Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory/Revue canadienne de theoriepolitique et sociale, Vol . 7, Nos . 1-2 (Hiver/Printemps, 1983) .

THE RECOVERY OF WESTERN MARXISM

Russell Jacoby

I am uncertain what are the rights of an author who believes himself mis-treated by a reviewer . I had my say in a book ; Rosaire Langlois had his in a review .What can several additional pages contribute if my book as a whole failed toconvince? Nevertheless, Langlois appeals to the "innocent bystanders", andperhaps to them I can indicate that the issues are not arcane or insular but directlybear on the Marxist project .

I argued in my book Dialectic of Defeat that political successes regularlyrenewed the attractiveness of an orthodox Marxism and Leninism . From theRussian and Chinese Revolutions to the French and Italian Communist Parties,and Third World Movements, an orthodoxy has proved effective ; it worksguiding revolutions and political parties . Next to these successes, a Westerndissident Marxism encompassing theorists from Rosa Luxemburg and GeorgLukacs to Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Herbert Marcuse can claim few victories ;its history is beset by defeats and reverses .Yet a critical distance from the "facts" characterizes Marxism-or should

characterize it . Marxists do not accept facts "as is", but trace the facts to thefactors-human and social forces . Before the facts of success and defeat, however,this critical distance has often vaporized . Marxists have embraced success andspurned defeats, as if neither category required further scrutiny . It seems to methat this fetish of success has crippled Marxism . Marxists have chased aftersuccess like stockbrokers ; they want winners and performers . Beginning with theGerman Social Democrats the fact of Marxist political power has silencedMarxist critics who had only theories, not power .The record, I believe, is relatively clear ; the fetish of success succumbed to the

facts, and has been betrayed by them . Not only are yesterday's successes today'sdefeats-where are the current legions of Maoists?-but the effort of Europeanand North American Marxists to replicate Soviet and Chinese successes hasproved politically and theoretically disastrous . The grim record of the'successful'orthodoxy calls for a sympathetic reappraisal of the defeated traditions . Ifsuccesscannot be accepted as a blank fact, neither can defeat . In the end the accumulatedexperiences and theories of defeated Marxism may prove more significant thanthose of victorious Marxism.These considerations inform my study which seeks to retrieve a defeated

Western Marxism . Langlois represents a polar, and indeed historically dominanttradition ; he calls it variously "scientific socialism", or "determinist" and "evolu-tionary" Marxism . He explicitly defends "old-fashioned" Marxism ; and he askswhether Western Marxism with its attention to.culture and subjectivity has not"compromised" the "uniqueness" and "coherence" of "classical Marxism" .

235

RUSSELL JACOBY

What coherence? The mythical coherence of classical Marxism, partly propa-gated by Perry Anderson in his Considerations On Western Marxism, soothesthe orthodox ;' they can contentedly denounce Western Marxists as shirkers unfitfor the rigors of the real theory. This original coherence is a half-truth . Inaddition, if the old doctrine was so compelling and complete, why did WesternMarxism ever emerge? I suspect that Langlois has an explanation, since in a briefreview he cites Lewis Feuer four times ; and he suggests that "any" understandingof Western Marxism must confront his intemperate thirteen-page essay "Neo-Primitivism : The New Marxism of the Alienated Intellectuals"-a fantasticsuggestion . Feuer seems like an odd ally in the quest for scientific Marxism sincehe has denounced every Marxist advance as a conspiracy of intellectuals, barbar-ians and adolescents .' On reconsideration, he is a perfect ally .The real issue, however, is not that we represent divergent, perhaps antagon-

istic Marxisms, but the underlying historical judgments . I do not think that aftera century the record of orthodox Marxism on its home turf-Western Europeand North America-is impressive or that its record anywhere is pretty ; for theadvanced industrial countries Western Marxism offers a political and theoreticalalternative . Langlois reverses these judgments . He sniffs "it would not do to beentirely dismissive of the [Western Marxist] tradition" as if only his goodbreeding prevents him from dismissing it outright. From his condominium highin the tower of Marxism the junkyard of orthodoxy looks like a lovely park . After,'more than a decade" of Western Marxism he thinks it is time to return toMarxism as a "real and positive science"-a tradition as old as Engel'sAnti-Diihring .

To sweeten this return, he mentions the contributions of Karl Wittfogel,Marvin Harris, Lewis Feuer and, vaguely, recent sociological literature, as prov-ing the value of the old mines . For these we should dismiss-not entirely!"-Western Marxism. To cast my net widely, this includes the works deriving fromLukacs, Gramsci and Korsch ; the circles around Merleau-Ponty and Sartre ; theindividuals who collected about the journals Arguments in France and Praxis inYugoslavia ; the literary criticism that has flowed from Walter Benjamin ; thewritings of the Frankfurt School from T.W. Adorno to Franz Neumann andfiurgen Habermas ; the radical psychoanalysis of Erich Fromm and WilhelmReich ; the historical writings associated with E.P . Thompson, Eugene Genoveseand Herbert Gutman; and the list could be extended . Langlois dismisses this vitalMarxism in order to roll out the carpet for Wittfogel, Feuer and deterministMarxism . He calls the attention to Western Marxism a disappointing infatuationwith "la belle dame", while he settles down for another century of waiting forGodot .

Venice, California

WESTERN MARXISM

Notes

1 . To his credit Perry Anderson retracts some of his claims about classical Marxism in hisAfterword; see his Consideration On Western Marxism (London, 1976), pp. 109 ff . See myreview of his Arguments Within English Marxism in Theory and Society, XI/2 (March 1982),pp. 251-257.

2. Langlois also warmly recommends Feuer's "The Preconceptions of Critical Theory" [JewishJournalofSciology, XVI (1974), pp . 75-84] as indicating problems ofWestern Marxism. In thisessay Feuer argues or, rather, phantasizes that the Frankfurt School's critical theory was aproduct of infantile wishes . "The Critical Theorists, as if in a child's perpetual temper tantrum,always rebuking the father, made a fetish of 'no' and the Great Refusal," (p . 84) . According toFeuer they irrationally hated business but never knew "the feeling in businessmen. . . thatcommerce and industry were domains in which a man's freedom and initiative could expressthemselves" (p. 80) . Feuer, who wondered why the Critical Theorists did not apply theirpsychoanalytic talentsto analyzing their own obsession with negation, might wantto analyze hisown obsession with the Frankfurt School ; it was expressed most recently in his "The FrankfurtMarxists and the Columbia Liberals", [Survey, XXV, (Summer, 1980) pp . 156-176], a desperateattempt to show that the Critical Theorists duped Columbia University .

FURTHER READING

N. Abercrombie et al., The Dominant Ideology Thesis (London, 1980)

Theodor Adorno, "Beitrag zur Ideologienlehre", KSlner Zeitschriftfur Soziologie, 6 (1953-4)"Erprepte VerhShnung'", in Noten zur Literatur, II (Frankfurt, 1961)

L. Althusser and E . Balibar, Reading 'Capital' (London, 1970)

P. Ansart, Les ideologies politiques (Paris, 1974)Ideologies, conflits, pourvoirs (Paris, 1977)

David E . Apter (ed.), Ideology and Discontent (New York and London, 1964)

Richard Ashcraft, "Political Theory and Political Action in Karl Mannheim's Thought: Reflectionsupon Ideologyand Utopia and its Critics", Comparative StudiesinSocietyand History vol. 23,1 Vanuary, 1981) .

A . Badiou, P . Balm6s, De l'ideologie (Paris, 1976)

K . Barck and B . Burmeister (eds.), Ideologie-Literatur-Kritik (Berlin, 1977)

H . Barth, Truth and Ideology (Berkeley, 1976) .

Roland Barthes, Mythologies (London, 1972)Writing Degree Zero (New York, 1968)The Pleasure of the Text (New York, 1973)S/Z (New York, 1974)Image-Music-Text (New York, 1978)

J . Baudrillard, La Society de la consommation: ses mythes, ses structures (Paris, 1970)

Manfred Behrens et al. (eds.), Theorien Uberldeologie (Argument-Sonderband AS 40, Berlin, 1979)

Daniel Bell, "Ideology : a debate", Commentary, vol. 38 (October, 1964)

Andr6 B6teille, Ideologies and Intellectuals (Bombay, 1980)

N.B . Bikkenin, Socialist Ideology (Moscow, 1978)

N . Birnbaum, "The sociological study of ideology (1940-1960)", Current Sociology vol. 9,2 (1960)

NOelle Bisseret, Education, Class Language and Ideology (London, 1979)

P. Bourdieu, Zur Soziologie der symbolischen Formen (Frankfurt, 1974)"Pouvoir et language", Communications, 28 (1978)Le Sens Pratique (Paris, 1980)

F . Burton, Pat Carlen, Official Discourse: On Discourse Analysis, Government Publications, Ideolo-gy and the State (London, 1979)

G . Ganguilhem, "What is a scientific Ideology?", History of European Ideas 5 (1981)Ideologie et RationaliM daps Phistoire des sciences de la vie (Paris, 1977)

C . Castoriadis, L'Institution imaginaire de la societe (Paris, 1975)

Centre for Contemporary Culture Studies, On Ideology (London, 1978)

M . Coulthard, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis (Harlow, 1977)

M . Coulthard and M . Montgomery (eds .), Studies in Discourse Analysis (London, 1981)

R. Coward, J . Ellis, Language and Materialism (London, 1977)

M . Cranston and Peter Mair (eds.), Ideology and Politics (Florence, 1981)

A . de Crespigny and] . Cronin (eds .), Ideologies of Politics (Cape Town, 1975)

G . Dalmasso, El luogo dell'ideologie (Milano, 1979)

238

J . Derrida, OfGrammatology (Baltimore, 1976)Speech and Phenomena (Evanston, 1973)Writing and Difference (London, 1978)

H . Drucker, The Political Uses of Ideology (London, 1974)

B . Edelman, Ownership of the Image (London, 1979)

Terry Eagleton, Criticism and Ideology (London, 1977)

Jon Elster, 'Belief, Bias and Ideology", in Martin Hollis and Steven Lukes (eds .), Rationality andRelativism (Oxford, 1982)

Jean Pierre Faye, Langages totalitaires : critique de la raison/1'economie narrative (Paris, 1973)

John Fekete, The Critical Twilight (London and Boston, 1978)

L. Fever, Ideology and the Ideologists (Oxford, 1975)

M . Foucault, The Order of Things (New York and London, 1974)The Archeology ofKnowledge (London, 1974)Power and Knowledge (Brighton, 1980)

Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, Aspects of Sociology (London, 1974), ch. 12

J . Gabel, False Consciousness (New York, 1978)

F . Gadet, "La sociolinguistique n'existe pas, je 1'ai rencontree", Dialectiques, 20 (1977)

F. Gadet et al., Les maitres de la langue (Paris, 1979)

F. Gadet and M. Pecheux, La Langue Introuvable (Paris, 1981)

Theodor Geiger, Ideologie and Wahrheit (Stuttgart and Wien, 1953)

A . Giddens, Central Problems in Social Theory (London, 1979), ch . 5

A . Gouldner, The Dialectic of Ideology and Technology (New York, 1978)

G . Gusdorf, La conscience revolutionnaire : les ideologues (Paris, 1978)

J . Habermas, Towards a Rational Society (London, 1971)Knowledge and Human Interests (London, 1972)"Wahrheitstheorien", in H . Fahrenbach (ed.), Wirklichkeit and Reflexion: Walter Schulz zum

60. Geburtstaq (PfUllingen, 1973)Legitimation Crisis (Boston, 1975), part 3

Nicos Hadjinicolaou, "On the ideology of avant-gardism", Praxis, 6 (1982), pp . 39 -70

H . Harmel, "Zum Begriff der materiellen and ideologischen verhAltnisse", Deutsche Zeitschrift furPhilosophie, 1 (1977)

B . Head, "The origin of 'ideologue' and 'Ideologie'"', Studies on Voltaire and the eighteenth century,vol. 183 (1980), pp. 257-264

P . Henry, Le Mauvais Outil (Paris, 1977)

P . Hirst, On Law and Ideology (London, 1979)

P. Hirst and P. Woolley, Social Relations and Human Attributes (London, 1982)

D . Hold, "Zum Charakter ideologischer VerH2ltnisse", Deutsche Zeitschrift fits Philosophie, 6(1979)

W. Hudson, The Marxist Philosophy of Ernst Bloch (London and Basingstoke, 1982)

Franz Jakubowski, Ideology and Superstructure in Historical Materialism (London, 1976)

F. Jameson, The Prison House of Language (Princeton, 1972)

"Ideology of the Text", Salmagundi, 31-32 (Fall 1975 - Winter 1976)

Chr. Kammleret al., "Philosophie der Ideologie oder Theorie des ideologischen Klassenkampfes?",Alternative, 118 (1978)

John Keane, "Communication, Ideology and the Problem of 'voluntary servitude'," Media, Cultureand Society, 4 (1982), pp. 123-132.

Douglas Kellner, "Ideology, Marxism and Advanced Capitalism", Socialist Review, 42 (November-December, 1978)

Emmet Kennedy, Destutt de Tracy andthe Origins of 'ideology' (Philadelphia, 1978)"Ideology from Destutt de Tracy to Marx",Journal of the History of Ideas, 40, 3 (July, 1979) .

S. Kofman, Camera obscura . De l'ideologie (Paris, 1973)

K. Kosik, Dialectics ofthe Concrete (Boston, 1976)

Karl KeAnzle, Utopie and Ideologie (Bern, 1970)

D. Krause, "Der Ideologiebegriff im Marxismus", Das Argument, 103 (1977)

Gunther Kress and Robert Hodge, Language as Ideology (London, 1979)

T. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

E. Laclau, Politics and Ideology (London, 1977)"Populist Rupture and Discourse", Screen Education, 34 (Spring, 1980)

Robert E . Lane, "The Decline of Politics and Ideology in a Knowledgeable Society", AmericanSociological Review, 31 (1966) pp . 649-62

J. Larrain, The Concept of Ideology (London, 1977)"On the Character of Ideology", Theory, Culture and Society, 1, 1 (Spring, 1982)

D. Lecourt, Pour une critique de Pepistemologie (Paris, 1972)

Henri Lefebvre, The Sociology of Marx (London, 1968), pp 59-88

C. Lefort, Les Formes de Phistoire (Paris, 1978)

K. Lenk (ed.), Ideologie, Ideologiekritik and Wissenssoziologie (Darmstadt and Neuwied, 1978)

G. Lichtheim, The Concept of Ideology and Other Essays (New York, 1967)

R. Lichtman, "Marx's Theory of ideology", Socialist Revolution, 23 (1975)H.J . Lieber (ed.), ldeologienlehre and Wissenssoziologie. Die Diskussion um das Ideologieproblem

in den zwangizer Jahren (Darmstadt, 1974)

Ch . P. Lodz, Ideologiebegriff and marxistische Theorie Ansatze zu einer immanenten Kritik(Opladen, 1976)

N. Luhmann, Soziologische Aufkhlrung (KSIn and Opladen, 1970), pp. 54-65

Colin MacCabe, "On Discourse", Economy and Society, 8, 4 (August, 1979) pp . 279-307 .

Colin MacCabe (ed.), The Talking Cure : Essays in Psychoanalysis and Language (London, 1981)

Alasdair Maclntyre, "Ideology, Social Science and Revolution", Comparative Politics, 5 (April,1973), pp. 321-342

Pierre Macherey, A Theory of Literary Production (London and Boston, 1978)

Pierre Macherey and Etienne Balibar, "Literature as an Ideological Form: Some Marxist Proposi-tions" Praxis, 5 (1981), pp . 43-58

E. Maffesoli, Logique de la domination (Paris, 1976)

D. Maingueneau, Initiation aux methodes de Panalyse de discours (Paris, 1976)

D.J . Manning (ed .), The Form of Ideology (London, 1980)

H . Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (London, 1968)

Joe McCarney, The Real World of Ideology, (Brighton, 1980)

John Mepham, "The Theory of Ideology in Capital", Radical Philosophy, 2 (1972), pp. 12-20

D . Miller, "Ideology and the problem of false consciousness", Political Studies, 20 (1972)

S . Moravia, Il pensiero degli ideologues (Firenze, 1974)

C . Mouffe, "Hegemony and Ideology in Gramsci", in C . Mouffe (ed .), Gramsci and Marxist Theory(London, 1979)

A . Naess, Democracy, ideology and objectivity (Oslo and Oxford, 1956)

R . Nemitz, "Technik als Ideologie", Das Argument, 103 (1977)

B . Parekh, Marx's Theory of Ideology, (London, 1982)

M. Pecheux, Analyse automatique du discours (Paris, 1969)(with Catherine Fuchs), "Mis6s au point et perspectives a propos du 1'analyse automatique du

discours", Languages, 37 (mars, 1975), pp 7-80"Are the masses an animate object?", in D. Sankoff (ed.), Linguistic Variation (New York, 1978)Language, Semantics and Ideology : Stating the Obvious (London, 1982)

J . Plamenatz, Ideology (London, 1971)

J . Ranciere, La Leon d'Althusser (Paris, 1974)

M . Rejai (ed .), Decline of Ideology (Chicago, 1971)

G.W . Remmling, Road to Suspicion: a study of modern mentality and the sociology of knowledge(New York, 1967)

P. Ricoeur, Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences (Cambridge, 1981)The Rule of Metaphor: Multidisciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning in Language

(London, 1978)

F . Rossi-Landi, L'ideologia (Milano, 1978)

Marshall Sahlins, Culture and Practical Reason (Chicago, 1978)

R. Samuel and Stedman Jones (eds .), Culture, Ideology and Politics (London . 1982)

H. SchdAdelbach, "Was ist Ideologie? Versuch einer Begriffserklafung", Das Arguent, 50 (1969)

M . Seliger, Ideology and Politics (London, 1976)The Marxist Conception of Ideology (Cambridge, 1977)

Michel Serres, Hermes (London, 1981)

E.A . Shils, "Ideology and Civility", Sewanee Review, 66 (1958)"The Concept and function of ideology", International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol . 7

(1968)

J.M . Sinclair and R.M . Coulthard, Towards an Analysis of Discourse (Oxford, 1975)

D . Silverman and B . Torode, The Material Word (London, 1980)

Cliff Slaughter, Marxism, Ideology and Literature, (London and Basingstoke, 1980)

R . Sorg, Ideologietheorien, Zum Verhaltnisvongesellrchaftlichem BewuptseinandsozlalerRealitat(K61n, 1976)

C . Sumner, Reading Ideologies (London, 1979)

G. Therborn, The Ideology of Power and the Power ofIdeology (London, 1980)

J . Thompson, "Ideology and the social imaginary : An appraisal of Castoriadis and Lefort", Theoryand Society, II (1982), pp. 659-681

"Ideology and the analysis of discourse : A critical introduction to the work of Michel Pecheux'",Sociological Review, 31 (1983)

Critical Hermeneutics : A Study in the Thought of Paul Ricoeur and Jtlrgen Habermas (Cam-bridge, 1981)

B . Torode, "Phenomenology and Ideology", in D. Bell (ed .), Understanding Ideology (New York,1980)

E . Trias, Teoria de las Ideologies (Barcelona, 1975)

R . de la Vega, Ideologie als Utopie. Der Legelianische Radikalismus der Marxistischen "Linken"(Marburg, 1977)

D . Vidal, Essai sur Pideologie (Paris, 1971)

Chaim Waxman (ed.), The End ofIdeology Debate (New York, 1968)

Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1977), essay 4 .

Roger Wood, "Discourse analysis : the work of Michel Pecheux", Ideology and Consciousness, 2(1977), pp. 57-79.

ARTICLES

INDEX TO VOLUME VI

Andrew, Edward .Pierre Trudeau on the Language of Values and the Values of Languages, no . 1-2,143.

Bellhouse, Mary L.On Understanding Rousseau's Praise of Robinson Crusoe, no. 3, 120.

Burke, Frank.Fellini's Art of Affirmation: The Nights of Cabiria, City of Women, and SomeAesthetic Implications, no . 3, 138.

Drache, Daniel .Harold Innis and Canadian Capitalist Development, no . 1-2, 35 .

Fekete, John.Massage in the Mass Age: Remembering the McLuhan Matrix, no. 3, 50 .

Keane, John .Elements of a Radical Theory of Public Life: From T6nnies to Habermas andBeyond, no . 3, 11 .

Kroker, Arthur.Augustine as the Founder of Modern Experience : The Legacy of Charles NorrisCochrane, no . 3, 79.

McCallum, Pamela .Desire and History in Roland Barthes, no. 3, 68 .

Morrow, Ray.Deux pays pour vivre : Critical Sociology and Canadian Political Economy,no . 1-2, 61 .

Thomson, Anthony.Woman of Clay : Gabor's Angi Vera, no . 3, 155.

Watkins, Mel.The Innis Tradition in Political Economy, no. 1-2, 12 .

REVIEW ARTICLES

Dorland, Michael.It is Now-Always 1984 . Contribution a la critique de l'ideologie americaine, byPaul-Andre Dagon, No. 1-2, 176.

Langlois, Rosaire.The Radical Infatuation with Western Marxism or La Belle Dame Sans Merci? .Dialectic ofa Defeat: Contours of Western Marxism, by RussellJacoby, no . 3,193.

243

Leiss, .William.Rationalism and Faith : Kolakowksi's Marx . Main Currents of Marxism, byLeszek Kolakowski, no . 1-2, 160 .

Naylor, R.T .American Capitalism's New Testament. Wealth and Poverty by George F.Gilder, no . 3, 183 .

Taylor Patrick .Narrative as a Socially Liberating Art . The Political Unconscious : Narrative as aSocially Symbolic Art, by Frederic Jameson, no. 1-2, 168 .

DEBATES

Cook, DavidThe Sleep of Reason, no . 1-2, 191 .

INDEX TO VOLUME VI

Darby, Tom.Darby Replies to Shell and Kroker, no. 1-2, 200.

Davey, Frank.Itself a Strange Loop: A Comment on Eli Mandel's 'Northrop Frye and CulturalFreudianism", no . 1-2, 195 .

Drache, Daniel .Drowning in the Metaphysics of Space, no. 1-2, 198 .

Finn, Geraldine.Reason and Violence : More than a False Antithesis-A Mechanism of Patriar-chal Power, no . 3, 162 .

Jhally, Sut .Probing the Blindspot : The Audience Commodity, no . 1-2, 204 .

Livant, Bill .Working at Watching : A Reply to Sur Jhally, no . 1-2, 211 .

Marcil-Lacoste, Louise .Reason and Violence : Three Figures of their Relationship, no . 3, 170.

Wernick, Andrew .De Sade and the Dead-End of Rationalism, no. 1-2, 182 .

MANIFESTOS

Danny Adams, David Fennario, John Salmela, et al .Black Rock Manifesto, no . 1-2, 139 .

Le Comite des CentFor a Socialist Quebec, no. 1-2, 109.

244

EDITORIALS

INDEX TO VOLUME VI

Kroker, Arthur .The Cultural Imagination and the National Question, no. 1-2, 5.Economic McCarthyism, no. 3, 5.

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5/6 SPECIAL ISSUE ON CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY

What is Beyond Art? On the theories ut Post-Modernity

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Deinstituiionalization in Psychiatry, Everyday Lifeand Democracy

Darid (lx)per

Brecht : Epic Form and Realism : A Reconsideration

David Roberts

The Emotional Division of Labour Between the Sexes :Perspectives on Feminism and Socialism

Agnes lleflerOn the Dialectics of Signifying Practice

A'ar Sallrh

The Genesis of English Cultural Studies

Paul Junes

The Nuclear War Film

Peter Watkins

Alienation and Reification in Marx and Lukacs

George Markus

Work and Instrumental Action : On the NormativeBasis of Critical Theory

i1 V'el llonnedr

Introducing Wolf Biermann

lt'al .Suc4rting

History and Consciousness : Cultural Studies BetweenReification and Hegemony

Peter Madsen

Critical Marxism in Fast Europe Part 11

Juha:m Arnasun

PLUS NOTES AND DISCUSSIONAn Interview

Peter Schneider

Peter Fuller and the Biological Sources of Art

Grant Hannan

The Politics of Feminist Theory in the 1980's

Hester E'iseasteinPerspectives on the World Crisis

Rava Drrnarerskava

Consciousness and Action : Touraine

Rott h i*ernran

The Hermeneutics of Critique

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