Royal Power Grows Focus Question Focus Question How did monarchs in England and France expand royal...

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Royal Power Grows Royal Power Grows Focus Question Focus Question How did monarchs in England How did monarchs in England and France expand royal and France expand royal authority and lay the authority and lay the foundations for united nation- foundations for united nation- states? states? 1

Transcript of Royal Power Grows Focus Question Focus Question How did monarchs in England and France expand royal...

Page 1: Royal Power Grows Focus Question Focus Question How did monarchs in England and France expand royal authority and lay the foundations for united nation-states?

Royal Power GrowsRoyal Power Grows Focus Question Focus Question 

How did monarchs in England and How did monarchs in England and France expand royal authority and France expand royal authority and

lay the foundations for united lay the foundations for united nation-states?nation-states?

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Monarchs, Monarchs, Nobles, and Nobles, and the Church the Church

During the early During the early Middle Ages, as you Middle Ages, as you have read, monarchs have read, monarchs in Europe stood at the in Europe stood at the head of society but head of society but had limited power. had limited power. Nobles and the Church Nobles and the Church had as much power as had as much power as monarchs. In some monarchs. In some cases, they were more cases, they were more powerful than powerful than monarchs. monarchs. 22

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Both nobles and the Church had their own courts, Both nobles and the Church had their own courts, collected their own taxes, and fielded their own armies. collected their own taxes, and fielded their own armies. They jealously guarded their rights and privileges against They jealously guarded their rights and privileges against any effort by monarchs to increase royal authority. any effort by monarchs to increase royal authority.

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During the High Middle Ages—about 1000 to 1300—the balance of During the High Middle Ages—about 1000 to 1300—the balance of power started to shift. Monarchs used various means to centralize power started to shift. Monarchs used various means to centralize power. They expanded the royal domain and set up systems of power. They expanded the royal domain and set up systems of royal justice that undermined feudal and Church courts. royal justice that undermined feudal and Church courts. 44

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They organized government bureaucracies, developed They organized government bureaucracies, developed tax systems, and built standing armies. Monarchs also tax systems, and built standing armies. Monarchs also strengthened ties with the townspeople of the middle strengthened ties with the townspeople of the middle class. Townspeople, in turn, supported royal rulers, who class. Townspeople, in turn, supported royal rulers, who could impose the peace and unity that were needed for could impose the peace and unity that were needed for successful trade. successful trade. 55

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What groups What groups gained and lost gained and lost power?power?

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English Kings Strengthen Their Power English Kings Strengthen Their Power During the early Middle Ages, various groups—including During the early Middle Ages, various groups—including

Angles, Saxons, and Vikings—invaded and settled England. A Angles, Saxons, and Vikings—invaded and settled England. A feudal structure developed in this diverse society, but feudal structure developed in this diverse society, but English rulers generally kept their kingdoms united. In 1066, English rulers generally kept their kingdoms united. In 1066, however, the Anglo-Saxon king Edward, died without an heir. however, the Anglo-Saxon king Edward, died without an heir.

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A council of nobles A council of nobles chose Edward’s chose Edward’s brother-in-law Harold brother-in-law Harold to rule. But William, to rule. But William, Duke of Normandy, in Duke of Normandy, in France, a tough and France, a tough and ruthless descendant of ruthless descendant of the Vikings, also the Vikings, also claimed the English claimed the English throne. He was related throne. He was related to King Edward who, to King Edward who, according to William, according to William, had promised him the had promised him the throne. The answer to throne. The answer to the rival claims lay on the rival claims lay on the battlefield. the battlefield.

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William of Normandy Conquers William of Normandy Conquers England England

William raised an army and won the backing of the pope. He William raised an army and won the backing of the pope. He then sailed across the English Channel to England. At the then sailed across the English Channel to England. At the Battle of Hastings, William and his Norman knights Battle of Hastings, William and his Norman knights triumphed over Harold. triumphed over Harold. William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror, as he was , as he was now called, became king of England on Christmas Day 1066.now called, became king of England on Christmas Day 1066.

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Although William’s French-speaking nobles dominated Although William’s French-speaking nobles dominated England, the country’s Anglo-Saxon population England, the country’s Anglo-Saxon population survived. Over the next 300 years, there was a gradual survived. Over the next 300 years, there was a gradual blending of Norman French and Anglo-Saxon customs, blending of Norman French and Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, and traditions languages, and traditions

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ExpandinExpanding Royal g Royal Power Power

Now that William had Now that William had conquered England, he set conquered England, he set out to impose his control out to impose his control over the land. Like other over the land. Like other feudal monarchs, he feudal monarchs, he granted fiefs to the Church granted fiefs to the Church and to his Norman lords, or and to his Norman lords, or barons, but he also kept a barons, but he also kept a large amount of land for large amount of land for himself. He monitored who himself. He monitored who built castles and where. He built castles and where. He required every vassal to required every vassal to swear first allegiance to swear first allegiance to him rather than to any him rather than to any other feudal lord. other feudal lord.

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To learn about his kingdom, William had a complete To learn about his kingdom, William had a complete census taken in 1086. The result was the census taken in 1086. The result was the Domesday Domesday BookBook (pronounced “doomsday”), which listed every (pronounced “doomsday”), which listed every castle, field, and pigpen in England. As the title castle, field, and pigpen in England. As the title suggests, the survey was as thorough and inevitable as suggests, the survey was as thorough and inevitable as doomsday, believed to be God’s final day of judgment doomsday, believed to be God’s final day of judgment that no one could escape that no one could escape

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Information in the Domesday Book helped William and later Information in the Domesday Book helped William and later English monarchs build an efficient system of tax collection. English monarchs build an efficient system of tax collection. William’s successors also created the royal exchequer, or William’s successors also created the royal exchequer, or treasury, to collect taxes, fees, fines, and other dues. treasury, to collect taxes, fees, fines, and other dues.

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Developing a Unified Legal Developing a Unified Legal System System

In 1154, an energetic, In 1154, an energetic, well-educated king, well-educated king, Henry II, inherited the Henry II, inherited the throne. He broadened throne. He broadened the system of royal the system of royal justice by expanding justice by expanding accepted customs into accepted customs into law. He then sent out law. He then sent out traveling justices to traveling justices to enforce these royal enforce these royal laws. The decisions of laws. The decisions of the royal courts became the royal courts became the foundation of English the foundation of English common lawcommon law, a legal , a legal system based on custom system based on custom and court rulings and court rulings

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Unlike local feudal Unlike local feudal laws, common law laws, common law applied to all of applied to all of England. In time, England. In time, people brought their people brought their disputes to royal courts disputes to royal courts rather than to those of rather than to those of nobles or the Church. nobles or the Church. Because royal courts Because royal courts charged fees, the charged fees, the exchequer benefited exchequer benefited from the growth of from the growth of royal justice royal justice

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Under Henry II, England also developed an early Under Henry II, England also developed an early jury system. When traveling justices visited an jury system. When traveling justices visited an area, local officials collected a area, local officials collected a juryjury, or group of , or group of men sworn to speak the truth men sworn to speak the truth

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These early juries These early juries determined which determined which cases should be cases should be brought to trial and brought to trial and were the ancestors of were the ancestors of today’s grand jury. today’s grand jury. Later, another jury Later, another jury evolved that was evolved that was composed of 12 composed of 12 neighbors of an neighbors of an accused person. It was accused person. It was the ancestor of today’s the ancestor of today’s trial jury. trial jury.

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Conflict With the Church Conflict With the Church Henry’s efforts to extend Henry’s efforts to extend

royal power led to a royal power led to a bitter dispute with the bitter dispute with the Church over the issue of Church over the issue of legal authority. Henry legal authority. Henry claimed the right to try claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts. clergy in royal courts. Thomas Becket, the Thomas Becket, the archbishop of archbishop of Canterbury and once a Canterbury and once a close friend of Henry, close friend of Henry, fiercely opposed the fiercely opposed the king on this issue. The king on this issue. The conflict simmered for conflict simmered for years.years.

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At last, Henry’s fury At last, Henry’s fury exploded. “What exploded. “What cowards I have brought cowards I have brought up in my court,” he up in my court,” he cried. “Who will rid me cried. “Who will rid me of this meddlesome of this meddlesome priest?” Four hotheaded priest?” Four hotheaded knights took Henry at knights took Henry at his word. In 1170, they his word. In 1170, they murdered the murdered the archbishop in his own archbishop in his own cathedral. Henry denied cathedral. Henry denied any part in the attack any part in the attack

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Still, to make peace Still, to make peace with the Church, he with the Church, he eased his attempts to eased his attempts to regulate the clergy. regulate the clergy. Meanwhile, Becket Meanwhile, Becket was honored as a was honored as a martyr and declared a martyr and declared a saint. Pilgrims flocked saint. Pilgrims flocked to his tomb at to his tomb at Canterbury, where Canterbury, where miracles were said to miracles were said to occur. occur.

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How did William How did William and Henry II and Henry II increase royal increase royal power?power?

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Evolving Traditions of Evolving Traditions of Government Government

Later English rulers Later English rulers repeatedly clashed with repeatedly clashed with nobles and the Church nobles and the Church as they tried to raise as they tried to raise taxes or to impose royal taxes or to impose royal authority over authority over traditional feudal rights. traditional feudal rights. Out of those struggles Out of those struggles evolved traditions of evolved traditions of government that would government that would have great influence on have great influence on the modern world.the modern world.

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King John Makes Powerful King John Makes Powerful Enemies Enemies

A son of Henry II, A son of Henry II, King King JohnJohn was a clever, was a clever, cruel, and cruel, and untrustworthy ruler. untrustworthy ruler. During his reign, he During his reign, he faced three powerful faced three powerful enemies: King Philip II enemies: King Philip II of France, Pope of France, Pope Innocent III, and his Innocent III, and his own English nobles. own English nobles. He lost his struggles He lost his struggles with each.with each.

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Ever since William Ever since William the Conqueror, the Conqueror, Norman rulers of Norman rulers of England had held England had held vast lands in France. vast lands in France. In 1205, John In 1205, John suffered a setback suffered a setback when he lost a war when he lost a war with Philip II and had with Philip II and had to give up lands in to give up lands in Anjou and Normandy.Anjou and Normandy.

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Next, John battled Next, John battled with Innocent III with Innocent III over selecting a over selecting a new archbishop of new archbishop of Canterbury. When Canterbury. When John rejected the John rejected the pope’s nominee, pope’s nominee, the pope the pope excommunicated excommunicated him. him.

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Innocent also placed Innocent also placed England under the England under the interdict—the papal interdict—the papal order that forbade order that forbade Church services in an Church services in an entire kingdom. Even entire kingdom. Even the strongest ruler was the strongest ruler was likely to give in to that likely to give in to that pressure. To save pressure. To save himself and his crown, himself and his crown, John had to accept John had to accept England as a fief of the England as a fief of the papacy and pay a papacy and pay a yearly fee to Rome.yearly fee to Rome.

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The Magna Carta The Magna Carta Finally, John Finally, John

angered his own angered his own nobles with nobles with oppressive taxes oppressive taxes and other abuses of and other abuses of power. In 1215, a power. In 1215, a group of rebellious group of rebellious barons cornered barons cornered John and forced him John and forced him to sign the to sign the Magna Magna CartaCarta, or great , or great charter charter

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This document contained This document contained two very important ideas two very important ideas that would shape English that would shape English government in the government in the future. First, it asserted future. First, it asserted that the nobles had that the nobles had certain rights. Over time, certain rights. Over time, these rights were these rights were extended to all English extended to all English citizens. Second, the citizens. Second, the Magna Carta made it Magna Carta made it clear that the monarch clear that the monarch must obey the law. must obey the law.

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Besides protecting their Besides protecting their own privileges, the barons own privileges, the barons included provisions that included provisions that recognized the legal rights recognized the legal rights of townspeople and the of townspeople and the Church. Two of the most Church. Two of the most significant were in a clause significant were in a clause protecting freemen from protecting freemen from arbitrary arrest, arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, and other imprisonment, and other legal actions, except “by legal actions, except “by legal judgment of his peers legal judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.” or by the law of the land.” This clause formed the This clause formed the basis of the right we know basis of the right we know today as today as due process of due process of lawlaw. .

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It is also seen as the It is also seen as the basis for the right of basis for the right of habeas corpushabeas corpus, the , the principle that no person principle that no person can be held in prison can be held in prison without first being without first being charged with a specific charged with a specific crime. Habeas corpus crime. Habeas corpus was later clarified and was later clarified and defined in the Petition of defined in the Petition of Right (1628) and the Right (1628) and the Habeas Corpus Act Habeas Corpus Act (1679 (1679

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The king also agreed The king also agreed not to raise new taxes not to raise new taxes without first consulting without first consulting his Great Council of his Great Council of lords and clergy. Many lords and clergy. Many centuries later, centuries later, American colonists American colonists would claim that those would claim that those words meant that any words meant that any taxation without taxation without representation was representation was unjust. In 1215, unjust. In 1215, though, neither the though, neither the king nor his lords could king nor his lords could have imagined such an have imagined such an idea.idea.

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The Development of The Development of Parliament Parliament

In keeping with the In keeping with the Magna Carta, English Magna Carta, English rulers often called on the rulers often called on the Great Council for advice. Great Council for advice. During the 1200s, this During the 1200s, this council evolved into council evolved into ParliamentParliament, which later , which later became England’s became England’s legislature. As Parliament legislature. As Parliament acquired a larger role in acquired a larger role in government, it helped government, it helped unify England.unify England.

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In 1295, King Edward I In 1295, King Edward I summoned Parliament summoned Parliament to approve money for to approve money for his wars in France. his wars in France. “What touches all,” he “What touches all,” he declared, “should be declared, “should be approved by all.” He approved by all.” He had representatives of had representatives of the “common people” the “common people” join with the lords and join with the lords and clergy. The “commons” clergy. The “commons” included two knights included two knights from each county and from each county and representatives of the representatives of the towns. towns.

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Much later, this Much later, this assembly became assembly became known as the Model known as the Model Parliament because it Parliament because it set up the framework for set up the framework for England’s legislature. In England’s legislature. In time, Parliament time, Parliament developed into a two-developed into a two-house body: the House house body: the House of Lords with nobles and of Lords with nobles and high clergy and the high clergy and the House of Commons with House of Commons with knights and middle-class knights and middle-class citizens. citizens.

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Over the centuries, Over the centuries, Parliament gained the Parliament gained the crucial “power of the crucial “power of the purse”: the right to purse”: the right to approve any new approve any new taxes. With that power, taxes. With that power, Parliament could insist Parliament could insist that the monarch meet that the monarch meet its demands before its demands before voting for taxes. In this voting for taxes. In this way, it could limit the way, it could limit the power of the monarch.power of the monarch.

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Successful Monarchs in Successful Monarchs in France France

Unlike William the Unlike William the Conqueror in Conqueror in England, monarchs England, monarchs in France did not in France did not rule over a unified rule over a unified kingdom. The kingdom. The successors to successors to Charlemagne had Charlemagne had little power over a little power over a patchwork of French patchwork of French territories ruled by territories ruled by powerful nobles.powerful nobles.

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The Capetian Kings The Capetian Kings In 987, these nobles In 987, these nobles

elected Hugh Capet, elected Hugh Capet, the count of Paris, to fill the count of Paris, to fill the vacant French the vacant French throne. They may have throne. They may have chosen him because chosen him because they thought he was they thought he was too weak to pose a too weak to pose a threat to them. Hugh’s threat to them. Hugh’s own lands around Paris own lands around Paris were smaller than were smaller than those of many of his those of many of his vassals.vassals.

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Nevertheless, Hugh Nevertheless, Hugh and his heirs slowly and his heirs slowly increased royal power. increased royal power. First, they made the First, they made the throne hereditary, throne hereditary, passing it from father passing it from father to son. The Capetian to son. The Capetian dynasty lasted for 300 dynasty lasted for 300 years, making the years, making the kingdom more stable. kingdom more stable. Next, they added to Next, they added to their lands by playing their lands by playing rival nobles against rival nobles against each other. They also each other. They also won the support of the won the support of the Church.Church.

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Perhaps most Perhaps most important, the important, the Capetians built an Capetians built an effective bureaucracy. effective bureaucracy. Government officials Government officials collected taxes and collected taxes and imposed royal law over imposed royal law over the king’s lands. By the king’s lands. By establishing order, they establishing order, they increased their prestige increased their prestige and gained the backing and gained the backing of the new middle classof the new middle class

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Philip Augustus Extends French Philip Augustus Extends French Power Power

In 1179, Philip II In 1179, Philip II became king of France. became king of France. Called Philip Augustus, Called Philip Augustus, he was a shrewd and he was a shrewd and able ruler. Instead of able ruler. Instead of appointing nobles to fill appointing nobles to fill government positions, government positions, Philip paid middle-class Philip paid middle-class officials who would owe officials who would owe their loyalty to him. He their loyalty to him. He granted charters to granted charters to many new towns and many new towns and introduced a new introduced a new national tax national tax

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Philip also quadrupled royal Philip also quadrupled royal land holdings. Through land holdings. Through trickery, diplomacy, and trickery, diplomacy, and war, he gained control of war, he gained control of English-ruled lands in English-ruled lands in Normandy, Anjou, and Normandy, Anjou, and elsewhere. He then began elsewhere. He then began to take over southern to take over southern France. When he sent his France. When he sent his knights to help the pope knights to help the pope suppress a heretical group suppress a heretical group called the Albigensians (al called the Albigensians (al buh buh jenjen see unz) in the see unz) in the south, he was able to add south, he was able to add this vast area to his this vast area to his domaindomain. Before his death . Before his death in 1223, Philip had become in 1223, Philip had become the most powerful ruler in the most powerful ruler in Europe.Europe.

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Louis IX, King and Saint Louis IX, King and Saint In 1226, In 1226, Louis IXLouis IX

became king of France. became king of France. A deeply religious man, A deeply religious man, Louis persecuted Louis persecuted heretics, or those who heretics, or those who held beliefs contrary to held beliefs contrary to Church teachings. He Church teachings. He also persecuted Jews also persecuted Jews and led French knights and led French knights in two Crusades, or in two Crusades, or wars against Muslims. wars against Muslims. Within 30 years of his Within 30 years of his death, the Church death, the Church declared him a saint declared him a saint

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Louis did much to Louis did much to improve royal improve royal government. Like government. Like Charlemagne, he sent Charlemagne, he sent out roving officials to out roving officials to check on local check on local administrators. He administrators. He expanded the royal expanded the royal courts, outlawed courts, outlawed private wars, and private wars, and ended serfdom in his ended serfdom in his personal domain. personal domain.

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To ensure justice, he To ensure justice, he even heard cases even heard cases himself. His enormous himself. His enormous personal prestige personal prestige helped create a strong helped create a strong national feeling national feeling among his subjects. among his subjects. By the time of his By the time of his death in 1270, France death in 1270, France was emerging as an was emerging as an efficient centralized efficient centralized monarchymonarchy

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Clashing With the Pope Clashing With the Pope

Louis’s grandson, Philip IV, ruthlessly Louis’s grandson, Philip IV, ruthlessly extended royal power. To raise cash, extended royal power. To raise cash, he tried to collect new taxes from the he tried to collect new taxes from the clergy. These efforts led to a clash clergy. These efforts led to a clash with Pope Boniface VIII. Declaring with Pope Boniface VIII. Declaring that “God has set popes over kings that “God has set popes over kings and kingdoms,” the pope forbade and kingdoms,” the pope forbade Philip to tax the clergy without papal Philip to tax the clergy without papal consent. consent.

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Philip threatened to arrest any clergy Philip threatened to arrest any clergy who did not pay. As their quarrel who did not pay. As their quarrel escalated, Philip sent troops to seize escalated, Philip sent troops to seize Boniface. The pope escaped, but he Boniface. The pope escaped, but he died soon afterward. died soon afterward.

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Shortly after, in 1305, a Frenchman was Shortly after, in 1305, a Frenchman was elected pope. Four years later, he elected pope. Four years later, he moved the papal court to Avignon (ah moved the papal court to Avignon (ah vee vee nyohnnyohn), just outside the southern ), just outside the southern border of France, where French rulers border of France, where French rulers could exercise more control over it. could exercise more control over it. Eventually, this move led to a crisis in Eventually, this move led to a crisis in the Church when another pope was the Church when another pope was elected in Rome. The rival popes each elected in Rome. The rival popes each claimed to be the true leader of the claimed to be the true leader of the Church Church

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Forming the Estates General Forming the Estates General

During this struggle with the pope, During this struggle with the pope, Philip rallied French support by setting Philip rallied French support by setting up the Estates General in 1302. This up the Estates General in 1302. This body had representatives from all three body had representatives from all three estates, or classes of French society: estates, or classes of French society: clergy, nobles, and townspeople. clergy, nobles, and townspeople. Although later French kings consulted Although later French kings consulted the Estates General, it never gained the the Estates General, it never gained the power of the purse or otherwise served power of the purse or otherwise served as a balance to royal power as a balance to royal power

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Describe how two French kings Describe how two French kings increased royal power.increased royal power.

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