The First Waves of Revolution

-MEXICAN REVOLUTION-RUSSIAN REVOLUTION-CHINESE REVOLUTION

Russian Revolutio

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Mexican Revolution

Chinese Revolution

Russian Revolution

Russian Revolution

• March 1917- Food riots and strikes broke out in St. Petersburg-caused by wartime misery

• Rioters wished for a new political regime• Protested early industrialization conditions against rural

reform• Imperial rule was ended when tsar was abolished-

government struggled to control country after this• Leaders wished to stay in WWI to stay on France and

Britain’s side-couldn’t because it weakened Russia’s economy badly and morale decreased

• Communist party rose with Lenin the leader (Bolsheviks)-Expelled Liberals

• Czar Nicholas II was abdicated- Ended Romanov rule

Alexander Kerensky

Kerensky and Lenin

• Alexander Kerensky: liberal revolutionary leader during early Russian Revolution; wished for parliamentary rule and religious freedom

• Vladimir Lenin: took control of Bolshevik, later renamed communists; took Russia out of war and initiated land reforms; instituted war communism

Vladimir Lenin

Russian Revolution (Continued)

• Lenin gained strong ground with the urban workers’ councils in urban cities• Shows his idea of tightly organized cells whose

leaders have a coherent plan for action• Lenin and Bolsheviks faced problems:

• War they were involved in• Solved this by signing treaty with Germany that ended

hostilities and gave up parts of Western Russia- known as Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

• Russia was ignored at Versailles peace conference • Poland built on Russian land- Baltic States created• Weren’t most popular revolutionary party• Council of People’s Commissars- headed by Lenin

was challenged by parliamentary election- peasant support

Russian Revolution

• Replaced the parliament with the Congress of Soviets- not allowed to have Western-style system

• Communist party persisted until 1989• Causes of end of tsar rule:

• Russia was declining as a world power it used to be• Peasants were dissatisfied (majority of population)• Financial costs the war provoked (WWI)

Effects of Russian Revolution

• Order was restored after Russian Revolution:• Leon Trotsky emerged as leader and created the Red

Army- consisted of recruited able generals and masses of loyal conscripts

• Inspired mass loyalty• Willingness to use people of humble background

• Lenin issued the New Economic Policy- promised freedom of action for small business owners and peasant landowners

• Food production began to increase and regime was able to prepare durable structure

• Moscow = New capital of Russia

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Joseph Stalin

• Took over after Lenin became ill and passed away- became totalitarian dictator

• Represented strongly nationalist version of communism

• Comintern = Communist International Office• Collectivization- creation of large, state run

farms that allowed for more efficient control over peasants

• Led Soviet Union in WWII• Was victorious• Led Soviet Union in Cold War

Mexican Revolution

Key Terms

• Syndicalism- economic and political system based on labor organization; imported from European political movements

• Porfirio Diaz- elected President of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; sought a strong central government

• Pancho Villa- Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during Mexican Revolution; removed Diaz from power

• Emiliano Zapata- Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement; sought land reform

• Mexican Constitution of 1917- promised land reform limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed worker’s rights, and formally marked end of Mexican Revolution

Leadership of Diaz

• Very strong and seemed unbreakable• Strong economic changes had been made

• However, foreigners controlled large sectors of the economy

• Hacienda system dominated region• Ruled with “iron fist”• Effective political means• Didn’t face a tremendous amount of problems

under his rule

Porfirio Diaz

Causes of Mexican Revolution

• People resented Diaz, partly because of his long rule in Mexico

• Huge gap between the rich and the poor present in society

• Diaz ruled like a dictator and people wished to end this

• Exploited Mexican workers and treated them poorly in general

• Discontented after limited social reform over decades

• Mexico fell under control of dictators after winning independence from Spain

• Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa led group of peasants and the middle class to overthrow Diaz

Effects of Mexican Revolution

• Were able to get rid of Diaz in office as well as limit the term of leaders to six years

• Immigration of Mexicans to the United States• Mexicans had developed an identity • Guidelines were established for future

Mexican rulers• Mexico experienced modernization• Universal suffrage (voting) granted• Foreign-owned businesses were discouraged • Workers and Women are granted rights• Mexico adopted new constitution in 1917

Chinese Revolution

Key Terms

• May Fourth Movement- resistance to the Japanese in China, which began on 1919; spawned intellectuals to transform China into a liberal democracy that rejected Confucianism

• Chiang Kai-shek- military leader who was successor to Sun Yat-sen; become most powerful leader in China by early 1930s, but his nationalist ideas were driven out by communists

Chiang Kai-shek

Yuan Shikai and Mao Zedong

• Yuan Shikai- warlord in Northern China after fall of Qing dynasty in China; hoped to gain imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned after Japanese invasion

• Mao Zedong- Communist leader in China that advocated rural reform in China; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist action against Chinese purges; seized control of all mainland China by 1949 and initiated Great Leap Forward; Mao sought to improve women’s rights and outlawed foot binding

Yuan Shikai

Mao Zedong

Do Videos Help You More?

Russian Revolution Video

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OU46fTls6pQ

(Skip to 0:55)

Mexican Revolution Video

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yODVcG0DJp0

Chinese Revolution Video

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUCEeC4f6ts&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9&index=37