Rural Urban Transformation
-
Upload
abhishek-duvvada -
Category
Documents
-
view
239 -
download
2
Transcript of Rural Urban Transformation
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
1/22
Hima Bindu
13AR60R23
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
2/22
2/12/2014 2
Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Objectives
Understand the concept of Rural Urban
Transformation and its implications to Land use
Changes.
To assess and identify the major land use change
pattern in Rural to Urban Transformation Zone of
Srinagar City from period 1971 to 2009.
To draw inferences and make out suggestions for the
sustainable development of the Rural Urban Fringe
of the Srinagar City.
Layout
What is Rural Urban Transformation
Stages of Transformation
Transformation Phenomenon in India
Structural Composition of Rural Urban Fringe
Case Study Srinagar City
Inferences
Suggestions
Scope
The focus of the study is to understand the process of Rural urban Transformation in Indian Cities andthe inferences drawn were concerned with Srinagar city.
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
3/22
2/12/2014 3
Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Rural Transformation
The transformation of rural land into urban land where the two land uses are mixed together and
form a transition zone between town and country with more complex interactions.
This transition zone is usually referred by many terms such as Semi Urban, Peri Urban or Rural
Urban Fringe.
Definition of Rural Urban Fringe
The rural-urban fringe is an area of mixed rural andurban populations and land-uses, which begins at thepoint where agricultural land uses appear near the cityand extends up to the point where villages havedistinct urban land uses or some persons , at least fromthe village community commute to the city daily forwork or other purposes.
- R. Ramachandran
Indicatorsof
Transition
Population
GrowthRate
Density
Landsubdivsion
Land usechanges
Occupational shift
Migrationrate
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
4/22
2/12/2014 4
Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Stages of Transformation Characteristics
RURALPredominantly agricultural landuseLow population growth patternLow densityKutcha structureLow level of facilities and inadequate infrastructure
Low land pricesPRE TRANSITION
Close proximity to extension areasMedium population growthDominance of agriculture starts to diminish
TRANSITION
Village falls under the urban extension areaCharacterized by very high land sub division outside the village about settlementAgricultural diminishesPopulation increases
A large number of rural and urban population migrate inside the village limitsLand value starts increasing
POST-TRANSITION
Village becomes part and parcel of the urban areaInter-dependency upon the urban area increasesVery high population growthChange in employment structureChange in land-use from residential to mix land use and emergence of small
manufacturing units
URBAN
The village is fully surrounded by planned urban developmentVery high densityOver-congestionHighly stressed area with inadequate infrastructure and facilitiesSpeculative growth of illegal constructionLarge number of industrial and commercial units crop up In the village
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
5/22
2/12/2014 5
Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
The area for urban uses has increased from 38,504 Sq. Kms
in1961 to 77,370 Sq. Kmsin 2001.
There has been a sharp increase in area under urban use
since 1971 with the decadal rate of growth of urban land area
rising from 8.72 per cent during 1961-71 to 21 per cent
during 1991 2001.
Comparing the rates of growth of the UA and the city
proper for the 35 cities with a million-plus population, it was
found that in the largest cities, that is, the primarymetros,
the UA was growing faster than the city proper.
Mostly the mega cities are spilling over to rural agriculturalbelt (peri urban areas) due to abnormally high land price in
relation to Indias household income.
Evidences of Rural Urban Transformation in India
Pre-independence
PostInde
pendence
Radical Transformation of Urban Scene.
One-lakh cities and million cities began to grow
rapidly
In many cases the population of these cities
increased by more than 50% in a decade.
During 19thCentury :
No real need for physical expansion of towns
and cities.
First Half of 20thCentury :
Urban Population growth was still marginal and
found adequate room within civil lines and
cantonment areas.
Origin of the Phenomena in India
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
6/22
2/12/2014 6
Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Structure of Rural Urban Fringe
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
7/22
2/12/2014 7Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Structural Composition
ConcentricStructural units
Conceptualareas
Administrative Units and their Characteristics
I. The CentralCities(1)
1. The main city usually a municipal corporation.2. Other municipal towns contiguous to the above3. Non-municipal census towns contiguous to the main city.
II. The Urbanfringe (2-4)
4. Revenue villages, fully urbanizes and contiguous to the main city.5. Municipal towns away from the main city(inner ring towns).
III. The ruralfringe(5-9)
6. Non-municipal towns away from the main city(inner ring towns).
7. Revenue villages, partially urbanized, near or away frm the maincity.8. Villages with no urban land-uses but having linkages with the maincity.9. Revenue villages that are wholly rural, but enclosed by other typesnoted above(the pseudo green belt).
IV.The rural
area(within themetropolitanplanningarea)(10)
10. Rural revenue villages, with no urban land uses and no linkage
with the city(the green belt).11. Towns(municipal and non municipal)having linkages with themain city, but surrounded by rural villages(outer ring town).
UrbanArea(1-4)
TheRural-UrbanFringe(3-9)
TheM1-10etropolitanPlann
ingArea(1-10)
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
8/22
2/12/2014 8Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Case Study : Fringe of Srinagar City
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
9/22
2/12/2014 9Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
3 times larger than the second largest city of the state.
10 times larger than the second urban centre at the
regional level i.e. in Kashmir Valley.
Srinagar being the regional center, its fringe
area has a vast expanse spreads about 800
kms2 outside the municipal limits and ischaracterized by diverse physiographic
disposition ranging from the hills, the
kerawas, wet lands and the plains.
Density(Persons/Sq.km)1950 5949
2001 3581
Srinagar constitutes 65.28% of the statesurban population
City Development Plan Srinagar City
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
10/22
2/12/2014 10Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
11/22
2/12/2014 11Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Against 2.5% increases in population
annually, the Food Grain production
increases by just about 1.0%.
A total deficit of 45% has been observed
This is mainly due to the urban sprawl in
Srinagar city because the maximum
migration happened in Srinagar city
Maximum conversion has been along major
transportation corridors thus giving rise to ribbon
settlements.
The conversion for residential purposes have
negative consequences on food security both in
the cities and in the peri-urban areas.
Agricultural Land Use
Food Grain Production in Relation to Population Growth
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
12/22
2/12/2014 12Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Horticulture Land Use
It is seen that the newly converted horticulture
land is simultaneously used for vegetables as
horticulture needs few years to yield crops.
The expansion of horticulture in the fringe area
is attributed to the economy of the people as it is
mainly from agriculture.
Within primary sector of economy, horticulture
assumes the priority as its returns are more than
that of agriculture.
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
13/22
2/12/2014 13Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
The substantial increase is understood from
then fact that the use of this type is confined to
the Zabarwan hills of the city, where famous
Dachigam Wildlife sanctuary is located.
Furthermore, the scrubland of the Zabarwan
hills had been planted under various social and
voluntary forestry schemes.
Forest Land Use
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
14/22
2/12/2014 14Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Scrubland has decreased substantially
from 10.08 percent in 1971 to 8.54 percent in
2009 registering a change of 15.20 percent.
The change has mainly been due the
encroachment of agriculture in Zabarwan
hills and partially due to various forestry
schemes adopted to ensure protection of green
spaces in the Srinagar city.
Scrubland
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
15/22
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
16/22
2/12/2014 16Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
StreamsPreviously there existed a well knit network
of streams
Over the period of 40 years unprecedented
and unplanned growth of the urban centre,
use of chemicals and pesticides and
agriculture and horticulture, disposal of urban
waste directly into various water bodies has
resulted in pollution and encroachment of this
category of land use beyond the levels of
repairment.
Nallah River Tubewell Spring/ Lakes SMC Tankers1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001
Muncipality 96.1 96.32 1.47 1.36 0.04 0.06 1.7 1.6 1.23 1.5
Greater
Srinagar 85.62 84.7 13.32 12.46 1.52 2.16 0.42 0.36 0.21 0.32
Presently there exists a broken network of
streams. Small and medium sized streams havebeen either lost or converted into sewage drains.
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
17/22
2/12/2014 17Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Vegetables
The vegetable gardens have mainly encroached in
wetlands and agricultural land.
This enormous scale of change is attributed to the
unprecedented growth of Srinagar city both in
areal expansion and population size.
Owing to the population pressure there is heavy
demand for vegetables which not only the fringe
area but also the city region is unable able to
provide with, therefore, huge imports of
vegetables from other states are made.
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
18/22
2/12/2014 18Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
.
The wetlands of the City and the fringe have
suffered unprecedented mainly as a result ofunplanned and haphazard urban sprawl.
Large areas lost due to developmental activities,
siltation and encroachments.
Further, the remaining area under wetlands has
been fragmented and many interconnecting
streams have been destroyed.
The loss in terms of areal expansion has not onlyresulted in a threat to the wet land ecology but also
reduced their capacity as flood absorption basin.
Wetlands and lakes
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
19/22
2/12/2014 19Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Brick Kiln Land use
The expanding physical structure of the city
requires large amount of construction material
and the bulk of material is derived from locally
available clay, soil, sand and gravel. This can beseen from the brick kilns found in the rural-
urban fringe as bricks are predominantly used
for infrastructure development.
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
20/22
2/12/2014 20Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Expansion has mainly been in terms of residential
land use.
Huge number of residential colonies and
commercial apartments have come up in the
periphery
These developments have mainly been at the cost
of productive agricultural land and precious
wetlands of the rural-urban fringe.
Built-Up Land Use
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
21/22
2/12/2014 21Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Inferences
Agriculture and Wetlands were the major victims which were declined by more than 30% of
the total land use contribution.
Plantations and Horticulture were substantially increased by more than 8% at the cost of
wetlands and agricultural lands.
Built-up has grown by 4.71% , generally along the major lines of communications or roads
adjacent to specified city limits.
The city is passing through the situation of unauthorized and unplanned development, at the
fringe area in the form of piecemeal construction of homesteads, and other non-conforming land
uses often termed as urban Sprawl
-
8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation
22/22
2/12/2014 22Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes
Measures should be taken for uniform distribution of infrastructural facilities in the rural-urbanfringe
Regional approach in planning should be adopted. i.e., The population retaining capacity of thevarious urban centers of the valley has to be increased by providing the basic community amenitiesand services.
Those economic activities such as handicrafts, floriculture and horticulture in the fringe zone
should be promoted which will not only generate heavy economic returns but have a least impacton environment.
Constructions over the wetlands which have economic potential both from agriculture and tourismpoint of view should be strictly banned.
Urban sprawl in the form of ribbon development should be discouraged.
Coordination between various agencies like Gram panchayats and town planning organizationshould be promoted for overall development of fringe.
Suggestions