CHAPTER€¦ · Rules for Using Airway Adjuncts •Continue to be ready to provide suction if fluid...
Transcript of CHAPTER€¦ · Rules for Using Airway Adjuncts •Continue to be ready to provide suction if fluid...
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Emergency Care
CHAPTER
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
THIRTEENTH EDITION
Airway Management
9
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Multimedia Directory
Slide 22 Responding to an Adult with an Obstructed Airway Video
Slide 73 Suctioning—Oral Pharyngeal Video
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Topics
• Airway Physiology
• Airway Pathophysiology
• Opening the Airway
• Airway Adjuncts
• Suctioning
• Keeping an Airway Open: Definitive Care
• Special Considerations
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Airway Physiology
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Airway Physiology
• Upper airway
Begins at mouth and nose
• Air is warmed and humidified in nasal turbinates.
Pharynx
• Oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx
Ends at glottic opening
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Airway Physiology
The upper airway.
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Airway Physiology
• Lower airway
Begins below the larynx
Composed of:
• Trachea
• Bronchial passages
• Alveoli
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Airway Physiology
The lower airway. (A) The bronchial tree.
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Airway Physiology
• Alveoli
Tiny sacs in grapelike bunches at the end of the airway
Surrounded by pulmonary capillaries
Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through pulmonary capillary membranes.
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Airway Physiology
The lower airway. (B) The alveolar sacs (clusters of individual alveoli).
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Airway Pathophysiology
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Airway Pathophysiology
• Variety of obstructions interfere with air flow
Foreign bodies
• Food, small toys
Liquids
• Blood, vomit
• Obstruction may also result from poor muscle tone caused by altered mental status.
continued on next slide
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Airway Pathophysiology
• Obstructions can be acute or chronic.
• Providers must initially evaluate airway and monitor patency over time.
continued on next slide
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Airway Pathophysiology
• Airway obstructions
Acute
• Foreign bodies
• Vomit
• Blood
Occurring over time
• Edema from burns, trauma, or infection
• Decreasing mental status
continued on next slide
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Airway Pathophysiology
• Airway obstructions
Bronchoconstriction
• Disorder of lower airway
• Smooth muscle constricts internal diameter of airway.
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Patient Assessment
• Addressed in primary assessment
• Two questions must be answered.
Is airway open?
Will airway stay open?
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Is the Airway Open?
• In most patients, can be determined by simply saying hello
• "Sniffing position" seen when swelling obstructs airflow through upper airway
continued on next slide
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Is the Airway Open?
• Findings indicating breathing problems
Inability to speak
Unusual raspy quality to voice
Stridor
Snoring
Gurgling
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Will the Airway Stay Open?
• Airway assessment is not just a moment in time.
• Must give constant consideration
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Signs of an Inadequate Airway
• No signs of breathing or air movement
• Evidence of foreign bodies in airway
• No air felt or heard
• Inability or difficulty speaking
• Unusual hoarse or raspy voice
• Absent, minimal, or uneven chest movement
continued on next slide
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Signs of an Inadequate Airway
• Abdominal breathing
• Diminished or absent breath sounds
• Abnormal noises such as wheezing, crowing, stridor, snoring, gurgling, or gasping during breathing
• In children and infants, nasal flaring
• In children, retractions above the clavicles
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Responding to an Adult with an Obstructed Airway Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the subject of obstructed airway in an adult.
Back to Directory
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Opening the Airway
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Patient Care
• The airway
When primary assessment indicates inadequate airway, a life-threatening condition exists.
Take prompt action to open and the maintain airway
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Opening the Airway
• If airway is not open, use position to open it.
• Indications of head, neck, spinal injury
Mechanism of injury known to cause such injuries
Any injury at or above the level of the shoulders
Family or bystanders give information leading you to suspect it.
continued on next slide
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Opening the Airway
• Head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver and jaw-thrust maneuver move airway structures into position allowing air movement.
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Head-Tilt, Chin-Lift Maneuver
Head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver, side view. Right image shows EMT’s fingertips under the bony area at the center of the patient’s lower jaw.
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Head-Tilt, Chin-Lift Maneuver
1. Place one hand on patient's forehead and fingertips of other hand at the center of patient's lower jaw.
2. Tilt head.
3. Lift chin.
4. Do not allow mouth to close.
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Jaw-Thrust Maneuver
Jaw-thrust maneuver, side view. Inset shows EMT’s finger position at angle of the jaw just below the ears.
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Jaw-Thrust Maneuver
1. Keep patient's head, neck, and spine aligned, moving patient as a unit into the supine position.
2. Kneel at the top of patient's head.
3. Place one hand on each side of patient's lower jaw, at angles of jaw below ears.
4. Stabilize patient's head with your forearms.
continued on next slide
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Performing Jaw-Thrust Maneuver
5. Using index fingers, push angles of patient's lower jaw forward.
6. You may need to retract patient's lower lip with your thumb to keep the mouth open.
7. Do not tilt or rotate patient's head.
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Airway Management
• After airway has been opened, position must be maintained to keep airway open.
• Airway must be cleared of secretions and other obstructions.
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Airway Adjuncts
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Airway Adjuncts
• Airway position and maneuvers are short-term solutions.
• Airway adjunct provides longer term air channel.
• Two most common airway adjuncts
Oropharyngeal airway (OPA)
Nasopharyngeal airway (NPA)
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Rules for Using Airway Adjuncts
• Use OPA only on patients not exhibiting gag reflex.
• Open patient's airway manually before using adjunct device.
• When inserting airway, take care not to push patient's tongue into pharynx.
continued on next slide
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Rules for Using Airway Adjuncts
• Have suction ready prior to inserting any airway.
• Do not continue inserting airway if patient gags.
• Maintain head position after adjunct insertion and monitor airway.
continued on next slide
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Rules for Using Airway Adjuncts
• Continue to be ready to provide suction if fluid or blood obstructs the airway.
• If patient regains consciousness or develops a gag reflect, remove the airway immediately.
• Use infection control practices while maintaining airway.
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Oropharyngeal Airway
• Device used to move tongue forward as it curves back to pharynx
• Sizes
Infant to large adult
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Oropharyngeal Airway
Oropharyngeal airways.
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Sizing Oropharyngeal Airways
Ensure the oropharyngeal airway is the correct size by checking to make sure it either extends from the center of the mouth to the angle of the jaw or…
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Sizing Oropharyngeal Airways
Measure from the corner of the patient's mouth to the tip of the earlobe.
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Oropharyngeal Airway
• Inserting OPA
1. Place patient on his back, and use appropriate method to open the airway
2. Open mouth with crossed-finger technique
3. Position airway with tip pointing toward roof of mouth
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Inserting OPA
Use the crossed-fingers technique to open the patient's mouth.
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Oropharyngeal Airway
• Inserting OPA
4. Insert device along roof of mouth
5. Gently rotate airway 180 degrees so tip is pointing down into patient's pharynx
6. Position patient
7. Check that flange of airway is against patient's lips
8. Monitor patient closely
continued on next slide
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Inserting OPA
Insert the airway with the tip pointing to the roof of the patient's mouth.
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Oropharyngeal Airway
• Inserting OPA
Use tongue depressor or rigid suction tip and insert OPA directly
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Nasopharyngeal Airway
• Soft, flexible tube inserted through nostril and into hypopharynx
• Moves tongue and soft tissue forward to provide a channel for air
continued on next slide
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Nasopharyngeal Airway
• Can be used in patients with intact gag reflex or clenched jaw
• Contraindicated if clear (cerebrospinal) fluid coming from nose or ears
continued on next slide
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Nasopharyngeal Airway
• Come in various sizes
• Must be measured
• Typical adult sizes
34, 32, 30, and 28 French
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Inserting NPA
• Inserting NPA
1. Measure for correct size
2. Lubricate outside of tube with water-based lubricant before insertion
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Inserting NPA
Measure the nasopharyngeal airway from the patient's nostril to the tip of the earlobe or to the angle of the jaw.
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Inserting NPA
Apply a water-based lubricant before insertion.
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Inserting NPA
• Inserting NPA
3. Push tip of nose upward; keep head in neutral position
4. Insert into nostril; advance until flange rests firmly against nostril
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Inserting NPA
Gently push the tip of the nose upward, and insert the airway with the beveled side toward the base of the nostril or toward the septum (wall that separates the nostrils).
Insert the airway, advancing it until the flange rests against the nostril.
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Suctioning
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Suctioning
• Obvious liquids (blood, secretions, vomitus) must be removed from airway to prevent aspiration into lungs.
• Use vacuum device to remove liquids from airway.
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Suction Devices
• Mounted suction systems
Installed near head of stretcher
Furnish air intake of at least 30 liters per minute
Generate vacuum of no less than 300 mmHg when collecting tube clamped
continued on next slide
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Suction Devices
• Portable suction units
Same requirements as mounted
Oxygen- or air-powered or powered by batteries/electricity
Manual
continued on next slide
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Suction Devices
• Tubing, tips, and catheters
Tubing
Suction tips
Suction catheters
Collection container
Container of clean or sterile water
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Suction Systems
A mounted suction unit installed in the ambulance’s patient compartment.
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Suction Devices
• Tubing, tips, and catheters
Rigid pharyngeal suction tip
• Also called Yankauer tip
• Larger bore than flexible catheters
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Rigid Pharyngeal Tip
Place the convex side of the rigid tip against the roof of the mouth. Insert just to the base of the tongue.
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Suction Devices
• Tubing, tips, and catheters
Rigid pharyngeal suction tip
• Suction only as far as you can see.
• Do not lose sight of distal end.
• Careful insertion helps prevent gag reflex or vagal stimulation.
continued on next slide
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Suction Devices
• Tubing, tips, and catheters
Flexible suction catheters
• Designed to be used when a rigid tip cannot be used
• Can be passed through a tube such as the nasopharyngeal or endotracheal tube
• Can be used for suctioning the nasopharynx
continued on next slide
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Suction Devices
• Tubing, tips, and catheters
Flexible suction catheters
• Come in various sizes identified by a number "French"
• Larger the number, larger the catheter
continued on next slide
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Suction Devices
• Tubing, tips, and catheters
Flexible suction catheters
• Not typically large enough to suction vomitus or thick secretions
• May kink
• In event of copious, thick secretions consider removing tip or catheter and using large bore, rigid suction tubing.
continued on next slide
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Suction Devices
• Tubing, tips, and catheters
Flexible suction catheters
• Measured in similar way as OPA
• Length of catheter that should be inserted into patient's mouth equals distance between corner of patient's mouth and earlobe.
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Measuring Flexible Suction Catheter
If you are using a flexible catheter, measure it from the patient's earlobe to the corner of the mouth or from the center of the mouth to the angle of the jaw.
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Techniques of Suctioning
• Use appropriate infection control practices while suctioning
Includes protective eyewear, mask, disposable gloves
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Suctioning Techniques
Position yourself at the patient's head and turn the patient's head or entire body to the side.
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Techniques of Suctioning
• Suction no longer than ten seconds at a time.
Prolonged suctioning can cause hypoxia and bradycardia.
If patient vomits for longer than ten seconds, continue suction.
continued on next slide
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Techniques of Suctioning
• Place tip or catheter where you want to begin suctioning and suction on the way out.
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Suctioning—Oral Pharyngeal Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the subject of suctioning.
Back to Directory
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Keeping an Airway Open: Definitive Care
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Keeping an Airway Open: Definitive Care
• Keeping the airway open may exceed capabilities of a basic EMT.
• Medications and/or surgical procedures may be necessary to resolve airway obstruction.
continued on next slide
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Keeping an Airway Open: Definitive Care
• Rapidly evaluate and treat airway problems.
• Quickly recognize when more definitive care is necessary.
May be Advanced Life Support intercept
May be closest hospital
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Think About It
• If you were not able to manage an airway at the basic level, what advanced resources might be available to you?
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Special Considerations
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Special Considerations
• Facial injuries
Frequently result in severe swelling or bleeding that may block or partially block airway
Bleeding may require frequent suctioning or more definitive airway.
continued on next slide
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Special Considerations
• Obstructions
Many suction units are not adequate for removing solid objects.
Objects may have to be removed with manual techniques
• Abdominal thrusts
• Chest thrusts
• Finger sweeps
continued on next slide
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Special Considerations
• Dental appliances
Leave in place during airway procedures when possible.
Partial dentures may become dislodged during an emergency.
Be prepared to remove if airway endangered.
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Pediatric Note
• Variety of anatomical differences to consider when managing the airway
• Anatomic considerations
Smaller mouth and nose
Larger tongue
Narrow, flexible trachea
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Pediatric Anatomical Considerations
Comparison of child and adult respiratory passages.
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Pediatric Note
• Management considerations
Open airway gently
Do not hyperextend neck
Consider adjuncts when other measures fail
Use rigid tip with adjunct, but do not touch back of airway
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Chapter Review
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Chapter Review
• The airway is the passageway by which air enters the body during respiration, or breathing.
• A patient cannot survive without an open airway.
• Airway adjuncts—the oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways—can help keep the airway open.
continued on next slide
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Chapter Review
• It may be necessary to suction the airway or to use manual techniques to remove fluids and solids from the airway before, during, or after artificial ventilation.
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Remember
• Always use proper personal protective equipment when managing an airway.
• Airway assessment must be an ongoing process. Airway status can change over time.
• Airway management should start simply and become more complicated only if necessary.
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Questions to Consider
• Name the main structures of the airway.
• Explain why care for the airway is the first priority of emergency care.
• Describe the signs of an inadequate airway.
continued on next slide
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Questions to Consider
• Explain when the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver should be used and when the jaw-thrust maneuver should be used to open the airway—and why.
• Explain how airway adjuncts and suctioning help in airway management.
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Critical Thinking
• On arrival at the emergency scene, you find an adult female patient with gurgling sounds in the throat and inadequate breathing slowing to almost nothing. How do you proceed to protect the airway?
continued on next slide
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Critical Thinking
• When evaluating a small child you hear stridor. What does this sound tell you? What are your immediate concerns regarding this sound?
continued on next slide
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Critical Thinking
• When assessing an unconscious patient, you note snoring respirations. Should you be concerned with this and if so, what steps can you take to correct this situation?
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Emergency Care
CHAPTER
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
THIRTEENTH EDITION
Respiration and Artificial Ventilation
10
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Multimedia Directory
Slide 93 Oxygen Administration via a Non-Rebreather Mask Video
Slide 107 In-Hospital Endotracheal Intubation Video
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Topics
• Physiology and Pathophysiology
• Respiration
• Positive Pressure Ventilation
• Oxygen Therapy
• Special Considerations
• Assisting with Advanced Airway Devices
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Physiology and Pathophysiology
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Mechanics of Breathing
• Ventilation
Process of moving air into and out of chest
continued on next slide
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Mechanics of Breathing
• Inhalation
Active process
Muscles expand; size of chest increases
Negative pressure pulls air into lungs
continued on next slide
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Mechanics of Breathing
• Exhalation
Passive process
Muscles relax; size of chest decreases
Positive pressure created; air pushed out
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Respiration Terminology
• Tidal volume
Amount of air moved in one breath
• Minute volume
Amount of air moved into and out of lungs per minute
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Physiology of Respiration
• Dead space air
Air moved in ventilation not reaching alveoli
• Alveolar ventilation
Air actually reaching alveoli
• Diffusion
Movement of gases from high concentration to low concentration
continued on next slide
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Physiology of Respiration
• External respiration
Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide (exchange of gases) between alveoli and circulating blood
• Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between blood and cells
continued on next slide
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Physiology of Respiration
• Cellular respiration
Oxygen from blood diffused into cell
Carbon dioxide diffused from cell into blood
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Pathophysiology of the Cardiopulmonary System
• Mechanics of breathing disrupted
• Gas exchange interrupted
• Circulation issues
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Respiration
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Adequate and Inadequate Breathing
• Brain and body cells need a steady supply of oxygen.
Hypoxia
• Low oxygen level in cells
• Carbon dioxide must be continuously removed.
Hypercapnea
• High carbon dioxide level
continued on next slide
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Adequate and Inadequate Breathing
• Assesses how well cardiopulmonary system is accomplishing oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal
continued on next slide
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Adequate and Inadequate Breathing
• Compensation for hypoxia or hypercapnea is predictable.
• Signs
Shortness of breath (symptom)
Increased respiratory rate and depth
Increased heart rate
continued on next slide
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Adequate and Inadequate Breathing
• Early on, steps of adjustment can meet the needs of the body despite respiratory challenge.
• Respiratory distress
Body compensating for a respiratory challenge and meeting metabolic needs
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Inadequate Breathing
• Occurs when challenge are too great for body's compensation mechanisms
• Also known as respiratory failure
• Exceptionally important to recognize; often a precursor to respiratory arrest
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Respiratory Distress
Respiratory distress usually involves accessory muscle use and increased work of breathing. Severe or prolonged respiratory distress can proceed to respiratory failure and inadequate ventilation when the body can no longer work so hard to breathe. In this case you will see a reduced level of
responsiveness or an appearance of tiring, shallow ventilations, and other signs of
inadequate breathing.© Dan Limmer
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Patient Assessment
• Signs of adequate breathing
Relatively normal mental status
Relatively normal pulse oximetry reading
Relatively normal skin color
continued on next slide
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Patient Assessment
• Signs of inadequate breathing
Chest movements are absent, minimal, or uneven
Abdominal breathing
No air can be felt or heard at the nose or mouth
Breath sounds are diminished or absent
Wheezing, crowing, stridor, gurgling, or gasping during breathing
continued on next slide
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Patient Assessment
• Signs of inadequate breathing
Rate of breathing is too rapid or too slow
Breathing is very shallow, very deep, or appears labored
Cyanosis
Inspirations or expirations are prolonged
Retractions and nasal flaring in children
Low oxygen saturation reading (<95%)
continued on next slide
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Patient Assessment
• Hypoxia
Major causes
• A patient is trapped in a fire.
• A patient has emphysema.
• A patient overdoses on a drug that has a depressing effect on the respiratory system.
• A patient has a heart attack.
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Patient Care
• Inadequate breathing
Provide artificial ventilation to the nonbreathing patient and the patient with inadequate breathing.
Provide supplemental oxygen to the breathing patient.
continued on next slide
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Patient Care
• When Do I Intervene?
Often respiratory failure patients will be breathing and conscious.
Identify adequacy of breathing.
• If breathing is inadequate, immediate intervention is necessary.
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Think About It
• What signs might identify the need to intervene in a breathing patient?
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Positive Pressure Ventilation
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Positive Pressure Ventilation
• Forcing air or oxygen into lungs when a patient has stopped breathing or has inadequate breathing
• Uses force exactly opposite of how the body normally draws air into the lungs
continued on next slide
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Positive Pressure Ventilation
• Negative side effects of positive pressure ventilation
Decreasing cardiac output/dropping blood pressure
Gastric distention
Hyperventilation
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Techniques of Artificial Ventilation
• Do not ventilate patient who is vomiting or has vomitus in airway
PPV will force vomitus into patient's lungs
• Watch chest rise and fall with each ventilation
• Ensure rate of ventilation is sufficient
continued on next slide
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Techniques of Artificial Ventilation
• Carefully assess the adequacy of respiration
• Explain procedure to patient
• Place the mask over the patient's mouth and nose
• After sealing mask on patient's face, squeeze bag with patient's inhalation
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CPAP/BiPAP
• Form of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV)
• CPAP
Continuous positive airway pressure
• BiPAP
Biphasic positive airway pressure
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Mouth-to-Mask Ventilation
• Performed using a pocket face mask
continued on next slide
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Mouth-to-Mask Ventilation
Pocket face mask.© Laerdal Corporation
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Mouth-to-Mask Ventilation
• Patient without suspected spine injury
EMT at top of patient's head
1. Position yourself directly above the patient's head.
2. Apply the mask to the patient.
3. Place your thumbs over the top of the mask, your index fingers over the bottom of the mask, and the rest of your fingers under the patient's jaw.
continued on next slide
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Performing Mouth-to-Mask Ventilation
• Patient without suspected spine injury
EMT at top of patient's head
4. Lift jaw to the mask as you tilt patient's head backward and place remaining fingers under the angle of the jaw.
5. While lifting the jaw, squeeze the mask with your thumbs to achieve a seal between the mask and patient's face.
6. Give breaths into one-way valve of the mask. Watch for the chest to rise.
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Performing Mouth-to-Mask Ventilation
Use only a pocket mask with a one-way valve.
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Bag-Valve Mask
• Handheld ventilation device
• Used to ventilate nonbreathing patient and/or patient in respiratory failure
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Bag-Valve Mask
Adult, child, and infant bag-valve-mask units.
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Bag-Valve Mask
• Standard features
Self-refilling shell that is easily cleaned and sterilized
Non-jam valve that allows an oxygen inlet flow of 15 liters per minute
Nonrebreathing valve
continued on next slide
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Bag-Valve Mask
• Mechanics of BVM
Supply of 15 liters per minute of oxygen attached and enters reservoir
When squeezed, air inlet closed and oxygen delivered to patient
When released, passive expiration by patient occurs
continued on next slide
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Bag-Valve Mask
• Two-rescuer BVM ventilation—no trauma suspected
Strongly recommended by AHA
Most difficult part of BVM ventilation is obtaining adequate mask seal
Hard to maintain seal while squeezing bag
One rescuer squeezes bag; other rescuer maintains seal.
continued on next slide
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Bag-Valve Mask
• Two-rescuer BVM ventilation—no trauma suspected
1. Open airway with head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver.
2. Select correct bag-valve mask size.
3. Kneel at patient's head; position thumbs over top half of mask, index fingers over bottom half.
continued on next slide
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Bag-Valve Mask
• Two-rescuer BVM ventilation—no trauma suspected
4. Place apex of triangular mask over bridge of nose; lower mask over mouth and upper chin.
5. Use middle, ring, and little fingers to bring patient's jaw up to mask.
• Maintain head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver.
continued on next slide
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Bag-Valve Mask
• Two-rescuer BVM ventilation—no trauma suspected
6. Second rescuer connects and squeezes bag.
7. Second rescuer releases bag; patient exhales passively.
continued on next slide
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Bag-Valve Mask
• Two-rescuer BVM ventilation—trauma suspected
1. Open airway using jaw-thrust maneuver.
2. Select correct bag-valve mask size.
3. Kneel at patient's head; place thumb sides of your hands along mask to hold it firmly on patient's face.
continued on next slide
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Bag-Valve Mask
• Two-rescuer BVM ventilation—trauma suspected
4. Use remaining fingers to bring jaw upward toward mask, without tilting head or neck.
5. Second rescuer releases bag; patient exhales passively.
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Two-Rescuer BVM Ventilation: Trauma Suspected
Delivering two-rescuer BVM ventilation while providing manual stabilization of the head and neck when trauma is suspected in the patient.
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Bag-Valve Mask
• One-rescuer BVM ventilation
1. Open airway.
2. Select correct size mask.
3. Form a "C" around the ventilation port with thumb and index finger; use middle and little fingers to hold the jaw to mask.
continued on next slide
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Bag-Valve Mask
• One-rescuer BVM ventilation
4. Squeeze bag.
5. Release pressure on bag and let patient exhale passively.
continued on next slide
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Bag-Valve Mask
• If the chest does not rise and fall during BVM ventilation, you should:
1. Reposition head
2. Check for escape of air around mask; reposition fingers and mask
3. Check for airway obstruction or obstruction in BVM system
4. Use alternative method
continued on next slide
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Bag-Valve Mask
• Artificial ventilation of a stoma breather
1. Clear mucus plugs or secretions from stoma
2. Leave head and neck in neutral position
3. Use pediatric-sized mask to establish seal around stoma
continued on next slide
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Bag-Valve Mask
• Artificial ventilation of a stoma breather
4. Ventilate at appropriate rate for patient's age.
5. If unable to artificially ventilate through stoma, seal stoma and attempt artificial ventilation through mouth and nose.
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Flow-Restricted, Oxygen-Powered Ventilation Device
• Also called manually triggered ventilation device
• Uses oxygen under pressure to deliver artificial ventilations through a mask placed over the patient's face
,
continued on next slide
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Flow-Restricted, Oxygen-Powered Ventilation Device
• Use on adults only.
• Follow same procedures for mask seal as for BVM.
• Trigger device until chest rises.
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Using Flow-Restricted, Oxygen-Powered Ventilation Device
Providing ventilations with a flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device (FROPVD).
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Automatic Transport Ventilator
• Provides positive pressure ventilations
• Can adjust ventilation rate and volume
• Provider must assure appropriate respiratory rate and volume for patient's size and condition.
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Automatic Transport Ventilator
An automatic transport ventilator. The coin is shown for scale.© Edward T. Dickinson, MD
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Think About It
• How would you decide which positive pressure delivery method to use for your patient?
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Oxygen Therapy
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Importance of Supplemental Oxygen
• Issues to consider when making decisions about oxygen administration
Oxygen is a drug.
Oxygen can cause harm.
Oxygen should be administered based on your overall evaluation of the patient's presentation and possible underlying conditions.
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Oxygen Therapy Equipment
• Portable
In the field
Lightweight, safe, dependable
• Installed
Inside the ambulance
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Oxygen Systems
For safety, to prevent them from tipping over, oxygen cylinders must be placed in a horizontal position or, if upright, must be securely supported.
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Oxygen Systems
Larger cylinders are used for fixed systems on ambulances.
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Oxygen Cylinders
• Come in various sizes
D cylinder
• About 350 liters of oxygen
E cylinder
• About 625 liters of oxygen
M cylinder
• About 3,000 liters of oxygen
continued on next slide
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Oxygen Cylinders
• Come in various sizes
G cylinder
• About 5,300 liters of oxygen
H cylinder
• About 6,900 liters of oxygen
continued on next slide
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Oxygen Cylinders
• Use pressure gauges, regulators, and tubing intended for use with oxygen.
• Use nonferrous wrenches.
• Ensure valve seat inserts and gaskets are in good condition.
• Use medical-grade oxygen.
continued on next slide
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Oxygen Cylinders
• Open the valve of an oxygen cylinder fully then close it half a turn to prevent someone else from thinking the valve is closed and trying to force it open.
• Store reserve oxygen cylinders in cool, ventilated room, properly secured in place.
• Have oxygen cylinders hydrostatically tested every five years.
continued on next slide
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Oxygen Cylinders
• Never drop a cylinder or let it fall against any object.
• Never leave an oxygen cylinder standing in an upright position without being secured.
• Never allow smoking around oxygen equipment in use.
continued on next slide
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Oxygen Cylinders
• Never use oxygen equipment around open flame.
• Never use grease, oil, or fat-based soaps on devices that will be attached to an oxygen supply cylinder.
• Never use adhesive tape on a cylinder.
• Never try to move an oxygen cylinder by dragging it or rolling it on its side or bottom.
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Pressure Regulators
• Connected to the oxygen cylinder to provide a safe working pressure of 30 to 70 psi.
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Flowmeters
• Allow control of the flow of oxygen in liters per minute
• Low-pressure flowmeters
Pressure-compensated flowmeter
Constant flow selector valve
• High-pressure flowmeters
Thumper™ CPR device
Respirators and ventilators such as CPAP and BiPAP devices
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Flowmeters
Low-pressure flowmeters: (Left) A pressure-compensated flowmeter; (Right) a constant flow selector valve.
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Flowmeters
High-pressure flowmeter. High-pressure oxygen is delivered through hoses attached to a threaded connector.
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Humidifiers
• Connected to flowmeter
• Provide moisture to dry oxygen from supply cylinder
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Humidifier
Humidifier in use on board an ambulance.
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Hazards of Oxygen Therapy
• Common hazards of oxygen and oxygen equipment
If the tank is punctured or a valve breaks off, the supply tank can become a missile.
Oxygen supports combustion.
• Can saturate towels, sheets, clothing
Oxygen and oil do not mix under pressure.
continued on next slide
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Hazards of Oxygen Therapy
• Rare medical situations
Oxygen toxicity or air sac collapse
Infant eye damage
Respiratory depression or respiratory arrest
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Administering Oxygen
• Work with your instructor or follow your instructor's directions to understand how to use specific equipment.
• Various devices available
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Nonrebreather Mask
• Best way to deliver high concentrations of oxygen to a breathing patient
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Delivery Devices:Nonrebreather Mask
Nonrebreather mask. Note the round disks—flutter valves that allow air exhaled by the patient to escape so it is not rebreathed.
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Delivery Devices:Nonrebreather Mask
Nonrebreather mask. Note the round disks—flutter valves that allow air exhaled by the patient to escape so it is not rebreathed.
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Nonrebreather Mask
• Provides oxygen concentrations of 80 to 100 percent
• Optimum flow rate is 12 to 15 liters per minute.
• A new design feature allows for one emergency port in the mask to the patient can still receive atmospheric air should the oxygen supply fail.
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Nasal Cannula
• Best choice for a patient who refuses to wear an oxygen face mask
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Delivery Devices: Nasal Cannula
Nasal cannula.
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Nasal Cannula
• Provides oxygen concentrations between 24 and 44 percent
• Oxygen is delivered to patient by two prongs that rest in patient's nostrils.
Should deliver no more than 4 to 6 liters per minute
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Partial Rebreather Mask
• Very similar to nonrebreather mask
• No one-way valve in opening to reservoir bag
• Delivers 40 to 60 percent oxygen at 9–10 liters per minute
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Venturi Mask
• Delivers specific concentrations of oxygen by mixing oxygen with inhaled air
• Some have set percentage and flow rate; others have adjustable Venturi port.
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Delivery Devices: Venturi Mask
Venturi mask.
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Delivery Devices: Venturi Mask
Venturi mask.
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Tracheostomy Mask
• Placed over stoma or tracheostomy tube to provide supplemental oxygen
• Connected to 8 to 10 liters per minute of oxygen via supply tubing
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Delivery Devices: Tracheostomy Mask
Tracheostomy mask.
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Oxygen Administration via aNon-Rebreather Mask Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of oxygen delivery using a simple mask.
Back to Directory
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Special Considerations
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Special Considerations
• Facial injuries
Bleeding and swelling can disrupt movement of air.
Aggressive suction and advanced airway maneuvers may be necessary.
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Special Considerations
• Obstructions
Foreign bodies can impede ventilation of patients.
If unable to ventilate, always consider the possibility of obstruction.
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Special Considerations
• Dental appliances
Dentures should ordinarily be left in place during airway procedures.
Partial dentures may become dislodged during an emergency.
Leave a partial denture in place if possible, but be prepared to remove it if it endangers the airway.
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Pediatric Note
• Hypoxia often occurs rapidly.
Children burn oxygen at twice the rate of adults
Accounted for by the many anatomical differences associated with airway
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Pediatric Note
• Ventilating pediatric patients
Avoid excessive pressure and volume.
Use properly sized face masks.
Flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation devices contraindicated
Use pediatric-sized nonrebreather masks and nasal cannulas.
Gastric distention may impair adequate ventilations.
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Assisting with Advanced Airway Devices
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Assisting with Advanced Airway Devices
• Devices requiring direct visualization of the glottic opening (endotracheal intubation)
• Devices inserted "blindly," meaning without having to look into the airway to insert the device.
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Types of Advanced Airway Devices
In the BURP maneuver, press your thumb and index finger on either side of the throat over the cricoid cartilage and gently direct the throat upward and toward the
patient’s right. © Edward T. Dickinson, MD
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Preparing the Patient for Intubation
• Maximize oxygenation prior to procedure.
• Position patient in sniffing position.
• Cricoid pressure
• Confirmation
• Securing tube in place
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Ventilating the Intubated Patient
• Very little movement can displace an endotracheal tube.
• Pay attention to resistance to ventilations; report changes.
• If patient is defibrillated, carefully remove bag from tube.
• Watch for any change in patient's mental status.
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Assisting with a Trauma Intubation
• Provide manual in-line stabilization throughout procedure.
• Position hands to hold stabilization, but allow for movement of jaw.
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Blind-Insertion Airway Devices
• Examples
King LT™ airway
Laryngeal mask airway (LMA™)
• Usually do not require head to be placed in sniffing position
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In-Hospital Endotracheal Intubation Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the subject of in-hospital endotracheal intubation.
Back to Directory
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Chapter Review
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Chapter Review
• Respiratory failure is the result of inadequate breathing, breathing that is insufficient to support life.
• A patient in respiratory failure or respiratory arrest must receive artificial ventilations.
• Oxygen can be delivered to the nonbreathing patient as a supplement to artificial ventilation.
continued on next slide
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Chapter Review
• Oxygen can also be administered as therapy to the breathing patient whose breathing is inadequate or who is cyanotic, cool and clammy, short of breath, suffering chest pain, suffering severe injuries, or displaying an altered mental status.
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Remember
• Always use proper personal protective equipment when managing an airway.
• Assessment of breathing must be an ongoing process. Respiratory status can change over time.
• Inadequate breathing requires immediate action.
continued on next slide
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Remember
• Positive pressure ventilations are very different than normal breathing and can have negative side effects.
• Select the most appropriate method of positive pressure ventilations based upon the needs of the individual.
continued on next slide
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Remember
• Always use appropriate safety measures when handling oxygen.
• Select the appropriate delivery device to provide supplemental oxygen.
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Questions to Consider
• What are the signs of respiratory distress?
• What are the signs of respiratory failure?
• For BVM ventilation, what are recommended variations in technique for one or two rescuers?
continued on next slide
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Questions to Consider
• How does the way positive pressure ventilation moves air differ from how the body normally moves air?
• Describe a patient problem that would benefit from administration of oxygen and explain how to decide what oxygen delivery device should be used.
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Critical Thinking
• On arrival at the emergency scene, you find an adult female patient who is semiconscious. Her respiratory rate is 7 per minute. She appears pale and slightly blue around her lips
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Critical Thinking
• Is this patient in respiratory failure, and if so what signs and symptoms indicate this? Does this patient require artificial ventilations?