Rural Accessibility & Mobility in Ntchisi District, …2_Andreski-Kaira... · Rural Accessibility &...

Rural Accessibility & Mobility in Ntchisi District, Malawi Andreski, Kaira & Chagunda

PIARC – RGC, Siem Reap, November 2005 Paper 2

SEMINAR: SUSTAINABLE ACCESS AND LOCAL RESOURCE SOLUTIONS

Date : 28 – 30 November 2005

TITLE: Rural Accessibility and Mobility in Ntchisi District, Malawi,

AUTHORS: Adam Andreski, Charles Kaira and Jephthah Chagunda

1. Introduction

The Rural Accessibility and Mobility Pilot Activity (RAMPA) is part of the Malawi Rural Transport & Travel Project, funded through a World Bank loan to the Government under the Ministry of Local Government. I.T. Transport of UK and the local consultant, Chapita provides consulting services to manage the assignment. Over the 18 month project period this included provision of a Civil Engineer as Team Leader, Road Engineer, Sociologist and Data Expert. Specialist expertise such as Geographical Information System (GIS) was provided by the Government Decentralisation Secretariat.

The aim of the pilot activity in Ntchisi district is to institutionalise Integrated Rural Accessibility Planning (IRAP) into the District Planning procedures, increase mobility through intermediate modes of transport (IMT) and pilot community contractors. This will then reduce one of the fundamental causes of rural poverty, namely isolation. The key tasks and initiatives within the project are:

The collection and collation together with the District Authority of household mobility and accessibility data and the mapping of this data using a GIS. The planning and budgeting at the District level of targeted interventions to promote increased Mobility and Accessibility of rural households. The planning and implementation of initiatives to promote the use of Intermediate Modes of Transport (IMT). The training and use of local small scale contractors and local communities for infrastructure improvement and maintenance. The monitoring and evaluation of the whole project in terms of effectiveness, replicability and sustainability considering environmental, gender, HIV/AIDS and social exclusion issues.

The preparation of the District Development Plan (DDP) has five stages, namely:

1. Preparation of Socio Economic Profile 2. Needs Gap Analysis 3. Preparation of District Development Framework 4. Identification of Projects 5. Preparation of Investment Plan

The IRAP tool provides valuable data for the first two stages and thus provides a sound foundation for developing the District Plan. It helps in the compilation of data for the Socio Economic Profile including a GIS of all infrastructure in the district. The IRAP survey process then provides information on accessibility to this infrastructure which contributes to a Needs Gap Analysis of the District.

All sectors were covered in the project but for illustrative purposes this paper reviews the use of IRAP/GIS in education, markets, farm inputs, water, health and transport sectors in Ntchisi District. The paper than briefly touches upon the other components of the project namely development of Community Contractors for road improvements and promotion of IMTs.



2. Summary Profile of Ntchisi District

Ntchisi district is located in the Central Region of Malawi, 96 km north of Lilongwe, the capital city of Malawi. The total land area of the district is 1,655 sq km with a population of 212,000, giving a density of 128 persons per square kilometre. Ntchisi lies at an altitude of between 1,300 to 1,700 meters above the sea level. The eastern and north-eastern parts are hilly whereas the north, western and southern parts are generally flat. The mean annual temperature varies between 22 degrees Celsius in low altitude areas and 18 degrees Celsius in high altitude areas. Annual rainfall ranges from 900mm to 1, 500mm. A road map of Malawi showing location of Ntchisi District is given in Annex 1.

Ntchisi District Assembly is a statutory body established under the Local Government Act (1998) Section 5.00 of the Laws of Malawi. It is supposed to be headed by the Chairperson selected from among the 26 councillors each representing a ward in the district. Since June 2005, the Assembly is run without elected members as their term of office ended in March 2005. The other members of the District Assembly include 7 Chiefs, 4 elected Members of Parliament and 5 Co-opted members. The District Commissioner is now the controlling officer of the Assembly and heads the Assembly Secretariat or District Executive Committee which is composed of Professional Heads of Government Sectors in the district.

The District is then divided into Area Development Committees (ADC) which are representative bodies of all Village Development Committees (VDC) under a Traditional Authority. Its membership could range from 25 to 60 under the leadership of the Chief. There are 7 ADCs in the district with a total population of 212,073 as shown in the table 1 below.

Table 1: Traditional Authorities, their VDCs & Villages TraditionalAuthority

No. of VDCs

No. of Villages

TotalPopulation

Chikho 31 165 18,073 Chilooko 41 338 68,227 Kalumo 55 349 46,044 Kasakula 45 267 20,471 Malenga 45 247 30,407 Nthondo 24 162 19,222 Vuso Jere 15 72 9,629 Totals 256 1,600 212,073

Agriculture forms around 80% of the district economy where 15% of cultivable land are estates producing mostly tobacco with the remainder small holder farms producing a range of crops such as maize, beans, groundnuts, potatoes and cassava. Livestock, forestry and irrigation are also important activities in the district. There is little private industry in the District and Government is by far the largest employer. According to “Profile of Poverty in Malawi, 1998” the poverty rate in the district was 76.3%.

3. Development of District Development Plan Using IRAP

3.1 Establishment of Databank

To prepare the Socio-Economic Profile of Ntchisi District three databases were set up. The first contained primary survey data collected using the IRAP method stored on Microsoft Access software. The second contained secondary data that the district authorities had collected on various sectors from a number of different sources stored in another MS Access file. Finally, information on the location of infrastructure was stored in the GIS, ArcView.

Primary data was collected during a physical survey conducted by Ntchisi District Assembly Staff including the Executive Committee, extension workers as well as school leavers who



had received training using the International Labour Organisation/ASIST Training Module. 25 Teams of 3 people (1 Committee member as supervisor, and 2 enumerators - 1 extension worker and 1 school leaver) collected the data. Participatory Rural Appraisals were conducted on the first day and the questionnaire the next. The data on households and villages was then collected from the 256 Village Development Committees (VDC). Information collected covered:

Section Information Part A: Administration Details of VDC, villages, key informants and physical features such as terrain. Part B: VDC Structure Name of villages & details on: population structure (male/female, over 18/ under

18 years; household structure (number, female headed, child headed); and average distance to village.

Part C: Transport Infrastructure

Distances per village to nearest motorable road and nearest public transport stage; type of infrastructure connecting to motorable road; and most important tracks used by village within VDC.

Part D: Means of Transport

For each village, number of non-motorised means of transport per household such as oxen, donkey carts, hand-cart, wheelbarrow, bicycle, bicycle ambulance; and number of motorised means per household.

Part E: Transport Services

Motorised transport services available for VDC per village giving details such as: from/to; nearest stop; distance to nearest stop; one-way fare; frequency per week; and seasonal.

Part F: Energy Type of fuel used by village details including: source & type of energy (generator, solar); distance to source; frequency of collection; who is responsible; number of households using means of transport; number of households use of electricity.

Part G: Water Supply Water sources for VDCs by village: type (protected, unprotected well & springs, rivers, dams, boreholes, gravity schemes, piped by pump); and condition (bad taste, smell, not working, pumps little, periodic); number of households using source; travel time to source; queuing time; means of transport used; who is responsible; and frequency.

Part H: Health Facilities

By village type of facility details including: managed by location; accessibility - type of Rura; Transport Infrastructure (RTI), degree e.g. all year round, problems e.g. lack of water crossing); distance to facility; number of households using means of transport.

Part I: Education List of education institutions in VDC children go to by village detailing: within/outside village; type of school; managed by; enrolment (female/male); accessibility (type of RTI, degree, problem); average distance; number of children using means of transport; reasons for dropping out of school e.g. hunger, child labour, menstruation, etc.

Part J: Farm Inputs Farm inputs used by village detailing: type; source; accessibility (RTI, degree, problems); distances; means of transport.

Part K: Crop Production & Marketing

Main crops & livestock per village detailing: type; average distance to farm; amount used/sold; accessibility to type of market; distance; number of households using means of transport.

Part L: Maize Grinding Grinding mills used by village detailing: type; condition; accessibility; who goes; distance; price per kg; number of households using means of transport.

Part N: Social And Economic Services

Type of socio-economic services available to each village detailing: type & location; accessibility (degree, problems); distance; number of households using means of transport; employment opportunities available by village detailing: type: farming, fishing, trading, etc.; number of people participating gender streamlined; average distance; number of people using transport means.

Part O: Main Access Problems

List three access problems in order of priority.



The secondary database covers every sector including information on:

Land use Population Crop production LivestockForestry FishingIrrigationExtension work School enrolment Healthcare Electricity consumption Water availability Social problems such as practices likely to promote HIV/AIDS PolicingCrime PrisonsRoads & Bridges Public transport Employment Telecoms

3.2 Establishment of Geographical Information System (GIS)

Malawi already has a national GIS that includes information on roads, rivers and contours for each district. The national information was then extracted for Ntchisi and supplemented with further details. The location of socio-economic facilities such as schools, wells, boreholes, and grinding mills were first identified by villagers who prepared an initial map, such as Map 1 shown below:

Map 1: Map Prepared by Villagers

A small team including the village headman on motorcycles then verified these facilities using a Global Positioning System (GPS). The coordinates and data were then entered into the Geographical Information System (ArcView). An example map that can be produced by the GIS, featuring health centres is given below:



Map 2: ArcView View of Villages and Health Facilities

The Malawi Government has a policy that every village should be within 5km of a health centre. It can be seen from the circles drawn above that many villages lie outside this 5km radius.

Lessons learned during the data collection exercise included:

Get District Council staff to fully participate in surveys and questionnaires Provide a goat to feed the villagers Train & employ female school leavers since there are very few female extension workersAdvance information in writing to the Group Village Headperson Involving Council Chairpersons is crucial for mobilisation of communities & success of the survey

3.3 Identifying Demand for Services through the Accessibility Indicator

The basic formula for the Accessibility Indicator, AI = #HH x TT, where #HH = Number of Households seeking access to a specific service, and TT = Average Travel Time to reach a specific service.

EDUCATION

An example is given in Chart 1 below for primary school accessibility where the greatest demand is in Chilooko and Kalumo areas.



Chart 1: Primary School Accessibility

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

AI

ADC

Primary School Accessibility Indicator

Series1 446579 630905 532017 159721 219221 359961 54331

Chikho Chilooko Kalumo Kasakula Malenga Nt hondo Vuso Jere

However, this does not give the full picture where it can be seen in Charts 2 and 3 that the number of households is high in Chilooko and that average travel time to reach school is over 80 minutes in Chikho area.

Chart 2: Primary School Households

0

5000

10000

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20000

Hou

seho

lds

ADC

Households for Primary School AI

Series1 4712 17539 11724 4782 5914 5508 1910

Chikho Chilooko Kalumo Kasakula M alenga Nthondo Vuso Jere

Chart 3: Primary School Travel Time

0

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100

Trav

el T

ime

ADC

Primary School Average Travel Time

Series1 82.2 34.89 39.12 34.44 35.84 65.81 27.92

Chikh Chiloo Kalum Kasak M alen Nthon Vuso

FARM INPUTS Charts 4 and 5 on farm input accessibility are given below.

Chart 4: Farm Input Accessibility



Chart 5: Farm Input Travel

Time

It can be seen in charts 3 and 4 that although Chilooko and Kalumo have the highest demand, travel time is a problem in Chikho.

TRADING CENTRES

Most of the ADCs such as Nthondo, Vuso Jere and Chikho are very far from main markets with travel times ranging between 300-400 minutes as shown in the charts below. To reduce travel time there is need to introduce weekly markets in those ADCs and improve mobility through increasing transport facilities. It is likely that the long travel time for Chikho to visit a main market suppresses the number of households making that trip. Conversely, in Chilooko the travel time is short and hence many households take advantage of the market availability.

Charts 6 to 8: Market Accessibility

0

500,000

1,000,000

AI

ADC

Main Markets Accessibility Indicator by ADC

Series1 296571.789 934787.264 236308.733 85795.3929 715261.382 353961.412 50820

Chikho Chilooko Kalumo Kasakula Malenga Nthondo Vuso Jere

0

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Num

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ADC

Number of HH Accessing Main Markets by ADC

Series1 718 7833 2593 579 4410 1126 154


0

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Time

ADC

Main Markets Travel Time by ADC

Series1 413.052632 119.339623 91.1333333 148.178571 162.190789 314.352941 330




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A detailed topographic map showing the location of the main trading centres is given in Map 3 below:

Map 3: Topographical Map of Ntchisi District Showing Main Roads, Trading Centres and Villages



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Chilooko

Malenga

Kalum o

Vuso Jere

Chikho

Kasakula

Nthondo

Boma

Chin thembwe

Chimbindu

Kansonga

Nyalabvi

Kanthungo

Chibinya

Kango l iwa

Chib isa

Chilooko

Ng'ombeMaliketi

Kasaku la

Kangolwa

Liwonde

Chimbw eya

Chinkhandwe

ChikhoKhuwi

Mpalo

Kalumo

4 0 4 8 Kilo m eter s

Sc ale1:600,000

N

View1

Map 4 below shows that some of these markets are not linked by a secondary or main road. Map 5 below shows the location of villages in relation to these markets.

Map 4: Main Roads and Markets

Map 5: Villages and Markets



Map 8 shows villages with a health AI of greater than 5,000. Chilooko ADC has already been identified as having a problem from the bar charts. From this chart building a health centre in the north of Chilooko, improving access west of Chikwakwa and Kasonga health centres, and improving access north of Kangolwa health centre in Kasakula ADC would be well justified.

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Chilooko

Malenga

Kalumo

Vuso Jere

Chikho

Kasakula

Nthondo

Nthondo Mndinda

Mkhuzi Mpherere

Chinthembwe

Kangolwa

Mzandu

Chikwakwa

Boma

District H os pital

Kansonga

Khuwi

4 0 4 8 KilometersSc ale1:600,000

N

Map 8: Villages with Health AI>5,000



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Chilooko

Malenga

Kalumo

Vuso Jere

Chikho

Kasakula

Nthondo

Nthondo Mndinda

Mkhuzi Mpherere

Chinthembwe

Kangolwa

Mzandu

Chikwakwa

Boma

Kansonga

Khuwi

4 0 4 8 Kilometer sSc ale1:600,000

N

It is interesting to note that there are more traditional healers in Ntchisi than health centres as illustrated in map 9. The role of such people should not be dismissed since they provide a affordable services that the Government authorities cannot provide. However, these “Healers” also offer a number of other services such as identifying thieves and helping people to become promoted.

TRANSPORT

Ntchisi District is linked to other districts through a network of roads. There are five classes of roads in the district, namely, main, secondary, tertiary, district, and undesignated roads. The district has a road network of 877km. Most of these are earth roads, which are in poor condition but still passable throughout the year. Within this road network are 51 bridges, 608 culverts and 31 drifts. Charts 12 to 14 below show that the time householders take to reach transport services can be nearly two hours in Chikho area. The high AI in Chilooko area shows a high demand for services and that is related to its relatively high population.

Map 9: Location of Traditional Healers



Charts 12 to 14 Transport Service

Accessibility

The World Bank is promoting the target of accessibility of all to within 2km of an all weather road. The GIS has been queried to identify villages that are more than 2km from a classified road. These villages are shown red dots in Map 10 opposite. Unfortunately,not all classified roads are all weather in Malawi, but that should also be a long term target and the power of GIS is illustrated.

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Chilooko

Malenga

Kalumo

Vuso Jere

Chikho

Kasakula

Nthondo

Chidziko

Ngopi II

Kayoyo

Kawam ba

Za mb ala

Mchere/Mo to

Th en doChika dewa

Chabz ala

Mn gopi II

Mtaw ira

Md akulen ga

Khond owe

Mn dindaMd in da

Mn gopi I

Kayera

Chapa ula

Mg opi IIChiond oMb ulum a

Msa ka ch alo

Sanin ga

Chbzyala

Chipomph a

Nya nja IChagu nda

Ntchisi Bo ma

Kapon da

Chikw asa

Chand awiraChaga lawan da

ChibwenjeMa sankhula

Mwa lumo

Ma sacheChikh o II

Ban ja

Nkh untho

Ma ta koMn kh ang'a

Chom be Jeredi

Mzo ma

Ma yem be

Chatire

Chikh o

Mn th ewe IMtsekamph

Mu nika

Kachipap a

Kapatu ka

Bowa

Chabin yaChifwelek

Chikw akw a

Chimb iya

Chimb ulan

Ching'amb

Chipacha

Chipon da

Chithund uDzim we

Gam ba

Kabenu

Kalupsa

Kamphikul

Kanda le M

Kanyere I

Kapulu la

Kasiya

Katang alaLend o

Ma fu ta

Ma ta mu la

Mb iya

Mchere Mo to

Mp henyeng

Msh am boza

Nandeta

Kando do

Ngolomi

Chigwe

Chiku numb

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Kakonkhwe

Kapichira

Katapa (K

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Mg olo

Mn dambo I

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Kanchocho

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Chiku sa

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Khwamba

Mfwitizal

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Simo n

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Chentch eMvula

Ma nong 'oMa leng a IIMb uluma

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Zu nga

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Chimu nthu

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Chingluw e

Ching'omb

Chioza

Chipendek

Chipinjik

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Chitambwe

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Chiweza

Chizewe

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Dete

Gom e

Gum ba

Gweluka

Head Quar

Kachere I

Kachingu n

Kadza mira

Kadzeya

Kadzidzi

Kalilangw

Kalindama

Kam amchen

Kanda le

Kang'ombe

Kanyra M a

Kanyulun y

Kapala

Kapan gam a

Kapha tikaKaphiri

Kaphu ka

Kasinja

Kater a

Kavulala

Kavwen je

Kazon golo

Khuwi

Kwen dakwi

Lu kwa , Mz

Lu mb eMa la mb o

Ma lo moMa lo mo A r

Ma lu za

Ma nkhaka

Ma nkhudzu

Ma nthalu

Ma sanya

Ma tid zaMa tu kwa no

Mb ewa

Mb obo

Mb om ba I

Mizo ndo

Mkan ileMkom be

Mkon kha

Mkwech e

Mn desi

Mn dimb aMn duka

Mn ja le

Mp ofu

Msu kuMtseche

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Nkh adan i

Th und uzi

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Chalum ako

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Chaun ga

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Chipon do

Chisala

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Gula

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Mo to

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Nkwichi

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Ntchere

Nya nja II

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Nth ukwa

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Chimb wand

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Efelemu

Gomezani

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Jere

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Kamsonga

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Kazon ga

Lo ngwe

Ma la itcha

Ma la ngo I

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Md ambo I

Mfwiri

Mkumbula

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Mteya

Mteya K an

Mtha ila

Mtuta

Mwa nsan ga

Mweso

Nikisi

Nkh alam o

Nkh alapa t

Saulo si

Simwa za

Ta ndwe

Za ma ngwe

Ban dawe

Binga mvul

Chabu ka

Chabw in kh

Chana ngaChand awil

Chibisa

Chidzaye

Chikh ugwa

Chikh utu

Chikh wakh

Chiku wi

Chilasa I

Chimb akaChimw ala

Chingu wo

Chipeni

Chipoloka

Chisoso

Chitete

Chiwaliwa

Chorwe

Chulu II

Jenula

Kachilam n

Kadan go

Kafwafwa

Kalowan g'

Kalumo

Kanyenda

Katsika

Kawenda I

Khofi

Khuwi

Ma ka nda

Ma la ma

Ma leng am k

Ma ndoMa vwa nje

Mb en de

Mcheteche

Ming u

Mkab asi

Mkhu zi

Mn jin gi

Mp haleMp hasa

Mp otacham

Mwa lala I

Mzu ma zi

Ng'an ga

Ng'ombe T

Nya la bvu

Petro Bwa

Reuben so

Sajeni S a

Saom ba nje

Sibawo

Tcha le

Th en geza

Tsa bvu

Tso nga

Visambo

Mg owo

4 0 4 8 Kilo meter s

Sc ale1:600,000

N

Map 10: Villages Coloured Red Further than 2km from a Classified Road



WATER

The GIS has also been queried to identify villages that are more than 300m from a borehole, well, river or spring. These are shown as red dots in Map 11 and clearly a water project starting up in the district should pay attention to these red villages, such as those circled below.

3.4 Updating Socio-economic Profile of District

Much of the information above has been fed into a document entitled the “Socio-Economic Profile” of the District, and the RAMPA project has been instrumental in preparing the most comprehensive one in the District. Unfortunately, funds available from internal sources to solve the problems identified by the project are limited (~US$50,000 p.a.) as shown in the following charts and tables. (MK125=US$1)

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Chilooko

alenga

Kalumo

Vuso Jere

Chikho

Kasakula

Nthondo

Boma

Mphe l el e

Dwanzi

Nkhula

Kaml enje

Mphele le

Z in do

C himbwazi

Ch afumb i

Chafumbi

K aombe

Nd a wu

Mbwetwe

Nk ula

Kala

Na chiwa li

Lifu liza

Chipa

2 0 2 4 Kilo me te rs

Scale 1:60 0,00 0

N

Map 11: Villages Coloured Red that are More Than 300m from Water Supply



Chart 15: District Revenue

Allocations to the District from Central Government over the last two years are low but more than doubled over the two years as shown in the table below.

Month 2003 / 2004 2004 / 2005 Total 1,872,261.00 4,521,415.00

Nevertheless, there are a number of NGOs working in the District such as:

(i) Public Affairs Committee-National Initiative for Civic Education (PAC-NICE); (ii) World Vision International (WVI); (iii) Malawi Red Cross Society; (iv) National Smallholder Farmers Association of Malawi (NASFAM); (v) CARE;(vi) Circle for Integrated Community Development (CICOD); (vii) Target National Relief and Development (TANARD); (viii) Civil Rights Advocacy Centre (CRAC); and (ix) Civil Liberties Committee (CILIC).

Development Partners operating in the district include: European Union, DFID, World Bank, African Development Bank, UNDP, UNICEF and WHO. All of these organisations are now in a position to better target their interventions due to the establishment of the IRAP and GIS databases by the RAMPA project.

The sums provided by these various partners greatly exceed the direct government allocations. Consequently, it should be made known to all of them the planning facilities now available.

0.00

200,000.00

400,000.00

600,000.00

800,000.00

1,000,000.00

1,200,000.00

1,400,000.00A

mou

nt c

olle

cted

Revenue Source by year

District Revenue Base

2002/2003 469,670.00 356,640.00 203,935.00 155,600.00 410,970.12 28,450.00 1,200.00 0 0

2003/2004 0 199,730.00 166,633.00 105,910.00 914,839.00 25,650.00 2,700.00 0 65,750.00

2004/2005 1,231,455. 324,048.00 473,405.00 189,428.00 859,892.00 67,400.00 250.00 160,000.00 61,000.00

Market fees

Resthouse fees

Business premises licence

Rental fees

Commercial

undertakin

Registration fees

Liquor Licence

Rent Income

Conferenc

Miscellaneous Sale of Document



3.5 Updating District Development Plan

One of the main uses of this information is to update the District Development Plan and the latest version for the 3-year period 2006-2008 will be available in December 2005. As part of the preparation for the new Plan, a review was carried out of progress made over the period 2003 to 2005 on all the various sectors in the District and an example for Roads and Fisheries is given in Table 3 following page. Heads of department of the all the District Council sections such as Works, Education, Police and Water assembled in September and October 2005 to consider the plan, identify needs for services, this time taking into account the IRAP information.

4. Improvement in Mobility

The RAMPA project also looked at how to improve mobility within the District. This focussed on providing Intermediate Modes of Transport (IMT). The IRAP survey indicated that walking and head-loading is the most dominant form of transport and hence IMTs could ease this burden.

The survey data given in the table below indicates that the district has IMTs in the form of bicycles, oxen, donkeys, oxcarts, and wheelbarrows, bicycle trailers and ambulances. The predominant IMT is the bicycle. The bicycle and oxcarts are mostly operational in flat and rolling terrains of Kalumo, Malenga and part of Chiloko and there are markedly less operational in the hilly and mountainous terrains of Nthondo, Chikho, Vuso Jere, and Kasakula. The Wheelbarrow is mostly used for construction purposes.

With regard to gender access to the available Intermediate Means of Transport, the databank reveals that women own less of the IMTs and have limited access to the available means of transport. Yet, they share the greatest burden of domestic activities and assist males in field activities in addition to domestic chores. The male farm work is usually four months of the year (November – February). The women take over harvest jobs and other post harvest chores. Their most common mode of travel and transport is walking and head-loading. As such, women bear the greatest burden of rural travel and transport burden in the district.

Table 2: Ownership of IMTs in Ntchisi District Type of IMT TA Owner-

ship1

OxenDonkey Animal

Cart Handcart W/barrow Bicycle Bicycle

TrailerMHH 3 0 1 5 4 133 3

Chikho FHH 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 MHH 28 8 60 0 11 888 0 Chilooko FHH 1 0 3 0 0 9 0 MHH 68 4 104 0 17 356 1 Kalumo FHH 2 0 4 0 2 3 0 MHH 8 3 3 0 6 189 1 Kasakula FHH 0 0 0 0 0 22 2 MHH 28 2 48 15 11 296 10

Malenga FHH 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 MHH 2 0 8 0 2 165 0 Nthondo FHH 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 MHH 11 0 8 0 23 89 0 Vuso Jere FHH 0 1 0 0 4 2 0 MHH 148 17 232 20 74 2,116 15 Total FHH 3 1 9 1 9 38 2

MHH= Male headed households; FHH= Female headed household

Rur

al A

cces

sibi

lity

& M

obili

ty in

Ntc

hisi

Dis

trict

, Mal

awi

And

resk

i, K

aira

& C

hagu

nda

PIA

RC

– R

GC

, Sie

m R

eap,

Nov

embe

r 200

5 P

aper

2P

age

16

Sect

or

Dev

elop

men

t O

bjec

tive

Prog

ram

me

Targ

et

Plan

ned

Ach

ieve

men

t Fa

ilure

R

emar

ks

Com

men

ts

Roa

ds

To im

prov

e th

e liv

ing

stan

dard

s of

peo

ple

thro

ugh

enha

nced

and

eq

uita

ble

Roa

d ne

twor

k di

strib

utio

n to

ac

cess

Soc

io-

econ

omic

s fa

cilit

ies.

2002

1.1

HIP

IC g

radi

ng

1.2

Rel

ief c

ash

for

wor

k (L

abou

r in

tens

ive)

1.3a

R

oads

re

habi

litat

ions

1.3b

B

ridge

re

habi

litat

ions

1.4

Gra

vel b

ase

reco

nstru

ctio

n an

d cu

lver

ts in

stal

latio

n

(449

.2K

m)

201.

6Km

180K

m

40.9

m (2

0 N

o.)

5.6K

m

359K

m

38K

m

135.

4Km

180K

m

40.9

m (5

No.

)

5.6K

m

90.2

Km

163K

m

To p

rovi

de

stru

ctur

alcr

ossi

ngs o

n im

prov

ed

earth

wor

ks

Inad

equa

te

fund

ing

Polic

y re

stric

tions

Con

tract

ual

syst

em

Con

tract

ual

syst

em

Nat

iona

l Roa

ds A

utho

rity

(NR

A)

Mal

awi S

ocia

l Act

ion

Fund

(MA

SAF)

Gov

ernm

ent,

EU P

ublic

W

orks

Pro

gram

me

Gov

ernm

ent,

EU P

ublic

W

orks

Pro

gram

me

MA

SAF,

WV

I , N

RA

Fish

erie

s To

ens

ure

that

80

% o

f far

m

fam

ilies

are

food

se

cure

d by

200

5

1.1

DD

P fis

h fa

rmin

g 30

0 Po

nds

106

Pond

In

adeq

uate

reso

urce

s to

reac

h 34

4 Po

nds.

1.2

Fish

reso

urce

s m

anag

emen

t FF

-80%

FF

-20%

FF

-60%

The

reso

urce

s wer

e no

t ad

equa

te to

reac

h 80

%

1.3

EU m

ulti

annu

al

food

secu

rity

18

9 Po

nds

9 Po

nds

1.4

Fish

erie

s (H

IPIC

) 32

78

Pon

ds

1.5

Wor

ld v

isio

n

40

19 P

onds

21

T

able

3: R

oad

and

Fish

erie

s Sec

tor

Dev

elop

men

t Pla

n T

arge

ts a

nd A

chie

vem

ents

200

3 - 2

005



Under the project, four artisans have had two weeks training at Rumphi Polytechnic in making axles and wheels for animal carts. Thirty axles and wheels have been made and after delivery the artisans built the carts. Also, 32 donkeys have been purchased in Mozambique and are under quarantine until blood sample results come from South Africa. Delivery will take place as soon as the import licence requirements for Government of Malawi are met. Regarding credit, a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between Malawi Rural Finance Company and Malawi Rural Transport & Travel Project/Ntchisi District Assembly for the administration of the credit. Groups have already been identified from the 7 ADCs; and will be handed over to MRFC for screening for the loans.

5. Improvement in Access

Another element of the programme looked at improving accessibility. Training of Small Scale Community Contractors was completed with the construction of 1 km of earth road labour-based standard in the 7 ADCs with structures such as culverts and drifts including one wooden deck bridge. The graduation was 1 July 2005 and this was followed by award of trial maintenance contracts at the end of August 2005 to the seven newly formed construction companies by the trainees. During the graduation, the National Construction Council Directors Technical and Training were part of the Team that inspected the works and they were quite impressed and advised the trainees to seek registration with them.

A total of 37 km were maintained under the trial contracts and all were completed well with minimum supervision. This exercise demonstrated that labour based road maintenance can be managed at district level rather than through central programmes.

6. Conclusions

The RAMPA project has been highly successful in incorporating the planning tools IRAP and GIS into the District planning cycle. Further analysis is still required following the integration of the IRAP database into the GIS. This would then enable us to pick out villages with a particular AI and then group them in a certain area for project design purposes for the other sectors not covered in this paper.

Since Ntchisi District now has the most comprehensive data and planning tool available in Malawi, the Government and its Development Partners should take advantage of this to develop well target projects in the District. A new paved road linking the District with the rest of the paved road network is now under construction. Consequently, there is every opportunity to prepare and implement a model integrated infrastructure development plan in Ntchisi District.

The cost of the RAMPA project was $700,000 including consultancy, IRAP and GIS surveys, collection of secondary data, preparation of Socio-Economic Profile and District Development Plan, contractor training/trial contracts and IMT promotion. However, this was a pilot and it is estimated that a rollout to the remaining 25 districts in the country would cost around $250,000 per district. This information is valid for at least five years and hence around $50,000 per year would be spent on planning.

Malawi receives around $500 million per year in development aid (OECD statistics). If half of it goes to district development then each district would receive around $10m/year each. This means that around 0.5% of aid would be spent on an efficient planning system and consequently it is recommended that this pilot now be rolled out country wide.



ANNEX 1: ROAD MAP OF MALAWI

Namitete

Salima

Chipoka

Mozambique

LILONGWEDEDZA

Tsangano

Lake Malawi

LILONGWE

Lobi

Nathenje

DedzaGolomoti

Ntcheu

Jenda

Lake Malawi

MZIMBA

Karonga

Rumphi

Mzuzu

ZAMBIA

TANZANIA

Lake Malawi

Nkhata Bay

Chintheche

Chilumba

RUMPHI

NKHATA BAY

Chitipa

Kafukule

Usisya

Mzimba

Edingeni

MZIMBA

Euthini

Chisenga

EkwendeniChikwina

Nkhotakota

Mtanga

Ntchisi

MkhotaDowa

ZAMBIA

NKHOTAKOTA

Mponela

Nthunga

KASUNGU

NTCHISI

DOWA

MCHINJI

Mchinji

Kasungu

Liwonde

Ntaja

Zomba

Namadzi

Phalombe

Milange

Mulanje

Nambazo

Mozambique

Lake Chilwa

MACHINGA

Machinga

ZOMBA

MULANJE

Monkey Bay

Mangochi

Makanjila

Mandimba

MozambiqueLake Malombe

MANGOCHI

Balaka

Lake Chiuta

Neno

ChiradzuluBlantyre Limbe

Thyolo

N’gabu

Bangula

Chikwawa

Nsanje

Mwanza

MWANZA BLANTYRE

THYOLO

NSANJE

CHIKWAWA

Luchenza

CHITIPA

KARONGA

SALIMA

Senga Bay

NTCHEU

Thekerani

KeyMain Roads

Secondary Roads

District BoundaryInternational DISTRICT NAME

Tertiary Roads

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