russian topic - Glow Blogs · 5. Person B summarises 6. Person A and B discuss and write down...

Historical Study: European and World (Higher)

Later Modern History

Russia 1881-1921

A study of the development of opposition to autocracy in a

large multi-national state, the collapse of the tsarist regime and

the rise of the Bolsheviks during the years 1881-1921,

illustrating the themes of ideology, identity and authority.

1. An assessment of the security of the tsarist state before 1905.

The structure of society; difficulties in governing the Tsarist state; Tsarist methods of control: Okhrana; Russification; army; censorship; nobility; church; terror and exile

1. We are developing our knowledge and understanding of the

security of the tsarist state before 1905.

The structure of society:I can describe the social structure of Tsarist Russia

I can explain why there was a large peasantry in Russia

I can explain why many people were discontented in Russia

Difficulties in governing the Tsarist state:I can explain the problems of having a large number of different

nationalities/religions within the empire

I can describe the transport and communication problems in RussiaI can describe the transport and communication problems in Russia

Tsarist methods of control: Okhrana; Russification; army; censorship; nobility; church; terror and exileI can explain how the Tsarist state used:

•The Okhrana

• Russification

•The army

•censorship;

•The nobility

• The church

•Terror and exile

To maintain security before 1905




The NoblesThe NoblesAlthough the nobles were landlords owning vast country estates, much of their time was spent in the city of St. Petersburg. Their life there was centred on the Court of the Tsar. The nobility were firm supporters of the system of autocracy. They feared any change to the existing system of government, which might lead to plans for transferring some of their land to the peasants.The CLERGYThe CLERGYThe CLERGYThe CLERGYLike the Nobles, the Russian Orthodox Church owned large amounts of land and property. As a result the Church was enormously wealthy and privileged. The wealth of the Russian church could be seen in its Cathedrals. The autocracy of the Tsar’s was strongly upheld by the Russian Orthodox Church. A government committee, the Holy Synod, which was headed by one of the Tsar’s ministers, the Procurator of the Holy Synod, controlled the Church. One of the Church’s roles was to teach respect of the autocracy through its bishops and priests and its schools.

The MIDDLE CLASSThe MIDDLE CLASSThe Russian middle class was made up of merchant groups in the towns and cities and the professional classes (lawyers, teachers, doctors etc). The lack of widespread opportunities for education, the fact that industry was not appearing on any large scale and the continuing concentration on agriculture meant that the middle class tended to be very small in numbers.THE FACTORY WORKERSTHE FACTORY WORKERSIndustry in Russian expanded in the latter 19th century and the demand for labour led to migration of peasants from the countryside to the new industrial centres. Just as had existed in Britain during its’ period of industrialisation, working and living conditions for the factory workers were very poor.working and living conditions for the factory workers were very poor.THE PEASANTSTHE PEASANTSThe peasants made up the largest group in Russian society. Until 1861 the majority of them were SERFS, attached to either the Tsar’s land or private landowners. Peasants were bought and sold with the land they lived on. In Russia a common way of describing property was to say it consisted of a certain number of ‘souls’ referring to the number of serfs, rather than the number of acres of land that it contained. The peasant population in Russia tended to be illiterate, deeply conservative and resistant to change.



Difficulties in governing the Tsarist state:

•I can explain why the Russian economy was weak (p.6)

•I can explain why agriculture was poor (p.6-7)

•I can describe the peasant problem (p.7)

•I can explain why the bureaucracy (civil service) was weak •I can explain why the bureaucracy (civil service) was weak

and corrupt(p.8-9)

•I can describe the limited local government and legal reforms

(p.10)

•I can explain the problems of having a large number of

different nationalities/religions within the empire (p.12-13)



You are going to do a paired reading exercise

Person with the longest hair in the pair will always be Person A

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Both read passage A

2. Person A summarises2. Person A summarises

3. Person A and B discuss and write down points

1. Both read passage B

2. Person B summarises


YOU WILL HAVE 20 MINUTES FOR EACH OF THE PAIRS



Difficulties in governing the Tsarist state:•PASSAGE A I can explain why the Russian economy was weak (p.6)

•PASSAGE B I can explain why agriculture was poor (p.6-7)

Starting with your 2 o’clock date!

1. Both read passage A1. Both read passage A

2. Person A summarises





You have 20 minutes!



Difficulties in governing the Tsarist state:•A I can describe the peasant problem (p.7)

•B I can explain why the bureaucracy (civil service) was weak and corrupt(p.8-9)

Now your 3 o’clock date!

1. Both read passage A

2. Person A summarises2. Person A summarises








Difficulties in governing the Tsarist state:•AI can describe the limited local government and legal reforms (p.10)

•B I can explain the problems of having a large number of different

nationalities/religions within the empire (p.12-13)

Finally with your 4 o’clock date!

1. Both read passage A1. Both read passage A

2. Person A summarises









Explain why Tsarist Russia was difficult to govern.

Peer assessment

Development:

1. Start your argument each time by focusing directly on the question.

2. Use evidence to support your argument.

3. Argue the importance of this information.

4. Your argument must be balanced.

5. You should be aware of some alternative interpretations and debate, although this would not be required for every factor in your development.

How important was the Allied use of new technology in the victory over Germany by 1918?

Start your argument each time by focusing directly on the question.

"The Allied use of new technology was fairly important in the victory over Germany."

Use evidence to support your argument.

"The concentrated use of tanks in the final offensives of 1918 helped the Allied forces to make advances beyond the Hindenburg line and forced the Germans to retreat away from their prepared defensive lines."

Argue the importance of this information.

"Therefore, this was fairly important in the Allied final victory because it showed the German High command that they had lost their ability to maintain their positions thus making it clear that defeat was inevitable and forcing them to look for a way to end the war without total annihilation of their forces."

Use more evidence to support your argument.Use more evidence to support your argument.

"This, therefore, gave the Allies a definite battlefield advantage that they could exploit to the full and this led to the defeat and capture of thousands of German soldiers near the end of the war contributing to the Allied victory."

Your argument must be balanced.

"However, although the use of new technology by the Allies did lead to some exceptional victories its impact was lessened by battlefield conditions and the reliability of some of the technology."

You should be aware of some alternative interpretations and debate, although this would not be required for every factor in your development.

"Some historians believe that the use of tanks hindered the allied victory as some advances in 1918 which were faced with little German opposition had to be stopped to allow supplies of petrol to catch up and thus allowing the Germans to regroup."




Explain why Tsarist Russia was difficult to govern.

Peer assessment

Development:

1. Start your argument each time by focusing directly on the question.

2. Use evidence to support your argument.

3. Argue the importance of this information.

4. Your argument must be balanced.

5. You should be aware of some alternative interpretations and debate, although this would not be required for every factor in your development.

1. The security of the tsarist state before 1905.

We are developing our knowledge and understanding of Tsarist methods of control:

I can explain how the Tsarist state used:

•The Okhrana

•The army

•The bureaucracy (civil service)

• The church

• Russification

•Censorship

To maintain security before 1905

The Pillars of Autocracy

The Church The Army The OkhranaThe Civil

Service

Loyal to

autocracy

Taught obedience

to the Tsar

Majority of

Headed by

nobles loyal to

Tsar

Purpose to

infiltrate groups

opposed to the

Tsar

Special Powers

of arrest (26,000

PURPOSE to

maintain

authority of Tsar

across empireMajority of

population

religious

Controls primary

education

Controlled by

government

Tsar Head of

Church

1,000,000

strong

Remained

loyal

Put down

strikes/riots

of arrest (26,000

political arrests)

26,000

informants in

industrial areas

Organised

Unions to

concentrate on

social and

economic issues

PEOPLE within

the bureaucracy

were privileged

and did not want

to lose this

POWER

controlled police,

militia, tax

collection and

movement

State Control Methods

Control Of

Peasantry

Control Of

Industrial workersCensorship

and Education

MIR used to collect

taxes, redemption

payments and keep

Okhrana used to

infiltrate unionsNewspapers, Books

and Journals payments and keep

order

ZEMSTVA ACT 1890

reduced power of the

“elected” councils in

favour of the

aristocracy

CHURCH?

Army used to stop

strikes

State Unions set up to

address economic

rather than Political

grievances

and Journals

subject to

Censorship

University Statute of

1887

Church control of

Education

Russification:The process of making all the Tsar’s subjects see themselves as being primarily

Russian, to unify the empire.

Russification was promoted for a number of reasons:

1. The Russian Empire, they thought, would be easier to run and control if there

was only one language and culture.

2. The Orthodox Church was closely involved. Protestants and Moslems were

expected to convert to Russian Orthodoxy and this would give Russia one

religion.

3. Russian Nationalists would be happy as it showed that they were the most

important people in the empire and that the national minorities were second

class citizens.

4. The people’s attention would be diverted from social and economic issues.

Effects of Russification

Rebellion in

PolandRise in

Nationalism of

minorities

Rise in

Socialism

across Empire

Loss of loyalty

to the Tsarist Russificationacross Empire

Rise in Support of

Revolutionary

Parties

Boycotts of

schools, courts

and church in

Armenia and

Georgia

to the Tsarist

Regime

How did the Tsarist State

maintain security before 1905?Paired Exercise: Developing argument from the evidence

• The Okhrana

• The army

• The bureaucracy (civil service)

• The church

• Russification

• Censorship

With your partner you have 10 minutes to use the evidence

presented today (and from your textbooks) to write up

developed points for each of the 6 ideas above.

Start your argument each time by focusing directly on the question.

The Okhrana was one of the reasons that the Tsarist State was able to maintain security prior to 1905.


The Okhrana had special powers of arrest and imprisoned 26,000 people prior to 1905 who were alleged to have opposed the Tsarist regime.


This ensured that the Tsarist state remained secure as political dissidents were arrested and imprisoned and unable to form an effective opposition to

How did the Tsarist State maintain security before 1905?

were arrested and imprisoned and unable to form an effective opposition to the state. The fear of arrest would also have dissuaded others from joining political movements that opposed the state.


Another way in which the Okhrana maintained the security of the Tsarist state was through it huge network of informants.


This ensured that the authorities were aware of potential threats to the state and that they were able to intervene before the threat could escalate.

The Secret Police, „Okhrana‟‟‟‟

The Secret police was set up to ensure loyalty to the Tsar and weed out opposition to the Tsar.

The Secret police would do this by spying on all people of society irrespective of class.

Would infiltrate opposition groups to find their key leaders, etc.

Large numbers were exiled however they were unable to completely eradicate all of the ideas opposing the Tsar.

The Church

The Church helped to ensure that the people remained loyal to the Tsar.

The Church preached to the peasants that the Tsar had been appointed by God and that they should therefore obey the Tsar.

The Church also ensured that the peasants were aware of the Fundamental Law.

Church a major influence in the lives of peasants, who made up 80% of the population − priests usually regarded as figures of

respect and trust − therefore extremely helpful to Tsar in maintaining control.

The Army

The Army was controlled by officers who were mainly upper class and therefore conservative and loyal to the Tsar. The Army was controlled by officers who were mainly upper class and therefore conservative and loyal to the Tsar.

The army ensured that the population and the peasants in particular were loyal to the Tsar. Most of the soldiers had been

peasants themselves, but had been taught to be loyal to the Tsar.

The army was used to crush insurgence and to enforce order in the country and loyalty to the Tsar.

Cossacks were particularly feared − Cossack regiments were often dispatched to potential trouble-spots − mere presence was

sufficient to restore order.

Civil Service

The Civil Service was set up to ensure loyalty to the Tsar and weed out opposition to the Tsar.

The Civil Service spied on all people of society irrespective of class with those showing any sign of opposition to the Tsar being

imprisoned or sent in to exile.

Large numbers of people were exiled however they were unable to completely eradicate all of the ideas opposing the Tsar.

The Civil Service mainly employed middle class people, which therefore ensured the loyalty of the middle class people in

general.

The Civil Service was responsible for enforcing laws on censorship and corruption as well as about meetings, which made it

very difficult for the revolutionaries to communicate.

Fundamental Law

This was used to impose the authority of the Tsar over the peasants as it stated "To the emperor of all Russia belongs the

Supreme and unlimited power. God himself commands that his supreme power be obeyed out of conscience as well as out of

fear."

Fundamental Law was therefore the basis of all Tsarist power.

Censorship

Censorship controlled what people were able to read which therefore meant the Civil Service could control what University

lecturers could say and also controlled access to schools as well as limiting books available in libraries. As a result the Civil

Service were able to prevent reading anti-Tsarist literature.

Russification

Russification was an effort to restrict the influence of the national minorities in the Russian Empire by insisting that Russian

was the first language.

The law and government of the country were conducted throughout the Russian Empire in the Russian language, which

maintained the dominance of the Russian culture over that of the minority cultures. maintained the dominance of the Russian culture over that of the minority cultures.

Due to Russification, discrimination of minority peoples became more widespread. There was State intervention in religion

and education by the Tsarist government over the minority people to ensure Russification.

The Tsarist state treated subjects from minority areas as potential enemies and inferior.

Zubatov Unions

The Zubatov Unions were used to divert the attention of the workers away from political change by concentrating on wages

and conditions in the factories

The Zubatov Unions reduced the chances of the workers being influenced by the revolutionary groups.

Unions in 1903 became involved in strikes and so were disbanded due to pressure from employers.

Revolutionary Groups Weak

There were various revolutionary groups like the Social Revolutionaries (peasants unhappy at the mir system), Social

Democrats (disillusioned and angry town workers) and Liberals who wanted a British style parliament). The revolutionary

groups alone were not powerful or popular enough to affect change. The revolutionary groups were further weakened by the

fact they were not very organised and they did not cooperate.

•How secure was the Tsar’s hold on power in

the years before 1905?

•How significant was the role of the Okhrana in

maintaining the authority of the Tsarist state in


How secure was the Tsar’s

hold on power in the years

before 1905?

QuestionContext

before 1905?

Conclusion

Development

How secure was the Tsar’s

hold on power in the years

before 1905?

QuestionContext

Development

Make a judgement on how secure

the Tsar’s hold on power was before

1905

Analysis of the reasons why the

Tsar’s power was secure/insecure

before 1905

1905 revolution

The Tsarist Autocracy

Romonov power hold for 300

years

before 1905?

Conclusion

Development

Strengths

•Church

•Army

•Okhrana

•Civil Service

•Censorship

•Fun. Law

•Weak Rev.

Groups

Challenges

•Minorites from Russification

•Zubatov Unions disbanded

•Poor living and working

conditions of vast majority in

Russia

How significant was the role of

the Okhrana in maintaining the

authority of the Tsarist state in

Question Context

authority of the Tsarist state in


Conclusion

Development

Introduction INTRODUCTION

MARKS CRITERIA

0 There is no attempt to establish context or relevant factors.

1 There is some attempt to establish context or relevant factors..

2 The introduction establishes the context and indicates relevant factors.

3 The introduction establishes the context and indicates relevant factors and demonstrates a solid

line of argument.

4 The introduction clearly sets the wider context, indicates relevant factors and has a clear line of

argument.

Argument0 - 1 The style is narrative and descriptive. There is little attempt to answer the question.

2 - 3 The style is mainly narrative and descriptive. There are some brief attempts to answer the

question.

4 -5 The style demonstrated some analysis. There is the use of evidence to answer the question.

6 - 7 The style is analytical with the evidence used to support a line of argument. There the line of

argument is focused directly on the question.

8 - 10 The evidence in the paragraph is used to support the argument.

The argument is constant and balanced.The argument is constant and balanced.

There is some awareness of alternative interpretations and/or historical debate.

KnowledgeUp to 6 marks KU marks can be awarded for substantive points and points further developed which are

relevant and accurate.

Conclusion CONCLUSION

0 There is no attempt to answer the question.

1 The conclusion makes a vague attempt to address the question.

2 The conclusion is a summary linked to the question.

3 The conclusion is clearly based on the evidence and is directly linked to the question.

4 The conclusion is balanced, summarises the argument and comes to an overall judgement

directly related to the question.

How significant was the role of the Okhrana in maintaining the authority of the Tsarist

state in the years before 1905? INTRODUCTION

The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia for 300 years without any real

significant threat to their authority until the events of the ultimately

unsuccessful 1905 revolution. The Okhrana, the secret state police,

were very significant in maintaining the authority of the Tsarist state

in the years before 1905 as they were able to infiltrate and stop

opponents and set up the Zubatov unions to divert attention away

from political change to social and economic change. However,

there were other reasons why the Tsarist state maintained its there were other reasons why the Tsarist state maintained its

authority prior to 1905 and these include the influence and

conservatism of the Orthodox Church, the loyalty of the army and its

ability to suppress strikes and protests, the enforcement of laws and

censorship through a privileged and loyal civil service and the fact

that opposition groups within Russia were unorganised and failed to

cooperate. Russification was also used by the state to maintain

authority, however, it could be argued that instead of making the

empire easier to control it actually made minorities challenge the

Tsars authority across Russia.


state in the years before 1905? DEVELOPMENT

The Okhrana’s role was very significant in maintaining the authority of the Tsarist state prior to 1905. The Okhrana had a huge number of informants, approximately 26,000, and they spied on people all across Russia irrespective of class or position. This ensured that authority of the state was maintained as they were able to weed out opposition across Russia and foil revolutionary or anti-Tsarist plots. The Okhrana was also very effective at infiltrating opposition groups across Russia and most of the main parties suffered from this. This helped to maintain the authority of the Tsarist state as the Okhrana were able to identify the key people and leaders of the as the Okhrana were able to identify the key people and leaders of the opposition groups and imprison them or exile them from Russia. The Okhrana was also instrumental in the setting up of Zubatov unions, named after the Okhrana chief in Moscow Sergei Zubatov, to refocus the concerns and anger of the working classes away from their lack of representation in the government (political) to their economic problems (wages ) and social problems (living conditions). However, the Okhrana could not eradicate all opposition in Russia and many of its informants were later revealed as double agents who had fed back misleading information therefore showing that the Okhrana was significant in maintaining the authority of the state but was at times compromised by its opponents.


state in the years before 1905? DEVELOPMENT

The Orthodox Church also played a significant role in

maintaining the authority of the Tsarist state before 1905. The

Church preached to the peasants that the Tsar had been

appointed by God to rule all Russia and they should obey the

Fundamental Law of the empire and him. This ensured that the

Tsarist state maintained its authority as the peasants made up

the vast majority of Russia’s population and they were very

conservative and supportive of the Tsar because of the Church’s conservative and supportive of the Tsar because of the Church’s

teachings. The church was also instrumental in the primary

education of the Russian population and again they indoctrinated

children in school with the Fundamental Law of the empire and

the Tsar’s place as the head of the Church. This ensured that

the authority of the Tsarist state remained secure as children and

adults believed the teachings of the Church. Priests were

regarded as figures of respect and trust and their conservatism

and loyalty to the Tsar was mirrored by their communities.


state in the years before 1905? CONCLUSION

Therefore the Okhrana was very significant in

maintaining the authority of the Tsar before 1905.

They were able to weed out opposition and identify

leaders and key people within these groups and direct

the attention of the workers away from their lack of

representation and focus their attention on gaining representation and focus their attention on gaining

better social and economic conditions. However, at

times the Okhrana was compromised by double

agents but this only became evident after 1905. The

conservatism and teachings of the church, the loyalty

and unwavering brutality of the army, the loyalty of the

civil service and the weaknesses within opposition

groups also played a significant part in maintaining the

authority of the Tsarist state before 1905.

• KNOWLEDGE Up to 6 marks can be awarded

• These are for substantive points and points further developed which are relevant and accurate.

•

• STRUCTURE Up to 4 marks can be awarded

• 0 marks There is no identifiable attempt to establish context or relevant factor.

• There is no attempt to provide an answer in the terms of the question.

•

• 1 mark There is some attempt to establish context or relevant factors.

• The conclusion may be implicit.

•

• 2 marks The introduction establishes the context and indicates relevant factors.

• The conclusion is a summary linked to the question.

•

• 3 marks The introduction establishes the context, indicates relevant factors and outlines a line of argument.

• The conclusion is clearly based on the evidence presented, and is directly linked to the question.

•

• 4 marks The introduction clearly sets the issue in its wider context, indicates relevant factors and demonstrates a solid line of argument.

• The conclusion is balanced, summarising the arguments and coming to an overall judgement directly related

to the question.

•

• ARGUMENT Up to 10 marks can be awarded

• 0-1 marks The style is narrative and descriptive

• There is little or no clear attempt to answer the question.

•

• 2-3 marks The style is mainly narrative and descriptive.

• There are some brief attempts to answer the question.

•

• 4-5 marks The style demonstrates some analysis, though there may still be some narrative.

• There is use of evidence to answer the question.

•

• 6-7 marks The style is analytical, with the evidence used to develop and support a line of argument.

• The line of argument is focused directly on the question.

•

• 8-10 marks The evidence is integrated into a sustained analysis.

• The argument is sustained and balanced, with some awareness of alternative interpretations and/or

historical debate.

• Tonight, in light of your own

self assessment and the

assessment of your peers

you will redraft this essay you will redraft this essay

and hand it in tomorrow.

• P.S. You are my favourite class and I’m doing this for your own good

2. An evaluation of the causes of the 1905 revolution.

•Working class discontent

•discontent among the peasantry

•political problems-discontent with repressive •political problems-discontent with repressive government and its policies

•economic problems

•military defeat in the war against Japan;

•Bloody Sunday

Revolution:A radical change in government, a great upheaval.

The 1905 revolution was not a

revolution in the conventional sense

as the Tsar remained in power after

the events of that year. However, for the events of that year. However, for

a period of time Soviets were in

control of parts of the cities and in

the countryside the peasants in

places rejected the Mir and formed

their own self-governing communes.

Events of the 1905 Revolution

Feb 1904 Russia and Japan go to war in the far east

Jan 1905 Port Arthur falls to the Japanese

Bloody Sunday massacre in St. Petersburg

Feb 1905 Peasant revolt in Kursh, Strikes spread across cities and towns, SR’s assassinate Grand Duke

Mar 1905 Peasant riots in the Ukraine, central and north west provinces

May 1905 Milyukov leads Liberal groups to form “Union of Unions”

June 1905 Peasant Union formed, Mutiny on the Potemkin

Aug 1905 End of Ruso-Japanese War

Sep 1905 Mutinies amongst returning troops. Peasant revolts in Volga

Region. Formation of Soviets by workers in the cities

Oct 1905 October Manifesto issued.

Nov 1905 Reduction and phasing out of Redemption Payments announced

Dec 1905 St Petersburg and Moscow soviets stormed by troops

Feb 1906 Major strikes and disputes at an end

Causes of the 1905

Revolution

Long term Short term

Military defeat in Discontent of

Using pages 30-40 of the Lynch textbook. Compile notes in your own words under each of the 6 headings below.

the Russo-

Japanese War

Bloody Sunday

Economic

Problems

Discontent of Peasants

Discontent of

Working class

Discontent with the

autocracy and its

policies

2. An evaluation of the causes of the 1905 revolution.Discontent of Working Class � At the start of the 1900s there was industrial recession which caused a lot of hardship for he working class

� The working class complaints were long hours, low pay, poor conditions, the desire for a constitutional government

and an end to the war with Japan

� There was a wave of strikes in Jan 1905 with nearly half a million people on strike (10 times the number in the

previous decade)

� In October there were two and half million people on strike as well as demonstrations carried out

� Soviets were speaking for the workers and expressing political demands.

Discontent with Repressive Government and its policies � There was discontent amongst various factions in Russian society

� The middle class and some of the gentry were unhappy with the government at the time

� The middle class was aggrieved at having no participation in government, and angry at the incompetence of the

government during the war with Japan government during the war with Japan

� There was propaganda from middle class groups, Zemstva called for change, the Radical Union of Unions was

formed to combine professional groups

� Students rioted, and carried out assassinations

� The gentry tried to convince the Tsar to make minor concessions

� Political groups did not really play a role although they encouraged peasant unrest, and strikes in the urban areas

� The Mensheviks had influence in the soviets and the Bolsheviks were involved in the Moscow Rising

� Russification: The National minorities were aggrieved at the lack of respect for their culture language and religion,

and the imposition of the Russian language

� The National minorities harboured a great desire for independence or at least greater autonomy and began to assert

themselves, such as Georgia which declared its independence.

Economic problems � Worsening economic conditions such as famines in 1897, 1898 and 1901 had led to shortage and distress in the

countryside. Urban workers conditions and pay also dreadful

� Economic recession between 1899 and 1903 had also led to growing unemployment throughout the Empire.

Discontent amongst the Peasants

� The peasants had several grievances such as Redemption payments, high taxes, Land, Hunger and poverty

� There was a wave of unrest in 1902 and 1903, which had gradually increased by 1905

There were various protests like timber cutting, seizure of lords’ land, labour and rent

strikes, attacks on landlord’s grain stocks, landlords estates seized and divided up

There were claims that peasants should boycott paying taxes, redemption payments and refuse to be conscripted to the army.

War with Japan

� The war with Japan was a failure and humiliation for the country and moreover this was compounded by the heavy losses

suffered by the Russian army

� The war was initially to distract the public from domestic troubles by rallying patriotism

� The incompetence of the government during the war made social unrest worse rather han dampening it

� Troops suffered from low morale after the defeat and were complaints about poor pay and conditions

� There were some sporadic but uncoordinated revolts although nothing too major

� There were mutinies by troops waiting to return from the war and on the Trans Siberian Railway � There were mutinies by troops waiting to return from the war and on the Trans Siberian Railway

� In June there was the Potemkin mutiny although the planned general mutiny did not follow

� Generally though most of the troops remained loyal (unlike 1917).

Bloody Sunday

22nd Jan 1905 Father Gapon, an Orthodox priest attempted to lead a peaceful March of workers and their families to the

Winter Palace to deliver a petition asking the Tsar to improve the conditions of the workers

� Marchers were fired on and killed by troops

� Many of the people saw this as a brutal massacre by the Tsar and his troops

� Bloody Sunday greatly damaged the traditional image of the Tsar as the “Little Father”, the Guardian of the Russian people

� Reaction to Bloody Sunday was strong and was nationwide with disorder strikes in urban areas, terrorism against

government officials and landlords, much of which was organised by the SRs

� The situation was made worse by the defeat to Japan in 1905

� There was the assassination of government minister Plehve.

Failure of the

1905

Revolution

Middle classes Placated

Army remained

loyal and War with Restating of the

Fundamental laws

Peasants bought off

October Manifesto

Revolutionloyal and War with

Japan ended

Soviets and

Industrial Workers

crushed

Fundamental laws

How important was working-class discontent in causing the 1905 revolution in Russia?

1. In your groups you have 20 minutes to plan this essay:

QUESTION

CONTEXT

DEVELOPMENT/ARGUMENT

CONCLUSION

Look back at the plan we did last time!!!!

2. Using your notes and the handouts I gave you last time work on 2. Using your notes and the handouts I gave you last time work on

your own to identify evidence and argument/analysis for each of

the 6 causes of the revolution

3. Start writing your essay (if you have time in class). This essay is

due on Monday period 1.

Remember 40-60 sentences for the essay

4-6 Introduction

6 x 6 development

4-6 Conclusion

Introduction INTRODUCTION

MARKS CRITERIA

0 There is no attempt to establish context or relevant factors.

1 There is some attempt to establish context or relevant factors..

2 The introduction establishes the context and indicates relevant factors.

3 The introduction establishes the context and indicates relevant factors and demonstrates a solid

line of argument.

4 The introduction clearly sets the wider context, indicates relevant factors and has a clear line of

argument.

Argument0 - 1 The style is narrative and descriptive. There is little attempt to answer the question.

2 - 3 The style is mainly narrative and descriptive. There are some brief attempts to answer the

question.

4 -5 The style demonstrated some analysis. There is the use of evidence to answer the question.

6 - 7 The style is analytical with the evidence used to support a line of argument. There the line of

argument is focused directly on the question.

8 - 10 The evidence in the paragraph is used to support the argument.

The argument is constant and balanced.The argument is constant and balanced.

There is some awareness of alternative interpretations and/or historical debate.

KnowledgeUp to 6 marks KU marks can be awarded for substantive points and points further developed which are

relevant and accurate.

Conclusion CONCLUSION

0 There is no attempt to answer the question.

1 The conclusion makes a vague attempt to address the question.

2 The conclusion is a summary linked to the question.

3 The conclusion is clearly based on the evidence and is directly linked to the question.

4 The conclusion is balanced, summarises the argument and comes to an overall judgement

directly related to the question.

Wider ContextThe 1905 revolution in Russia was the firstserious challenge to the authority of the Tsariststate in over 300 years of Romonov dynasticrule.

Although not a revolution in the conventionalsense, as the Tsar remained in power, the 1905revolution was the first time that authority of theTsarist state had been challenged with Sovietsset up in the major cities and communesreplacing mirs across the country.

CLEAR LINE OFARGUMENT

Working class discontent was the mostimportant cause of the 1905 revolution inRussia.

Working class discontent was significant inWorking class discontent was significant incausing the 1905 revolution in Russia, however,the massacre on Bloody Sunday was the mostimportant cause as it acted as a catalyst forunrest across Russian society.

OVERALL JUDGEMENT DIRECTLY

RELATED TO THE QUESTION

Therefore, because of the strikes, protests and the setting up of

Soviets across Russian cities that occurred because of their poor

working and living conditions, working class discontent was the

most important cause of the 1905 revolution.

Therefore, working class discontent was an important cause of Therefore, working class discontent was an important cause of

the 1905 revolution because of the strikes, protests and the

setting up of Soviets across Russian cities that occurred because

of their poor working and living conditions. However, the

massacre on Bloody Sunday was the most important cause as

this made many people in Russia resolve to overthrow the

Tsarist state, especially amongst the working and middle

classes.

1. Nature of events of 1905

2. Measures used by the Tsar:

• The October Manifesto and the Duma

• Cancellation of Redemption Payments

• Repression

• Peace with Japan

3. An assessment of the attempts to

strengthen Tsarism, 1905-1914

• Peace with Japan

• Accommodation with the army

• Relations with the Dumas

• Fundamental laws

• Russification;

3. Stolypin

• repression

• land reforms,

• industrial reform.

Compile a set of notes on one page on the 1905

Revolution as the teacher talks through the next 5

slides.

The 1905 Revolution

An assessment of the attempts to strengthen Tsarism, 1905-1914

1.Causes of Revolution

2.Main Events

3.Reasons for Failure

4.Aftermath for Workers, Liberals and Peasants

Revolution:A radical change in government, a great upheaval.

The 1905 revolution was not a

revolution in the conventional sense

as the Tsar remained in power after

the events of that year. However, for the events of that year. However, for

a period of time Soviets were in

control of parts of the cities and in

the countryside the peasants in

places rejected the Mir and formed

their own self-governing communes.

Causes of the 1905

Revolution

Long term Short term

Military defeat in

the Russo-

Japanese War

Discontent of Peasants

Discontent of

Working class

Bloody Sunday

Economic

Problems

Discontent with the

autocracy and its

policies

Events of the 1905 Revolution

Feb 1904 Russia and Japan go to war in the far east

Jan 1905 Port Arthur falls to the Japanese

Bloody Sunday massacre in St. Petersburg

Feb 1905 Peasant revolt in Kursh, Strikes spread across cities and towns, SR’s assassinate Grand Duke

Mar 1905 Peasant riots in the Ukraine, central and north west provinces

May 1905 Milyukov leads Liberal groups to form “Union of Unions”

June 1905 Peasant Union formed, Mutiny on the Potemkin

Aug 1905 End of Ruso-Japanese War

Sep 1905 Mutinies amongst returning troops. Peasant revolts in Volga

Region. Formation of Soviets by workers in the cities

Oct 1905 October Manifesto issued.

Nov 1905 Reduction and phasing out of Redemption Payments announced

Dec 1905 St Petersburg and Moscow soviets stormed by troops

Feb 1906 Major strikes and disputes at an end

Failure of the

1905

Revolution

Middle classes Placated

Army remained

loyal and War with Restating of the

Fundamental laws

Peasants bought off

October Manifesto

Revolutionloyal and War with

Japan ended

Soviets and

Industrial Workers

crushed

Fundamental laws

LIBERALS

Some satisfied with the reforms.Formed the Octobrist Party

For some the reforms did not go far enough.But they thought they could achieve their goals through the Duma.Formed the Kadets.

THE WORKERS AND THE SOVIETS

Aftermath of the 1905 Revolution

The workers and the Soviets gained very little.They lost the support and finance of the other classes.By December the Tsar was strong enough to use brutality to regain control over the workers and Soviets.

THE PEASANTS

The peasants were bought off with the announcement that the redemption payments had been reduced.Any continuing resistance was dealt with by force.

1. The Dumas 1905-1914


• Details of the 4 Dumas (43-48)

2. Russification

Learning Intention:We are developing our knowledge and understanding of the attempts to


2. Russification

• Reasons behind Russification (12-13)

• Reaction to Russification

3. Stolypin (1906-11)

• repression

• land reforms (41-43)

• industrial reform (14-18)



Academic Task:

You are going to have 25 minutes to gather evidence on one of

the following topics

1. The Dumas 1905-1914


• Details of the 4 Dumas (43-48)• Details of the 4 Dumas (43-48)

2. Russification



3. Stolypin (1906-11)

• repression





Academic Task:

You have 5 minutes to filter your notes

and delete irrelevant (score through)

information. information.

You will have 10 points/pieces of

evidence (or less) by the end of this 5

minutes.



Academic Task:

You are going to have 15 minutes to share your evidence in an

expert group and decide on 6 points that you are going to teach

back to your home group.

These 6 points/pieces of information These 6 points/pieces of information

must:

1. Be discussed and agreed

2. Relevant to the topic

3. In Chronological order



1. The Dumas 1905-1914



Academic Task:

You now have 8 minutes back in your home groups to deliver

your information to the other 2 members.


2. Russification



3. Stolypin (1906-11)

• repression



Learning Intention:We are developing our knowledge and understanding of the attempts to strengthen Tsarism, 1905-1914

HW Questions (3 x 5 marks)

• How did Stolypin strengthen the Tsarist State, 1905-11?

• How did Russification weaken the Tsarist • How did Russification weaken the Tsarist state, 1905-14?

• Did the Dumas strengthen or weaken the Tsarist State, 1906-14?

4, An evaluation of the reasons for the February Revolution, 1917.

• Role of Tsar Nicholas II

• Role of Tsarina Alexandra

• Political problems- discontent among the • Political problems- discontent among the bourgeoisie; discontent among the working class; discontent among the peasants;

• The inherent weaknesses of the autocracy: the impact of the first world war-military defeat; economic problems

Revolutionary Parties did not play a

huge role in the February Revolution,

although their propaganda helped

undermine the loyalty to the regime undermine the loyalty to the regime

amongst the soldiers and workers.

Economic

problems

Impact of WW1-

military defeat

1. Inherent

weaknesses of

the autocracy

3. Role of the

4. An evaluation

of the reasons for

the February

Peasant

discontentDiscontent among the working class

2. Political Problems-Tsarina Alexandra 1917 revolution

4. Role of the Tsar

Nicholas II

Discontent

among the

Bourgeoisie

Impact of WW1- military defeat

1. Inherent weaknesses of the autocracy

Army and WWI For the three years that the Russians were in the war they had little success due

to inefficient organization, huge casualties, and repeated defeats.

The failures of the war caused great discontent amongst the masses in the cities,

with growing criticism of the Tsar’s government. This therefore underlined the

failings of the governing bodies, as a result any loyalty to Tsar.

4. An evaluation of the reasons for the February 1917 revolution

failings of the governing bodies, as a result any loyalty to Tsar.

The loss of support of the army was important because in the past they were

ultimate upholders of the Tsarist system. They had become discontented and

there was disaffection amongst the soldiers, eg in Petrograd.

The Generals were becoming critical of the Tsar and were no longer prepared to

defend him by 1917.

Economic problems

1. Inherent weaknesses of the autocracy

Food supplies grew steadily worse in the cities – production

fell because of the huge numbers of peasants in the Army –

food transport a problem, as railways concentrated on

supplying Army.


The price of basic foods increased rapidly, leading to growing

discontent and anger

2. Political Problems-

Working Class The growing working class were

working and living in poor

conditions, with long hours and

poor wages as well as

overcrowded accommodation –

the war simply made existing

problems worse.

The Peasants 1. Due to the rise in population and the

failings of the Emancipation there was

growing land hunger.

2. The land question was still unsolved.

Many of the soldiers were peasants and

led the disaffection in the army with

many leaving to claim land.

3. Increased pressure on peasantry as


problems worse. 3. Increased pressure on peasantry as

they were highly taxed to pay for

industrialization by paying “Surplus”

grain.

4. Stolypin’s Agrarian reforms were too

late and did not solve the problems.

Middle Class opinion Increasingly disaffected by

incompetence of Tsarist state

– Duma being ignored.

3. Role of the Tsarina Alexandra

Alexandra was a big influence on her husband and was a

firm believer in autocracy. She was German and this aroused

great suspicion amongst the Russian people.

Alexandra was strongly influenced by Rasputin, a monk or

preacher, who claimed he could cure her son of haemophilia.


Many of the autocracy that were the natural supporters of the

Tsar turned against him because of Alexandra and Rasputin

– meddled in key areas of government – appointment of

ministers. The Tsarist system was becoming discredited.

4. Role of the Tsar Nicholas II

Nicholas II was seen as having narrow vision and was poorly

prepared to face problems. He was also indecisive but

obstinate. He had a firm belief in autocracy and that it was his

duty to uphold it.

He was politically naïve and did not really accept the role of

the Dumas created after 1905. Moreover, he made poor


the Dumas created after 1905. Moreover, he made poor

judgments in the appointment and dismissal of ministers.

He ordered the mobilization of the army in 1914 and led the

army from the front therefore making himself personally

accountable for Russia’s poor showing in the war

How important was Russia’s military failure in the First World

War in causing the collapse of Tsarist authority in 1917?

. .

How important was Russia’s military failure in the First World War in causing the collapse of Tsarist authority in 1917?

CONTEXTQUESTION

Tsarist authority in 1917?

DEVELOPMENTCONCLUSION

Evidence for the collapse of Tsarist Authority:

•Military defeat

•Economic Problems

•The actions of the Tsar

•The actions of the Tsarina

•The discontent of all classes in Russia

You will have 10 minutes for each of the main ideasYou will have 10 minutes for each of the main ideas

The role of Scribe will rotate around the group from #1 clockwise

1.Share your evidence in your groups

2.Come to a consensus on what is important

3.Record the evidence on your group sheet

4.I will photocopy the evidence sheets for each member so scribes must write neatly!

1. Evidence that military failure caused the collapse of Tsarist Authority:

People of all classes discontented with Tsarist authority and

unwilling to support it any longer due to inefficient

organisation, large casualties and repeated defeats

The army was unable to uphold the authority of the Tsar with

GROUP

SHEET

The army was unable to uphold the authority of the Tsar with

large desertions and mutinies because of military failure

High ranking officers and the nobility no longer supported the

Tsar because of the military failure

Military failure increased economic problems as Russia lost

land and resources increasing food an fuel prices

2. Evidence that economic problems caused the collapse of Tsarist Authority in 1917

Food supplies grew worse and this led people to protest for

change

Inflation on food and fuel prices led to protests and people

losing support for the Tsarist regime

GROUP

SHEET

losing support for the Tsarist regime

3. Evidence that the actions of the Tsar caused the collapse of Tsarist Authority in 1917

Led army from front and made himself personally responsible

for failure

Firm belief in autocracy led him to leave Tsarina in charge of

government

GROUP

SHEET

government

Ignored ministers and his police chief in Petrograd and did not

return to the city to address the concerns of the people

4. Evidence that the actions of the Tsarina caused the collapse of Tsarist Authority in 1917

Discredited Tsarist regime through association with

Rasputin

Created instability within the government by repeatedly

GROUP

SHEET

Created instability within the government by repeatedly

changing important government ministers

5. Evidence that discontent of all classes in Russia caused the collapse of Tsarist Authority in 1917

Working class-low pay, long hours and harsh working and

living conditions

Middle classes- Dumas ignored and incompetence of Tsarist

GROUP

SHEET

Middle classes- Dumas ignored and incompetence of Tsarist

system becoming ever more apparent

Peasants- dissatisfaction because of land hunger across

Russia led to peasants deserting to stake their claim

5. An evaluation of the reasons for the success of October Revolution, 1917

The inherent weaknesses of the Provisional Government; Dual Power-the role of the Petrograd Soviet; the decision to continue the war; economic problems; political the war; economic problems; political discontent; the land issue; the appeal of the Bolsheviks-propaganda, policies; the leadership of Lenin.

• An evaluation of the reasons for the success of

October Revolution, 1917

1.The weaknesses of the Provisional Government

• Dual Power-the role of the Petrograd Soviet

• the decision to continue the war

• economic problems

• political discontent• political discontent

• the land issue

2.The appeal of the Bolsheviks

• Propaganda

• policies

3.The leadership of Lenin.

4.The organistaion of Trotsky

Feb to October 1917• Rote learning of events:

• February

• March

• April• April

• July

• August

• September

• October

PAIRED NOTE TAKING EXERCISE:

The weaknesses of the Provisional Government (PG)

1.Both read section and take notes

2.Person A talks through their notes

3.Person B talks through their notes3.Person B talks through their notes

4.Both create a shared answer to the question


The weaknesses of the Provisional Government (PG)

1. Explain how the sharing of power with the Petrograd soviet

weakened the PG. (p86-87)

2. Explain how the decision to continue the war weakened the

PG. (bottom of 91-93)PG. (bottom of 91-93)

3. Explain the economic problems faced by the PG and how

this weakened the PG. (throughout passage)

4. Explain the political discontent faced by the PG and how this

weakened the PG. (93-95)

5. Explain the land issue faced by the PG and how this

weakened the PG. (p.96)


The appeal and determination of the Bolsheviks

• Explain how Bolshevik propaganda and policies

appealed to people (89-91, 96)

• Explain how the Bolsheviks gathered support after • Explain how the Bolsheviks gathered support after

the Kornilov revolt (97-98)

• Explain how the leadership of Lenin led to

Bolshevik success (99-100)

• Explain how the organisation of Trotsky led to

Bolshevik success (101)

To what extent did the Bolsheviks gainpower due to the weaknesses of theProvisional Government?

To what extent did the Bolsheviks gain power due to the weaknesses of the

CONTEXTQUESTION

1. Make a judgement on the extent to which the

weaknesses of the PG led to the Bolshevik gaining

of power

2. Assess the extent of PG weaknesses as a reason

for the success of the Bolshevik seizure of power

3. Assess the extent of other reasons for the success

of the Bolshevik seizure of powerFebruary Revolution and the

Provisional Government

power due to the weaknesses of the Provisional Government?

DEVELOPMENT

CONCLUSION

To what extent did the Bolsheviks gain power due to the weaknesses of the

Provisional Government?

CONTEXTQUESTION

1. Make a judgement on the extent to which the weaknessesof the PG led to the Bolshevik gaining of power

2. Assess the extent of PG weaknesses as a reason for thesuccess of the Bolshevik seizure of power

3. Assess the extent of other reasons for the success of theBolshevik seizure of power February Revolution and the

Provisional Government

Provisional Government?

DEVELOPMENTCONCLUSION

1. Weaknesses of PG and how this led to Bolsheviks gaining Power

2. The appeal of the Bolsheviks

3. Economic problems

4. Dual power-the PetrogradSoviet

1. Make a judgement on the extent towhich the weaknesses of the PG ledto the Bolshevik gaining of power

2. Summarise your arguments3. Ensure there is some balance

Weaknesses of the Provisional Government

•The Provisional Government was an unelected government; it was a self-appointed body and had

no right to exercise authority, which led it into conflict with those bodies that emerged with

perceived popular legitimacy

•The Provisional Government gave in to the pressure of the army and from the Allies to keep

Russia in the War

•Remaining in the war helped cause the October Revolution and helped destroy the Provisional

Government as the misery it caused continued for people in Russia

•General Kornilov, a right wing general, proposed to replace the Provisional Government with a

military dictatorship and sent troops to Petrograd

•Kerensky appealed to the Petrograd Soviet for help and the Bolsheviks were amongst those who

were helped

• Some Bolsheviks were armed and released from prison to help put down the attempted coup.• Some Bolsheviks were armed and released from prison to help put down the attempted coup.

Appeal of the Bolsheviks

•Lenin returned to Russia announcing the April Theses, with slogans such as “Peace, Land and

Bread” and “All Power to the Soviets” which were persuasive

• Lenin talked of further revolution to overthrow the Provisional Government and his slogans

identified the key weaknesses of the Provisional Government

•The Bolsheviks kept attending the Petrograd Soviet when most of the others stopped doing so and

this gave them control of the Soviet, which they could then use against the Provisional Government

•The Bolsheviks did not return their weapons to the Provisional Government after they defeated

Kornilov

• Bolsheviks were able to act as protectors of Petrograd.

Dual power – The role of the Petrograd Soviet

•The old Petrograd Soviet re emerged and ran Petrograd

•The Petrograd Soviet undermined the authority of Provisional Government especially when relations between the two worsened

•Order No.1 of the Petrograd Soviet weakened the authority of the Provisional Government as soldiers were not to obey orders of Provisional Government that contradicted those of the Petrograd Soviet.

Economic problems

•The workers were restless as they were starving due to food shortages caused by the war

•The shortage of fuel caused lack of heating for the workers in their living conditions

•The shortage of food and supplies made the workers unhappy and restless

•The Bolsheviks’ slogans appealed to them such as the workers control of industry.

The Land Issue

•All over Russia peasants were seizing nobles land and wanted the Provisional Government to legitimise this

•The failure of the Provisional Government to recognise the peasants’ claims eroded the confidence in the Provisional Government

•Food shortages caused discontent, and they were caught up by revolutionary slogans such as “Peace, Land And Bread”.

The July Days

•The Bolsheviks staged an attempt to seize power, rising in support of the Kronstadt sailors who were in revolt

•The revolt was easily crushed by the Provisional Government but showed increasing opposition to the PG, especially from the forces

•The revolt also showed that the PG was still reasonably strong and able to crush opposition such as the Bolsheviks who now appeared to be weakened.

6. An evaluation of the reasons for the victory of the Reds in the Civil War.

• Superior Red resources; unity of the Reds; disunity among the Whites; the leadership of Lenin; the role of Trotsky- organisation of the Red Army; use of terror; propaganda; the Red Army; use of terror; propaganda; effects of foreign intervention.

• superior Red resources

• unity of the Reds

• disunity among the Whites

• the leadership of Lenin

An evaluation of the reasons for the victory of the Reds in the Civil War.

• the leadership of Lenin

• the role of Trotsky- organisation of the Red Army

• use of terror

• propaganda

• effects of foreign intervention.

• superior Red resources (p.129)

• unity of the Reds (131-133)

• disunity among the Whites (128)

• the leadership of Lenin (139-141)

An evaluation of the reasons for the victory of the Reds in the Civil War.

• the leadership of Lenin (139-141)

• the role of Trotsky- organisation of the Red

Army(p.129-131) (141-143)

• use of terror (131)

• propaganda

• effects of foreign intervention (p.127,134-138)

To what extent were divisions among the Whites the reason for Bolshevik victory in the Civil War?

Disunity among the White Armies

• The White Armies were led by a number of ambitious men, each eager to achieve power for himself. Denikin,

Yudenich, Kolchak, and Wrangel, led powerful forces, and received support from foreign countries. However, their

campaigns were never co-ordinated, and there was virtually no co-operation between the White Armies. The Bolsheviks

were able to drive back their armies in turn, when a co-ordinated campaign might have achieved success. Apart from a

hatred of the Bolsheviks and the Soviets, the leaders of the White Armies had very little common purpose.

White Leadership

• The White leaders were simply out to achieve power for themselves, by using force. They had little in the way of

policies and objectives to help them to build up support among the Russian people. There was increasing fear that

White victory would reverse some of the changes carried out during the Revolution, such as the land redistribution.

Red Army Red Army

• Under the leadership of Trotsky, as Commissar for War, the Red Army was better organized than he Whites and also

better equipped and therefore able to achieve victory. Trotsky was an excellent organiser and propagandist, and

motivated and inspired the Red Army to achieve success. He used former Tsarist officers to provide military experience,

and political officers to ensure loyalty. His ruthlessness and energy had a significant effect.

Bolshevik Motivation

• The Red Army was fighting for a definite cause, in which they strongly believed − the victory of socialism. This

ideology helped to provide a strong sense of unity among the troops.

Control of the Railways

• The means to transport troops supplies quickly and efficiently and in large numbers to the critical areas of defence or

attack. The decisive battles between the Reds and Whites were near rail heads.

To what extentwere divisions among the Whites the reason for Bolshevik victory in the Civil War?

Control of the Russian heartland

• Once the Reds had established defence of their lines they were able to repel and exhaust the attacks by the Whites until they scattered or surrendered. By having all of their land together it was easier for the Reds to defend. With the major industrial centres in their land (Moscow and Petrograd) the Reds had access to factories to supply weapons etc and move troops swiftly due to their control of the railways. This helped them to co-ordinate and plan their strategies, unlike the Whites.

Foreign Intervention

• The Bolsheviks were able to claim that the foreign ‘invaders’ were imperialists who were trying to overthrow the revolution and invade Russia. The Reds could stand as Champions of the Russian nation from foreign invasion.

Propaganda

• Bolshevik propaganda was efficient and well planned, and helped to build up their support.

War Communism

• By forcing the peasants to sell their grain to the Reds for a fixed price the Reds were able to ensure that their troops were well supplied and well fed.

Terror (Cheka)

• The Cheka was set up to eradicate any opposition to the Reds. There was no need for proof of guilt. There was persecution of individual people who opposed the Reds as well as whole groups of people, which helped to reduce opposition due to fear, or simply eradicate opposition.

• Bolshevik ruthlessness helped them to ensure victory

To what extent were divisions among the Whites the reason for Bolshevik victory in the Civil War? victory in the Civil War?

To what extent were divisions among the Whites the reason for Bolshevik

CONTEXTQUESTION

the Whites the reason for Bolshevik victory in the Civil War?

DEVELOPMENT

CONCLUSION

To what extent were divisions among the Whites the reason for Bolshevik

CONTEXTQUESTION

1. Make a judgement on the extent to which the divisions amongthe Whites were the reason for Bolshevik victory in the CivilWar

2. Assess the extent of divisions among the Whites as a thereason for Bolshevik victory in the Civil War

3. Assess the extent of other reasons for Bolshevik victory inthe Civil War

the Whites the reason for Bolshevik victory in the Civil War?

DEVELOPMENT

CONCLUSION

The Divisions among the Whites: aims, leadership; foreign intervention

Leadership of Lenin: unity of reds; terror; propaganda

Superior Red Resources: people; railways; industry; war communism

Trotsky and the Red Army: leadership; strength of red army

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