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9Analyzing Causes and Effects:

Health and Medicine

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Learning Outcomes

• Identify real world applications for explaining causes and effects.

• Understand the steps for writing cause and effect analyses.

• Interpret images and readings about health and medicine.

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Learning Outcomes (contd.)

• Analyze the rhetorical situation for explaining causes and effects.

• Apply the steps for writing a cause and effect essay.

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Real World Applications (LO 9.1)

School• You may need to explain the

cause(s) of a certain illness.• You may need to describe the

effects of a specific war for a history course.

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Real World Applications (contd.)

Daily Life• You may need to determine the

effects of changing your career.• You may need to determine the

cause(s) of issues in a personal relationship.

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Real World Applications (contd.)

Career• You may need to identify causes of

decreased employee productivity at work.• You may need to investigate the

effects of a new software system.

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Steps for Writing Compare & Contrast Essays (LO 9.2)

• Begin by identifying

the cause or effectyou want to analyze.

• Explain the cause-and-effect relationship convincingly.

• Organize the causes and/or effects effectively.

• Use sound logic.

• Conclude effectively.

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Health and Medicine(LO 9.3)

Writing about an image• Write a cause and effect essay that

relates to an image in the chapter.

• You may write about the image itself

or about something the image reminds you of.

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Health and Medicine(contd.)

Media connection for explaining causes and effects• Watch, read, or listen to suggested

media to discover additional examples of cause/effect analysis.

• Exploring various media may help you better understand methods for explaining causes and effects.

• Cite all sources.

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The Rhetorical Star (LO 9.4)

Subject• Select a topic that is narrow

enough to cover within the assignment guidelines.

• For a shorter paper, you may need to focus on causes OR effects, instead of both.

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The Rhetorical Star (contd.)

Audience• Determine who your audience will be.• Select the details that will be most

important to the audience.

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The Rhetorical Star (contd.)

Purpose• Determine what you want to

accomplish.• Decide if you are informing,

persuading, or expressing feelings.

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The Rhetorical Star (contd.)

Strategy• Focus on the main approach of cause

and/or effect.• Combine other strategies if necessary

to make your point.

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The Rhetorical Star (contd.)

Design• Know how you want the essay to

look when you are finished.• Decide if graphics, photographs, or

illustrations are needed to clarify ideas.

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Applying the Writing Process (LO 9.5)

Discovering• Use the media suggestions in the chapter

to help find a subject.• Consider a subject with which you have

personal experience.• Create a chart of causes and effects to

determine what you want to cover.

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Applying the Writing Process (contd.)

Planning• Create a cluster or outline to help you

organize your ideas.• Follow one of the organizational strategies

for your essay:

o The effects of a major causeo The causes for a major effecto A chain of events that illustrate the

cause or effect

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Applying the Writing Process (contd.)

Composing• Write a first draft of your essay.• Don’t focus on grammar and

punctuation.• Keep focused on the causes or

effects you are trying to explain.

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Applying the Writing Process (contd.)

Getting Feedback• Have a peer read your draft • Use the peer review questions to

gatherfeedback from your reviewer.

• Get a second opinion, if possible.

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Applying the Writing Process (contd.)

Revising• Revise your essay based upon the

feedback you receive.• Make sure your essay is logical and

has fully supported ideas.• Add, delete, and rearrange ideas as

necessary.

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Applying the Writing Process (contd.)

Editing• Read your essay one more time.• Look for errors in grammar,

punctuation, and mechanics.• Consider reading your essay aloud to

listen for word choice and sentence structure.

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Applying the Writing Process (contd.)

Proofreading• Read your essay at least one more

time.• Check for typographical errors or

other issues that could interfere with the reader’s understanding of the essay.