel, sonde in de histoischen ndlegng nd in denitteln de ewiklichng."

99 olst, Chpte I, Lndes Leensgng, itgebeeld in zin ieen"



-SAGE HA

in its characterization of Lanauer's sociais as at once reigiousan ystica. 0 ost, as probaby no other ite on Lanauer,

paced hi within the fraeork of late 19th and early 2th

century ystical stirrings in philosophy and theology Thoughthe characterization is no a scholary one, the insights into the

ateria are correct an are useful in bringing to the fore anaspect of Lanauer's style, ehos, and evotion hich bound hi totheoogians such as uber0 an to poets suh as Dehe, Rilke,an Liliencron 0 The ne Mystics ptred strong fots of

id p 84 "aaue' iepte ween wa gedrenkt et joodch y

ticie e eiaie. O Bube' ytici ee the excellet icion in Ha Koh

Mari e ep. hi cocept of "activit ytici Koh eid that

Bube aaue haed a iteet i Chitian ytici at the tu of the

centuy Bub publihe a eay o "Jakob Boehe i the Weer R

cha of Jue 1 1901 hi Ph.D. dietatio i 19 dealt wth "Zu Ge

chichte de diviuatiopole (Nikolau vo Ce ud Jakob Boehe.Bube wa itellectually idebted to Dilthey' conception of "Eeni ad

Siel' oceptio of "eligioity a a category of flig Bube w

tongly uece y the witig of Meite Eckhart i wo he foun a

pecal coceptio of the coion betwee an a God Thi concepton

ecae potant in Bue' tdie on Jeih Kabbal Ber' ey

inteet in ytical ectay later changed to an inteet in ytical teachig

Die ehe. At the Sooloentg of Octoer 910, Troeltch nd Bue

croe wod aout the tielene or tieoud ality of yticalcategorie andaue' inteet in Meiter Eckhat aifet wth hi

193 tralation fro hi ytical wrting anaue lke any t the

t of the cetuy aw ete Eckhat a a patheitic, edieval radical

and heretic. Peent-day cholahip ha ecoe more conevative Gete

Schaede in Mari er: eraeischer sus (Goettinge, 1966

elieve that Bue and andaue were roht togethe in life-long fedhip

by the coon iteet n Eckhat (p. 7). The book i excellent in tracng theytc tendence Rlke, Moert, the erge Ke, ad fcg al

on the "voelkich eleent in anae' an Buer' mytici, n itephai on the

rue ok a feeln hrd by conervtve thinker2 Excellen dicuion in a "Euoea eadng of thi peiod re fond

in the erie, entitle "Epochen der decen Klt, e Richard aann

und Jot Head Narasms messiosm and Sis

(Muenchen, 197 and 193) Thee are proaly the t coprehenive

wrk er era d tellectl tr ecpg te gt



UTV D TOC T 199

elleal a lral iee i pioopy 3 a religio

a wel a i ar ierare. A a brige bler fro epial-

aiali o ial, lg aali 4 a a ralaor of

al erare, 5 aaer a re o of geerao 6

o science and social science, attpted in recnt years. Unortunately no

scholarly apparatus is provided.03 See the agisterial work by Ernst Cassirer Wesen und irkung des

Symbolbris Oxord, 1 956. This encompasses the three studies publishd or

he Bibliothe Warburg in 1 2, 1 25 1 21 22 entitled respectively Die Beis

or es mythischen Denkens" Sprache und ythos," Der Begri dersybolischen For i Aubau der Geisteissenschaen" as well s the

lectre given or the University o Goeteborg in 1938 on Zr Logik des

Sybolbegris." Equally iportant in this connection is the English acces to

te author's as yet inaccessible Geran De Philphie er yblschen

Formen, naely Lanae nd Myth (Ne York, 1 946. The period i also

characerized in Casrer's Vom My th des Staates Zuerih, 1 949 esp. the

section entitled Was ist y thus." Presentday research ocuses on the ythi

al eleents in the thinking o the seinal phiosopher Ludwig Wittgensteinin his Tractat Li-Philsphics (ondon, 1922. For good anlyses, se

Allan Janik and Stephen Toulin, ittensten's Vienna (Ne York, 1973,

and Daid Pears Ldwi ittenstein (Ne York, 196. lso suggestie

George Steiner, Lanae and Sence New York, 1 6, especialy the chpters

aed The Retret rom te World and Silne and the oet." Steiner is

ey good in hog the totl Euroean artisti, philosopcl, and lterary

ene the retreat ro the authoity and rage o verbal language plays a

treendous role in the history and chracter o odern rt."04 See his Skesis nd ystik: Verche im Anschlus an Mathners

prachkritik. First edition was published by F. Fontne & Co. in Berlin i

103. Landauer dded materials in 105 and Martin Buber published a second

edition i n the MaranBlock Verlag i Koeln in 1 23 . Gustav Landauer trnslated the serons o Meister Eckhrt, 14th

century Germn Donian on, whose ystc radicalis in reding the

unity o n and the divie, caused him to posit a heretical, pantheistic concet

o Godman. n Meister Eckhrt, see two good articles i Josih oyce,

Stes in Go n Evil (New York, 1906 and Ruus Jones, The lowerin of

ytici Ne York, 139. In the 1h century, Franz von Bader, egel's

riend, discovered Eckhrt or Geran idealis. is thought is close to that o

ao Tzu nd Buddha. The translation whch Landuer published ro the

Middle igh Ger i s variously recorded as hing been brought out b y Karl

Schnabel Verlag in Berln in 903 or 190 (Buber's note on p 47 o Lebensan

n Briefen I, cites 1906. Te Nais ere later to appropriate soe o Eckhars



200 LNKSALNGER ( HYMA ) [32]

I addition to a Swedish a Dutch rsmission, there

exists also a very respectabe Spis Luer ssessmet by

e ted istoria of aarcism M Netu 1 07 etited La

vida de Gusta andauer seqn s corresponnci, pubsed i

thoughts as tue" Geman sticis Fo this see aond Bane Meister

ckar A Mode Trasatio ew Yo 9) v. Lanue easue

Echat o hi ce pse his eaism and his sobe atin hinig.

ee Lebesa i riee I 47 Mode schoaship has eaced Echa's

ines o though and hi pntheistic eesies Fo efeences see Gete chedeMari ber, pp. 53 and 39 Fo Lndaue's wn ait to atheistic ms-

icis see Heinz oahi Hedon in sta Ladaer Zw d erei

Koen 968) p . 5. E ion speas o Lanaue's socia sticis. ee

Marti be riewecse as siebe Jarzete, I, p. 63 Hans Kohn made

eeence Landaue's inteest to bing te pesoait of Echat to the

eade's attention not to eat hi as a subject of istoial scuti. ee

Kon Marti ber, p 29 3 citing Landaue's pospetus fo the tansation

Es i t die Wiedeuneines esholenen de nicht histosch gewueigsonen ebendig efuelt ween so" Simiaities ae hee noted to Bube's

ntoductin" to his Ekstatisce Koessie Jena 90) : De Estatie

ag pshoogisch phsioogisch pathologisch eae een ; uns ist das

esetich was enseits de Eaeug beibt : sein Eebis " am deep

ebted to the ate Pofesso Abaham oshua eschel fo eang e to is

ea statement as te best sho suma o a position i Landaue d

ube saed in thei wo as tansatos o the geat stis)

0 Te intees i conicaion in this peiod is emonstted b its

inteest in the natue o guge o deams nd fantsies of teatia stes

and moveents and in tansation omuniato fom nguage to an-

guage) nd in tpogph. High chaacteistc fo tis peod is the tansato

it be) of te Bibe Fanz Rosenzweig in is ee Das ebeseten

ist uebeaupt as egeniche ie des Geistes ; est wenn etas uebesetzt ist

ist es wich aut gewoden nict me aus de et u saen Est in de

eptugit ist die Oenbaug gaz hes i de Wet geoen ud so

ange de Hoe noch niht ateini sa a e no eine atsae"

m a ette to Rudo Ehebeg date Otoe 1 1 7 . )

' 07 ee the s. witten in te 30's o in te ntenaioa nstitute fo

Socia Hsto ettau Achive) entited Aiste d Siareotiere,

88-94 so usef ae te auto's Der Ass Podo z

tki ein ) and Aarise d Seee Die his-

tosce Entig es hss e aen 0 8 6 ei



GS AV LANA N SCAL ANSM SSO S 201

Benos Aires in 192. 08 Epeciall valale in placing the ongLandaer ithin the circle of anarchist free thinkers in the Fried-richshagen conit (near Belin) of 12, in the circle of

the Harts and the Nee Geeinscha" of the sae ears, andthe thoghtorld of ter Isen and Nietzsche, Max Nettlacontrted an additional insight hich later iographers oenoverlooed or isinterpretd : Landaers earl iterest in co-nal setleents and Gartenstaedte." Here he as heir to cho the hoght of ehring his colleage Friedlaender and

Theodor Hertza the athor of Freiland."0 It is not correctto conclde hat Landaers antiran and atietroolitanstance a a position of his laer less idealistic (or less gnacios)eas as has een arged recenl I is ar ore correct to

08 La Prea Jly 3 929.09 WIl-know mo topia : Freid: Ei Z id Lipzg 890)

Sixth ition was pbls 892 t tnth n 89 provig its mss itrst 0 Eg Lnn Prphe Cmmiy rkly 93) sp. haptr 4

A smilrly istakn raing of Lnars "Silngsgankn fro thovrs of th prio ar 908 or in Wolf Klz Gav er: Kr

iai d Aarchi Misnim ) p 8 on. o alz stats cortly

that "Es is mthoisch gshn mgls mfassnr tortischr Abhan

g nlasslic i vrstrtn n ag oc gssrtn an

kn Lanars z inr aIlgminn Thor sinr sozialn Orng zsam

mnzfassn. Es vrstt sich abi von slst ass ach i iss jnrSozialistn mitinbzogn rn i i Prohon n Kropokin Lan

ars hori sntlich pgn alfn p. 0. This is a ajor rror ;

rstly bcas Lanar himslf arg strogly that his thoris r wIl

vlop at th tim at ich anar cam into srios conrontaton with

ths iologis. Sconly rfrnc to Lanars on arly work sos

that his inIlctal nbtnss n his foativ yars was to toghts of

Frilanr Dhring an H. n th ay of th n--sil

t as ts iologis ith wich "Jn a th lirtaia "n

abhangign shap thr pros of conalism n fr soialis

For anothr xapl of this typ of anti-statist anti-ait ati-ass

party topia commnaism s th work of th -Jwish conomist

an social scintist Dr. Franz Oppnimr. ggstiv hr is t captr

ntit "ozial Exprimnt his aoiograpy Erebes Errees

reches rlin 93) ich scrbs in gat tal t smaIl circls hich

wr fom in an aro rlin to agitat for ias fon th wrigs of



LIK-SALIGER HMA)

accept e Nettla thess tha these ealy eologcal eces

wee ecsve an ssane The pesent wte wol a

hee hat t s pesely ths ealy nclnato to poplst ("ack to

the lan) oveets whch blt the late ges to be aNah Goan n the eots t ceate a Eopean Socalst

Zos, wth ts call to a etn to the la What s al of

potance o the hstoy of the aae's tasssos s

Nettla's peozato of the evelopet of the hozos of

te yog aae a hs evot (ao 8- agast

what Nettla cale "egcentc tellecals o te potofvew of he hstoy of socalst aachs Netla aacte

aton of anae's cotton as tat of "ocalo co-

ert, ey George, d uehring Oppenheie crrie these des,ny of hih Lduer shred, to he Uited Sttes nd to Plestine. Seeespeilly r Oppeneier ooperive ounities i Bei

of h ivesi egia My, 136). The ll for SiedungenGrtenstede, orge urs s prt of te gener proes instipersonl etropolit livig. I is one of the hrterisi oods of theperiod efore the t f the etury. or contporry thine, ho understnd ell is oi together or revolutiory lientio nd fncifulutopiuildig, hh herized the period of Lduers youth, seeFntsy nd Utopi" i rvy ox, The Feast of Fools Cbrige Mas,199).

A silr l of isit ito duer's ies o counl settleethterize hrles Murer, Ca Revi The Mystca Anarchsm

usta ue Detrit, 1971). Proisig i its title, Muer ohere spellsout the reltioship betee Lduers erly thought d hs nterest incoities. The hpters o The Soiis ers 1 8911900 d Mthnernd Mystiis 1 9106" rry o infotio or suggestio of this very iportt erly interest. The hpter o The Soilist Bud 190814 (uh s

Kz) begins the discussion s thou duerdisoveed

the ide of comunity d ouity urng the perod drng hch he beg o ound

orgns n insttutions suh s er sozilistisce Bud nd hs o eSozilist." He ho does ot undertd the yong duer o 890 to 1896c er hope to oprehend hs ture ritings d ctvities

Nettlu p 38 on. or helpful ypology of egtie d positienchs hich does not del ith the or of ndue but mght wellld helpl ys of chctg hs constnt thning see Peter Hintz,

Anrchismus und Gegenwat (Zuerc, 1)



5} GAV ANA N HOCA ANMON 20

structvo y expermeta expane beter tha may cotemporary

bographers have unersoo, the tnson in anauer bwee

the mmeate, eastc prgram an the arger, theoretca

conceptua framewr f soca eorgazatnNetau wrte anther shrt apprciaion f Lanauer n

Nev (a supplemen L Ptest n 199) but reerve a fu

scae apreciatn fr the "Frewr t th rarkabe Ys

eitn f Laauer's e Revlutn, entte e Revlue

publihe n Berin in 191. 3 Netau ae special metion f

th fact that wth ths on anauer wl e etre intthe sh-speang wr at the a te i which a Spanish

eitin f the sae wr as ng repare. Thi eitin has,

hwever, to ate n een ate Nlau "Frwr rvwe

th reatnshp whch t hm t aaer fr 1 89 unti

1 9 1 but it mre than hat. I attepte t haroize he

iertaran scast enences f he at neeenth cetry a

reate them to the nging scialt t. It ha realytaen fae aue the best srt ngran f t aarchis

scast pton nt the histry f Eurpan sialis. Lanauers

plac eerge in this hrt, well-reas hitria treatent

2 See sur .3. We would ierre dierely i orde wih heserious redig of e youg Lduer here roosed) he see oWer T gress i his essy ude poiishe Lebe der evouioszei"i Weer Mosses Sebd" eied Deutshes Jdentm in Krieg un

Reoution: 3 Tueige, 1 91) : Dher h duer sih ses lsrhis bezeihe edoh bis z Noveber 191 hie er sih i seieShrife, besoders de i hre 191 1 zu ers veroeelihe Afrf zum

Soziaismus, roz seier heoreishe Beshefigug i oiishe Frgeder Tgesoiik fer" 54) duers ieres i soi exerieio,

his ivis i he Euroe soiis ovee o behf of he iberrirhis osiio, s we s his ierry freeg eors onsisey dos devoedy spek o d gie for Tgesoiik." A ref redig ofhe ies of essys bished by he youg Lduer during he -de-sile,hih is beig rered by he wrier, i deonsre ho inie is hereio bewee he yog duers heorei ineres nd his iveTgespoiik" for hih he onsisen d seonscios en o ibeore e ur of he eury.

Seinberg Beri 1933.



2 NKSANE (MA) [36

ecure, weene, weunertoo n th are, ere,

a mano wor o uropen oca eooge Nettau,

eter than anyone ee, mae room n h anay or many

tran an any tran o ertaran an oca acae cte the act tat unt 933 no boraphy o anaue ha

een wtte, ecaue the erty o nteret an ompetence

whch anauer ha, ha u no one anywhere abe to ae

h fu mportance Netau cte the harmony an the "whoene

an copetene o anauer thnng t nerate unty

n mora upoe an aethetc ormNetau ene correcty that ony a ater age wou be ae to

evauate the recor t totaty Th prome ha, unrtunatey,

not et een f e, but a part of the nabty to unertan the

wor o anauer e n our meaer monoraph terature

pertann to he raca wor o 89 Bern "The Junen, n

parcuar, hae nowhere coe nto ther own When they o

anauer wth them · ppear e ramente an otary aure an t w ncreangy become cear that thee ery ee

ngy oney, extentay troube, Bern bertaran were a

very gncant grou potNetzchean Germany 4 Netau

better than anyone ee ao capture the ene of ecectc earch

n that generaton of European ocat, a een n ther ebeon

aant maparty, octrnare omatm, an ah partyactvm etau a unertoo better than other htoran o

ocam how uch aauer an h aocate attempte to

bu ocat pontanety, uty, an commo goa nto what

they thought wa areay a petre trucure Nothng a cea

rm thee few page by Neau a h beef tht nauer an

h peer were nee the "generaton rebeon of the European

ocat oement Whe een n h cotxt, mny of theparaoxe whch wrter have oun n aner ueny fa

to natura pace, equenc, an meanng Netta cone a

new wor for wha he thought anauer wa a about he thought

4 Nieshe is here red s rs Ge exiseilis

Nelu 2 o



[37] G SAV ANAE N HSCA AN SMSSON S 20

ha anaue espeaey bu consseny e o bu a ne

evouonaysocasc Ieenpae anaue as hen e

man, n eect, who e o o fo hs geneaon ha M

ha one fo hs anaue as he man who peache a negea uy n o socasm fo hm socasm as he gea

ey hch unoce oos of possby n s eang, anaue

s he pecuso of Es Bochs Da Prini Honun anaue

n h eang s aso he pecuso of Feu Feeom ha o be

ceae n he nvua human sou befoe cou aspe o be

obece n socey 6_

s sefeeopmen hen soca acvsmNo soca egeneaon cou come un nvuas ha given up

he on vounay savey an subsevence Netau unesoanaue e e unesoo him as he bge beee a yn

cenuy an a bugeonng ne one he unesoo hm as a song

n n he chan of Euopean sociasm he woe hm no he

hsoy of he gea soca eoogues of he Wesen Wo

Ruth Linksalinger Gustav Landauer in Historical Transmissions

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