R&S Verification Kits - Rohde & Schwarz€¦ · R&S Verification Kits R&S Verification Software...

Introduction

R&S®ZV-Z4xx Verification Kits

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R&S Verification KitsR&S Verification SoftwareTechnical Information

Products:

ı R&S®ZV-Z4xxVerification Kits

ı R&S®ZV-Z3xxT-Check Devices

ı R&S®VNAMUCSoftware for uncertainty calculationand R&S®VNA verification

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Introduction


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Table of Contents1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 41.1 R&S®ZV-Z4xx Verification Kits............................................................................................................41.2 R&S®ZV-Z3xx T-Check Devices ..........................................................................................................41.3 R&S®VNAMUC Verification Software..................................................................................................5

2 List of Verification Standards .................................................................................. 62.1 R&S®ZV-Z4xx Verification Kits............................................................................................................62.2 R&S®ZV-Z3xx T-Check Devices ..........................................................................................................7

3 R&S®VNAMUC Software........................................................................................... 83.1 Installation and Activation of R&S®VNAMUC Software....................................................................93.1.1 Installation on a PC .............................................................................................................................9

3.1.2 Installation on a Rohde & Schwarz Vector Network Analyzer.............................................................9

3.1.3 License Key .......................................................................................................................................9

4 Calculation of Measurement Uncertainty.............................................................. 114.1 Instructions for Calculating Measurement Uncertainty .................................................................114.2 Theory Behind Measurement Uncertainty Calculation...................................................................14

5 Verification of Rated Specifications ...................................................................... 175.1 Introduction: Verification and System Error Correction ................................................................175.2 Configuration of Instrument Control ................................................................................................185.3 Performing Verification with the R&S®VNAMUC Software.............................................................185.3.1 Defining and Loading a Verification Kit .............................................................................................19

5.3.2 Defining the Measurement Parameters.............................................................................................20

5.3.3 Performing Measurements on the Verification Standards.................................................................21

5.3.4 Verification Measurements on Reference Planes with Identical Connectors....................................23

5.4 Verification: Theory and Evaluation of Results...............................................................................24

6 Plausibility Check Using a T-Check Device .......................................................... 266.1 Introduction: T-Check ........................................................................................................................266.2 Configuration of Instrument Control ................................................................................................266.3 Performing a T-Check with the R&S®VNAMUC Software...............................................................266.3.1 Defining and Loading a T-Check Device...........................................................................................26

6.3.2 Defining the Measurement Parameters.............................................................................................27

6.3.3 Measurement Using a T-Check Device.............................................................................................28

Introduction


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6.4 Theory Behind T-Check Method .......................................................................................................30A R&S®VNAMUC Software: Menus and Functions ..............................................................................32A.1 Menu: File .....................................................................................................................................32

A.2 Menu: Device Config............................................................................................................................39

A.3 Menu: Modify Global Settings ..............................................................................................................40

A.4 Menu: Display Options .........................................................................................................................40

A.5 Menu: Advanced Options.....................................................................................................................41

A.6 Menu: License .....................................................................................................................................41

A.7 Tab: Config (Configuration)..................................................................................................................41

A.8 Tab: Reflection Uncertainty..................................................................................................................43

A.9 Tab: Transmission Uncertainty ............................................................................................................44

A.10 Tab: Effective System Data................................................................................................................45

A.11 Tab: Dynamic Accuracy .....................................................................................................................45

A.12 Tab: T-Check .....................................................................................................................................45

A.13 Tab: System Verification ....................................................................................................................46

A.14 Tab: Noise Figure...............................................................................................................................47

A.15 Tab: Group Delay...............................................................................................................................50

7 Ordering Information .............................................................................................. 51

Introduction


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1 IntroductionThe Rohde & Schwarz verification kits are used to confirm the rated specifications andmeasurement accuracy of the Rohde & Schwarz R&S®ZVA, R&S®ZVT, R&S®ZVB,R&S®ZNB, R&S®ZNC and R&S®ZVL vector network analyzers (VNAs). This documentdescribes how to perform verifications using the R&S®ZV-Z4xx verification kits and theR&S®ZV-Z3xx T-check devices, and how to use the R&S®VNAMUC (Vector NetworkAnalyzer Measurement Uncertainty Calculator) software.

This technical information is applicable to the R&S®ZV-Z3xx and R&S®ZV-Z4xxhardware available as of 05/2013 and to Version 2.0. of the R&S®VNAMUC software.

1.1 R&S®ZV-Z4xx Verification Kits

The R&S®ZV-Z4xx verification kits include offset short, mismatch, attenuator andstepped through standards. The one-port standards (offset short, mismatch) areprovided both as male and female version for each connector type. The two-portstandards (stepped through, attenuator) have both male and female connectors. TheR&S®ZV-Z4xx verification kits therefore support measurements on directly insertable,male-female connections. Male-male and female-female reference planes can beverified by using an adapter and adapter deembedding. R&S®ZV-Z4xx verification kitsare available for connector types N, 3.5 mm, 2.92 mm, and 2.4 mm.

The verification kits are used to verify the rated specifications of the above-mentionedRohde & Schwarz vector network analyzers to provide proof of their measurementaccuracy with reference to the values and uncertainties of the verification standards.

1.2 R&S®ZV-Z3xx T-Check Devices

R&S®ZV-Z3xx T-check devices are used to perform a quick and simple plausibilitycheck of the measurement accuracy of a VNA after system error correction. This checkrequires only one component to be connected: the T-check device. From theS-parameters measured on the T-check device, the R&S®VNAMUC verificationsoftware calculates the deviation in percent compared to an "ideal" VNA without anyuncertainty. R&S®VNAMUC outputs a graph that indicates whether the VNA'smeasurement accuracy lies within the specified accuracy range.

Refer to section 6.4 to learn more about the T-check device design and the theorybehind the T-check method.

Rohde & Schwarz T-check devices are available for connector types N, 3.5 mm,2.92 mm, and 2.4 mm. Each device is designed as a male-female component,supporting verification on directly insertable two-port connections. Male-male andfemale-female reference planes can be verified by using an adapter and adapterdeembedding.

Introduction

R&S®VNAMUC Verification Software

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1.3 R&S®VNAMUC Verification Software

The R&S®VNAMUC (Vector Network Analyzer Measurement Uncertainty Calculator)multifunctional software tool offers a number of functions for determining themeasurement uncertainty of Rohde & Schwarz vector network analyzers.Specifically, these are:

ı Calculation of the theoretical (expected) measurement uncertainty for a VNAbased on defined parameters, including VNA type, installed hardware options,measurement parameters and DUT characteristics. Measurement uncertainty canbe calculated for the following parameters:

▪ S-parameters (transmission and reflection uncertainty, dynamic accuracy)▪ Also in combination with Rohde & Schwarz switch matrices▪ Also in combination with Rohde & Schwarz frequency converters

▪ Noise figure▪ Group delay (mixers)

ı Communication with a VNA in order to transfer measurement data or to read ordefine the device configuration

ı Management of verification kits and performance of verifications

ı Management of T-check devices and performance of T-checks

Details are provided in chapter 3.

List of Verification Standards


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2 List of Verification Standards

2.1 R&S®ZV-Z4xx Verification Kits

R&S®ZV-Z470 Verification KitConnector type N for male-female reference planes 1)

Frequency range DC to 18 GHz

Verification standards

Offset short female

Offset short male

Mismatch female

Mismatch male

Attenuator male-female

Stepped through male-female

R&S®ZV-Z435 Verification KitConnector type 3.5 mm for male-female reference planes 1)



Offset short female

Offset short male

Mismatch female

Mismatch male






Offset short female

Offset short male

Mismatch female

Mismatch male



List of Verification Standards

R&S®ZV-Z3xx T-Check Devices

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Offset short female

Offset short male

Mismatch female

Mismatch male



1) Verification on male-male and female-female reference planes is also possible byusing an adapter along with the deembedding function implemented in theRohde & Schwarz vector network analyzers.

2.2 R&S®ZV-Z3xx T-Check Devices

R&S®ZV-Z3xx T-Check DevicesDesignation Connector type Frequency range

R&S®ZV-Z370 N, male-female DC to 18 GHz

R&S®ZV-Z335 3.5 mm, male-female DC to 24 GHz



R&S®VNAMUC Software

R&S®ZV-Z3xx T-Check Devices

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3 R&S®VNAMUC SoftwareThe R&S®VNAMUC software is a multifunctional tool used to calculate the theoretical(expected) measurement uncertainty for Rohde & Schwarz vector network analyzersfor various types of measurement and to verify a VNA's rated specifications aftersystem error correction. R&S®VNAMUC offers the following functions:

ı Calculation of measurement accuracy for S-parameters based on a definedinstrument configuration and parameter settings as well as the systemcomponents used, including:

▪ VNA type, including hardware options▪ Calibration kit and calibration method▪ Measurement settings such as source power levels and IF bandwidth

ı Calculation of measurement accuracy for S-parameters when using expansionunits:

▪ R&S®ZV-Z81, R&S®ZN-Z84 switch matrices▪ R&S®ZVA-Zxxx frequency converters

ı Calculation of measurement accuracy for specific types of measurement:

▪ Noise figure (R&S®ZVAB-K30 option)▪ Group delay on mixers with internal LO (R&S®ZVA-K9 option)

ı Verification of VNA measurement accuracy using R&S®ZV-Z4xx verification kits:

Verification essentially compares the values measured by the VNA on averification standard against the specified target values for that verificationstandard. This requires the following:

▪ Management of the verification standards▪ Data transfer (measurement parameters, measured values from the

standards)▪ Calculation and display of results▪ Generation and management of reports, selection from display options, etc.

ı Plausibility check of measurement accuracy using an R&S®ZV-Z3xx T-checkdevice:The check involves measuring the S-parameters of a T-check device. Based onthe characteristics of the T-check device, the degree of symmetry of theS-parameters can be used to determine the measurement uncertainty.

▪ Management of the T-check devices▪ Data transfer (measurement parameters, measured values from the T-check

device)▪ Calculation and display of results▪ Generation and management of reports, selection from display options, etc.


Installation and Activation of R&S®VNAMUC Software

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3.1 Installation and Activation of R&S®VNAMUC Software

3.1.1 Installation on a PC

The R&S®VNAMUC software can be installed on a 32-bit or 64-bit Windows operatingsystem.

3.1.2 Installation on a Rohde & Schwarz Vector Network Analyzer

Start the installation with a double-click on the installation file:VNAMUC_Setup_NoNet_Va_b_c_d.exe (where a, b, c, d are the version numbers)

Follow the installation instructions.

With Rohde & Schwarz vector network analyzers, programs can be started directlyfrom a menu in the firmware. A softkey is automatically added to the APPLIC programgroup (R&S®ZNB/ZNC) or the External Tools program group (R&S®ZVA/B/T) when thefirmware is started. For this softkey to be created, the software to be executed (or alink) must be placed in the appropriate directory:

R&S®ZNB/ZNC:C:\Users\Public\Public Documents\Rohde-Schwarz\Vna\External Tools\

R&S®ZVA/ZVT/ZVB:C:\Rohde&Schwarz\NWA\External Tools

During installation, a link to the VNAMUC *.exe program is automatically created in theExternal Tools directory.

3.1.3 License Key

R&S®VNAMUC can be run on a Rohde & Schwarz VNA without any additional steps,while installation on a PC requires a free-of-charge license key. Request and install thelicense key as follows:

1. Requesting the key code:

Start the R&S®VNAMUC software.a)

In the upper menu bar, select:b)License: Generate Codeword

Type in user name and company name in the two fields at the top.c)

Click Generate Codewordd)

Click Copy To Clipboarde)

Copy the content of the clipboard into a text file, e.g. on thef)R&S®ZNB/ZNC use APPLIC : Protocol Wordpad

Send this information to your Rohde & Schwarz contact address.g)


Installation and Activation of R&S®VNAMUC Software

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2. Installing the key code:

Highlight the lines of text received from Rohde & Schwarz, including thea)lines with double bars, and copy them to the clipboard.

Start R&S®VNAMUC and select:b)License: Enter License-key

Click:c)Get License from ClipboardActivate LicenseClose

The license key is valid for one year.

Note:

After starting the R&S®VNAMUC software, if you do not see the complete Configdialog window as shown here:

Go to

File : Preferences… : General Options

and select the option

Extended GUI

Calculation of Measurement Uncertainty

Instructions for Calculating Measurement Uncertainty

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4 Calculation of Measurement UncertaintyOne of the main functions of the R&S®VNAMUC software is to calculate, for a specificfrequency point, the expected measurement uncertainty for a Rohde & Schwarz vectornetwork analyzer based on relevant parameters such as VNA type, source powerlevels, IF bandwidth, calibration kit and method, as well as any expansion units thatmay be used such as frequency converters or a switch matrix.

4.1 Instructions for Calculating Measurement Uncertainty

The Config and Modify Global Settings dialog windows are used to define allof the parameters required to calculate the measurement uncertainty for aRohde & Schwarz network analyzer. In order to calculate the measurement uncertaintyfor a current VNA setup, the current parameter values can also be read in directly fromthe VNA by clicking the Import Current Configuration from VNA button (ifR&S®VNAMUC is installed on the VNA, data is read in via an internal interface; ifR&S®VNAMUC is installed on a PC, an IEC/IEEE bus or LAN connection is required,see ►).

Follow the steps below to calculate the expected measurement uncertainty:

► In the Model field, select the Rohde & Schwarz VNA for which the expectedmeasurement uncertainty is to be calculated.

► To include R&S®ZVA-Zxxx frequency converters in the measurement uncertaintycalculation, select the corresponding items under Converter.(Note: The R&S®ZVA110 is considered a standalone instrument without aconverter and is listed under Model).

► To include a switch matrix in the calculation, select an item under Multiplex.



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► Under Model Options, select the hardware options installed on the VNA.(Note: A *B2x generator step attenuator and a *B3x receiver step attenuator mustalways be selected, regardless of whether these components are set to anattenuation value or to zero attenuation.)

► Under IF Bandwidth, select a predefined value or select Custom to enter auser-defined value. (Note: The standard IF filters are used to calculatemeasurement uncertainty, not the special highly selective filters.)

► Averaging can be used to reduce the trace noise.

► Using Source Power during Measurement and Source Power duringCalibration, different power levels can be defined for the measurement andthe calibration. This makes it possible to measure at a very low power level, andperform calibration at a higher level to prevent noise affecting calibration results.Note: If the source power (stimulus power) is changed after calibration, theresulting change in measurement uncertainty is displayed in the DynamicAccuracy graphs.

► Under Calibration Kit, select the calibration method and the calibration kit tobe used for the measurement uncertainty calculation. Uncertainty calculation canbe based on the TOSM/UOSM error model or the TRL (and hence also LRL) errormodel. The calculated uncertainty is valid even if additional lines and a match areused to extend the TRL/LRL frequency range (T/L-R-L1-L2-L3-M).

If a VNA has been initialized under Device Config, its current parameter values canbe directly transferred to R&S®VNAMUC by clicking Import CurrentConfiguration from VNA. The expected measurement uncertainty is thencalculated for the current VNA setup. The calibration kit and the source power for thecalibration are not available for transfer. These two parameters must be enteredmanually.

Defining the frequency and the DUT matching characteristics for measurementuncertainty calculation: For simplicity's sake and to reduce the amount of data,device specifications typically state measurement uncertainties only for specific, idealconditions. For example, an ideally matched DUT is assumed. To calculate themeasurement uncertainty for real-life conditions, the DUT characteristics, i.e. theDUT's S-parameter values for a specific frequency, can be taken into account byentering them in the Global Evaluation Settings dialog box under ModifyGlobal Settings. This dialog box is also used to specify the frequency for whichmeasurement uncertainty is to be calculated.



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After completing the steps listed above, click Calculate MeasurementUncertainty to have the R&S®VNAMUC software calculate the expectedmeasurement uncertainty. Results are displayed in the Reflection Uncertainty,Transmission Uncertainty and Dynamic Accuracy graphs. See A.8, A.9 andA.11 for details about these graphs.

If a Rohde & Schwarz switch matrix has been selectedunder Config : Multiplex, the effective system datafor the entire setup (VNA + switch matrix) is displayedunder Effective System Data (the expectedmeasurement uncertainty is calculated over the frequencyrange valid for the selected calibration kit).

Entering the frequency value formeasurement uncertainty calculationas well as the DUT's complexS-parameters to allow its matchingbehavior to be included in themeasurement uncertainty calculation.


Theory Behind Measurement Uncertainty Calculation

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4.2 Theory Behind Measurement Uncertainty Calculation

The following parameters are included in the measurement uncertainty calculation:

ı Device-specific values (based on the selected VNA type and hardware options, aswell as any switch matrix and/or frequency converters to be included in thecalculation):

▪ Sensitivity (noise floor)▪ Trace noise▪ Uncorrected instrument data (raw port match, directivity, tracking)

ı Data contributed by the selected calibration kit:

▪ Effective system data of the VNA upon calibration with the selectedcalibration kit, such data including: source match, load match, directivity,reflection tracking, transmission tracking

▪ Uncertainty data of the calibration standards:TOSM/UOSM: If an R&S®ZV-Z2xx manual calibration kit is used forTOSM/UOSM calibration, the uncertainty data is as follows:The standards of this kit are described by their S-parameters, so theuncertainty of these standards is given by the uncertainty of theirS-parameters.TRL/LRL: The uncertainty of the calibration standards used for TRL/LRL isgiven by the uncertainty of the electrical (and mechanical) length(s) of theline(s).

ı Data resulting from the selected measurement parameters (i.e. source powers forthe calibration and measurement, IF bandwidth, averaging):

▪ Signal-to-noise ratio under given test conditions▪ Trace noise under given test conditions



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ı Data contributed by the S-parameters entered for the DUT:

▪ Effects caused by mismatch

The above data for the Rohde & Schwarz network analyzers, switch matrices,frequency converters and calibration kits is saved in R&S®VNAMUC and is included inthe measurement uncertainty calculation based on the settings made under Config.

The expected measurement uncertainty is calculated using the generally applicable10-term error model for the R&S®ZVA, R&S®ZVB, R&S®ZVT, R&S®ZVL, and the9-term error model for the R&S®ZNB and R&S®ZNC. The 10-term error model definesthe stimulating signals and the measured signals as well as the error terms as follows:

From the above error model, the relationships result for the calculation ofmeasurement uncertainty, exemplary stated for reflection measurements (∆��, ∆��):



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Calibration methods and error models

TOSM/UOSM based and TRL/LRL based measurement uncertainty calculations differdue to the different descriptions of uncertainty for the respective standards used.

The standards in the R&S®ZV-Z2xx calibration kits (calibration without lines,TOSM/UOSM method) are described by their S-parameters, so the uncertainty ofthese standards is given by the uncertainty of their S-parameters. The uncertainty ofthis S-parameter based description data accounts for a portion of the calculatedmeasurement uncertainty.

For the TRL/LRL method, the electrical (and mechanical) length(s) of the line(s) mustbe exactly known. The calibration kit's contribution toward measurement uncertainty isgiven by the uncertainty of the length(s) of the line(s).

Verification of Rated Specifications

Introduction: Verification and System Error Correction

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5 Verification of Rated Specifications

5.1 Introduction: Verification and System Error Correction

About verification: Verification of a network analyzer means to check its actual dataagainst rated specifications, preferably including system error correction. Verificationcan be done by comparing actual, measured values against target values of referencestandards, by stating concrete measurement uncertainty values, or by specifyingeffective system data.

When verifying the rated specifications of Rohde & Schwarz network analyzers usingthe R&S®VNAMUC software, the target values (S-parameter values) of verificationstandards are compared against the actual values measured on the standards by theVNA. This comparison includes the uncertainties (error bars) for both the target valuesof the verification standards and the values measured by the VNA. For the verificationstandards, the error bars correspond to the specified uncertainties. For the valuesmeasured with the VNA, the error bars represent the uncertainties that are calculatedfor each frequency point based on the parameters defined in Config. To determinewhether rated specifications are met, R&S®VNAMUC displays the actual and the targetvalues together with the error bars for each S-parameter measured. A pass/faildecision is made for each frequency point based on the criteria specified in 5.4. Fromthe difference between the actual and the target values, taking the error bars intoaccount, users can make an estimate of the measurement uncertainty.

System error correction (calibration) and verification: Rohde & Schwarz networkanalyzers are shipped from the factory with a one-path-two-port system errorcorrection (factory calibration), with the reference planes at the analyzer test ports.This correction permits plausibility measurements, but does not typically reflect theactual system state because the ambient temperature, the measurement setup and thecurrent instrument setup differ from the conditions valid during factory calibration. Thismeans that the measurement accuracy delivered by the factory calibration is notsufficient to allow a usable verification. Since verification is typically intended to prove ahigh degree of accuracy, it requires system error correction for the actual system setupusing full two-port calibration. The error models implemented in R&S®VNAMUCsupport TOSM, UOSM, TRL/LRL, as well as UOSM with an automatic calibration unit.For the above reasons, system error correction is included in the verification process.

To ensure reliable verification, calibration (system error correction) and themeasurements on the verification standards must be performed using exactly the sameparameter values as defined in Config. This is achieved by clicking Calibrate VNAin the System Verification dialog window. Clicking this button sets theparameters defined under Config in the VNA. A segmented sweep is used tocalibrate and measure exactly at the frequency points that will be used in the next step,i.e. for carrying out the verification measurements on the standards of the selectedverification kit.


Configuration of Instrument Control

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5.2 Configuration of Instrument Control

The R&S®VNAMUC software can be run directly on a Rohde & Schwarz networkanalyzer or on a control PC (see section 3.1). The software is started with a double-click or by clicking the corresponding softkey in the External Tools menu(R&S®ZVA/B/T) or the APPLIC menu (R&S®ZNB/C).

► When an external PC is used, the VNA is controlled via IEC/IEEE bus (GPIB) orLAN. If necessary, install the appropriate ports and drivers on the PC and the VNA.

► Start R&S®VNAMUC and open the Device Config dialog window.

► Enter the GPIB or LAN address for the VNA. (If running R&S®VNAMUC on a VNA,use LAN address 127.0.0.1. If running the software on an external PC, you canfind the address in the VNA's Windows menu or its firmware.(For the R&S®ZNB/C: SETUP : Remote Settings;for the R&S®ZVA/B/T: INFO : Setup Info).

► Click Initialize. The VNA data (type and ID) is displayed when the connectionhas been successfully established.

5.3 Performing Verification with the R&S®VNAMUC Software

Three steps are needed to verify a calibrated VNA:

1. Define and load a verification kit.

2. Define the measurement parameters (VNA type, source powers, IF bandwidth,DUT characteristics, etc.).

3. Calibrate the VNA, perform measurements on the verification standards anddisplay results.


Performing Verification with the R&S®VNAMUC Software

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5.3.1 Defining and Loading a Verification Kit

First, select a verification kit:

► To import verification kit data, openFile : Import Verification Kit…

The following files are required for describing a verification kit and should all be locatedin the same directory:

ı Description files for the one-port standards (file format *.s1p):mismatch (male and female) and offset short (male and female)

ı Description files for the two-port standards (file format *.s2p):stepped through and attenuator

ı Files with uncertainty data for all standards (extension *.unc)

ı Kitpart file with the names, part numbers and serial numbers for all standardsincluded in the verification kit (extension *.txt). This file includes the informationabout which standards are loaded with the IMPORT ALL button.

► Select the kitpart file in the top field of Import Verification Kit.

► Under Import Operation, select Import New Verification Kit, thenclick Load Kitparts to load the information.

► Click IMPORT ALL to import the data for the verification standards.

As an alternative to IMPORT ALL, you can import the data for individual standards bymaking your selection in Response Data, Uncertainty Data and then clickingImport Selected Device (this is useful when a single defective standard needs tobe replaced, for example). Use Close to exit the Import Verification Kitdialog window.



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All loaded verification kits are automatically added to a common Database file. Thismeans that when starting new R&S®VNAMUC sessions, it is sufficient to load a singleDatabase file instead of several individual verification kits.

Database files are managed and edited from File: Manage Databases….

5.3.2 Defining the Measurement Parameters

Open the Config dialog window to select the VNA and the measurement parameters.

Make the following settings (see also section 4.1):

► In the Network Analyzer : Model field, select the VNA (base unit) for whichthe expected measurement uncertainty is to be calculated.

► To include R&S®ZVA-Zxxx frequency converters in the measurement uncertaintycalculation, select the corresponding items under Converter.(Note: The R&S®ZVA110 is considered a standalone instrument without aconverter and is listed under Model.)

► Select an item under Multiplex to perform verification including a switch matrixconnected to the VNA.

► Under Model Options, select the hardware options installed on the VNA.(Note: A *B2x generator step attenuator and a *B3x receiver step attenuator mustalways be selected, regardless of whether these components are set to anattenuation value or to zero attenuation.)

► Measurement Settings dialog box:- Under IF Bandwidth, select a predefined value or select Custom to enter auser-defined value.- Use Averaging to reduce the trace noise.- Use Source Power during Measurement and Source Power duringCalibration to define the source power levels for measurement and calibration.

► Calibration Kit dialog box:- Select TOSM/UOSM if manual calibration is to be performed with one of these



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methods, or if an automatic calibration unit is to be used (UOSM). Select TRL touse TRL or LRL. Further calibration standards (match, additional lines, aspredefined in the calibration menu of the specific VNA) can be used to extend theTRL/LRL frequency range.- Select a calibration kit or an automatic calibration unit.

Instead of defining the measurement parameters manually, you can click ImportCurrent Configuration from VNA to read in the current parameter values fromthe VNA. In this case, only the calibration kit and the source power for the calibrationneed to be defined manually. (If a PC is used, a connection (IEC/IEEE (GPIB) or LAN)between the VNA and R&S®VNAMUC must first be configured and established underDevice Config….)

The DUT's non-ideal matching characteristics can be takeninto account in the measurement uncertainty calculation.Under Modify Global Settings, enter the complexS-parameter values for the DUT and enter a frequencyvalue. The S-parameter values defined here are applied toall other frequency points included in the measurementuncertainty calculation when performing a verification.

► It is not necessary to execute Calculate Measurement Uncertainty at thispoint. The data entered so far is transferred to the VNA on clicking theCalibrate VNA button in the System Verification dialog window. Thisensures that identical parameter values are used in the calibration, themeasurement uncertainty calculations for the VNA, and the verificationmeasurements.

5.3.3 Performing Measurements on the Verification Standards

► Open the System Verification dialog window.

► When verification kit data has been loaded underFile : Import Verification Kit... / Manage Databases..., useChoose Verification Kit to select the required kit.

► Use Select Standard to select one of the verification standards.



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► Use Display Parameter and Display Format to select the S-parameter forwhich measurement uncertainty is to be determined on the selected standard(S11 for the one-port standards; S11, S12, S21, S22 for the two-port standards).

► After calibration (see next step), all other standards of the actual kit can(must) be selected for the verification.

The next step is to calibrate the VNA. Under Calibration, select manual orautomatic calibration. Manual calibration is performed with a calibration kit,automatic calibration with a calibration unit. (If automatic calibration is selected,the calibration unit is controlled from R&S®VNAMUC).

IMPORTANT:The calibration method, the calibration kit and the current measurementparameters must always match the entries made in Config. This is achievedby clicking Calibrate VNA to set the measurement parameters defined inConfig on the Rohde & Schwarz VNA. The previous settings are overwritten.A segmented sweep is automatically configured that uses the frequencypoints from the verification kits (mostly 250 MHz spacing) To ensurereliable verification, calibration should be performed at this point. Aftercalibration, the measurement parameters should not be changed any moreon the VNA.

► Connect the standard selected under Select Standard to perform theverification.

► Click Verification Measurement to start the measurement on the verificationstandard.

► For a full two-port verification, select all other verification standards one ofanother under Select Standard, and perform the corresponding verificationmeasurements.

On completion of the measurement, R&S®VNAMUC displays the values measured bythe VNA on the verification standard, including the uncertainties (error bars) calculated



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for the measurement parameters defined in Config (see 5.3.2), together with thetarget values and error bars specified for the standard.

Under Global Result: in the Verification Results dialog box, it is indicatedwhether all measured values lie within tolerance (PASS) or whether one or morevalues lie outside tolerance (FAIL). All measured values that lie outside tolerance aredisplayed in the Fail List.

The calibrated VNA meets the rated specifications if all VNA measurements made onthe verification standards of an R&S®ZV-Z4xx kit match the specified values (targetvalues) for these standards, including those for the specified uncertainties (error bars)(result: PASS). See section 5.4 for details about the theory of verification and theevaluation of results.

5.3.4 Verification Measurements on Reference Planes with IdenticalConnectors

The standards of the R&S®ZV-Z4xx verification kits support male-female referenceplanes. Complete verification is therefore possible only on male-female connectionsunless additional measures are taken. The R&S®ZV-Z4xx verification standards alsoallow verification measurements on male-male or female-female connections by usingan adapter along with the deembedding function implemented in the Rohde & SchwarzVNAs:

Prior to the verification measurements, a suitable male-male or female-female adapteris measured (with the highest possible precision and high frequency point density), andthe resulting values are saved as an *.s2p file. Then, after calibration with CalibrateVNA (i.e. male-female calibration), the adapter is connected to one of the male orfemale connectors, and the adapter's frequency response is eliminated in the VNAfirmware using the deembedding function. Verification for the male-male or female-female connection can now be performed.


Verification: Theory and Evaluation of Results

24

5.4 Verification: Theory and Evaluation of Results

A VNA meets the rated specifications if all VNA measurements made under SystemVerification on all verification standards of an R&S®ZV-Z4xx kit match thespecified values (target values) for these verification standards, including those for thespecified uncertainties (error bars). This pass/fail information is indicated in theVerification Result field.

The expected uncertainties for measurements on the verification standards arecalculated by R&S®VNAMUC based on the parameter values defined in Config. Theuncertainties are displayed as error bars. (The calculation is performed in thebackground for each frequency point. For detailed information, see section 4.2).

The uncertainties (error bars) specified for the verification standards correspond to a95 % confidence level. The data of the verification standards is verified directly by thePhysikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Germany's national metrology institute).

In accordance with IEC/EN 60359, the normalized measurement deviation �� is usedto determine whether actual and target values match, taking the respectivemeasurement uncertainties (error bars) into account:

�� |�� |� ��

Where:�� Normalized measurement deviation

�� Result of measurement made with the VNA on the verification standard

�� Specified reference values (data describing the verification standardwith k = 2)

�� Extended measurement uncertainty of �� Extended measurement uncertainty of ��

("extended" means a 2 confidence level)

Result Conformity statement�� 1 Measurement result is within uncertainty limits

specified for the verification standardPASS

�� 1 Measurement result is outside uncertainty limitsspecified for the verification standard

FAIL

If the values measured on all standards of an R&S®ZV-Z4xx verification kit match thespecified values (target values) for these standards as defined by �� (i.e. �� 1), theVNA meets the rated specifications (presumed the parameters as defined in theConfig menu, such as source power levels, trace noise, DUT matching, calibrationkit, etc.).


Verification: Theory and Evaluation of Results

25

Examples of measurements on verification standards

Plausibility Check Using a T-Check Device

Introduction: T-Check

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6 Plausibility Check Using a T-Check Device

6.1 Introduction: T-Check

Verification of rated specifications using a complete set of verification standards(see chapter 5) provides complete testing of the network analyzer characteristics. Thisprocedure requires multiple verification standards to be connected, which makes ittime-consuming. In many cases, complete testing and traceability to primary standardsis not necessary. Instead, it is sufficient to demonstrate that no errors occurred duringcalibration and that the specified accuracy values are met. The T-check method offersan elegant and time-saving alternative: Only one component, i.e. the T-check device,needs to be connected. From the degree of symmetry of the four S-parameter valuestaken on the T-check device, the R&S®VNAMUC software calculates the T-Checkfactor �� as a measure for the uncertainty.

6.2 Configuration of Instrument Control

See section 5.2.

6.3 Performing a T-Check with the R&S®VNAMUC Software

A T-check test is performed in three steps:

1. Importing the data for a T-check device into R&S®VNAMUC

2. Defining the measurement parameters (in particular VNA type, source powerlevels, IF bandwidth, calibration kit and method) in the Config dialog window

3. Performing measurements on the T-check device and evaluating results

6.3.1 Defining and Loading a T-Check Device

Describing the loss introduced by a T-check device usually requires the S-parametervalues of the device. (This is not necessary if the T-check device is practicallylossless).

The following files are required for describing a T-check device and should all belocated in the same directory:

ı Description files for the T-check device (file format *.s2p)

ı File with information about the T-check device (extension *.txt)

ı [Files with uncertainty data for all standards (extension *.unc) These are needed only if the T-check device is used as an additionalverification standard and not for performing a T-check. Feature will beimplemented in a future SW version]


Performing a T-Check with the R&S®VNAMUC Software

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► To import a T-check device, openFile : Import Verification Kit…

► Select a *.txt file in the top field (Kitpart File).

► Under Import Operation, select Import T-Checker, then clickLoad Kitparts to load the information about the T-check device.

► Click Import Selected Device to import the data for the T-check device.

Note: Since the T-check method requires only a single component and no uncertaintydata from the T-check device itself, the Uncertainty Data field is disabled and theIMPORT ALL button is not used.

► Use Close to exit the Import Verification Kit dialog window.

► Under File : Preferences… : General Options, verify thatT-Check : Include Losses is selected. This option must remain selectedafter a Rohde & Schwarz T-check file has been loaded.

6.3.2 Defining the Measurement Parameters

Open the Config dialog window to select the VNA and the measurement parameters.



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Make the following minimum settings (for details see A.7):

► Network Analyzer dialog box:Select the VNA and installed hardware options for which the measurementuncertainty is to be calculated (a generator step attenuator and a receiver stepattenuator must always be selected, regardless of whether these components areset to an attenuation value or to zero attenuation).

► Measurement Settings dialog box:- Under IF Bandwidth, select a predefined value, or select Custom to enter auser-defined value.- Use Source Power during Measurement and Source Power duringCalibration to define the source power levels for measurement and calibration.- Use Averaging to reduce the trace noise (minimum value: 1).

► Calibration Kit dialog box:- Select TOSM/UOSM if manual calibration is to be performed with one of thesemethods, or if an automatic calibration unit is to be used.- Select TRL to use TRL or LRL. Further calibration standards (match, additionallines, as predefined in the calibration menu of the specific VNA) can be used toextend the TRL/LRL frequency range.- Select a calibration kit or an automatic calibration unit.

Instead of defining the settings manually, you can click Import CurrentConfiguration from VNA to read in the current parameter values from the VNA.In this case, only the calibration kit and the source power for the calibration need to beentered manually.

The parameters defined under Config are transferred to the VNA upon clickingCalibrate Network Analyzer in the T-Check dialog window. The validity rangesused for the evaluation correspond to the measurement uncertainties specified for theVNA selected under Model.

6.3.3 Measurement Using a T-Check Device

► Open the T-Check dialog window.



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► In the Choose T-Checker field, select a Rohde & Schwarz T-check device thathas been loaded with Import Selected Device, or select Custom to use auser-defined T-check device that operates within the specified frequency limits.(For the Custom option, a lossless device is assumed, which means that theoption File : Preferences… : General Options : T-Check :Include Losses must be disabled.)

► Enter the frequency limits for the T-check device (these can be taken from theT-check device's specifications or from the *.txt file).

► Select manual or automatic calibration, then click Calibrate NetworkAnalyzer to start the calibration.

Note: On clicking Calibrate Network Analyzer, the parameter valuesdefined under Config are transferred to the VNA. The previous settings, such asthe IF bandwidth, are overwritten. The user can choose a warning to be output(under File : Preferences… : System Verification : ShowVerification Procedure Hints, see A.1, p. 37). In this dialog window, hintsand warnings for specific actions can be enabled/disabled.

► Connect the T-check device and click Perform T-Check.

The VNA measures the S-parameters for the T-check device (status information isdisplayed at the bottom left in the T-Check dialog window).

The T-Check Results graph displays the VNA's current deviation from the idealstatus after calibration. The displayed quantity �� is referred to as T-check factor.Ideally, this will be 1 (100 %). The measurement uncertainty is displayed along they axis directly as a percentage.


Theory Behind T-Check Method

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6.4 Theory Behind T-Check Method

The internal design of a Rohde & Schwarz T-check device corresponds to that of athree-port whose middle port is terminated with an impedance Z, where � � �� 50�is theoretically permitted and also implemented.

Internal design of a T-check device N-type T-check device

The scattering matrix (S) of a three-port is as follows:

��

� (1)

The S-parameters are not random. Instead they are interdependent, similar to therelationship valid for a reciprocal two-port, for which the following applies: �� .A three-port used as a T-check device need not be matched, nor reciprocal, norsymmetrical. In addition, losses are permissible that must be described in the form of ascattering matrix in the *.s2p file. The essential requirement for this type of three-port isthat its scattering matrix must fulfill the unitarity condition; that is, the product of matrix(S) multiplied by its transjugated ��∗� should yield the unit matrix (E) (for a losslessscenario):

�� ∙ ��∗� � �� (2)

By linking equations (1) and (2) and rearranging the resulting equations, theS-parameters from ports 1 and 2 are separated and the formula for the T-check factor�� is obtained:

�� |��∗ ��∗ |��|��|��|��|�� |��|��|��|��

Ideally, this value will be equal to 1 (100 %). This is easily seen when using thescattering parameters of an ideally terminated T-junction, defined as:

�� 1/3 2/32/3 �1/3�

Deviations from 1 indicate the measurement uncertainty of the VNA directly as apercentage. The T-Check Results graph divides the result into three ranges:



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Green range: Complies with the measurement uncertainty specified in the data sheetfor the VNA being checked (VNA selected in Config).

Yellow range: The T-check analysis is purely scalar. For this reason, amplitudevariations resulting from unknown phase relationships are not taken into account. As aresult, it is not possible to state whether the specified uncertainty is met in thistransition region.

Red range: The measurement uncertainty definitely does not match the specified data.

For a detailed description of the theory behind the T-check method when using alossless T-check device, see Application Note 1EZ43_0E (.pdf).



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AppendixA R&S®VNAMUC Software: Menus and Functions

A.1 Menu: File

File: Import Verification Kit…Opens a dialog window to load verification kit or T-check device data.

The following files are required for describing a verification kit or a T-check device andshould all be located in the same directory:

ı Kitpart file with the names, part numbers and serial numbers for all standardsincluded in a verification kit, or with the corresponding information for a T-checkdevice (extension *.txt). For verification standards, this file includes the informationabout which standards are loaded with the IMPORT ALL button.

ı Description files for the one-port standards (file format *.s1p):mismatch (male and female) and offset short (male and female)

ı Description files for the two-port standards:stepped through and attenuator (file format *.s2p)

ı Files with uncertainty data for all standards (extension *.unc)



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► Kitpart File: In this field, the user can select the *.txt file (e.g.ZVZ435_123456.txt), which contains complete data for all standards included in averification kit, or the data for a T-check device. Enter the path and file name(selection obligatory).

► Import Operation: In this field, the user can select a verification kit or aT-check device (selection obligatory).

► Load Kitparts: This button loads the kitpart file for the selected verification kitor T-check device into R&S®VNAMUC (selection obligatory). The kitpart filecontains complete data for all standards (names, part numbers, serial numbers,etc.) included in the verification kit, or for the T-check device. It allows importingthe data and uncertainty data for the complete kit with IMPORT ALL.

Note: For T-check devices, no uncertainty data is required. The UncertaintyData field is disabled. Since the T-check method requires only a single device,only Import Selected Device needs to be clicked. IMPORT ALL is not used.(Note: A T-check device can also be used as a verification standard. Only in thiscase is the uncertainty data required.)

► Response Data: In this field, the user can enter the path and filename for asingle verification standard or a T-check device instead of loading the data for acomplete verification kit (*.txt file). Alternatively to or in addition to IMPORT ALL,single standards can be imported with Import Selected Device. Eachimported verification kit or T-check device is added to the currently selectedDatabase.

► Uncertainty Data: In this field, the user can enter the path and filename for asingle verification standard instead of loading the data for a complete verificationkit (*.txt file). No uncertainty data is required for a T-check device, unless thedevice is used as a verification standard. Alternatively to or in addition to IMPORTALL, single standards can be imported with Import Selected Device. Eachimported verification kit or T-check device is added to the currently selectedDatabase.

► Info: Shows information about the verification standard or the T-check deviceselected with Select Device.

► Import Filter / Manufacturer : Rohde & Schwarz uses Touchstone*.snp file format, Agilent prefers the CITI file format. The Import Filter settingis adjusted automatically in accordance with the selected provider.

► Import Selected Device : This button loads the data for a single verificationstandard or a T-check device selected with Response Data and UncertaintyData.

► IMPORT ALL: Imports the data for all verification standards described in thekitpart file (loaded with Load Kitpart).



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File: Manage Databases…Each loaded verification kit or T-check device is automatically added to a database file.The user therefore need not load multiple individual verification kits each time a newsession is started; instead, it is sufficient to load a single database.

File: Manage Report…Each measurement on a verification standard or a T-check device can be documentedby clicking Add Standard Measurement to Report in the SystemVerification dialog window. Clicking this button saves the graphs for allS-parameters (amplitude and phase) to a user-defined directory. The measurementdata is available in the background for further actions under File : ManageReport… . All measurements made on one or several verification standards or aT-check device and documented with Add Standard Measurement to Reportare managed under File : Manage Report… .

Reads in the data set (S-parameter graphs saved with Add StandardMeasurement to Report together with the data set information and measurementdata saved in the background) for the standard selected under Datasets inReport. Click the button again to read in the graphs and data for another standardthat has been measured.



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Deletes the data set (graphs and data) for the standard selected under Datasetsin Report.

Opens a compressed binary *.dat report file containing all the data from a report(graphs, target values and uncertainties for the verification standards, as well asmeasured values and calculated uncertainties for the verification standards). A reportis generated for each verification kit.

Saves all data from a report (graphs, target values and uncertainties for theverification standards, as well as measured values and calculated uncertainties for theverification standards) as a compressed binary *.dat report file. A report is generatedfor each verification kit.

Exports the data set (graphs and data) for thetwo-port standard selected under Datasets in Report to an *.s2p file (Touchstone*.snp format).

Saves the data set for the standardselected under Datasets in Report as an HTML or Word file (data includingfrequency points, S-parameter graphs, target values and uncertainties for theverification standards, as well as measured values and calculated uncertainties for theverification standards, pass/fail information).

Note: To reduce the data volume, the user can choose to save only a portion of themeasured values by entering a percentage under File : Preferences… :Report Settings : Output Tabular Data in %. Measured values are savedstarting from the lowermost frequency, and saving is stopped at a frequencycorresponding to the defined percentage). To save all data, select 100 %.



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File: Export Diagram…Allows for saving an uncertainty graph for one of the following quantities:

The user can select from the following data formats: *.bmp, *.png, *.gif, or *.jpeg

File: Preferences… : General Options

► General Options : Extended GUI: Adjusts the R&S®VNAMUC graphicalproperties to the resolution of the PC. In particular, truncation of theR&S®VNAMUC main window is avoided.

► T-Check : Include losses: When this option is selected, the losses of aT-check device will be taken into account. Activating this checkmark is obligatoryafter an R&S®ZV-Z3xx T-check file has been loaded and imported via File :Import Verification Kit….

► Databases: All verification kits and T-check devices that have been loadedindividually are automatically added to a database file. This means that whenstarting a new session, the user can load a single database instead of multipleindividual verification kits. Use the Verification Kits and T-Checker fieldsto define directories for the database files.



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File: Preferences… : Uncertainty Calculation

► Test Port Cables: By selecting this option, the specified uncertainties (loss,phase stability) for the selected cable(s) will be taken into account in themeasurement uncertainty calculation. For the "Ideal cable" option, it is assumedthat the test cables do not affect uncertainty.

► Test Port Adapters: The reproducibility of the adapter connections is takeninto account in the measurement uncertainty calculation. If AUTO is selected, thetypical reproducibility for the specific connector type(s) (i.e. 3.5 mm) will beconsidered.

► Calculation Options: [These options are deactivated because standard settingsare used.]

File: Preferences… : System Verification



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► Show Verification Procedure Hints: Hints and warnings for specificactions can be enabled/disabled.

► Automatic Recomputation of Uncertainties:On: Uncertainty values are recalculated for each verification measurement madeon a given standard (to take into account modifications made to measurementparameters between measurements (e.g. to the source power or IF bandwidth).Off: Uncertainty values are calculated only once, i.e. for the first verificationmeasurement made on a given standard (saves time).

► Start Verification from PRESET: Performs a PRESET on the VNA priorto each verification measurement.

► Show Verification Error: Displays the pass/fail information in the resultgraph.

► Include Cable Uncertainty: The cable uncertainties are added to theuncertainties (error bars) calculated by the VNA for verification measurements.

► Calibration: Here, you can select full two-port calibration and verification, orone-port calibration and verification.

File: Preferences… : Report Settings

► Reportfile Output: [The options in this field are intentionally deactivated.]

► HTML/MS Word Output Settings: Output Tabular Data in %:Allows for a reduction of the data volume for a report by entering a percentage.Measured values are saved starting from the lowermost frequency, and saving is



39

stopped at a frequency corresponding to the defined percentage. To save all themeasurement data, select 100 %.

► Reportfile Coverpage Data: Header data for reports.

A.2 Menu: Device Config

Here, the user can set the parameters required for data exchange betweenR&S®VNAMUC and the Rohde & Schwarz VNA, and configure the parameters forremote control of R&S®VNAMUC.

► GPIB: For control of the VNA via IEC/IEEE bus (GPIB), enter the GPIB addressfor the VNA.

► TCP/IP (LAN): For control of the VNA via LAN, enter the LAN address for theVNA.Note:If running R&S®VNAMUC on the VNA, use LAN address 127.0.0.1.

► Enable Linkbridge: Allows controlling R&S®VNAMUC via remote control.

► Linkbridge Port:(Keep default port number.)

► Handshake: (Keep default setting.)

► Path: Define the installation path for R&S®VNAMUC.

► Stop Server: Ends remote control active status.

► Reset on INIT: The VNA is reset when it is first initialized (manual settings arelost).

► Support long sweeps: Use of event status register, otherwise *OPC?(supports long sweep times for narrow IF bandwidths).

► Force Local: Sets the VNA from remote to local control (the display isswitched on, for example).

► Initialize: Checks if the connection between the VNA and R&S®VNAMUChas been successfully established. If this is the case, the VNA data (type and ID)is displayed.



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A.3 Menu: Modify Global Settings

Instrument data sheets typically state measurement uncertainty data for idealconditions, especially assuming an ideally matched DUT. R&S®VNAMUC allows takinga DUT's non-ideal matching characteristics into account. Under Modify GlobalSettings, the user can enter the complex S-parameter values for a DUT (these canbe taken from the S-parameters' measurement traces).

A.4 Menu: Display Options

This dialog window offers a choice of different display options.

Adjust the scaling for the S-parameter uncertainty graphs for straightforward displayand convenient analysis.

In the Global Evaluation Settingsdialog box, enter the frequency point forwhich the measurement uncertainty is tobe calculated.Enter the DUT's complex S-parametersto take its matching characteristics intoaccount in the uncertainty calculation.



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A.5 Menu: Advanced Options

--- Menu not yet available. ---

A.6 Menu: License

R&S®VNAMUC can be run on a Rohde & Schwarz VNA without any additional steps,while installation on a PC requires a free-of-charge license key. To request a licensekey (key code), select Generate Codeword, and send the created information toRohde & Schwarz. Rohde & Schwarz will return the key code. Under License :License-key, click Get License from Clipboard to enter the key code. ClickActivate License to activate the key code (see section 3.1.3 for further details).

The Manage Licenses… dialog window provides information about R&S®VNAMUCand the VNA, such as:

ı Name and company name used for registration

ı R&S®VNAMUC version

ı Machine ID

ı Option code

ı Expiring date

This data can be useful for the sake of information (e.g. the expiring date), or fortroubleshooting, e.g. if an error has occurred during installation.

A.7 Tab: Config (Configuration)

► The Config and Modify Global Settings dialog windows are used to defineall of the parameters required to calculate the measurement uncertainty for thesupported Rohde & Schwarz VNAs. Parameters include the VNA data (type,installed options, expansion hardware), the measurement and calibrationparameters and, if desired, the DUT matching characteristics.

► As a precondition for carrying out a verification measurement under SystemVerification, the expected measurement uncertainty must be calculatedunder Config. The calculated measurement uncertainty delivers the error barsfor the VNA measurements on the verification standards. The parameter valuesentered under Config (e.g. source power levels, IF bandwidth) are transferred tothe VNA and used in the verification measurements.Note:Under Modify Global Settings in the Global Evaluation Settingsdialog box, enter the frequency for which the measurement uncertainty is to becalculated. If desired, enter the complex S-parameters for the DUT for thespecified frequency to include the DUT's matching characteristics in theuncertainty calculation.



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► After all parameters have either been entered manually or imported from the VNAwith Import Current Configuration from VNA, click CalculateMeasurement Uncertainty to calculate the measurement uncertainty.

Note:If the right side of the Config dialog window is truncated, go to:File : Preferences… : General Options and select Extended GUI.

► Network Analyzer : ModelAll R&S®ZVA, R&S®ZVT, R&S®ZVB, R&S®ZNB, R&S®ZNC and R&S®ZVL modelsare supported.

► Network Analyzer : ConverterThe R&S®ZVA-Zxxx frequency converters selected here are included in themeasurement uncertainty calculation.

► Network Analyzer : MultiplexThe R&S®ZV-Z81 or R&S®ZN-Z84 switch matrix selected here is included in themeasurement uncertainty calculation.

► Network Analyzer : Model OptionsSelect the hardware options installed on the VNA (attenuators must be marked,even when set to 0 dB).

► Measurement Settings : IF BandwidthSelect the IF bandwidth. The most commonly used IF bandwidths are predefined.Alternatively, Custom can be selected to enter a user-defined value.

► Measurement Settings : AveragingSelect the number of averages to be made.

► Measurement Settings : Source Power during MeasurementMeasurement Settings : Source Power during CalibrationUse these fields to select different power levels for the calibration and themeasurement. If a change is made to the source power (stimulus power) for themeasurement after calibration (system error correction), the resulting change inmeasurement uncertainty is shown in the Dynamic Accuracy graph(s).



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► Calibration KitSelect the calibration kit and the calibration method to be used for calculating themeasurement uncertainty:- If TOSM/UOSM is selected, the VNA can be calibrated for the subsequentverification measurements using TOSM or UOSM manual calibration, or UOSMwith an automatic calibration unit.The measurement uncertainty calculation is also based on the options selectedhere.- If TRL is selected, the TRL or LRL method can be used. Further calibrationstandards (fixed match, sliding match, additional lines, as predefined in thecalibration menu of the specific VNA) can be used to extend the TRL/LRLfrequency range.

► Actual VNA (online)Instead of defining the measurement and calibration parameters manually, youcan use Import Current Configuration from VNA to import the currentparameter values directly from the VNA. Along with the measurement andcalibration parameters, the installed hardware options are read from the VNA, andthe corresponding checkmarks are set under Model Options. To enable theimport of data, a connection between the VNA and R&S®VNAMUC must first beconfigured and established under Device Config.

The Source Power during Calibration and the Calibration Kit mustbe entered by the operator (entry fields marked red).

► On clicking Calculate Measurement Uncertainty, R&S®VNAMUCcalculates the measurement uncertainty values and outputs the results graphicallyin the Reflection Uncertainty, Transmission Uncertainty,Effective System Data (if a switch matrix is used) and Dynamic Accuracygraphs.

► On clicking Create Uncertainty Report, the calculated uncertainty values,together with general information and graphs, are saved to an *.html file in a user-defined directory.

A.8 Tab: Reflection Uncertainty

This tab displays the calculated measurement uncertainty for reflection measurements(for the phase and amplitude, based on the parameters defined under Config andModify Global Settings).



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Under Display Options, you can choose linear or logarithmic display and adjust thescaling for the uncertainty graphs. (If necessary, click Calculate MeasurementUncertainty under Config again to activate the settings). Right-click within theamplitude or phase accuracy graph to access the following tools:

ı Copy: Copy the current graph to the clipboard.

ı Save Image As…: Save the current graph as an *.emf, *.png, *.gif, *.jpg, *.tif or*.bmp file.

ı Page Setup…: Define the page setup for printouts.

ı Print…: Output the current graph to a printer.

ı Show Point Values: Display uncertainty value in a marker field.

ı Un-Zoom, Undo All Zoom/Pan, Set Scale to Default:Zoom and unzoom functions.

A.9 Tab: Transmission Uncertainty

This tab displays the calculated measurement uncertainty for transmissionmeasurements (for the phase and amplitude, based on the parameters defined underConfig and Modify Global Settings). See A.8 for further information.



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A.10 Tab: Effective System Data

An R&S®ZV-Z81 or R&S®ZN-Z84 switch matrix can be included in the measurementuncertainty calculation. If this is done, this tab states the effective system data for theentire setup (VNA + switch matrix).

A.11 Tab: Dynamic Accuracy

This tab shows the change (typically increase) in measurement uncertainty if thesource power (stimulus power) for the measurement is changed after calibration(system error correction). See section A.8 for further information

A.12 Tab: T-Check

This tab supports plausibility checks of a VNA's measurement accuracy aftercalibration using the T-check method.

T-checks are performed using the parameters defined under Config.

Before carrying out a T-check, a connection between the VNA and R&S®VNAMUCmust be established under Device Config.

In the T-Check-Configuration and Calibration dialog boxes, you can selectthe T-check device to be used, the frequency limits for the T-check device, and thecalibration method. If automatic calibration is selected, the calibration unit is controlledfrom R&S®VNAMUC (Step 1).

The Calibrate Network Analyzer button configures the VNA, i.e. it transfers theparameter values defined under Config to the VNA. The Perform T-Check buttonmeasures the four S-parameters on the T-check device, reads out the results, anddisplays the measurement uncertainty graph. Go to section 6.4 to learn about thetheory behind the T-check method and the analysis of results.



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A.13 Tab: System Verification

To perform verification measurements using the standards from a verification kit, the kitmust first be loaded under File : Import Verification Kit….

Configuring a verification measurement:

ı Choose Verification Kit: Select a verification kit if multiple kits have beenloaded.

ı Select Standard: Select the verification standard to be used.

ı Display Parameter: Select the S-parameter for which measurementuncertainty is to be determined on the selected standard.

ı Display Format: Select whether the amplitude or phase should be displayedfor the selected S-parameter.



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ı Add Standard Measurement to Report: All data from a verificationmeasurement (S-parameter graphs (amplitude and phase), target values anduncertainties for the verification standards, as well as measured values andcalculated uncertainties for the verification standards) is saved to a user-defineddirectory and remains available in the background for further actions underFile : Manage Report.... A new report is created automatically for everyverification kit when the kit is selected under System Verification. If nodirectory exists for the report data, the user is prompted to create one.

ı Calibration and Verification Results fields:

After selecting manual or automatic calibration, use Calibrate VNA to start thecalibration. Manual calibration is performed with a calibration kit, automatic calibrationwith a calibration unit. If automatic calibration is selected, the calibration unit iscontrolled from R&S®VNAMUC. The verification can then be started withVerification Measurement.

IMPORTANT:The calibration method, the calibration kit and the current measurementparameters must always match the entries made in Config. This is achieved byclicking Calibrate VNA to set the measurement parameters defined in Configon the Rohde & Schwarz VNA. The previous settings are overwritten.A segmented sweep is automatically configured that uses the frequency pointsfrom the verification kits (250 MHz spacing). To ensure reliable verification,calibration should be performed at this point, i.e. after setting the parameters forthe verification measurement. After calibration, the measurement parametersshould not be changed any more on the VNA.

For verification, the S-parameter values measured on the selected verification standardare graphically displayed (including the calculated error bars) and compared againstthe target values including their error bars. See section 5.4 for details about the theoryof verification and the evaluation of results.

A.14 Tab: Noise Figure

This tab is used to calculate the measurement uncertainty for noise figuremeasurements. This calculation uses the same system model as the measurementmethod employing the R&S®ZVAB-K30 option (measurement without a noise source),which is described in detail in Application Note 1EZ61_2E (.pdf).



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The calculation is based on the parameter values defined under Config (e.g. VNAtype).

The entries to be made for the measurement uncertainty calculation can be taken fromthe application note and from the results of the noise measurement itself.

The parameter values displayed in the system model block diagram in the NoiseFigure dialog window include values to be defined by the user as well as calculatedvalues. (Click Calculate Uncertainty Budget to update the result.)

�� Ideal (theoretical) noise power from the source(�� , where �� = Reference Temperature)

GS Gain of the VNA (typically assumed to be 0 dB)FS Noise figure of the source (measured value depends on selected VNA type)GA Source attenuation (the value from the entry below applies either to a VNA

internal attenuator (generator step attenuator) or an external attenuator)FA Noise figure of internal attenuator: � � 1 �GD Gain of the DUTFD Noise figure of the DUTGR Gain of the preamplifier (without preamplifier: GR = 0 dB)FR Noise figure of the receiver (from noise figure calibration measurement)NR Device (saved data) + pre-amplifier

Values to be entered by the user:

Source and System Parameters:

ı VNA Source Match: Can be taken from the trace from the noise figurecalibration measurement made with R&S®ZVAB-K30.

ı Source NF (w/o attenuator): Can be taken from the trace from the noisefigure calibration measurement made with R&S®ZVAB-K30 or from ApplicationNote 1EZ61_2E.

ı Source Attenuator: Enter value either for a VNA internal attenuator(generator step attenuator) or an external attenuator.



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ı Reference Temperature: ambient temperature.

ı Reference Temperature Offset: offset from operating temperaturespecified in data sheet.

DUT Parameters:

ı Noise Figure: Enter known value or value from noise figure calibrationmeasurement made with R&S®ZVAB-K30.

ı Gain (S21): Enter known value or value from noise figure (gain) calibrationmeasurement made with R&S®ZVAB-K30.

ı Isolation (S12): Enter value from separate measurement.

ı Input Reflection (S11): Enter value from separate measurement.

ı Output Reflection (S22): Enter value from separate measurement.

Receiver Parameters

ı VNA Receiver Match: Enter value from noise figure calibration measurement.

ı [VNA] Receiver Noise Figure: Enter value from noise figure calibrationmeasurement made with R&S®ZVAB-K30.

ı LNA Gain (optional): Here, the gain for a low-noise preamplifier can beincluded in order to achieve a desired accuracy for the noise figure measurement.The gain is not entered directly but calculated by the software after the user hasmade an entry under Calculation Settings.

Proceed as follows:Under Calculation Settings, select Calculate LNA Gain. Enter thedesired accuracy in the Max. NF Uncertainty field. Then click CalculateUncertainty Budget to have the software calculate the LNA gain. To restorethe previous condition, i.e. to remove the LNA gain, click Reset LNA Gain.

ı Power Meter Parameters: Enter the parameter values for the powermeter/power sensor used to perform power calibration for noise figuremeasurements with R&S®ZVAB-K30.



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A.15 Tab: Group Delay

This tab is used to calculate the measurement uncertainty for group delaymeasurements with the R&S®ZVA-K9 option (two-tone technique, usingR&S®ZVA/ZVT dual digital receiver).

ı Group Delay Cable (Port 1) / (Port 2): Takes into account thecontribution toward measurement uncertainty resulting from phase instability.

ı Calibration Technique : MIXER: If a calibration mixer is used, its delaycan be specified under Group Delay Cal. Mixer. This is mandatory if thedelay of the calibration mixer lies in the order of magnitude of the mixer under test(MUT).Calibration Technique : THROUGH: The R&S®ZVA-K9 option allowsnormalizing the calibration setup without a calibration mixer by using a simple,non-frequency converting through connection. In this case, the frequencyresponse for the calibration setup is tolerated as an error source.

ı DUT Input / Output Match: Input matching (S11) and output matching (S22)of the DUT. Enter estimated or measured values.

ı VNA Configuration: Enter the parameter values to be used in themeasurement uncertainty calculation (use the settings made in R&S®ZVA-K9under):

▪ Frequency Aperture▪ Source Power Level▪ IF Bandwidth

ı Analysis : PIM: Calculates the measurement uncertainty for PIM locationmeasurements using the time domain analysis function.

Ordering Information


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7 Ordering InformationDesignation Type Order No.

Verification Kit, N type R&S®ZV-Z470 1319.1053.02

Verification Kit, 3.5 mm R&S®ZV-Z435 1319.1060.02



T-Check Device, N type R&S®ZV-Z370 1319.1001.02

T-Check Device, 3.5 mm R&S®ZV-Z335 1319.1018.02



About Rohde & Schwarz

Rohde & Schwarz is an independent group ofcompanies specializing in electronics. It is a leadingsupplier of solutions in the fields of test andmeasurement, broadcasting, radiomonitoring andradiolocation, as well as secure communications.Established more than 75 years ago, Rohde &Schwarz has a global presence and a dedicatedservice network in over 70 countries. Companyheadquarters are in Munich, Germany.

Regional contact

Europe, Africa, Middle East+49 89 4129 [email protected]

North America1-888-TEST-RSA (1-888-837-8772)[email protected]

Latin [email protected]

Asia/Pacific+65 65 13 04 [email protected]

China+86-800-810-8228 /[email protected]

Environmental commitment

ı Energy-efficient products

ı Continuous improvement in environmentalsustainability

ı ISO 14001-certified environmentalmanagement system

This technical information and the suppliedprograms may only be used subject to the conditionsof use set forth in the download area of the Rohde &Schwarz website.

R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co.KG; trade names are trademarks of the owners.

Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KGMühldorfstraße 15 | D - 81671 MünchenPhone + 49 89 4129 - 0 | Fax + 49 89 4129 – 13777

www.rohde-schwarz.com

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