Rubbish Journal

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CALORIFIC VALUE OF RUBBISH PRODUCED IN MATARAM

MirmantoMechanical Engineering Department, the University of Mataram

Jl. Majapahit no. 62, Mataram, NTB, Indonesia 83125.e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRAKSampah adalah barang-barang yang tidak digunakan lagi dan merupakan hasil

aktivitas makluk hidup atau industry. Sampah merupakan maslah bagi masyarakat dan lingkungan. Sampah menjadi masalah yang serius di kota Mataram. Manajemen pembuangan atau pengolahan sampah belum tertata dengan baik dan jelas. Sebagian masyarakat membuang sampah kemana saja termasuk ke sungai atau selokan dan sebagian lainya memilih untuk membakar sampah dari pada dibuang. Pemerintah dalam mengelola sampah masih menggunakan cara-cara konvensional yaitu mengumpulkan sampah dan membuangnya di TPA. Tidak ada aktivitas yang memanfaatkan sampah. Sebenarnya sampah dapat digunakan untuk mendukung kegiatan manusia. Penelitian terhadap sampah telah dilakukan. Bomb calorimeter dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kalori dari sampah atau energy yang dikandung oleh sampah. Alat ini membakar sampel sampah dan menghasilkan temperature tertentu. Perbedaan temperature sebelum dan sesudah pembakaran memiliki kaitan dengan energy yang dibebaskan saat pembakaran. Penelitian menunjukan bahwa sampah plastic memiliki nilai kalor (energy) yang paling besar yaitu 12415,72 cal/gr. Karet, makanan, daun, kayu dan aneka kertas masing-masing memiliki nilai kalor 8640,8 cal/gr, 5875,57 cal/gr, 5334,49 cal/gr, 5975,59 cal/gr dan 4425,75 cal/gr. Sampah makanan prosentase kadar air yang palin tinggi yaitu 70,66%. Sampah daun menempati komposisi 20,65% dari total volume sampah produksi masyarakat kota Mataram.

Kata kunci: Sampah, kadar air, nilai kalor dan komposisi.

ABSTRACTWaste (rubbish) is unused matter resulted by life creature activities or industries

processes. Waste is daily problem for the community and environmental. Waste becomes problem seriously in Mataram Town. Management of rubbish disposal is not clear enough yet. Some people throw rubbish anywhere, others throw it in to the river, and the rest burn it on the ground. Government manages the rubbish with conventional way. The rubbish is collected from several places and the thrown to the rubbish disposal (TPA). No activity advantages rubbish. Actually, rubbish has some advantages for supporting human being activities (life). Research on rubbish energy has been done. Bomb calorimeter can be used for predicting the waste’s calorific value. It burns the rubbish powder and results certain temperature. The difference temperature before and after combustion process indicates some energy released. The result shows that plastic waste has highest calorific value than others. It has calorific value 12415.72 (cal/gr). Rubber, food, leaf, wood, mixing papers have each calorific value 8640.8 cal/gr, 5875.57 cal/gr, 5334.49 cal/gr, 5975.59 cal/gr, 4425.75 cal/gr respectively. Food has greatest water contained than others. It has 70.66% of water contained.Leaf has highest percentage of waste composition in Mataram. It is about 20.65% of total waste volume.

Keyword: waste (rubbish), moisture content, calorific value and composition

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INTRODUCTIONWaste is unused stuff (material).

Usually, it is as a side result of human

being activities or industries processes.

Population and human being activities

increase, so that wastes volume increase as

well.

Waste causes several problems for

human being and environment. Rubbish

existence generates the growth of flies,

mice, and others. It also makes ground, air,

water and environmental be

contaminated/polluted. Waste serves rotten

smell as result of decomposition processes.

Decomposition process results CO2,

methane and others. Un-organic waste

causes the land unprocessed, bad view,

and flooding as well as health disturbance.

Based on the data from Dinas

Kebersihan Mataram 2004, waste

production reaches 1029 m3 a day. The

biggest composition of rubbish volume is

waste from community dwelt. It reaches

525 m3 a day or 51.47% of total volume.

Only 76.37% of total volume has been

thrown to the waste disposal place (TPA).

In other words, waste in Mataram will

make serious problem in the future.

Advantaging waste, until

nowadays, is not conducted yet. Many

people throw rubbish to anywhere they

like such as river, TPA, other places etc or

burn it respectively. Actually, rubbish can

be used for fertilizing, or be converted to

become fuel or briquette. Rubbish in

Mataram Town can result electrical power

of 3.25 MW (Wiradarma, 2002). Based on

the BPPS 2002 data, population of

Mataram Town consists of 27.759

households. If each household needs 1.3

KWH, so that Mataram needs at least 36.1

MWH. This research objects to knowing

the calorific value of rubbish produced by

human being or industry activities in

Mataram.

The amount of maximum heat

energy released from fuel during

completed combustion process is called

calorific value (Anonymous, 2005). It has

unit kJ/kg or kcal/kg.

Table 1. Calorific value of several wastes Waste Calorific value

(kJ/kg)FoodPapersPlasticwood TextileRubber

2,864.791,104.392,077.56498.5584.76550.83

Source: Ahmad, R. (2004)

To generate electrical power, waste

must hold high calorific value. Wastes

such as plastics, wood, food, papers etc

can be used for generating electrical power

because they have high calorific value.

Plastic has calorific value 6000 calories,


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papers have 4000-5000 calories and leafs

have 5000 calories (Apriadji, W.H, 1995).

Waste contains 50% of

combustible waste (Budiman, 2005).

Table 2. Energy produced from combustible materials.

Energy contentMaterialkJ/kg Btu/lb

Town wasteCombustiblePapers Organic waste

10.50023.30016.3005.800

4.50010.0007.0002.500

Solid deposit waste

17.700 7.600

Extraction of solid deposit waste

9.100 3.900

Oil fuel- anthracite - methane

46.50028.00049.000

20.00012.00021.000

Source: Eddy and Budi (1990).

Calorific value of several types of

waste is presented below:

Table 3. Energy produced from varies rubbish (waste)Rubbish Energy contents

(kJ)Papers or carton 8.082Wood 8.256Wood branches 7.533Leafs 5.170Green grass 4.030Fruits and vegetables waste 1.920Textiles 6.795Rubber 13.104Leather 10.550Papers candle covered 12.661Plastic (Cellophane) 12.661Plastic (polyethylene) 20.932Plastic (polyvinyl) 18.464Oil waste 18.991Wet Semen 12.133

Source: Hadiwiyoto, S. (1983).

According to reverence (Henry, J

Glynn., 1989), rubbish can be classified as

follows:

a. Based on material contained: organic

and inorganic rubbish.

b. Based on waste sources; household

rubbish, industrial rubbish and life

creatures waste.

c. Based on waste properties:

- Food waste

- Moldy waste and slowly moldy

waste: wood, papers, can, iron etc.

- Un-decayed waste: glass, plastics etc.

Drying

Drying process is a process of

dewatering of material or substance until

certain value. Process of drying contains

two fundamental steps:

1. Heating is transferred from heating

sources to the material heated.

2. Water mass is transferred to the heating

sources.

In other words, drying is a kind of mass and

heat transfer phenomena, which occur

simultaneously. Heat transfer occurs from

high temperature to low temperature.

The effectiveness of drying and

combustion process depends on four

conditions below (Anonymous, 1997):

a. Vapor dispersion velocity

b. Temperature difference


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c. Steering process for accelerating the

heat transfer

d. Rubbish dimension

Dry sample or other material can be

classified into three models (Jupri, A.

2001):

a. As Fed

b. Partially Dry

c. Dry

Water contained

When rubbish has high value of

water contained, drying and combustion

process need much energy. To know the

water contained of dry stuff, someone can

use an electrical oven for drying stuff at

105 oC (Elwakil, 1992). After being dried,

dry stuff is analyzed by using equation

below:

Sample weight

D = B – A

Where:

D = sample weight (gr).

B = bowl and sample weight (gr).

A = empty bowl weight (gr).

Percentage of water contained:

100x D

C-B(E)contained water %

Where:

C = bowl and sample weight, after being

dried at 105 oC (gr).

Dry sample (Bk)

F = 100% – E

Where:

F = dry stuff (%).

Heating value:

Heat analyzed of fuel objects to

obtaining heat energy released in

combustion (El-Wakil, 1992). Heating

value indicates the amount of heat released

from perfect combustion. According to

ASTMD standard 2015, heating value is

determined by testing sample in Bomb

calorimeter. There are two types of heating

value; HHV and LHV. HHV is a heating

value where H2O of combustion product is

in the form of liquid, while LHV is a

heating value where H2O of combustion

product is in the form of vapor.

Heating value of almost dry waste is

called Gross Energy (GE).

12 TTΔT

cal/cm2,3 x e)remain wir(10burned wireofcalorie

Where:

Initial temperature is (T1) (oC)

Final temperature is (T2) (oC)

Temperature difference (∆T)

- 2.3 (cal) is the amount of calorie needed

for burning 1 cm of wire length.


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weightsamplewet ) titrationmilliliterheat (wire-T) x (2470

GE wet

Where:

Wet sample weight is in gram, milliliter

titration is in calorie, GEwet (gross energy)

is in cal/gram, wire heat is in calorie, 2470

(cal) is the amount of heat needed to

increase 1 OC of stuff temperature, milliliter

titration (Na2CO3) is heat correction of

nitrate acid during combustion.

Analyzing the GEdry can use the

equation below:

sampleDry %GE x 100

GE wetdry

Where: GEdry (gross energy) is in cal/gram.

Chemical solution:

Chemical solutions for heating

value tested are:

a. Benzoate Acid: It has 6.32 kcal/gram of

heating value; un-hygroscopic;

combustible.

b. Naphthalene: It has 9.61 kcal/gram of

heating value.

c. Sucrose: It has 3.95 kcal/gram of

heating value.

d. Alkali solution is used for serving

titration. Alkali solution used

usually is Na-carbonate 0.0725 N,

which is equivalent to 1 cal/ml.

e. Methyl orange (methyl red indicator).

Acid correction is usually used for testing

sample that contains Nitrogen (N) and

Sulfur (S). If acid correction is mixed with

water, it results N2O3 and S2O3, which can

oxidize the water. Water oxidized can result

HNO3 and H2SO4. Heat, which is released

from HNO3 0.1 N in the bomb calorimeter,

is 13.8 kcal/ml.

MATERIAL AND METHODMaterials used in this research were

rubbishes that were taken from three

Deposal places (rubbish disposal places) in

Mataram.

Method was used in this research

are:

a. Literature study: study the reverences

that contain relevant topic with this

research.

b. Experiment on determining rubbish-

heating value using bomb calorimeter.

Rubbish samples investigated were

food rubbish, wood, plastic, rubber,

papers.

Devices used were:

a. Bucket.

b. Weight scale.

c. Ohaus weight scale.

d. Analytical weight scale.

e. Rubbish crusher.

f. Brush

g. Wood spoon.

h. Oven


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i. Bomb Calorimeter unit

j. Bowl

k. Thermometer

l. Burette

m. Pipette

n. Pinsetter

o. Flashing wire.

p. Ruler

q. Oxygen tank

r. Beaker glass

Reagents

- Na2CO3 0.0725 N= 3.4821 gr/lt

- Methyl orange indicator (m.o)

After being taken from several

deposal places, rubbish samples were

separated by their classification. Samples

were putted on weight scale in order to

know their initial weight. They were dried

under the sunshine and then were crushed

to be powder.

Procedure of bomb calorimeter used

a. Clean the bomb calorimeter and its

cover with water.

b. Cut flashing wire 10 cm in length and

install it. .

c. Put the bowl, which contains sample in

to calorimeter, and adjust the flashing

wire in order to touch the sample.

d. Put one mm3 of water into the bomb

calorimeter.

e. Flow the oxygen into calorimeter with

pressure of 35 atm.

f. Install the bucket, which contains water.

g. Cover the calorimeter.

h. Switch on dynamo to steer the water.

i. Connect the bomb calorimeter to the

ignition unit and electrical power.

Testing:

Clean bowl is dried in the oven at 105 oC as

long as one hour. After being heated, the

bowl is cold in the desiccators for about 15

minutes at room temperature. Then it is put

on weight scale in order to know its weight.

Rubbish sample (1.5 gr) is put into the

bowl. Sample and bowl together are placed

into the oven as long as 8 hours at 105 oC.

Next steps, they are cold for 15 minutes,

and then they are put on weight scale again

in order to know its dry weight.

Procedures of bomb calorimeter use

1. Check all devices completely and

carefully.

2. Prepare the blank form for noting the

data from Bomb Calorimeter and the

time.

3. Run the dynamo for 5 minutes and

note the temperatures appear in every

minute.

4. At the fifth minute, burn the sample by

turning on the red button on ignition

unit.


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5. Write the last temperature when the

temperature shows the same degree or

has been steady.

6. Shut off the dynamometer.

7. Remove dynamo's steer.

8. Remove the bomb cover.

9. Remove the bomb and release the rest

Oxygen by turning the button valve.

10. Take the bucket with clipper, wash the

inside with water, pour the water

washer into beaker glass.

11. Wash the bomb with water, pour the

water washer into beaker glass.

12. Penetrate the water washer with

Na2CO3 0, 0725 N solution and methyl

orange (m.o).

13. Remove the flash wire, straight it and

measure its length.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The research data are served in

tables and graphs below.

Actual waste composition

To determine the actual waste

composition in the disposal place,

researcher took 20.1 kg (0.1256 m3) of

waste samples. They were then classified

in accordance with their groups.

Table 1. The actual composition of several wastes in the disposal place.

Waste types Waste weight(kg)

%

Food waste 2.1 10.44Papers 1.25 6.22Glass 0.5 2.48Plastic 3.75 18.66Wood/branch 1.1 5.47Textile 1.75 8.71Rubber 3 14.93Leaf waste 4.15 20.65Others 2.5 12.43

Total 20.1 100

Based on the data from Dinas

Kebersihan (2005), Mataram produces

waste 1020 m3/day, but the waste that can

reach the disposal place is only 76.37 % or

779 m3 a day. Therefore, the prediction of

waste composition becomes as follows:

Table 2. Prediction of waste composition in the disposal place.

Types of waste

Waste Volume (m3/day)

%

Food waste 81.39 10.44Papers 48.45 6.22Glass 19.38 2.48Plastic 145.34 18.66Wood 42.63 5.47Textile 67.82 8.71Rubber 116.27 14.93Leafs 160.84 20.65Others 96.89 12.43Total 779 100


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Water contained

Testing the water contained is in

order to know the percent of water

contained in the sample. Thus, this work

results the percent of wet and dry weight

of sample. This testing is done on the

sample, which is dried first under the sun

with neglecting the environment’s

influence.

After all of samples are scaled by

using analytical weight scale, each

maximum weight is 1.5 gram, they are

dried in the oven at 105 oC. The testing,

that has been done, resulted data as

follows:

Table 3. Percentage of water contained of samples dried under the sun

Types of waste

w1(gr)

w2 (gr)

Water contained

(%)Leafs 2534.6 1087.5 57.09Food 5511.7 1840.4 66.61Wood 1288.8 902 30.01Papers 2735.9 2317.5 15.29Plastics 2052.8 1333.1 35.06Rubber 668.1 657.1 1.65

Calculating percentage of water containedlost during drying process under the sun can be done by using formula below:

%100wcontainedwater Naturally %1

21 xw

w

Example of calculation for leaf waste:

%09.57%1006.2534

5.10876.5342

%100wcontainedater Naturaly w%1

21

x

xw

w

Calculation of water contained lost from

stuff (leaf waste) is able to be done by using

formula below:

Sample weight

D = B – A

D = 21.1987 – 19.6970

D = 1.5017 gr

(%) Water contained

100x D

C-B(E)contained water %

%7.6047

100x 1.5017

21.0845-21.1987(E)contained water %

(%) Dry weight

F = 100% – E

F = 100%– 7.6047%

F = 92.3953 %

c. Total water contained

To know total water contained, one can

use equation below:

Calculation example for leafs waste.

% Water contained = % naturally water

contained + % water contained dried in

the oven at 105 oC

% Water contained = 57.09 % +

7.6926 = 64.7826 %


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Heat released from waste combustion

Testing energy is for knowing the

calorific value, which is contained in

rubbish produced by community in

Mataram. Types of waste that were tested

are leafs, papers, rubbers, plastics, woods

and foods.

Calculation of testing energy

contained in wastes can be done by using

equation below:

An example calculation for leaf wastes:

Known:

Tinitial = 25.60 oC

Tfinal = 27.70 oC

Titration milliliter = 6.80 ml

Dry stuff = 92.3953%

Sample weight = 1.0491 gram

Temperature difference (∆T)

C2.10ΔT25.60-27.70ΔTTTΔT

o

initialfinal

Heat of wire burned

cal18.402)x2.3-(10

wire)x2.3rested-(10burned wireofHeat

Wet Gross Energy (GEw)

cal/gr4920.2173GE1.0491

(18.40)-(6.80)-102.2470GE

weightSampleburned wireofheat

weightSample)milliliter(Titration-ΔT2470GE

w

w

w

x

x

Dry Gross Energy (GEd)

cal/gr5330.2523GE

2173.920492.3074

100GE

GEstuffdry %

100GE

d

d

wd

x

x

Based on testing data, which is

found from experiment, and actual waste

composition data, one can determine the

amount of total energy contained in each

sample.

Table 4. Calorific value of wastes in MataramNo. Waste

typesComposition

(%)Calorific

value (kJ/kg)

1 Leafs 20.65 4612.05872 Foods 10.44 2568.2223 Woods 5.47 1368.5164 Glass 2.48 -5 Papers 6.22 1152.5486 Plastics 18.66 9699.8677 Textile 8.71 - 8 Rubbers 14.93 4151.0959 Others 12.43 -

Total 23552.30

Sarofim (1977, in J Glinn Henry,

1989) revealed that energy contained in

combustible materials such as organic

waste was 5800 kJ/kg. As shown in table

4, total combustible organic waste is 22.13

% or 333.36 m3.


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0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

Spesimen

% to

tal w

ater

con

tain

ed

Leafs Food Woods

Papers Plastics Rubbers

Leafs20.65%

Food10.44%

Wood5.47%Papers6.22%

Plastics18.66%

Rubers14.93%

Glass2.48%

Textile8.71%

Others12.43%

Figure 1. Waste composition in the disposal place

As shown in figure 1, leaf has

highest percentage that is 20.65% from

total waste volume in the disposal place.

However, Achmad R (2004) elucidated

that waste such as yard rubbish, kitchen

rubbish, papers and so on dominates waste

composition.

Composition of food waste in

temporary disposal place differs from that

in TPA because animals eat food waste in

TPA. Therefore, composition of food

waste in the temporary disposal place is

greater than that in the TPA. In addition,

rubber waste almost consists of tire waste

and sandal waste.

Figure 2. Water contained of waste

As shown in figure 2, food’s water

contained is 74.66%, leaf’s water

contained is 64.79%, wood’s water

contained is 43.76%, plastic’s water

contained is 35.63% and paper’s water

contained is 21.47% as well as rubber’s

water contained is 3.22%. Food’s water

contained occupies biggest percentage

than others because food does not only

contains of much water but also gets much

water when it is processed. Thus, it is

confident that food has greatest water

contained. Plastic also contains much

water because it is produced from plastic

stuff and water.

Figure 3 shows wet gross energy of

several types of waste. Plastic has the

highest wet gross energy because it has

high temperature difference when it is


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0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Dry

Gro

ss E

nerg

y (c

al/g

r)

leafs Food Woods

Papers Plastcs Rubbers

02000400060008000

100001200014000

Wet

Gro

ss E

nerg

y (c

al/g

r)

Leafs Food WoodsPapers Plastics Rubbers

tested in the bomb. This temperature

difference is resulted by bound of plastic’s

stuff composition. Bound of plastic’s stuff

composition is too strong so that it needs a

lot of energy when it is decomposed.

Higher temperature difference resulted

bigger energy needed. In addition, other

wastes have no bound as strong as that

belongs to plastic, so that they have lower

calorific value. However, rubber waste has

bound close to that of plastic so that rubber

has almost the same calorific value to that

belongs to plastic.

Figure 3. Wet Gross Energy of several types of waste.

Figure 4 indicates the same

phenomena of calorific value of several

types of waste. It is believable because

calculation of dry gross energy is

proportional to wet gross energy. Greater

wet gross energy had, greater dry gross

energy had as well. Therefore, plastic has

the greatest dry gross energy than others.

Figure 4. Dry Gross Energy of several types of waste.

Research results, particularly

calorific value of paper, are not too far

from Enri’s result. Enri (2005) revealed

that calorific value of paper was between

4000 to 5000 kcal/kg, while this research

resulted calorific value 18531.5 (kJ/kg) or

4412 (kcal/kg).

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

After collecting and analyzing data

resulted from research, researcher can

make conclusion as follows:

a. Highest composition of waste in

Mataram is leaf waste (20.65%).

b. Highest water contained percentage is

about 74.66%, which belongs to food

waste.


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c. Lowest water contained percentage is

about 3.22%, which belongs to rubber

waste.

d. Plastic has highest calorific value than

others. Plastic’s calorific value is

12415.72 (cal/gr), while paper has

lowest calorific value. It is about

4425.75 (cal/gr).

e. Harder to be decomposed higher

calorific value had.

f. Wastes such as leaf, paper, wood, food

etc, are combustible wastes that occupy

22.13% (333.36 m3) of total wastes in

Mataram.

g. Calorific value of materials depends on

the material composition.

Recommendation

a. It is better to examine chemical

composition of wastes for determining

calorific value.

b. It is necessary to do research further

about wastes usage such as for

electrical power generation instead of

disposing them only.

c. It is recommended that solid waste

crusher, waste dryer etc be produced in

order to make research be easier.

REVERENCES

, 2002, Sekilas, Dinas Kebersihan Kota Mataram, Mataram, NTB.

, 2002, Mataram dalam Angka 2002, BPS Mataram, Mataram, NTB.

, 2002, Petunjuk Pengelolaan Persampahan, Dinas Kebersihan Kota Mataram, Mataram, NTB.

Anonymous , 2005, Waste Technology lecture 3,http://www.scu.edu.au/staff_pages/mcullen/wt_lec3.html

Achmad, Rukaesih., 2004, Kimia Lingkungan, Andi Offset, Yogyakarta.

Apriadji, W. Harry., 1995, Memproses Sampah, Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.

Budiman, 2005, Mengelola Sampah Tak Perlu Teknologi Mahal, www.bppt.go.id/berita/news2php?id=698

Eddy dan Budi., 1990, Teknik Pembakaran Dasar dan Bahan Bakar, Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknologi Industri -ITS, Surabaya.

Hadiwiyoto, Soewedo., 1983, Penanganan dan Pemanfaatan Sampah, Yayasan Idayu, Jakarta.

Henry, J Glynn., 1989, Environmental Science and Engineering, Prentice Hall, Engle Wood, Cliffs, New Jersey.

INFIC., 1997, International Feed Data Bank System, Publication No. 3 Nebraska, USA

Jupri, Ahmad., 2001, Manajemen Sampah Padat (Solid Waste Management), Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 2 No. 1, Program


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Studi Pendidikan Biologi PMIPA FKIP, Universitas Mataram, NTB

M. M. El-Wakil., 1992, Instalasi Pembangkit Daya Jilid 1, Erlangga, Jakarta.

Sitompul, Darwin., 1989, Prinsip-Prinsip Konversi Energi, Erlangga Jakarta.

Tanudi dan Sukardi, Eddi., 1998, Membuat Bahan Bangunan dari Sampah, Puspa Swara.

Wiradarma, 2002, The Energy Potency of Municipal Solid Waste to Supply Electricity in Mataram Regency, Rekayasa Vol. 3 No. 1, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Mataram, NTB.

APPENDICES

Table I. Calorific value of town wastesComponent As

received (kJ/kg)

Dry (kJ/kg)

Paper/paper productPaper mixedNewsprintCorrugated boxesPlastic coated paperWaxed milk cartonsJunk mail

Food /Garden WastesVegetable food wasteMeat scraps (cooked)Fried fatsLawn grassLeaves

157501855016380170702635014160

417017730383004760

18490487062708560

19570

175301972017280179102729014830

19230289403830019250205409740

202301858019940

Green logsEvergreen shrubsFlowering plantsWood and bark

Household wastesLeather shoeRubberUpholsteryPolystyrenePVCLinoleumRagsVacuum cleaner dirt

1677025930161203802022590188701597014790

1812026230173203809022640192401772015640

Source: Paul T Williams (1998)

Adiabatic Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter

Specification:1. Thermometer 19 – 35 oC 2. Thermometer bracket 3. Thermometer support washer


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4. Thermometer reading lens5. Thermometer support rod6. Motor assembly with pulley7. Motor pulley8. Stirrer drive belt9. Stirrer pulley10. Stirrer bearing assembly11. Ignition wire12. Stirrer shaft with propeller13. Oval bucket14. Bomb body cover/blanket.15. Oxygen combustion bomb

Oven

Kongok disposal place

Ohaus weight scale

Samples


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