C++C++InheritanceInheritance

IntroductionIntroduction►The capability of one class to inherit The capability of one class to inherit

properties from another class is properties from another class is called called Inheritance. Inheritance.

► Inheritance Inheritance is the mechanism of is the mechanism of creating new specialized classes creating new specialized classes (child class)from the pre existing (child class)from the pre existing classes.classes.

Concept of INHERITANCE Concept of INHERITANCE

Base class

Property A

Property BProperty C

Derived From

Derived class

Property DProperty AProperty B Property C

Defined in Derived Class

Defined in Base Class But accessible from Derived Class

Levels of INHERITANCELevels of INHERITANCE►(A)- Single Inheritance.(A)- Single Inheritance.►(B)- Multilevel Inheritance.(B)- Multilevel Inheritance.►(C)- Multiple Inheritance.(C)- Multiple Inheritance.►(D)- Hierarchical Inheritance.(D)- Hierarchical Inheritance.►(E)- Hybrid Inheritance.(E)- Hybrid Inheritance.

Single InheritanceSingle Inheritance• In this INHERITANCE have only one Base class and one Derived class.

BASE CLASS

DERIVED CLASS

Multilevel InheritanceMultilevel Inheritance• In this INHERITANCE we have a chain of all classes and one BASE LINE , In this we must have to use three classes, there is one Base class and more than one Derived classes.

BASE CLASS

DERIVED CLASSES

Class A

Class B

Class C

Multiple InheritanceMultiple Inheritance•In this INHERITANCE we have more than one independent Base classes and one Derived class, connected with all Base classes.

BASE CLASSES

DERIVED CLASS

Class A Class B

Class C

Hierarchical InheritanceHierarchical Inheritance•This INHERITANCE is just opposite of Multiple inheritance.

Class A

Class B Class C

BASE CLASS

DERIVED CLASES

Hybrid InheritanceHybrid Inheritance•This is a combine form of Multiple and Hierarchical Inheritance.

Class B Class C

Class D

Class A

Derived Base class

BASE CLASS

DERIVED CLASS

Visibility Modifier :Visibility Modifier :► PublicPublic : : A member declared as public is accessible A member declared as public is accessible

by the member functions within its class, by by the member functions within its class, by member functions of the class derived from it and member functions of the class derived from it and also by any outside function.also by any outside function.

► PrivatePrivate : : A member declared as private is accessible A member declared as private is accessible by the member functions of its class only.(They by the member functions of its class only.(They cannot be inherited by child class and they cannot cannot be inherited by child class and they cannot be accessed by outside functions).be accessed by outside functions).

► Protected Protected : : A member declared as protected is A member declared as protected is accessible by the member functions within its class accessible by the member functions within its class and any class immediately derived from it.(i.e. they and any class immediately derived from it.(i.e. they are inheritable) but are not accessible by outside are inheritable) but are not accessible by outside functionsfunctions

#include <iostream.hclass Counter { protected: int count; //count public: Counter() : count(0) //constructor { } int get_count() //return count { return count; } Counter operator ++ () //increment count { Counter temp; //make a temporary Counter temp.count =++count; //give it same value as this obj return temp; //return the copy } void setCount(int c) {count=c;} };

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

class Dcounter: public counter { public: Counter operator -- () //increment count { Counter temp; //make a temporary Counter temp.count = --count; //give it same value as this obj return temp; //return the copy } };

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int main() { Dcounter dc1; ++dc1; cout << “\n dc1=” << dc1.get_count(); //display dc1.setCount(100);//inherited func. Gets called

cout << “\n dc1=” << dc1.get_count();

--dc1;

cout << “\n dc1=” << dc1.get_count(); //display again

return 0; }OUTPUT dc1=1 dc1=100 dc1=99

Visibility mode :Visibility mode :►When the base class is privately inherited When the base class is privately inherited

by the derived class,’public members of the by the derived class,’public members of the base class becomes ‘private members’ of base class becomes ‘private members’ of the derived class.the derived class.

►When the base class is publicly When the base class is publicly inherited,’public members’ of the base inherited,’public members’ of the base class become ‘public members’ of the class become ‘public members’ of the derived class.derived class.

►When a base class is derived in protected When a base class is derived in protected mode,both the public and protected mode,both the public and protected members of the class become protected members of the class become protected members of the derived class.members of the derived class.

Access Specifier

Accessible from own class

Accessible from derived class

Accessible from outside world

Private Yes No NoProtected Yes Yes NoPublic Yes Yes Yes

Types of derivationsTypes of derivationsPublic, Protected or PrivatePublic, Protected or Private

class Base{

private: …….

protected:…….

public:.…..

}; public class Derived: protected Base private{ ……Body of child class……

};

Base Class Visibility

Public Derivation

Private Derivation

Protected Derivation

Private Not Inheritable Not Inheritable Not InheritableProtected Protected Private ProtectedPublic Public Private Protected

#include<iostream.h>#include<conio.h>#include<string.h>class person{ protected:

char pname[25]; char dob[20];

public:person() { strcpy(pname,"noname"); strcpy(dob,"nodate"); } person(char p[],char d[]) { strcpy(pname,p); strcpy(dob,d); } void readP() { cout<<" Enter name:"; gets(pname); cout<<"\n Enter date of birth:"; gets(dob); }

void showP() { cout<<"\n Person Name: "<<pname; cout<<"\n Date of birth: "<<dob; }

};class employee: public person{ private:

int empno; int sal; public:

employee(){ empno=0; sal=0;}employee(int e,int s){ empno=e; sal=s; }

void readE() { cout<<"\n Enter employee no:"; cin>>empno; cout<<"\n Enter salary:"; cin>>sal; }

void showE() { cout<<"\n EmpNo= "<<empno<<endl; cout<<"\n Sal= "<<sal<<endl; }

};//class employee ends here

void main(){ employee1 e1; clrscr(); e1.showE(); getch();}

Constructor and Destructor Constructor and Destructor calling in calling in

InheritanceInheritance

#include<iostream.h>class base { public:

base() { cout << "Constructing base\n";

}~base()

{ cout << "Destructing base\n"; }};class derived: public base {public:

derived() { cout << "Constructing derived\n"; }

~derived() { cout << "Destructing derived\n"; }};

int main(){ derived ob; clrscr(); getch(); return 0;}OUTPUT:Constructing baseConstructing derivedDestructing derivedDestructing baseNote:When an object of a derived class is created, the base class’ constructor will be called first, followed by the derived class’ constructor. When a derived object is destroyed, its destructor is called first, followed by the base class' destructor. Put differently, constructors are executed in their order of derivation. Destructors are executed in reverse order of derivation.

Passing parameters to base Passing parameters to base class constructor via child class constructor via child

class class derived-constructor(arg-list) : base1(arg-list), base2(arg-list), …baseN(arg-list){// body of derived constructor}

class base {protected:

int i;public:

base(int x) { i=x; cout << "Constructing base\n"; }~base() { cout << "Destructing base\n"; }

};class derived: public base {

int j;public:

// derived uses x; y is passed along to base.derived(int x, int y): base(y){

j=x; cout << "Constructing derived\n"; }

~derived() { cout << "Destructing derived\n"; }

void show() { cout << i << " " << j << "\n"; } };int main(){ derived ob(3, 4); ob.show(); // displays 4 3 return 0;}

Granting Public Access to Granting Public Access to members of the derived class members of the derived class while using private derivationwhile using private derivation

class base {int i; // private to base

public:int j, k;void seti(int x) { i = x; }int geti() { return i; }

};// Inherit base as private.

class derived: private base { public:/* The next three statements override base's inheritance as private and restore j,

seti(), and geti() to public access. */

base::j; // make j public again - but not kbase::seti; // make seti() publicbase::geti; // make geti() public// base::i; // illegal, you cannot elevate accessint a; // public

};

int main(){

derived ob;

//ob.i = 10; // illegal because i is private in derived

ob.j = 20; // legal because j is made public in derived

//ob.k = 30; // illegal because k is private in derived

ob.a = 40; // legal because a is public in derived

ob.seti(10);

cout << ob.geti() << " " << ob.j << " " << ob.a;

return 0;}

Virtual Function V/S Normal Function

NON VIRTUAL FUNC WHEN ACCESSED BY OBJECTSclass base {public:

void func() {cout << "This is base's func().\n";}

};class derived1 : public base {

public: void func() { cout << "This is derived1's

func().\n";}

};

int main(){

base b;derived1 d1;b.func();d1.func();

return 0;}

Output:

This is base's func()This is derived1's func()

VIRTUAL FUNC WHEN ACCESSED BY OBJECTS

class base {public:

virtual void func() {cout << "This is base's func().\n";}

};class derived1 : public base {

public: void func() { cout << "This is derived1's

func().\n";}

};

int main(){

base b;derived1 d1;b.func();d1.func();

return 0;}

Output:

This is base's func()This is derived1's func()

The output of previous two programs show that there is no difference between Non virtual and Virtual Functions as long as they are accessed using class objects.

NON VIRTUAL FUNC WHEN ACCESSED USING POINTERclass base {public:

void func() {cout << "This is base's func().\n";}

};class derived1 : public base {

public: void func() { cout << "This is derived1's

func().\n";}

};

int main(){

base b,*bp;derived1 d1;bp=&b;bp->func();bp=&d1;bp->func();return 0;

}

Output:

This is base's func()This is base's func()

VIRTUAL FUNC WHEN ACCESSED USING POINTERS

class base {public:

virtual void func() {cout << "This is base's func().\n";}

};class derived1 : public base {

public: void func() { cout << "This is derived1's

func().\n";}

};

int main(){

base b,*bp;derived1 d1;bp=&b;bp->func();bp=&d1;bp->func();return 0;

}

Output:

This is base's func()This is derived1's func()

Static Binding V/S

Dynamic Binding

Static Binding Dynamic BindingIt is also called early binding or compile time binding

It is also called late binding or run time binding

In this compilers binds(attaches) the function call statement to function body during compilation.

In this compilers binds(attaches) the function call statement to function body during execution.

It takes place in the case of Non Virtual function

It takes place in the case of Virtual function

In this compiler gives emphasis to type of pointer

In this compiler gives emphasis to the contents of pointer

PURE VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS

If a virtual function does not have body and equated to zero it is called pure virtual function.

virtual void func()=0;Any class that contains even a single pure virtual function is called an Abstract Class.

Abstract class cannot be instantiated i.e. we cannot create objects for such a class.

Explain why destructors should be virtual

class human {public:human() { cout << "Constructing human\n"; }~human() { cout << "Destructing human\n"; }

};class person: public human {

public:person(){cout << "Constructing Person\n"; }~person(){cout << "Destructing Person\n"; }

};int main(){ human *hp=new person();

delete hp; return 0;}

O/P: Destructing Human

In previous program destructor of parent class was called by the compiler and child class destructor was missed out

class human {public:human() { cout << "Constructing human\n"; }virtual ~human() { cout << "Destructing human\

n"; } };class person: public human {

public:person(){cout << "Constructing Person\n"; }~person(){cout << "Destructing Person\n"; }

};int main(){ human *hp=new person();

delete hp; return 0;}

O/P: Destructing PersonDestructing Human