MARCH 27, 1942 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 7

5000 R.P.M. on D. C.-Adams Angle Centrifugeswith underguard No. CT-1055.with six 15 nml. tubes loaded.4200 R..P.M. on A.C. with same load.

These centrifuges offer important advantages over theconventional units. They utilize the new angle principle-the tubes being suspended at a fixed 520 angle-thus,faster sedimentation is achieved by the shorter distanceparticles are required to travel . . . creating mass, andreaching the bottom more quickly. When at rest, thetubes remain in the angular position and no stirring upof sediment results.CT-1000 ADAMS SENIOR SAFETY-HEAD CENTRIFUGEforIX 1 ml.TUBES, complete with sxrudbottom

brass shields with rubber cushions and three each gradu-ated and ungraduated taper bottom 15 ml. glass tubes.Without Underguard ............................ Each $52.50CT-1001 Same as the above but without shields or tubes.

Each $49.50CT-1055 UNDERGUARD for Safety-Head, made of alumi-num .......................Each $ 3.50CT-10.50 PROTECTIVE CAP, snaps into top to enclose testtubes at high speeds; a necessary precaution against flying -_

glass ....... Each $ 2.50

Also for MICRO and SEMIMICRO WORKThe above Centrifuges will accommodate six 15 ml. round

bottom or taper bottom test tubes. Micro and semimicro tubes(5 ml. to 0.5 ml.) can be accommodated by purchasing extrashields, prices from 50c to 75c each. No adapters are required.

Other ADAMS CENTRIFUGES and laboratory suppliesare described in our new Catalog No. 102SC. If you do not cTalready have a copy write for one on your letterhead please. A ]l^l^lJv

Above Centrifuges have universal motors for 110-volt A.C. or DD.C. current. They can also be suppled to operateon 220-svolt A.C. or D.C. current. Additional charge of $2.00 is madefor 220-volt motors.

for accurate linear measurements of short rangeGAERTNE R

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SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENT

SCIENCE NEWSScience Service, Washington, D. C.

THE GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANTComPLETIoN of a new measurement of the power of

matter to attract other matter, known as the constant ofgravitation, has been announced by Dr. Paul R. Heyl,physicist of the National Bureau of Standards.The new figures for the constant (multiplied by

100,000,000) are 6.673 plus or minus 0.003, as comparedwith the generally accepted value of 6.670 plus or minus0.005, which was also obtained by Dr. Heyl at the Bureauin 1930. The very small difference between the twovalues bespeaks the high accuracy of both measurements.That the new value is more accurate than the old is evi-denced by the "probable error," 0.003 of the new value,as compared with 0.005 for the old.

This increase in accuracy, Dr. Heyl stated, was due totwo improvements made in the apparatus, which otherwisewas the same as that used in 1930. Many improvementswere suggested and some were tried but only two adopted,Dr. Heyl said, and he believes that the limit of accuracyhas about been reached and that any substantial furtherimprovement will require that a radically different methodbe found.

The constant of gravitation may be defined as the forcewith which two particles of matter, each having a massof one gram, attract each other when one centimeter apart.(A gram is the 28th part of an ounce and a centimeter isabout 0.4 of an inch.)

Since, in the words of Newton, "Every particle ofmatter in the universe attracts every other par-ticle . . . ," any two objects on the earth, of whatevermaterial, should attract each other. They do, and thisattraction is precisely what is used in determining thegravitational constant. But the force is so exceedinglysmall, as compared with that of the enormously greaterearth which is evidenced as weight, that only an extremelysensitive instrument can detect or measure it.

This instrument has nearly always been a refined formof the torsion balance invented by Cavendish 150 yearsago. It is a kind of pendulum whose time of swing ischanged when the positions of two massive weights near-by are altered. It is very impressive to observe that whena bottle of mercury (which is very heavy) is removed froma near-by shelf and put somewhere else, the swing of thependulum is altered.

THE FLUORESCENCE OF DIAMONDSWHY some genuine diamonds fluoresce or glow a

brilliant blue, others yellow and most of them not at all,when exposed to ultraviolet (or "black") light, was re-vealed by burning the precious stones in an electric arc.

This is the first time that so drastic a method has beenused to determine the cause of fluoreseence in diamondswhich milder methods had failed to disclose. The lightfrom the burning diamond was analyzed by a powerfulspectrograph, an instrument which sorts out the light ofthe burning diamond according to its various wavelengths, and tells what elements are present in the stoneas impurities.

These impurities were found to be the cause of the vari-ous types of fluorescence. The blue-glowing diamond wasfound to contain chromium and titanium as the principalimpurities, the yellow-glowing gem contained aluminum,and the non-fluorescing stones were almost pure carbon.The investigators were James M. Orr, spectroscopist,

and Jack De Ment, chemist, both of Portland, Ore., whoreport full details of the investigation in the current issueof The Mineralogist.

LIGNITE A SOURCE OF HYDROGENHYDROGEN, used in welding torches, ammonia manu-

facture and a thousand other industrial applications, canbe manufactured cheaply and abundantly from a naturalresource possessed in great masses by this country, butat present very little used-lignite. A new process forobtaining hydrogen from this light-weight, coal-like sub-stance has been recognized with a U. S. patent (no.2,276,343), issued to Professor Lloyd H. Reyerson andDonald C. Gernes, of the University of Minnesota. Rightshave been assigned to the incorporated regents of theuniversity.When steam is passed over any carbonaceous substance

that has been heated to incandescence, it is cracked intohydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen combines with someof the carbon to form carbon monoxide. One of the meth-ods of manufacturing cooking gas is to blow steamthrough heated coal or coke. The resulting mixture ofcarbon monoxide and hydrogen has high fuel value, butthe high percentage of monoxide is undesirable when theobjective is the production of commercial hydrogen.

Professor Reyerson and Mr. Gernes have discoveredthat an analogous process carried out with lignite can beperformed at much lower temperatures than are necessarywith coal or coke, and that the resulting gas contains farless of the troublesome carbon monoxide. It is thereforeeasier and cheaper to remove the monoxide. This is thekey to their patent.

There are immense beds of lignite in the Northwest,some of those in North Dakota being 30 feet or more inthickness. At present, lignite is little used, except locallyfor domestic fuel. The Reyerson-Gernes process may tapthis resource for the benefit of American hydrogen-usingindustries.-FRANK THONE.

STEEL, OIL AND LABORSTEEL, oil and labor, the chief sinews of our war pro-

duction, are saved by using recording or ticket-printingmeters to measure oil as it flows through pipes, insteadof pouring it into tanks. This was pointed out by L. R.Van Arsdale, of the Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Com-pany, in an address to the American Society of Mechani-cal Engineers.In the Army and Navy, trucks and warship tenders are

equipped with these meters. They have been used forseveral years in some of the new oil fields, also in trunkpipelines and delivery trucks. Nevertheless, their use issomewhat in its infancy.

8 VOL. 95, NO. 2465

M.RCH 27, 1942 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 9

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An oil refinery gathers up its crude through a vast sys-

tem of pipelines coming from many fields. The contribu-tion of each field must be measured. The oil in thesepipes is under constant pressure, so that by measuring itby meters in the pipe, the oil is never exposed to atmos-pheric pressure as it is when poured into tanks. Thisprevents loss of valuable gasoline vapors, particularly im-portant in the manufacture of 100-oetane gasoline foraviators. It saves also a vast amount of steel in tanksand in pipes and pumps to serve them.

Leaks are quickly located by use of meters which recordthe pressure and the rate of flow on a chart. A drop inpressure means either a leak in the pipe ahead or troublewith the pumps behind. These meters distinguish betweenthe two causes, thus avoiding sending out a crew of men

to "walk the line" and another to investigate the pumps

and saving many man-hours and long delays. The metersare more accurate than the older methods and the ticket-printing feature saves time and mistakes in keeping rec-

ords and accounts. Further savings are effected by pump-

ing natural gas back into the oil sands. The increasedpressure thus obtained raises the oil in the wells and holdsback the infiltration of water, which usually spells the endof an oil well. This gas is otherwise wasted by burningin flares.

COTTON PICKING MACHINESCOTTON must meet the harvester half way, if successful

machine harvesting of this number one textile crop is ever

to replace the present back-bending, neck-blistering,finger-wearying method of hand picking, was stated by

H. P. Smith and D. T. Killough, of Texas A. and M.

College, at the Houston meeting of the American Societyof Mechanical Engineers.Machines for harvesting cotton fall into two main

classes-pickers and strippers. Pickers undertake to pullthe lint out of the boll, duplicating the hand job by eithermechanical or pneumatic means. Strippers tear boll andall from the plant, and try to extract the lint as cleanlyas possible afterwards.Both types of machines run into difficulties, because of

the innate perverseness of the cotton plant itself. Wheat,corn and other crops now harvested by machinery are rela-tively simple jobs: they ripen all at the same time, theybear their fruit at or near the same level, they don ,t hang

on too tightly. Cotton ripens unevenly at all levels on

plants of varying height, with wide differences in "pluck-ability" of the lint.

Engineers, being mechanical-minded, have a tendencyto build cotton-harvesting machines that really ought todo the job, and then are bewildered and annoyed whenthe cotton plant crosses them up. The answer, in theopinion of Messrs. Smith and Killough, lies partly in

patiently trying to make the machine better adapted toits difficult crop, partly in trying to breed cotton varie-ties that will be less difficult for the machine to handle.Some success has been achieved in the latter direction,they indicated, but a great deal still remains to be accom-

plished before the perfect "machine" cotton can be pro-claimed as ready for the fields.

VOL. 95, No. 2465

MALNUTRITION

DESPITE record crops and meat and fish production, a

large but unknown number of Americans are always hun-gry. This is the implication of a study of malnutritionin this country by Drs. Norman Jolliffe, James S.MeLester and H. C. Sherman, of the Food and NutritionBoard of the National Research Council. The study isreported in the Journal of the American Medical Asso-ciation.

After consideration of various surveys, records fromhospitals, schools, population groups and mortality figures,the three physicians conclude: " . . . dietary inadequa-cies and malnutrition of varying degrees are of frequentoccurrence in the United States . . . and the nutritionalstatus of an appreciable part of the population can bedistinctly improved. If optimal nutrition is sought, notmere adequacy, then wide-spread improvement is pos-sible. "From records of the Bureau of Home Economics, De-

partment of Agriculture, of more than 2,000 families of

wage earners, clerical workers and non-relief, non-share-cropper farm families from all sections of the country, itwas learned that 43.6 per cent. of these families failed toreceive a "fair'" diet, and 76.2 per cent. did not get a

"good" diet. Diets were generally better on the farm

than in the city.Evidence of poor eating habits from mortality statistics

(1933-38) was less clear, although pellagra, beriberi,scurvy and rickets took their toll. Of these, pellagracaused by far the most deaths, the number in 1938 being3,205 as compared to 244 for rickets, the next most fre-quent cause of death. However, poor nutrition is oftena non-recorded cause of death, and the authors wonderhow much malnutrition is concealed in the 370,600 deathsrecorded in 1938 under the heading "diseases of the cir-

culatory system," or in the 75,431 deaths entered under

its sub-classification, "diseases of the heart, unspecified,"etc.

Likewise uncertain is evidence of malnutrition basedon hospital records. While the amount of actually diag-nosed malnutrition was low, again the authors believemuch was unobserved. They point out that the degreeof malnutrition varies between " slight," a conditionwhich even a physician may miss, and conditions so seri-ous that death results.A slight degree of malnutrition, known as " hidden

hunger," is probably very prevalent among Americans,and the authors believe the rate is sufficiently high "tooccasion genuine concern.'"

GLAND CONTROL

NEW discoveries in the field of gland control of thebody's functions were described in a lecture at LouisianaState University by Professor Herbert M. Evans, of theUniversity of California. The lecture was given under

the auspices of the Society of the Sigma Xi, the national

honor society for the promotion of scientific research.

Professor Evans will lecture at a number of other uni-

versities in this country during the coming two months.

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The particular subject which claimed his attention wasthe anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and its secretions.The pituitary is a small body located within. the skull,just under the brain. Its influences, however, reachthroughout the body, and are so numerous and so impor-tant that the pituitary is sometimes called the "mastergland. "One pituitary substance which the speaker discussed is

a secretion that controls body growth. It is suspectedthat this so-called growth hormone may in reality be twohormones. Animals deprived of growth hormone invari-ably make less efficient use of food in body building thando those receiving normal amounts of the substance.Another pituitary hormone is active in promoting the

production of milk, cooperating in this function with otherhormones produced elsewhere in the body, especially inthe female sex glands. "It may turn out," ProfessorEvans said, "to be a new and valuable drug in prevent-ing the rare disorder known as habitual abortion shownby otherwise healthy women. "A third hormone produced by this same small gland,

and quite recently discovered, plays an important part inthe activities of the pancreas, which in turn control theefficiency of food utilization when normal, and result indiabetes when deficient.

ITEMSFROM Finland comes news of a mysterious celestial

object traveling rapidly northward in the same part ofthe sky that was traversed by Whipple 's comet. If thenew object turns out to be a comet, it will be the secondone this year. The discovery was made on March 12 byY. Vaeisaelae, director of the Observatory of Turku,Finland. The Harvard College Observatory, a clearinghouse for astronomical information, received the news andtransmitted it to American observatories. None of thesehas as yet confirmed the discovery and the Harvard as-tronomers have been unable to find the object on theirpatrol plates.

AUTOMATIC recordings of electrical conditions in theupper atmosphere have made it possible to predict withaccuracy the best frequency (or wavelength) to use inshort-wave radio communication between given points, fora given season of the year and a given time of day. Thisannouncement was made by Dr. T. R. Gilliland at a meet-ing of the Washington Academy of Sciences. The auto-matic multi-frequency recorder is a development of thetechnique used by Dr. Gregory Breit and Dr. M. A. Tuvein the United States and Professor E.- V. Appleton inEngland about sixteen years ago to investigate the ionos-phere or electrically conducting layers of the upper atmos-phere. Their method was to send up short pulses of high-frequency waves of different wavelengths and measure theecho time or time for the waves to go up and back. Theselayers change greatly from day to night and from sum-mer to winter and according to the number of sunspotson the sun, and greatly affect short-wave communication.Automatic recordings have now been made in several partsof the world for almost one complete sunspot cycle ofeleven years. It is these recordings that now make itpossible to specify the best wavelength to use under anyparticular circumstances.

SULFAGUANIDINE, one of the more recently developeddrugs of the sulfa group, has been found effective byDr. J. R. Beach, of the University of California Collegeof Agriculture, in the treatment of cecal coccidiosis, oneof the most troublesome of poultry, diseases. He is nowengaged in experiments to determine the possible valueof the drug in other related poultry maladies. As yet,the treatment is on an experimental basis, for sulfa-guanidine has not been released for general use and isstill quite expensive. Its cost may be brought down, how-ever, if a large-scale use can be found.

EXPEnmMENTS in planting cork oak, from which cork isstripped, are planned by the Department of Agriculture,if the Forest Service can get acorns from the Mediter-ranean. Normally this country imports about $10,000,000worth of cork every year from Spain, Portugal and NorthAfrica. Parts of the Southwest-southern California,Arizona, New Mexico and Texas-have a similar climate,and cork should do well here. From a few cork oaksplanted in California more than seventy years ago, goodfirst-yield cork has been gathered under supervision of theAgricultural Extension Service of the University of Cali-fornia. Several native trees already produce a kind ofcork suitable for several types of products, such as heatinsulation and packing material. These include South-western fir, which produces a soft pure cork, and the morecommon Douglas fir, with its corky outer bark. White firalso offers some possibilities.

A CARGO of gold worth some $8,000,000 has been recov-ered from the strong room of the ship Niagara, sunk inJune, 1940, by enemy mines 27 miles off the New ZealandCoast, according to the Australian News and InformationBureau. The gold was recovered in recent operationswhich located the ship under 438 feet of water. Thesalvage is believed to be the deepest ever undertaken andwas accomplished by a Melbourne company in cooperationwith the Australian Navy and the New Zealand Govern-ment. Members of the salvage crew recovered 150 mineswhich had been laid around the wreck area by the enemy.

MARKED relief from the familiar condition, "ringingin the ears," was obtained in a series of cases treatedwith the synthetic chemical, Prostigmin, Captain A. F.Judge, Medical Reserve, U. S. Army, reports in the cur-rent issue of the Military Surgeon, the official publicationof the Association of Military Surgeons of the U. S. Cap-tain Judge also treated cases of deafness, but obtained onlya few improvements. He notes, however, that in view ofthe scarcity of drugs which relieve deafness to any extent,the use of Prostigmin should not be abandoned. Causeof the "ringing'" or other noises in the ear is not alwaysknown. Sometimes it is a plug of wax. An overdose ofquinine will do it. Sharp explosions such as gunfire andbombs will sometimes cause it. Neither is the action ofProstigmin clear, and there is much controversy over itsvalue in relieving ''ear noises.'' He, however, treatedfourteen cases of ringing-in-the-ears with Prostigmin andgave complete relief to five, marked improvement to four,and some benefit to three. Two patients were in no wisehelped.

12 VOL4. 95, No. 2465

MARC 27 92SINEADETSMNS1

DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN K1lREAGENT- Sodium Diethyl Dithiocarbamate

METHOD-Colorimetric

REFERENCE-Irreverre and Sullivan, Science, 94, 497 (1941)

A cobalt-blue color that is specific for vitamin K1 is obtainedwhen sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate and alcoholic

alkali are mixed with the vitamin-containing material inalcohol. While other naphthoquinones give colors when simi-larly treated, none produce the characteristic cobalt blue.The test is quantitative and is sensitive to 5 gamma per cc.

The reagent is available in a purified grade, as Eastman 2596Sodium Diethyl Dithiocarbamate-100 g., $2.50.

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14SCIENCE-ADVER~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iSEMENTS VOL. 95, No. 2465~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Dark FieldaMicroscopea

better light control

greater convenience

HIS MICROSCOPE is speciallydesigned as a timesaving in-strument. The substage ishinged to the stand, therebyholding the dark-field con-denser and the illuminant inpositive alignment with the o1'-jective as centered at the fac-

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14 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 95, NO. 2465