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~~Mk; vdf;F KbAk;.||

~~ehd; ntw;wpngWNtd;||

~~ehd; vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;

ek;gpf;ifAld; Ntiy nra;Ntd;.

' tho;f;iff;F mu;j;jkpy;iy vd;W epidg;gtd;kfpo;r;rpaw;w tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhs;gtdhf ,Ug;gJkl;Lkd;wp mtd; tho;tjw;Fk; nghUj;jkw;wtdhfpd;whd;"

' my;Ngu;l; Id;];ild;"


gpd;tUk; $w;Wfis ed;whf thrpAq;fs;. mit nghUj;jkhd

rpe;jidfsh? my;yJ nghUj;jkw;w rpe;jidfsh? vd;gij tpsq;fpg;

gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;Aq;fs;.

vdf;F ,t;Ntiyiar; nra;aKbAk; / vd;dplk; gy jpwikfs;

cs;sd / vdf;F ,tw;iwr; nra;aKbAkh? / ehd; rpwe;jtd; /gpwF

ghu;g;Nghk; / ,d;iwf;F KbahJ / ehisf;F Ntiy nra;Nthk; /

ve;jnthd;iwAk; vdf;Fr; rupahfr; nra;a KbahJ.

thu tpLKiwapy; Ntiy nra;Nthk;. / vdf;F Ntiy nra;tJ

fbdk; / ehk; Ntiyia nkJthfr; nra;Nthk; / Ntiy nra;tJ

kdJf;F kfpo;r;rp / vd; Ntiyia Kbj;jhy; NghJk; / Njhy;tp

vdf;F ijupaj;ij mspj;Js;sJ.

cq;fsplKk; ,t;thwhd gy rpe;jidfs; fhzg;glf; $Lk;. mj;jifa

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ePq;fs; nraw;gl;l tpjk; mjdhy; Vw;gl;l gpujpgyd;fs;

njhlu;ghfr; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghUq;fs;.

rpwg;ghf rpe;jpg;gjd; %yKk; mr;rpe;jidfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjd;

%yKk; rpwe;j ngWNgWfisg; ngwyhk; vd;gJ gw;wp ehk; ,g;NghJ

tpsq;Ftjw;F Kaw;rpg;Nghk;. ePq;fs; nra;j rpwe;j nray;fs;> mtw;wpd;

%yk; ngw;w gpujpgyd;fs; vd;gd gw;wp epidj;Jg; ghUq;fs;.

nghUj;jkhd rpe;jidfs;nghUj;jkhd rpe;jidfs;nghUj;jkhd rpe;jidfs;nghUj;jkhd rpe;jidfs;nghUj;jkhd rpe;jidfs; nghUj;jkw;w rpe;jidfs;nghUj;jkw;w rpe;jidfs;nghUj;jkw;w rpe;jidfs;nghUj;jkw;w rpe;jidfs;nghUj;jkw;w rpe;jidfs;

1.3 rpwe;j rpe;jidfspd; tpisTfs;

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL III


rpwe;j rpe;jidfspd; %yk; cyfpw;F kfj;jhd

Nritfisr; nra;Js;s rkaj; jiytu;fs;

njhlu ; ghf vkJ tuyhWfspy ; mw paf ;

$bajhAs;sJ. Gj;jngUkhd;> ,NaR fpwp];J>

K`k;kJ egp (]y;)> = ,uhkfpU\;zu;; MfpNahu;

kjr; rpe;jidfs; topahf cyf kf;fs; kj;jpapy;

ed;ik jPikfisg; gpupj;J mwptpj;J tpsf;fk;ngwr;

nra ;tj py ; kfj ; j hd

Nritfis Mw;wpAs;sdu;.

rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk; nraw;gLtjw;Fk;

tho;f;ifapd; ve;j kl;lj;jpYs;NshUf;Fk; KbAk;.

cyfpy; jdJ rpe;jidfspd;

%yk; Gul;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;j

fpNuf;fj;ijr; Nru;e;j Nrhf;ul;B];Nrhf;ul;B];Nrhf;ul;B];Nrhf;ul;B];Nrhf;ul;B];

gw;wpf; Nfs;tpg; gl;bUg;gPu;fs;.

mtu; jdJ vOgjhtJ tajpw;Fg;

gpd;dNu jkJ rpe;jidfisj;

Njhw;W tpj;jhu;. etPd tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; ngUk;

jpUg;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa tpQ;Qhdp [rf; epA+l;ld;epA+l;ld;epA+l;ld;epA+l;ld;epA+l;ld;

6 5tJ taj pNyNa jdJ

fz;Lgpbg;ig epfo;j;jpdhu;.

Mdhy; cyfg; gpurpj;jp ngw;w

Xtpaf; fiyQuhd ikf;fy; mQ;rNyhikf;fy; mQ;rNyhikf;fy; mQ;rNyhikf;fy; mQ;rNyhikf;fy; mQ;rNyh kiwe;j

g pd ; Ng mtUila Mf ;fq ;fs ; Gfiog ;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;ld. ,t;thW jkJ rpwe;j rpe;jidfisg;

gad;gLj;jp mjd;gb nraw;gl;L khngUk; rhjidfis

epiyehl;bNahu; mNefu; cs;sdu;. ,j;jifNahUs;

,e;jpahtpd; kfhj;kh fhe;jpAkkfhj;kh fhe;jpAkkfhj;kh fhe;jpAkkfhj;kh fhe;jpAkkfhj;kh fhe;jpAk; xUtu;.

rpwe;j kdg;ghq;Ffspd;

%yk; jkJ rpe;jidfisr;

rupahd topapy; nrYj;jp

VidNahuJ rpe;jidfSk; rupahd topapy;

,Ug;gjw;F cioj;j cjhuz GU\u;fs; vkJ

ehl;bYk; tho;e;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. mj;jifatu;fSs;

mefhu pf ju ;kghymefhu pf ju ;kghymefhu pf ju ;kghymefhu pf ju ;kghymefhu pf ju ;kghy> MWKf ehtyu ; >

rpj;jpnyg;ig Nghd;Nwhu; Fwpg;gplj; jf;ftu;fshtu;.

cU 1.6 Nrhf;ul;B];cU 1.6 Nrhf;ul;B];cU 1.6 Nrhf;ul;B];cU 1.6 Nrhf;ul;B];cU 1.6 Nrhf;ul;B];

cU 1.10 Irhf;cU 1.10 Irhf;cU 1.10 Irhf;cU 1.10 Irhf;cU 1.10 Irhf;e pa+l ;ld;e pa+l ;ld;e pa+l ;ld;e pa+l ;ld;e pa+l ;ld;

cU 1.7cU 1.7cU 1.7cU 1.7cU 1.7kfhj;kh fhe;jpkfhj;kh fhe;jpkfhj;kh fhe;jpkfhj;kh fhe;jpkfhj;kh fhe;jp

cU 1.8cU 1.8cU 1.8cU 1.8cU 1.8ikf;Nfy; mQ;rNyhikf;Nfy; mQ;rNyhikf;Nfy; mQ;rNyhikf;Nfy; mQ;rNyhikf;Nfy; mQ;rNyh

cU 1.9 mefhupf ju;kghycU 1.9 mefhupf ju;kghycU 1.9 mefhupf ju;kghycU 1.9 mefhupf ju;kghycU 1.9 mefhupf ju;kghy


ey;y rpe;jidapd; fhuzkhf cUthdnjhd;W gpd;du; kdpju;fshy; jPa

Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;glf;$Lk;. cjhuzkhf rPdu;fshy;

cyfpy; Kjd;Kjyhf ntbkUe;J fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;lJ> ey;y Nehf;fj;

JlNdNaahFk;. ,Ue;Jk; mJ rpyuhy;; mopTjUk; tplaq;fSf;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mZFz;Lk; mt;thNw.

fPo;tUk; gj;jpupifr; nra;jpiag; ghUq;fs;fPo;tUk; gj;jpupifr; nra;jpiag; ghUq;fs;fPo;tUk; gj;jpupifr; nra;jpiag; ghUq;fs;fPo;tUk; gj;jpupifr; nra;jpiag; ghUq;fs;fPo;tUk; gj;jpupifr; nra;jpiag; ghUq;fs;

ey;y rpe;jidAld; r%fj;jpw;F ew;gzp Gupe;j jiytu;fisg;gw;wpa

jfty;fisr; NrfupAq;fs;. mtu;fspy; xUtiug; gw;wp cq;fs; tFg;Gr;

Rtu;g;gj;jpupiff;Ff; fl;Liu xd;W vOJq;fs;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL IV

~~fbd ciog;ghy; vdf;Ff; fpilj;j gupR jpizf;fsg;gzpg;ghsu; gjtp ||

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; Gjpa gzpg;ghsu;

ehafk; jpU. Utd; rpe;jdNf $Wfpwhu;.

mDuhGu khtl;lj;jpy; tsq;fs; Fiwe;j fpuhknkhd;wpy;> kpfTk;

twpa FLk;gnkhd;wpy; gpwe;Njd;. f];lgl;L gbj;J Kd;NdwpNdd;. vdJ

tPL> fypkz;zpdhyhd rpwpa Xiy tPL. trjp Fiwe;j ngw;Nwhu; vd;whYk;

jpdKk; ehd; vl;L iky; J}uj;jpYs;s ghlrhiyf;F ele;J nrd;W jhd;

fy;tp fw;Nwd;. mNj ghlrhiyapy; cau; juj;jpy; rpwe;j ngWNgw;iwg;

ngw;W gy;fiyf;fofk; nrd;Nwd;. Kjypy; Mrpupauhf vdJ

cj;jpNahfj;ijj; njhlq;fpNdd;. ,d;W Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; Gjpa

gzpzhsu; ehafkhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;Nsd;.fbd ciog;ghy; vdf;F

fpilj;j gupR ,J. ,g;gjtpia kpfTk; mu;g;gzpg;Gld; epiwNtw;w KbAk;

vd;w ek;gpf;if vdf;F cz;L.

Nkw;gb nra;jpia thrpf;Fk; NghJ Utd; vt;tsT J}uk; jdJ

rpe;jidfisf; f\;lq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; rhjfkhf Mf;fpf; nfhz;L

Kd;NdwpAs;shu; vd;gJ cq;fSf;F tpsq;Ffpwjy;yth? ,t;thW jilfs;>

Jd;gq;fs;> rthy;fs; vd;gtw;iwr; rhjfkhfNt Nehf;fp> ijupaj;Jld;

tho;f;ifapy; Kd;Ndwpatu;fs; Vuhsk;. mtu;fs; Kd;NdWtjw;F vt;thW

jkJ tho;f;ifia rpwe;j tifapy; rpe;jpj;jhu;fs; vd;gij ehk; njupe;Jf;

nfhz;L mtu;fisg;Nghy ehKk; ey;y topfspy; rpe;jpj;J

Kd;Ndw Ntz;baJ vkJ flikay;yth? ePq;fSk; rpe;jpj;jhy;

tho;f;ifapy; tUk; rthy;fis vjpu;nfhz;L Utd; Nghd;W cau;e;j

,lj;jpw;F tuKbAk;.


,g;NghJ cq;fsJ ghlrhiy tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;Jg;

ghUq;fs;. cq;fsplk; ,y;yhjitfisg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;gl;bUf;fpwPu;fsh?

tFg;;G khztu;fsplk; cs;s mofhd Gj;jfg;ig> jz;zPu;g;Nghj;jy;>

Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghf vj;jid jlit Nahrpj;jpUg;gPu;fs;.

mitfnsy;yhk; cq;fsplk; ,y;iy vd;W ftiyg;gl;bUg;gPu;fs;.

tPl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W mtw;iw thq;fpj;jUk;gb ngw;Nwhu;fsplk;

Nfl;bUg;gPu;fs;? mtu;fs; thq;fpj; juhjNghJ ftiyg;gl;bUg;gPu;fs;. Mdhy;

ehk; vy;NyhUk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; xNu tpjkhfg; ngwKbahJ vd;gij

ePq;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sNtz;bAs;sJ. fplf;fhjij kwe;J

fpilj;jtw;;iwr; rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhz;L tho;f;ifapy; Kd;NdWtJ jhd;

ey;y nray;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL V

gpd;tUk; fijia thrpAq;fs;. jilfis vjpu;nfhz;L ntw;wp nfhz;l

xUtuhd uh[rpq;fk; Kjyhsp jdJ tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpg; gpd;tUkhW

$Wfpwhu;.

~~ehq;fs; kpfTk; twpa FLk;gj;jtu;fs;. nrhy;yg; Nghdhy;

vq;fSf;nfd;W xU fhzpj; Jz;L $l ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Nfhapy;

Njhl;lj;jpy; mg;gh Ntiy nra;Jnfhz;L> mq;NfNa xU Xiyf;

Fbirapy; tho;e;J te;Njhk;. mg;gh FLk;gj;ij elhj;Jtjw;F kpfTk;

f\;lg;gl;lhu;. ehq;fs; FLk;gj;jpy; vy;yhkhf 6 Ngu;. vdNt ehd;

Ngf;fup xd;wpy; cjtpahsuhf Ntiyapy; Nru;e;Njd;. mq;;F fpilj;j

rpW $ypia mk;khtplk; nfhLj;J cjtp te;Njd;. ,g;gbahfr; rpwpa

tajpypUe;Nj tho;f;ifapy; Jd;gq;fs; Vuhsk;. vg;NghjhtJ ,e;jj;

Jd;gq;fs; ePq;fptpLk; vd;w ek;gpf;if vdf;F ,Ue;jJ. vdNt Jd;gq;fs;>

jilfs;> rthy;fs; te;j NghJ mitfis epjhdkhf vjpu;nfhz;Nld;.

nfhQ;rehs; fopj;J> Ngf;fupapy; Ntiy nra;j mDgtj;ijf;

nfhz;L nrhe;jkhf gp];fl; nra;Ak; njhopiy Muk;gpj;Njd;. vdJ

gp];fl;Lf;Fr; re;ijapy; tha;g;G ,Uf;ftpy;iy. re;ijapy; ,Ue;j

ey;y juKs;s gp];fl; tiffSld; Nghl;bapLtjw;F vdf;Fr;

rf;jpapy;iy. Muk;gj;jpy; gp];fl;Lf;fis Njhs;fspy; Rke;J

filfSf;F nfhz;L nrd;W tpw;W te;Njd;. filf;fhuu;fs; gyu;

mij thq;fp itj;J tpw;f kWj;jdu;. thq;Fk; rpy filf;fhuu;fSk;

gpwFjhd; gzk; jUthu;fs; vdpDk; mu;g;gzpg;Gld; Ntiyia tplhJ

njhlu;e;Njd;.


kdpju;fshfpa ehk; jdpj;J tho Kbahj r%fg; gpuhzpfshNthk;.

r%fj;jpy; ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> ntt;NtW topfspy; vkf;F

Vidatu;fNshL njhlu;G nfhs;sTk;> nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;aTk;

NeUfpd;wJ. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; vkJ rpe;jidfs; nkd;NkYk;

gytpj khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shfpd;wd. gpd;tUk; cUit mtjhdpAq;fs;.

f\;lg;gl;Lf; fhR kpr;rk; gpbj;J irf;fps; xd;iw thq;fpNdd;.

fhiyapy; irf;fpspy; Vwp gp];fl;Lfis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L ehs;

KOf;f Cu; Cuhfr; nrd;W tpw;Wte;Njd;. tUkhdKk; rpW mstpy;

mjpfupj;jJ.

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ~~yad; gp];fl;|| vd;w ngaupy; vdJ nghUl;fis

jahupj;J tpepNahfpj;J ngupa tpahghupahf khwpNdd;. ,d;W vdJ

fk;gdpapy; E}w;Wf;Fk; mjpfkhdtu;fs; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdu;. 15

,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l thfdq;fs; nghUl;fis Vw;wpf; nfhz;L

tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf ehL KOtJk; nrd;W tUfpd;wd. ,g;gb ehd;

Kd;Ndwp te;j ghij Fwpj;J kfpo;r;rpailfpNwd;. mu;g;gzpg;NghL

Ntiy nra;J xt;nthd;iwAk; rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAld; vjpu; nfhz;ljd;

%yk; jhd; vd;dhy; ,e;epiyia milaKbe;jJ. ,J jhd;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; ,ufrpak;|| vd;W uh[rpq;fk; $wp Kbj;jhu;.

I uh[rpq;fk; Kjyhsp jkJ tho;f;ifapy; vjpu;Nehf;fpa jilfis

ntw;wp nfhz;l tpjk; Fwpj;J ePq;fs; vd;d fUJfpd;wPu;fs;?

II ~~kdjpy; khspif fl;bdhy; jhd;> tho;f;ifapy; cz;ikahd

khspif xd;iwf; fl;lyhk;|| vd;gJ gw;wp ez;gu;fSld; fye;

JiuahLq;fs;.

1.4 kdpj rpe;jidapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;


jdpahspd; rpe;jidapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;w fhuzpfs; gw;wp

NkYs;s cUtpd; %yk; mwpe;jpUg;gPu;fs;. jdpeguJ rpe;jidfspy; FLk;gk;>

ghlrhiy> r%f epWtdq;fs;> kjj;jhgdq;fs; Mfpad Kf;fpakhfr;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

FLk;gj;jpYs;s mq;fj;jtu;fshd ngw;Nwhu;> cwtpdu;fs;> %j;Njhu;

maytu;fs; MfpNahu; vkJ rpe;jidfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;.

,tu;fsJ gof;f tof;fq;fs;> nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;wd vkJ rpe;jidfs;

khw;wkiltjw;Ff; fhuzkhfyhk;.

jdpahspd; rpe;jidfspy; Kjd; Kjypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

mk;rk; FLk;gkhFk;. tpNrlkhf vkJ rpW guhaj;jpy; FLk;gr; #oy;

rpwe;jjhfTk;> mikjpahfTk; ,Uf;Fkhapd; vk;kplj;jpy; rpwe;j rpe;jidfs;

cUthfyhk;. Kuz;ghlhd> rpf;fyhd #oypy; vkJ rpe;jidfs; mbf;fb

ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpd;wd.

kjj;

jhgdq;fs;vkJvkJvkJvkJvkJ

rpe;jidfs;rpe;jidfs;rpe;jidfs;rpe;jidfs;rpe;jidfs;

rKjha

epWtdq;fs;

Mrpupau;fs;

%j;Njhu;fs;

Nfhapy;

tpfhiu

FLk;gk;

ghlrhiy

khztu;fs;

ghlrhiyr;

#oy

;

njhlu;G rhjdq;fs;

nghJr; Nr

it

mikg;Gfs;>

rq;fq;fs;>

fofq;fs;

rk taJez;gu;fs;

Njthya

k;

gs;spthry;

FLk;gr; #oy;

nghJClfq;fs;

fijfs;

tuyhWfs;

rk;gtq;fs;

maytu;fs;;

ngw;NwhUk;cwtpdh;fSk;


jdpahspd; rpe;jidfspy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;w mLj;j

gpujhd fhuzp ghlrhiyahFk;.

ghlrhiyapYs;s khztu ;fs ; >

Mr pu pau ;fs ; MfpNahu ; r pwe ;j

rpe;jidfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F

vkf;F cjTgtu;fshtu; ghlrhiyapd;

#oYk ; cq ;fs ; r pe ;jida py ;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;JfpwJ.

ghlrhiyapy; gpd ;gw ;wg ;gLk;

rk;gpujhaq;fs;> xOq;F tpjpfs;>

tFg ;Gfspy ; Nkw ;nfhs;sg ;gLk ;

ghlq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;l nraw;ghLfs;

Nghd;wdTk; cq;fsJ rpwe;j rpe;jid

tsu;r;rpf;F cjTfpd;wd. mNj Nghd;W

Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> gj;jpupiffs;

Nghd;wdTk; vkJ rpe ;jidapy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jf;$badthFk;.

u\;ahitr; Nru;e;j Gfo; ngw;w vOj;jhsuhd khu;f;\pk; Nfhu;f;fkhu;f;\pk; Nfhu;f;fkhu;f;\pk; Nfhu;f;fkhu;f;\pk; Nfhu;f;fkhu;f;\pk; Nfhu;f;fp>

'Gj;jfq;fis thrpg;gjdhNyNa rpe;jidapy; gpd;dilit Vw;gLj;jf;

$ba> Jd;gq;fisAk; ftiyfisAk; ehd; Nghf;fpf; nfhs;fpNwd;||

vd;W $wpAs;shu;. ,jd; %yk; njupatUtJ ahnjdpy; ey;y Gj;jfq;fis

thrpg;gjd; %ykhfTk; vk;kpy; rpwe;j rpe;jidfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd

vd;gjhFk;. tuyhWfs;> fijfs; ehty;fs;> rkaE}y;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw

thrpg;gjd; %yk; vkJ rpe;jidf;Fr; rpwe;j jfty;fs; te;J NrUfpd;wd.

ehk; rkag; Nghjidfspd; gb tho;tjw;F kjr;rpe;jidfs; vkf;F

topfhl;bfshf mike;Js;sd. tpfhiu> Nfhapy;> gs;spthry;> Njthyak;

Mfpa kjj;jyq;fNshL njhlu;gpid itj;jpUf;Fk; NghJ mwnewpfSk;>

rpwe;j rpe;jidfSk; cUthfpd;wd. mNefkhf fpuhkq;fspYk; Vd;

efuq;fspYk; $lr; r%f eltbf;iffs; rka mD\;lhdq;fspd;gbNa

elf;fpd;wd.

cU 1.12 ,izg;ghltpjhdr;cU 1.12 ,izg;ghltpjhdr;cU 1.12 ,izg;ghltpjhdr;cU 1.12 ,izg;ghltpjhdr;cU 1.12 ,izg;ghltpjhdr;nraw;ghLfshy; ey;y rpe;jidfs;nraw;ghLfshy; ey;y rpe;jidfs;nraw;ghLfshy; ey;y rpe;jidfs;nraw;ghLfshy; ey;y rpe;jidfs;nraw;ghLfshy; ey;y rpe;jidfs;

cUthjy;cUthjy;cUthjy;cUthjy;cUthjy;

cU 1.11 kfpo;r;rpfukhd FLk;gk;cU 1.11 kfpo;r;rpfukhd FLk;gk;cU 1.11 kfpo;r;rpfukhd FLk;gk;cU 1.11 kfpo;r;rpfukhd FLk;gk;cU 1.11 kfpo;r;rpfukhd FLk;gk;


1.5 rpe;jidfis Muha;e;J nraw;gLj;Jjy;

mwnewpg; ghlrhiyfs;> gpupntdhf; fy;tp epiyaq;fs;> kj;u]h

(,];yhkpa mwnewpg;ghlrhiy) Nghd;w rka topKiwfspd; gb

cUthfpr; nraw;gLk; mikg;GfSk;; jdpahl;fspd; rpe;jidfs; rpwe;J

tpsq;ff; fhuzkhfpd;wd.

rkar; rlq;FfspYk; topghLfspYk; <LgLjy; %yk; rpwe;j rpe;jidfs;

cq;fsplk; cUthFk;. FOthfr; nraw;gLtjw;fhd Mw;wy;> gpwUf;F

cjTjy; Nghd;wd Vw;gLk;. ,jdhy; xUtiu xUtu; kjpj;J nfsutkhf

tho KbAk;.

Nkw;gb tplaq;fisf; fw;wjd; %yk; jdpahspd; rpe;jidfs; kPJ

vd;ndd;d fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij

tpsq;fpapUg;gPu;fs;.

''rpwe;j rpe;jidfs; kfpo;r;rpahd tho;f;ifiaf; nfhz;L

tUfpd;wd||

vkJ rpe;jidfs; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gy;NtW fhuzpfs;

gw;wp NkNy mwpe;jpUg;gPu;fs;. ,q;F ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Njhd;Wfpd;w

rpe;jidfis Muha;e;J tpsq;fpr; nraw;gLtjd; mtrpak; gw;wp mwpNthk;.

vkJ vz;zj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; rpe;jidfs; nghUj;jkhditah?

nghUj;jkw;witah? vd;gij Kjypy; tpsq;fp gpd;G nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.

kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; vy;yhr; rpe;jidfisAk; nraw;gLj;JtJ vspjhd

tplakd;W.

kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd rpe;jidfisNa gpd;gw;WtJ vkJ

nghWg;ghFk;. jw;fhyj;jpy; Clfq;fspd; %yk; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk; epfo;r;rpfs;

njhlu;ghf ehk; Muha;e;J ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ftu;r;rp> trPfuk; epiwe;j

tpsk;guq;fSk; epfo;r;rpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpyNtis ,tw;why;

rpe;jidfs; Fog;gkilaTk; $Lk;. vdNt khztu;fshfpa vkf;F

,it njhlu;gpy; kpFe;j mtjhdk; Njit.


gj;jpupiffs;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp Clfq;fs; %yk;

NkYs;sthW tpsk;guq;fs; nra;ag;gLtij ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUg;gPu;fs;.

mit trPfukhfTk;> ftUk; tpjj;jpYk; mike;jpUf;fyhk;. ,tw;why;

vkJ rpe;jidfs; khw;wkilaf; $Lk;. Muhahky; ,tw;Wf;F ehk;

mbikg;gLtjdhy; ,tw;wpypUe;J gadiltjw;Fg; gjpyhfg; ghjpg;Gf;fis

re;jpf;f NeupLfpwJ. MfNt tpsk;guq;f@lhd epfo;r;rpfs; Fwpj;J

Muha;e;J nraw;gl Ntz;baJ vkJ flikahFk;.

NkYs;s gj;jpupifr; nra;jpj; jiyg;igg; ghUq;fs;. ,jd;NghJ

rfkhztu; kj;jpapy; fhzhky; Ngha; gypahd khztd; njhlu;ghff;

ftiyahd rpe;jid fhzg;gLk;. ghlrhiy Neuj;jpy; flypy; Fspf;fr;

nrd;wJ jfhj nray; MFk; mj;NjhL> MuhahJ fz;l ,lj;jpnyy;yhk;

Fspg;gJk; $lhJ.

vdNt vg;nghOJk;> ehk; vd;d nra;fpNwhk;? mtw;wpd; gpujp

gyd;fs; vd;d? ,r;nraYf;F ahu; nghWg;G? Nghd;w rpe;jidfSf;F

Kjyplk; nfhLj;Jr; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,Nj Nghd;W ,d;W ghlrhiy

cq;fSf;Fg; Gjpa rf;jp! epiwthd

jpUg;jp! ,d;Nw tpiue;J nrd;W

thq;;Fq;fs;

ifapYs;s KjYf;F ePq;fs; epidj;jthW

Gjpa thfdk; xd;iw thq;fyhk;. jtiz

Kiwapy; nfhLg;gdT. MAs; cj;juthjk;.

Kw;gzj;ijr; nrYj;jp thfdj;ijg; ngWk;

trjp cq;fSf;fhf

khjf; nfhLg;gdT Kiwapy; tPl;Lf;

fhzpj; Jz;Lfs;....! g+q;fh kpd;rhuk;>

Nghf;Ftuj;J> FbePu; trjp midj;Jk;

nfhz;l rpwe;j tho;f;ifr; #oy;

ghlrhiy khztu;fs; flypy; %o;fpg; gyp! ghlrhiy Neuj;jpy;

eilngw;w gupjhgkhd rk;gtk;.


khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; mjpfupj;J tUk; fzpdp; tpisahl;Lfs;> ,Wtl;L

ghu;j;jy;> tpNehj epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;Nfw;wy; njhlu;ghf Muha;e;J ghu;f;f

Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,it vt;tsT J}uk; vkf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdit vd;W

rpe;jpj;Jg;ghu;j;Nj mtw;iwr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp>

,izak; %yk; fpilf;Fk; nghUj;jkw;w jfty;fs;> glq;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;

ghly;fs; vd;gd vkf;Fg; gpuNahrdkw;wit. vdNt> ehk; ek;ikr;

Rw;wpAs;s rfy mk;rq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; myrp Muha;e;J rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;j;Nj

nraw;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ.

gpd;tUk; rk;gtj;ij ed;F thrpj;jwpe;J mJ njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ

fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;f.

jpyf;\Dk;> `]Dk; kpf neUq;fpa ,U ez;gu;fs;. 8

Me; juj;jpy; gbf;fpd;wdu;. ,UtuJ tPLk; mUfUNf mike;Js;sd.

mtu;fs; jpdKk; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJk; tpisahLk; NghJk;

xd;whfNt nry;YtJ tof;fk;. tFg;G ez;gd; xUtdJ tPl;by;

njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;l jpiug;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;l tPur;

nray; xd;iwg; ghu;j;j ,UtUk; mjd; ghy; ftug;gl;ldu;.

glj;jpy; rpWtd; xUtd; fhl;L kuq;fspy; Vwp mjd; tpOJfspy;

gpbj;Jj; jhtpf; Fjpf;Fk; epfo;itj; jhKk; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd ,UtUk;

tpUg;gq;nfhz;ldu;. ,UtUk; tPl;Lf;Fg; gpd;Gwk; ,Ue;j njd;id

kunkhd;wpy; mjd; Xiyfisg; gpbj;Jj; jhtpf; Fjpj;J tpisahbdu;.

jpBnud jpyf;\d; kuj;jpy; ,Ue;j Xiy fod;W fPNo njhg;ngd;W

tpOe;jhd;. Njhl;gl;il ntbj;Jg;ghupa fhak; Vw;gl;bUe;jJ.

,r;rk;gtj;ijf; ; Nfs;tpg;gl;l jpyf;\dpd; ngw;Nwhu; mtid

itj;jparhiyf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;wdu;.

(i) ,j;jifa tplaq;fisr; nra;J ghu;f;f Kaw;rpg;gJ

nghUj;jkhdjh?

nra;J ghu;f;fg; gad;gLj;jpa top Kiw rpwe;jjh?

mtu;fs; rupahf Mau;j;jkhfp mjidr; nra;jhu;fsh?

ePq;fs; jpyf;\dhf ,Ue;jhy; ,e;epfo;T Fwpj;J vd;d

epidg;gPu;fs;;?

ePq;fs; `]dhf ,Ue;jhy; ePq;fs; vd;d nra;jpUg;gPu;fs;?

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL VI

(ii)

(iii)(iv)

(v)


ehk; nra;Ak; mNef nray;fSf;nfy;yhk; kdjpy; Njhd;Wfpd;w

rpe;jidfNs fhuzk; vd;gJ gw;wpAk;> rpe;jidfspd; %yNk ehk;

nraw;gLfpNwhk; vd;gJ gw;wpAk; Vw;fdNt tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sPu;fs;.

,q;F rpwe;j rpe;jidfis Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfis tpsq;fp mtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;JtJ gw;wp ,dp mwpayhk;. rpwe;j rpe;jidfis mwpe;J

mtw;iw tho;tpy; gpd;gw;wp elg;gJ gpuirfs; vd;w tifapy; vkJ

nghWg;ghFk;.

,f;fhuzpfisj; njupe;J nfhz;L mtw;iwg; gw;wpg; NgRtNjhL

epd;Wtplf;$lhJ. ehshe;jk; ,f;fhuzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp mtw;wpd; gb

cUthFk; rpwe;j gz;GfSld; thOtNj Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

Kd;khjpupahd r%fg; ngupahu;fspd; tuyhw;iw tpsq;Ftjd;

%yk; mtw;iw topfhl;lyhf itj;J> cq;fsJ fy;tpia ey;y Kiwapy;

gapyyhk;. jilfis ntw;wp; nfhz;l topfisg; gw;wp mwpe;J nraw;glTk;

KbAk;. NkYk; ey;y rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;L cq;fsJ tho;f;ifia

ntw;wpfukhf Mf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; KbAk;. mNj Ntis gpur;rpidfs;

Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ePq;fs; ngw;Ws;s ey;y mDgtq;fisf; nfhz;L

ed;F Muha;e;J mtw;iwr; RKfkhfj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhz;L tho;tjw;Fk;

KbAk;.

rkag; Nghjidfs; %yk; eilngWk; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjd;

%yk; cq;fsplk; rpwe;j rpe;jidfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. cq;fsJ

cs;sk; mikjpailAk;. mJkhj;jpukd;wp nghWik> ,uf;fk;> md;G>

rfpg;Gj; jd;ik Nghd;w gz;Gfs; cUthFtjw;Fk; rka eltbf;iffs;

fhuzkhfpd;wd.

rpwe;j rpe;jidfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F vkf;F cjTk; fhuzpfshfg;

gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• rpwe;j ez;gu;fs;

• rpwe;j Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;

• rkaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;.

• ghlrhiy

• ngw;NwhUk;> FLk;gj;jpdUk;

• r%fg; ngupahu;fs;> mwpQu;fs;

• kjj;jiytu;fs;

1.6 rpwe;j rpe;jidfis tpUj;jp nra;fpd;wfhuzpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.


r%f tpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjd; %yk;

gaDs;s gzpfisr; nra;ayhk; vd;w kdg;ghq;F> FOthfr; nraw;gLk;

Mw;wy;> xj;Jioj;jy;> xw;Wikahf ,Uj;jy;> jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;F

kjpg;gspj;jy; Nghd;w tho;f;iff;F mtrpakhd gz;Gfs; cq;fsplk;

tsu;r;rpailAk;. ey;y ez;gu;fSld; goFk;NghJ ePq;fs; ijupak; ngWtJ

kl;Lkd;wp tpl;Lf; nfhLj;Jr; nraw;gLtjw;Fk;> rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAld;

,Ug;gjw;Fk;> md;ghff; fijg;gjw;Fkhd gz;Gfs; tsu;r;rpailAk;.

,t;thW rpwe;j rpe;jidfis cq;fsplj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjd;

%yk; cq;fsJ fy;tp eltbf;iffs; ntw;wpfukhf mikAk;. ePq;fs;

ew;gz;Gs;s gpui[ahtNjhL cq;fs;> ez;gu;fs; kj;jpapy; md;Gf;Fupa

ez;guhf MtPu;fs;. gpwupd; MjuTk;> kupahijAk; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilg;gJ

kl;Lkd;wp cq;fis ek;gpf;iff;Fupa rpwe;j gpuirahf vd;Wk; cyfk;

tuNtw;Fk;.

xg;gil

~~rpwe;j rpe;jidfs;|| vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fhiy xd;W $lypy;

NgRtjw;fhd ciu xd;iw vOJf.

v tho;f;ifapd; ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ntt;NtW rpe;jidfs;

Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

v xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltu;fsplKk; Njhd;Wk; rpe;jidfs;

NtWgl;ldthFk;.

v rpe;jidfspd; jd;ikfs; gy;NtWgl;lit vd;gJld;> rpwe;j

rpe;jidfshy; ehk; rpwe;j gad;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

v rpwe;j rpe;jidfs; cUthtjpy; gy;NtW fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jfpd;wd. thof;ifapy; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L

nraw;gLtJ ngWkjpahdjhFk;.

rhuhk;rk;

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