1David Bishop Team Sport Research GroupFacolt di Scienze Motorie, Verona David.Bishop@univr.itScientificConsultantLatest trainingLatest training ideas toideas to improve RSA improve RSA2A. What is RSA?B. Determinants of RSA &how to improve themA. What is RSA?B. Determinants of RSA &how to improve them30 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800Time (s)Team SportsSpencer, Bishop et al. (2004). Journal of Sports Sciences. 22:843-850.Spencer, Bishop, et al. (2006). J. Sci. Med. Sport. 9: 181-184. Average: 1 sprint every 2 minutes4 Repeated-sprint bout = minimum of 3 sprints, with average recovery < 21 s Analysis of repeated-sprint bouts: Number of Bouts (per team)= 17 Sprint repetitions per bout = 4 1 (range: 3 - 7) Average recovery between sprints = 14.9 5.5 s051015202530350 - 20 21 - 40 41 - 60 61 - 120 > 121Time interval (s)Frequency (%)Figure 1.Frequency of distribution of the recovery time between the sprintsRepeated SprintingSpencer, Bishop et al. (2004). Journal of Sports Sciences. 22:843-850.Holmyard (1987) Foot Cong:134Balsom (1992) IJSM 13:528-3350501001502002503003506.9 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5RSA mean (s)Sprinting Distance (m)r2= 0.42*Rampinini, Bishop et al. (2007). Int J Sports Med. 28: 228-235.Importance of RSA6RSA during a soccer matchKrustrup et al. (2006). MSSE. 38(6): 1165-1174.4.24.34.44.54.64.74.84.91 2 3 4 5Sprint numberTime for 30-m sprint (s)Before GameAfter 1st HalfAfter Game*****7 Many team sports require maximal ornear-maximal sprints of short duration (1-7 s)with brief recovery periods over an extendedperiod of time (>60 min) An important fitness component of thesesports is RSA Tests of RSA predict the distance of high-intensity running and the total sprint distanceduring a professional soccer match.Repeated-Sprint Ability (RSA)

8Determinants of RSA and how to improve them9SportPhysiologyBishop. (2008).Game sense or gamenonsense?J. Sci. Med. Sport. In Press. 10631954ATPPCrAn GlycolysisAerobic+ Maximal sprint exercise of short duration requires high ratesof ATP generation + provided mainly by PCr breakdown and anaerobic glycolysisReplenishPCrH+Remove H+Determinants of RSA?Based on data from Gaitanos, (1993), Medbo, (1999), Gastin, (2001), Hultman, (1983), Parolin, (1999), McGawley & Bishop (2007)11H+-Ca2+-PFK GlucosePyruvate-ATPATPATPATPATP ATPATP-Effects of H+-K+K+K+K+K+12H+ProductionBuffer CapacityAccumulation of H+

13H2CO3H+HCO3-H++H+H+H+Blood Buffer CapacityHirche et al. (1975). Pflugers Archiv. 356:209-222.Mainwood and Worseley-Brown(1975). J. Physiol. 250:1-22.La-ph =140246810121435 45 55 65Blood buffer capacity (mmol H+.L-1.pH-1)Pdec (%)r2= 0.51*Bishop et al. (2003). JSaMS. 6(2): 199-209.Blood Buffer Capacity & RSA151010.51111.51212.5131 2 3 4 5PlaceboBicarbPeak Power(W kg-1)Sprint Number***NaHCO3& RSABishop et al. (2004) MSSE. 36(5):807-813. 16NaHCO3& Muscle0102030405060708090Lactate(mmolkg dw-1)*6.756.86.856.96.9577.057.17.157.2-90 min Pre-Test Post-TestPlaceboBicarbpHBishop et al. (2004) MSSE. 36(5):807-813. 1710001500200025001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Work (W)PlaceboBicarbonate10001500200025001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Work (W)*** ** ***Bishop and Claudius. (2005) MSSE. 37(5):359-367. NaHCO3& Prolonged RSA18Plasma lactate [La-]00.511.522.533.544.5pre-ingpre-w/upost-w/upostrs1postrs2post1/2pre1/2postrs1postrs2post-testTime[La-] (mmol/L)placebobicarbonate*Bishop & Claudius. (2005) MSSE. 37(5):359-367.19R2 = 0.52024681012141680 180 280 380 480 Muscle Buffer Capacity (umol H+.kg dw-1.pH-1)Wdec (%)Bishop et al. (2004). EJAP. 92:540-547.Bishop. and Edge. (2006). EJAP. 97:373-379. Muscle Buffer Capacity (Bm)203x/wk. for 5 wks.012345678910No. of IntervalsWeek 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5MonWedFriTaperInterval Training2 min @ 100% VO2maxwith 1 min recovery between intervalsContinuous Training Same total work performed @ 90% LTTraining & Bm& RSA Edge, Bishop et al. (2006). MSSE. 37(11):1975-1982.Edge, Bishop et al. (2005). EJAP. 96:97-105.212600280030003200340036003800400042001 2 3 4 5Sprint NumberWork (J)Pre-Train - CONTPre-Train - INTPost-Train - CONTPost-Train - INTTraining and Bmand RSA **Edge, Bishop et al. (2006). MSSE. 37(11):1975-1982.Edge, Bishop et al. (2005). EJAP. 96:97-105.20406080100120140160Pre-Train Post-TrainMuscle Buffer CapacityContInterval*46.641.347.542.80102030405060Pre-Train Post-TrainVO2max (mL.kg-1.min-1)ContInterval22-10-505101520253035404550Aerobic (< LT)Interval (30 s all-out sprint: 4 min recovery)Interval (2 min @ ~ 80%VO2max: 1 min recovery)Interval (2 min @ ~ 90%VO2max: 1 min recovery)Repeated Sprint Training (matched work with interval)Interval (2 min @ ~ 100%VO2max: 1 min recovery)Edge, Bishop et al. (2005). EJAP. 96:97-105.Edge & Bishop. (2006). JAP. 101:918-925.Edge & Bishop. (2008). Am J Phys. In Review.Bishop et al. (2008). Unpublished.Harmer et al. (2000). JAP. 89:1793-1803.How best to increase Bm?Change in muscle buffer capacity(umol H+.g -1 dw.pH-1)23Why the decrease in Bm?TrainingMuscle buffer capacityrecovery`Muscle buffer capacityBishop et al. (2007). Journal of Applied Physiology. 102:616-621.24##11: Muscle and blood buffer capacity seem to beimportant for RSA##22: The optimal intensity to improve muscle buffercapacity seems to be ~ 80 %VO2maxwithrest duration less than the work duration##33: Training harder is not always better!!Practical Applications

25631954ATPPCrAn GlycolysisAerobicReplenishPCrDeterminants of RSA?Based on data from Gaitanos, (1993), Medbo, (1999), Gastin, (2001), Hultman, (1983), Parolin, (1999), McGawley & Bishop (2007)260102030405060708090[PCr] (mmol.kg-1 dw)Gaitanos et al. (1993). J. Appl. Physiol. 75(2):712-719.44.3 mmol kg-1dw25.3mmol kg-1dwPCr and repeated sprintsBishop et al. (2003). IBEC. p.3927020406080100120Recovery time (min)Percent of initial valuePeak Power[PCr]0 6 3Bogdanis et al. (1995) J.Physiol. 467-480.8082848688909294969810060 70 80 90 100PCr resynthesis after 3 min of recovery(%)Power outputrecovery (%)r2= 0.74PCr and power output+ Power output recoveryfollows a similar timecourse to PCr resynthesis28020406080100TimeActivePassive21 s% Resting PCrActive recovery & PCrSpencer, Bishop et al. (2006). MSSE. 38 (8): 14921499.*6 x 4-s sprint every 25 s29-505101520Change (kJ)CreatinePlacebo****Preen et al. (2001) MSSE 31(5): 814-821 Sets 2-4 Sets 5-7 Sets 8-10TotalCreatine & RSA0102030405060708090100[PCr]Rest Post +3 minSet = 6 x 6-s sprints with 84, 54 or 24 s recovery*30+PCr resynthesis occurs by oxidative processes +The resynthesis of PCr is related to aerobic fitness(% 4mM or LT)R2 = 0.88606570758085909510050 60 70 80 904 mM (% VO2max)PCrResynthesis (%)How to improve PCr resynthesis?Bogdanis et al. (1996) J. Appl Physiol. 80(3):876-884(Bishop et al., Unpublished Data)31Training andPCr resynthesis405060708090100[PCr] (mmol.kg-1 dw)Post-training (5 wk: 6-12 x 2 min@ ~90-100% VO2max: 1 min rest)Pre-trainingRest45 s all outPost + 3 minBishop et al.(2006) Unpublished120125130135140145150155160165LT (W)^12 -20%PrePost*Bishop et al.(2004) UnpublishedSharp et al. (1986) Int. J. Sports Med. 7:13-1732020406080100120[PCr] (mmol.kg-1 dw)Post-trainingPre-trainingStathis et al. (1994) JAP. 76(4):1802-1809Rest 30-s sprint Post + 3 min Training3 x / wk for 7 wks3-10 x 30-s 3-4 min rest no VO2maxTraining andPCr resynthesis33##44: The extent of PCr resynthesis seems to beimportant for RSA##55: High-intensity interval training (2 min @ 90-100%VO2max: 1 min), that improves VO2maxandthe lactate threshold, can improve short-termPCr resynthesis##66: To date, there is no research showing thatrepeated or intermittent sprint training canimprove PCr resynthesisPractical Applications

34631954ATPPCrGlicolisi AnEnergia AerobicaDeterminants of RSA?Based on data of Gaitanos, (1993), Medbo, (1999), Gastin, (2001), Hultman, (1983), Parolin, (1999), McGawley & Bishop (2007).35RSA & Aerobic FitnessR2 = 0.30024681012141630 40 50 60Peak VO2 (mL/kg/min)Wdec (%)Bishop et al. (2004). EJAP. 92:540-54736Aerobic Energy05101520253035Sprint 1 Sprint 5kJ/sprintTotalanaer Energyae EnergyMcGawley & Bishop. (2008), Unpublished Data020406080100120Sprint 1 Sprint 5Contribution (%)aer% anaer%370500100015002000250030003500400045001 2 3 4 5MT (VO2max = 49.6 mL/kg/min)UT (VO2max = 36.4 mL/kg/min)Work(J)Sprint Number*Bishop and Edge (2006). EJAP. 97(4):373-379. RSA & aerobic fitness?382600280030003200340036003800400042001 2 3 4 5Pre-Train - CONTPost-Train - CONTWork(J)Sprint NumberEdge et al. (2006). MSSE. 37(11):1975-1982.Improved aerobic fitness & RSA46.641.32025303540455055Pre-Train Post-Train*VO2max(mL.kg -1.min-1)39051015202530Aerobic (< LT)Interval (2 min @ ~ 80%VO2max: 1 min recovery)Interval (2 min @ ~ 90%VO2max: 1 min recovery)Interval (2 min @ ~ 100%VO2max: 1 min recovery)Interval (4-10 x 30-s all-out sprint: 4 min recovery)Small-sided gamesRepeated Sprint Training (matched work with interval)Change in VO2max(mL/kg/min)Edge, Bishop et al. (2005). EJAP. 96:97-105.How best to VO2max?Edge & Bishop. (2008). Am J Phys. In Review. Bishop et al. (2008). Unpublished.Harmer et al. (2000). JAP. 89:1793-1803.Impellizzeri et al. (2006). IJSM. 27:483-492.Edge & Bishop. (2006). JAP. 101:918-925.40012345Change in VO2max (%)How best to VO2max?Stepto et al. (1999). MSSE. 31(5):736-741.Number Bouts 12 12 12 8 4Work (min) 0.5 1 2 4 8Intensity (%max) 175 100 90 85 80Rest (min) 4.5 4.0 3.0 1.5 1.0Well-trained cyclists: VO2max= 60 mL.kg-1.min-1Training 2 x/ week for 3 weeks (6 sessions)

4105000100001500020000250003000020 30 40 50 60VO2max (mL.kg-1.min-1)Wtot (j)RSA & VO2maxUntrainedTrained- a curvillinear relationship?42##77: Aerobic fitness plays a role in determining RSA(especially in untrained to moderately trained)##88: If training intensity is > 50-60%VO2max, thentotal work seems to be more important thanintensity for improving VO2maxPractical Applications43La threshold & Team Sports?05101520258.5 10 11.5 13 14.5 16 17.5 19 20.5Treadmill Speed (km/h)[lactate]TriathleteAFLPlayer44InjuryIn most professional leagues, the best performing teams use less players throughout the year.Therefore: maximise recovery minimise injury risk45The thing with coaching is that you have to get out of your comfort zone and try some different things. Some times you dont get it right, but sometimes you do and you also have to remember that sometimes you may be coaching better and get a worse result. Thats just the way it is.Paul Thompson. AIS Rowing Coach.46ThanksCollaborators:Prof. Jacques Mercier (France)Dr Hans Edge (New Zealand)Dr Alberto Mendez-Villanueva (Spain)Dr Claire Thomas (France)Dr Andy Marangou (Australia)Dr Matt Spencer (Norway)Dr Franco Impellizzeri (Switzerland)Dr Carlo Castagna (Italy)Students:Cindy Davis (Australia)Kerry McGawley (UK)Tom Morris (France)Tom Schneiker (Australia)Nicole Ruch (Switzerland)Fabio Serpiello (Italy)47Verona-Ghirada Team Sport Conferencehttp://www.everywheretravel.it/vtsc2008/ 7-8 Giugno/June 2008Dal laboratorio al campoFrom the laboratory to the fieldProf. Wislof (Norway)Prof. Peter Krustrup (Denmark)Assoc Prof. David Bishop (Verona)Dr Gary Phillips (UK)Assoc Prof. Inigo Mujika (Spain)Dr Matthew Spencer (Norway)Dr Franco Impellizerri (Switzerland)Dr Corrado Lupo (Juventus Nuoto)Dr Silvano Garbin (Italian Rugby)Dr Francesco Cuzzolin (Benetton Basket)RELATORI / SPEAKERSDr Alberto Mendez-Villanueva (Qatar)Dr Aaron Coutts (Australia)Dr Carlo Castagna (Italy) Dr Greg Dupont (France)Dr Silvia Pogliaghi (Italy)Dr Marco Cardinale (UK)Dr Nicola Maffiuletti (Switzerland)Mr Bruno Ruscello (Italy)Mr Massimo Venturelli (Italy)Dr Mario Bizzini (F-MARC, FIFA)48Domande?