ROXHILL PARK NATURAL AREA STEWARDSHIP REPORT

©Starflower Foundation 2007

Prepared by: Starflower Foundation:

Chris Behrens, Restoration Program Manager Sandy Fry, Executive Director

Seattle Urban Nature: Ella Elman, Ecologist

i

Contents

Acknowledgements............................................................................................................. ii

Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... iii

I. Introduction .....................................................................................................................1

II. The Community Organizes ............................................................................................5

III. Reintroduction of Native Plant Communities.............................................................11

IV. Plant Community Assessment Methodology .............................................................21

V. Results and Findings ....................................................................................................23 Overview......................................................................................................................23 Zone 1—Peat Cell 1.....................................................................................................26 Zone 2—Peat Cell 2.....................................................................................................38 Zone 3—Peat Cell 3.....................................................................................................46 Zone 4—Peat Cell 4.....................................................................................................58 Zone 5—Peat Edge Phase II ........................................................................................64 Zone 6—Street Green ..................................................................................................68 Zone 7—Maple Woods Phase II..................................................................................71 Zone 8—Maple Woods Phase I ...................................................................................76 Zone 9—Peat Edge Phase I..........................................................................................80 Zone 10—Upper Basin ................................................................................................85 Zone 11—Meadow ......................................................................................................89 Zone 12—Aspen Sweep ..............................................................................................98 Zone 13—Upper Woodland.......................................................................................105 Zone 14—LATCH Strip ............................................................................................111 Park-wide Vegetation Trends ....................................................................................114

VI. Stewardship Recommendations................................................................................128

VII. Monitoring...............................................................................................................129

References........................................................................................................................130

Map 1: Roxhill Park Restoration Zones..............................................................................2

Map 2: Roxhill Park 2007 Survey Transects ....................................................................22

Appendix A: Species and plant quantities planted during Phase I ..................................131

Appendix B: Species and plant quantities planted during Phase II .................................134

Appendix C: All species found in Roxhill Park during 2007 survey .............................138

Appendix D: Species observed in Roxhill Park during spring/summer 2007 not found on survey transects or not identified as to species when transect data was collected......144 Appendix E: All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey................145

ii

Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following people for their contributions to this report: James Kolb, for consultation, guidance, and review. Sharon London, Executive Director, Seattle Urban Nature (SUN), and SUN Project Manager for this report. Nelson Salisbury, Ecologist, Seattle Urban Nature, for guidance and review. Fred Stark, for his assistance in sedge and rush identification.

iii

Roxhill Park Natural Areas: Past Efforts, Vegetation Survey and Recommendations for Future Stewardship

Peat Cell 1

Executive Summary Roxhill Park, located in the Delridge district of West Seattle, is an important site for recreation and wildlife, providing ballfields, a picnic area and a 5.3-acre natural area with a wide variety of habitats. The site is at the headwaters of Longfellow Creek. The City of Seattle received the land as a donation in 1960, subsequently draining and filling the wetland portions of the site in order to create lawns for recreation. In spite of those efforts, much of the lawn remained too wet to be usable most of the year. In 1999, neighborhood residents and other stakeholders embarked on a planning process with Seattle Parks and Recreation to improve the underutilized acres in the park. The result of the ensuing public planning process was a vision for a natural area centered on a restored wetland that would be aesthetically appealing and would serve as a site for nature-oriented recreation and environmental learning. To act on this vision, several dedicated community members formed the Friends of Roxhill Bog and solicited support for the project from various public and private entities. Starflower Foundation committed to providing in-kind support for design, plants and seeds, restoration expertise, planting and maintenance, with 14 other organizations also contributing to the project. Friends of Roxhill Bog supervised the process and held monthly work parties to remove invasive species, plant native species and maintain the plantings. Construction and initial planting were completed in two phases in 2000 and 2001. Over the course of 8 years, more than 215,000 native plants were planted in 14 different management zones at Roxhill Park. In addition, a large amount and variety of native

iv

plant seed was sown. An average of 2000 person-hours a year were spent doing maintenance on the project, primarily consisting of hand-removal of non-native plants. Maintenance hours decreased towards the end of Starflower’s involvement with the project, with 626 person-hours scheduled for maintenance in 2007. In the spring of 2007, Starflower Foundation partnered with Seattle Urban Nature to assess the composition of the plant communities at the park. Data was collected using the line-intercept method on 86 transects that spanned each of the 14 management zones. In addition, Starflower Foundation assembled comprehensive planting and seeding lists for each management zone. A total of 300 native species were planted and/or seeded in Roxhill Park by Starflower Foundation from 2000 to 2007. During the 2007 survey, a total of 255 species were recorded: 189 native plants, 55 non-native plants (of which 16 are considered potentially invasive) and 11 plants that were not identified to species. Potentially invasive species found were mostly seedlings. Twelve of the 16 potentially invasive species found showed an average percent cover in zones where they were found of less than 1%, and four an average percent cover of 1%. A total of 135 species that were planted and/or seeded were not located during the survey. Based on the survey’s findings, Section VI of this report includes recommendations for managing invasive species, improving structural diversity and increasing conifer regeneration developed for future stewards of the area. Of note is the importance of encouraging the development of a structurally diverse, species-rich conifer forest on the site. Care should be taken that invasive species do not regain a foothold. Also, young conifers should be encouraged by periodically clearing competing plants around them and mulching with woodchips.

1

I. Introduction Purpose This report provides background information and baseline data to inform ongoing stewardship of the natural areas at Roxhill Park. It tells the story of the work undertaken to restore the natural areas, including community organization, construction, planting and maintenance. In addition, it presents the findings of a comprehensive plant survey of the natural areas conducted in 2007. Finally, it presents a vision of how the natural areas can evolve, and identifies stewardship activities aimed at tending to that evolutionary process. Area Description Roxhill Park is located in West Seattle’s Delridge district (Map 1). The park is bounded to the north by Southwest Barton Street, to the south by Southwest Roxbury Street and the LATCH housing development, to the east by the Daystar retirement community and LATCH housing development, and to the west by 29th Avenue Southwest and Roxhill Elementary. It sits on the border of Seattle with unincorporated King County, across Southwest Roxbury Street from the community of White Center. Westwood Village shopping center lies across Southwest Barton Street to the north. Two baseball fields make up the southwest portion of the park, north of Southwest Roxbury Street and east of Roxhill Elementary. The northwest portion along 29th Avenue Southwest includes lawns, an informal soccer field, a playground, a comfort station and a parking lot. The informal soccer field was designed to collect rainwater underground and gradually release it into the wetland. The natural areas make up approximately five of the parks 13 acres, reaching from just north of the baseball fields northeast to Southwest Barton Street. The wetlands and associated upland natural areas are located at the headwaters of Longfellow Creek, one of Seattle’s four longest creeks. Longfellow Creek, along with Thornton Creek, Taylor Creek and Piper’s Creek, is a focus of Seattle Public Utilities Urban Creeks Legacy project. Roxhill Park is at the south (upstream) end of the Longfellow Creek Legacy Trail. Hydrology and Soils The wetlands are made up of five cells, or ponds. The southernmost pond is named the Upper Basin. It is spring fed and has mineral soils. There is standing water in the Upper Basin throughout the year, with surface water flowing into the next cell to the north (Peat Cell 4) during the rainy season. The four cells south of the Upper Basin (Peat Cells 1-4) have peat soils. They are seasonally inundated in some areas and seasonally saturated in others.

Map 1: Roxhill Park Restoration Zones

(Click on image below to load high-resolution map.)

3

The wetlands receive surface runoff from the entire park. They also receive surface runoff from the Roxhill Elementary grounds via a pipe ending at the northwest end of the Upper Basin. Two other pipes drain into the wetland. One drains a reservoir below the soccer field just west of the wetland by Southwest Barton Street, emptying into Peat Cell 3. The other drains a small portion of the lawn north of the soccer field, emptying into Peat Cell 1. Two overflow outlets were included during construction of the wetland, both set at the same elevation. One is in the southeast corner of Peat Cell 1, and the other at the northeast corner of Peat Cell 4. A drainpipe (a couple of feet below the overflow drains) can be opened to drain most standing water. The drainpipe is located in Peat Cell 1, running from the channel that enters from Peat Cell 2 to the overflow outlet pipe in the southeast corner. The valve for the drainpipe is located just west of the outlet in the southeast corner. After Phase I re-grading was complete in fall 2000 and until Phase II excavation was done in 2002, some standing water remained in Peat Cell 4 throughout the summer, and a subterranean seep could usually be heard trickling out the overflow outlet pipe in the northeast corner. In the winter, water would continually flow out the outlet on the surface. Since Phase II excavation (Peat Cells 1, 2 & 3) was completed in fall 2002, there has been no standing water in Peat Cells 1, 2, 3 or 4 in the summer, and the water level in the winter only gets high enough to flow out the overflow outlets (in the southeast corner of Peat Cell 4 and the southeast corner of Peat Cell 1) during heavy rains. After rains, water has been observed draining out small openings in the ground (presumably created by the rapidly draining water) along the east and south sides of Peat Cell 3. History of the Site Aerial photos from 1953 show the area as undeveloped. Long time residents of the area remember it as a swampy area dense with vegetation, ripe for youthful adventures but not used for much else. A part of the same wetland system to the north where Westwood Village lies today was in agricultural production in 1953. A King County report (2000)1 describes the historic conditions of the site as follows: “…dominated by herbaceous emergent vegetation, with scattered clusters of scrub-shrub and trees. Data from soil tests indicate that a peat-forming wetland existed in the vicinity of Roxhill Park. Seeds obtained from the test pits indicate that sedges (Carex spp.) occupied the site. In addition, Mr. Wayne Miller, an employee of the Seola Peat Mining Company, which mined the nearby Seola bog, was interviewed regarding the historic wetland in Roxhill Park. He indicated that attempts may have been made to farm the wetland but that by 1942 that effort had been abandoned. Plants found in the wetland included the native Indian (i.e. Labrador) tea (Ledum groenlandicum), blueberries (Vaccinium spp. and willows (Salix spp.).”

1 Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Recommendations; King County Wastewater Treatment Division – Department of Natural Resources; March 2000

4

The land where Roxhill Park lies was given to the City of Seattle in the1960’s by the developers who built Westwood Village. The existing wetlands were subsequently drained, with the water channeled through a pipe that runs along the east edge of Roxhill Park, under Westwood Village, and emerges just south of Southwest Thistle Street, east of Chief Sealth High School. In 1969, the City of Seattle re-graded, filled and drained the wetlands in an attempt to create drier ground for park use. The springs that have fed Longfellow Creek over the millennia continued to flow at a rate to keep the newly created lawn too wet to use during most of the year. The following section describes the community process that led to the restoration of the site as a functioning wetland, replete with a diverse community of native plants. History of the Project In 2000, the Westwood Neighborhood Council received a Department of Neighborhoods grant to restore a portion of the park as natural wetlands with surrounding uplands and accessible trails. The Friends of Roxhill Bog was born, and they partnered with Starflower Foundation to reestablish native vegetation throughout the restoration site. Phase I included the two southernmost wetland cells, surrounding uplands, and a portion of the woodland along the eastern edge of the site. Re-grading, trail construction and initial planting of Phase I were largely completed in the fall and winter of 2000. Phase II included the three northernmost wetland cells and the remaining adjacent woodland along the eastern edge of the site. Construction and initial planting of Phase II were largely completed in the fall and winter of 2002. Subsequently, Friends of Roxhill Bog has held regular monthly workparties, and Starflower Foundation has continued to provide plants, seeds and field crews for supplemental planting and ongoing maintenance while the plant communities have become established. Starflower’s participation will cease at the end of 2007.

5

II. The Community Organizes The text for this section is taken from the Westwood Neighborhood Council website: www.scn.org/westwood/roxhill

Planting Party 2001

In the late 1990’s the Lutheran Alliance to Create Housing (LATCH) was selected by the Seattle Housing Authority (SHA) to be their development partner in the redevelopment of the north half of the Roxbury House and Village site that is adjacent to Roxhill Park. The plan called for the development of resident managed mutual housing cooperatives for 50 families in two-and three-story townhouse style apartments. As part of the development process, LATCH and SHA held a series of meetings with the surrounding community, and in this process, it was suggested that the Roxbury House and Village site be redeveloped in such a way as to help restore the headwaters of Longfellow Creek. LATCH committed to investigating the feasibility of helping to restore the Roxhill Park wetlands to see if they could still comply with the City of Seattle’s storm water detention requirements and stay within their funding limits and schedule deadlines. (Note: LATCH ultimately determined they would construct 45 instead of 50 units to preserve a 50’ buffer to the wetland. They also ended up designing a system in which all the water runoff was collected and retained on their site, and then trickled into the City of Seattle’s storm water system under an adjacent street, with none entering the wetland. This was because it was determined that the wetland restoration site was already extremely wet for much of the year and that the LATCH water would be available at exactly the same time that the wetland would already be saturated. Additional water at that time of year would be counterproductive since it was important to stabilize the water table as much as possible. At the time of year that additional water would be needed for

6

the wetland, mid-summer to mid-fall, the LATCH project would generate little or no water.) Early in 1999, LATCH took the lead in organizing the Roxhill Wetlands Subcommittee, to clarify input and available resources for restoring the wetlands. The following organizations were represented on this committee: Longfellow Creek Advisory Council, Westwood Highland Park Neighborhood, Roxhill Elementary School, Seattle Parks Department, Seattle Public Utilities (SPU), Seattle Housing Authority, Starflower Foundation, Department of Neighborhoods, and Lutheran Alliance to Create Housing. The Roxhill Wetlands Subcommittee determined that as the landowner, Seattle Parks and Recreation would be the lead organization for the wetland restoration. Separate from this project, Seattle Parks staff had already identified several smaller major maintenance projects addressing drainage and path improvements that could be designed as part of a larger wetland development/restoration project. Parks staff also identified some limited parks upgrade funds for additional paths and benches. Seattle Public Utilities indicated that addressing the drainage issues in Roxhill Park was not in the SPU capital improvement plans, but they were interested in coordinating the Roxhill Park work with their Millennium/Urban Creeks Legacy project for Longfellow Creek. SPU also indicated they would consider contributing partial design and engineering services through an agreement with the King County Surface Water Engineering and Environmental Services Section. The wetland restoration was a high priority for the neighborhood, and the Westwood/Highland Park Neighborhood Planning Group agreed to partner with Seattle Parks and SPU on the purchase of wetland design services with their Early Implementation Fund dollars. A community meeting was hosted by Seattle Parks on July 21, 1999, for a presentation and comment session on proposed projects to re-establish the historical headwaters of Longfellow Creek, within an underused area of Roxhill Park. As announced in their flier, the objectives of the project included improvements to drainage and water quality, restoration of natural habitat, enhancement of public access (including ADA improvements), building stewardship and citizen involvement and celebration of the community’s artistic and cultural legacies. Community members rallied behind the project by forming the Friends of Roxhill Bog (FORB), also in 1999. As FORB and Seattle Parks and Recreation took responsibility for project implementation, the Roxhill Wetlands Subcommittee eventually disbanded. FORB described their mission as follows: “This community recognizes the unique opportunity to restore and become stewards of an urban bog at the headwaters of Longfellow Creek. The stewardship experience will involve caring for and about Roxhill Park and Longfellow Creek through education, maintenance, and monitoring the health and success of this restored wetland.” Their goal was to replace soggy grass with a place

7

for people to go for relaxing walks, to enhance their bird watching skills, or to just sit on a bench and enjoy the scenery. FORB raised funds and recruited community volunteers to implement this restoration project in two phases. Additional public meetings were held in September and October 2000 to give people more information and a chance to sign up to help out. In the fall and winter of 2000/2001 alone, more than 300 volunteers planted over 20,000 native plants in the peat bog and surrounding uplands. The following organizations and individuals contributed to the implementation and stewardship of the project: Hariana Chilstrom, “For Peat’s Sake: A Guide to Roxhill Bog EarthCorps Fauntleroy YMCA Science Club Chuck Lennox, Cascade Interpretive Consulting Lutheran Alliance to Create Housing: wetland delineation Nature Consortium: restoration assistance and education Neighborhood Planning/Early Implementation Funding: $20,000 Seattle Conservation Association/Urban Youth Corps: 2001 fall planting Seattle Department of Neighborhoods: $100,000 Phase I funding Seattle Parks Dept Cumulative Reserve Funds: $106,000 Seattle Parks Dept. Pro Parks Levy: $400,000 Seattle Parks Dept. Upgrade/Block Grant Funding: $25,000 Seattle Public Utilities (SPU): $60,000 for design (SPU hired King Co. Dept. of Natural Resources as the lead designer. Parks Dept. hired Anderson and Ray Landscape Architects (now Charles Anderson Landscape Architecture) to augment King County’s efforts) Seattle Works Starbucks: $10,000 for interpretive signage Starflower Foundation: planting plans, plants, planting, maintenance, consulting on educational programs, education materials United Way Day of Caring Washington Mutual Community Action Network: Bog Education Event 5/10/03 White Center Garden Tour Starflower Foundation staff members Chris Behrens, Jim Evans, Jeremy Valenta and Acacia Smith worked with FORB to develop a strategy for fostering stewardship and educational activities. The following framework may be of assistance to other volunteer groups interested in doing something similar with their restoration project. 1) Stewardship activity should be within a unified framework, i.e., people shouldn't operate independently of the overall goals and objectives of the park. Someone who understands the big picture of the project in the role of stewardship coordinator can be helpful in administering a unified strategy.

8

2) Identify people and organizations that are interested in stewardship opportunities and identify their needs. What does the potential steward have in mind? Suggestions for stewardship activities should be developed with these needs in mind. 3) Stewardship involves actively caring for the site and promoting caring about the site. Therefore, stewardship would have three facets: education (about the site, project, ecology, native plants, etc.); activity (e.g., planting, maintenance work, monitoring, etc.); and leading/educating others. 4) The following three types of stewardship activity were identified: maintenance, planting, and monitoring. Maintenance activities include: watering, weeding, trash removal, mulching, and repair. What is the current maintenance plan for the site? Exactly what maintenance needs to be done, how, when, and where? Who will be coordinating/doing the maintenance? Answer these questions before implementing a stewardship program involving maintenance activities. Planting activities include plant placement, with assistance from the landscape architect/designer, Seattle Parks Department, and other organizations responsible for carrying out planting. Monitoring activities include: establishing protocols, plots and markers; undertaking vegetation, wildlife and macro invertebrate surveys; water quality and chemical testing; photo-documentation; data entry, etc. 5) All the stewardship activities mentioned above gain power when coupled with an educational component. Educational components help the stewards understand why they are doing what they are doing, give them a sense of purpose and direction, and allow them to see the big picture. For instance, during a weeding activity, basic plant identification and ecology might be taught, as well as tool use and safety, weeding techniques, and the rationale behind maintenance strategies/priorities. In addition, education components can be fun breaks from the hard work associated with the stewardship activities. As they become more knowledgeable in their role, stewards can increase their ability to be leaders, and take on the role of educating others. For instance, community members and others could be trained to lead small groups of planters at work parties. Education activities and naturalist walks could be led by teachers or community members. Community members could also perform public outreach with the objective of involving adjacent schools, community organizations, etc., in stewardship activities. 6) The following format was developed by FORB to create a plan based on their goals and objectives for maintenance, education, and monitoring.

9

MISSION

GOAL 1 MAINTAIN

GOAL 2 EDUCATE

GOAL 3 MONITOR

Objectives: Objectives: Objectives: 1.A Conduct Monthly Workparties

2.A Conduct On-site Tours 3.A Plant Survival

1.B Involve Immediate Neighbors

2.B Give Presentations to Interested Groups

3.B Water Quality

1.C Develop Annual Maintenance Plan

2.C Create BogKeepers Program

3.C Wildlife Activity

1.D ??? 2.D ??? 3.D ???

GOAL 1 – MAINTAIN 1.A Conduct Monthly Workparties

1.B Involve Immediate Neighbors (LATCH, Daystar, Roxhill Elem.)

1.C Develop Annual Maintenance Plan

i. check plan for maintenance activities

i. create informational material for neighbors

i. look for other Park maintenance plans

ii. contact potential volunteers (email, phone)

ii. meet with neighbors ii. discuss requirements with Starflower and Parks

iii. reserve tools iii. invite neighbors to all events

iii. identify volunteer opportunities

iv. obtain materials (plants, mulch, etc)

iv. create annual schedule

v. create flyer vi. distribute flyer Etc.

GOAL 2 – EDUCATE 2.A Conduct On-site Tours 2.B Give Presentations to

Interested Groups 2.C Create BogKeepers Program

i. write tour script i. create display boards ii. train tour guides ii. create slideshow and/or

Powerpoint presentation

iii. identify tour groups iii. identify opportunities iv. match guides with groups

iv. train presenters

v. write schedule of tour dates

v. match presenters with opportunities

vi. write schedule of presentation dates

10

GOAL 3 – MONITOR 3.A Plant Survival 3.B Water Quality 3.C Wildlife Activity Today, the natural area at Roxhill Park is rich in native plant and wildlife diversity. Teachers at the nearby Roxhill Elementary School utilize this area as an outdoor classroom, and neighbors of all ages enjoy walking through the park at all seasons of the year. FORB meets on the second Saturday of the month for stewardship activities. In December, it is traditional for the stewards to walk the Legacy Trail and taking time to appreciate how their work at the headwaters impacts Longfellow Creek.

11

III. Reintroduction of Native Plant Communities Background Three main principles guided drawing up the plans that were the culmination of the public planning process leading to the restoration of the natural area at Roxhill Park. The area was to be visually appealing, to be composed of diverse, 100% native plant communities, and to serve as a living laboratory for environmental learning. The natural areas at Roxhill Park can be divided into three general categories: mineral basin, peat cells, and uplands. The mineral basin and the peat cells comprise the wetland portion and are surrounded by an upland buffer of varying width. The peat cells historically formed part of a larger peatland. While the site is colloquially referred to as a bog, technically, the peatland was closer to being a fen. While bogs and fens are both characterized by peat soils, a bog’s only significant water source is rainfall. At Roxhill, a spring (in the mineral basin) provides much of the water, and surface runoff also contributes. Additionally, the pH observed at Roxhill, while slightly acidic, is closer to neutral than the pH typically associated with bogs. Water flows from south to north, originating in springs below the mineral basin (named the Upper Basin – Zone 10 during the restoration years) (Map 1). A short channel carries the water to the peat cell complex, which is made up of four wetland areas called Peat Cell 1 (Zone 1), Peat Cell 2 (Zone 2), Peat Cell 3 (Zone 3) and Peat Cell 4 (Zone 4) (Map 1). Fill was removed from Peat Cell 4 during Phase I. Two years later, fill was removed from Peat Cells 1, 2 and 3 during Phase II of the project. Most of the soil in the upland areas is the fill material brought in by the City of Seattle in 1969. The wetland areas were excavated at the onset of the project, exposing native soils. The Phase I excavation in 2000 exposed the original mineral soil of the Upper Basin and peat of Peat Cell 4. The Phase II excavation in 2002 exposed the original peat of Peat Cells 1, 2 and 3. The peat ranges from 8 to 10 feet in depth. Excavated materials in 2000 and 2002 were kept on site and used to create higher areas in the park, including the Birch Mound between the Phase I Maple Woods (Zone 8) and Peat Cell 4, and the soccer field west of Peat Cells 1 and 2 (Map 1). All natural areas were planted with some combination of shrubs, forbs (broadleaf herbs), and graminoid plants (grasses, sedges, rushes, etc.), with the uplands also being planted with trees. It was assumed that both herbaceous-planted upland areas and tree/shrub-planted areas would follow the successional patterns common in this region (likely with the assistance of some human stewards), eventually becoming forested with conifers. In the meantime, it was hoped that the land would be covered with a structurally diverse and species-rich assortment of plants native to the Puget Sound lowlands.

12

For practical reasons concerning maintenance and design, the site was divided into the following management zones (Map 1): Zone 1 – Peat Cell 1 Zone 2 – Peat Cell 2 Zone 3 – Peat Cell 3 Zone 4 – Peat Cell 4 Zone 5 – Phase II Peat Edge Zone 6 – Street Green Zone 7 – Phase II Maple Woods Zone 8 – Phase I Maple Woods Zone 9 – Phase I Peat Edge Zone 10 – Upper Basin Zone 11 – Meadow Zone 12 – Aspen Sweep Zone 13 – Upper Woodland Zone 14 – LATCH Strip Evolution of Plant Communities Throughout the life of the project, efforts were made to introduce as many species of plants native to the Puget Sound lowlands as possible, including species from all stages of succession. It was believed that in so doing, sufficient genetic or vegetative raw materials would be introduced to the site to enable the plant communities best suited to the various microhabitats present to self-select and establish over time. It was also hoped that the presence of a high diversity of native species from various stages of succession would make the site more resilient in the face of unforeseen disturbances in the future. The original planting plans called for four basic planting regimes: Wetland areas planted primarily with herbaceous species, Upland areas planted primarily with herbaceous species (meadows), and Upland areas planted primarily with trees and shrubs. Cattails (Typha latifolia) and soft rush (Juncus effusus) have volunteered in the wetlands consistently over the years, the windborne seed likely arriving from wetlands to the south. While a native species, cattail has been removed during the restoration years in order to prevent their dominating the wetlands and preventing a diverse native plant community from establishing. Likewise, soft rush has been removed during the restoration years to prevent it from dominating the wetlands.

13

Maintenance Starflower Foundation supported maintenance activities from the beginning of the project through 2007. The goal of the maintenance activities was the establishment of dense, species-rich and structurally diverse native plant communities as safe, educational and aesthetically appealing components of the park. An average of 2000 person-hours per year were spent on maintenance. After peaking in 2003, maintenance hours have gone down on average 40% per year. Approximately 626 maintenance hours are scheduled for 2007. Maintenance activities included removal of non-native plants, removal of native plants that tended to dominate a site, mulching, laying and removing landscape fabric, installation and removal of animal deterrents (primarily bird-net), installation, maintenance and removal of drip irrigation, and hand watering (irrigation and watering done minimally). By far the largest number of hours was spent removing non-native plants, and the bulk of those hours were spent in open, meadow or wet meadow areas. By and large, each management zone was weeded two to three times annually. Crews were instructed to remove all non-native plants, leaving each zone 100% native after each weeding pass. No pesticides or herbicides were used. All weeding was done with hand-tools. Care was taken to avoid compacting wet ground by waiting for areas to dry out before weeding, or laying down planks for crewmembers to stand on. During the early years of the project, maintenance was done by Starflower staff as well as volunteers and EarthCorps. During later years, the bulk of maintenance work was shifted to contractors including EarthCorps, Frank A. Maduzia, Jr., Plantas nativa, and Buckley Nursery. Every day that contractors worked at a site, Starflower staff would spend at least an hour or two with them, reviewing tasks, methods, goals, and plant identification. Particularly when contractors were new to the project, Starflower staff would spend more time working with them on site, as crews were working to remove all non-native plants and consequently needed to be able to identify every plant they encountered (native and non-native).

14

Meadows

Meadow

The Meadow (Zone 11) and Phase I Peat Edge (Zone 9) were initially planted with a wide variety of herbaceous species, both graminoid plants and forbs. Soil moisture levels range from drier (most of the area) to seasonally inundated (the smallest portion, bordering the Upper Basin and Peat Cell 4). It was expected that over time, the Meadow would gradually become forested. In the first years of the project the areas were seeded and planted with primarily herbaceous species. Woodchip mulch was not used, in the interests of encouraging a more meadow-like microbial community. The strategy attempted was to introduce a high diversity of native species through planting and seeding, allowing them to establish while simultaneously hand removing all non-native species that germinated, either from wind-borne seed or the seedbank. Efforts were made to schedule weeding so as to minimize passes over the meadow and the resulting soil compaction and damage to native seedlings and plantings. When possible, work in the meadow was avoided when soils were very wet in order to avoid compaction. When work had to be done on wet soils, boards were laid down to walk on in order to minimize impact. Lesson Learned - Urban Meadows: Keeping non-native plants out of large sites planted densely with primarily herbaceous species in an urban environment using only manual labor is extremely labor intensive. As the restoration progressed it became evident that native meadow plants would not out-compete the multitude of non-native grasses and forbs that blanket the nooks and crannies of the city without an inordinate amount of hand weeding.

15

Lesson Learned –Tree and Shrub Islands: To accelerate the evolution of the meadows towards a state requiring minimal maintenance, additional trees and shrubs were planted throughout. These plantings were concentrated as tree and shrub “islands” throughout the “sea” of native grasses and forbs. Mulch was concentrated around the trees and shrubs to simplify maintenance and to minimize competition while the trees and shrub grow to the point where they close canopy, limiting the spectrum of invasive species that pose a threat. Peat Cells

Cell 1

Cell 2

Cell 3

Cell 4

Peat Cells 1, 2, 3, and 4

The Phase I Peat Cell (Cell 4) was excavated and initially planted and seeded in 2000. The Phase II Peat Cells (Cells 1, 2, and 3) were excavated and initially planted and seeded in 2002. Species known to exist in the historic peatlands were planted, as well as a wide variety of other herbaceous and shrub wetland species. Species know to exist at the site historically include Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), willow (Salix spp.) and blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). The vision for the peat cells originally included the following elements: - A highly diverse collection of native herbaceous species and shrubs found in

wetlands of the Puget Sound Lowlands - A significant proportion of western Washington peatland species (e.g. the

Labrador tea [Ledum groenlandicum] known to exist at the site historically)

16

Given the dramatic changes to the environment resulting from urbanization (including deforestation; surface water contamination, flow control, and flashy hydrology; warming due to the urban heat island effect; and concentration of invasive plant species), it was thought that it would be most prudent to introduce a wide pallet of species native to a wide range of roughly similar sites in the Puget Sound Lowlands. In addition, uncertainty as to how static the hydroperiod at the site will be over the years led to the decision to introduce species tolerant of a variety of moisture regimes. While other willows were planted in the Peat Cells, the Pacific willow (Salix lucida) and black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa) were not. Both of these species are naturally colonizing the Peat Cells, which was not part of the original plan. Pacific willow, in particular, is dominating a significant portion of Peat Cell 4. All who have expressed an opinion consider this trend undesirable, and volunteers have worked to remove some Pacific willow and black cottonwood saplings. Peat Cell Edges

Peat Cell Edges

The Peat Cell edges were planted with a diversity of native shrubs and herbaceous species. Species were selected to be attractive, to maintain the view into the cells and to require minimal maintenance in order to keep the trails open. Over the years, more and more evergreen shrubs were added to the Peat Cell edges so the year-round shade they produce would inhibit weed establishment.

17

Lesson Learned –hearty Asters and Trail Edges: In earlier years, a variety of members of the Aster family (Asteraceae) were planted and seeded in the Peat Cells Edges. They were considered tough and attractive meadow plants that would compete well in sunny areas against non-native weeds. It was learned however, that certain plants (e.g. gumweed (Grindelia integrifolia) Douglas aster (Symphyotrichum subspicatum) and Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) were a little too successful. They bushed out significantly into the trails, restricting passage and requiring regular maintenance. As a result, those species were removed from within 6 feet of the trail edges and replaced with evergreen shrubs and groundcovers. Aspen Sweep

Aspen Sweep

This area was first planted in fall 2000 with 90 5-gallon aspen (Populus tremuloides) and an assortment of evergreen trees, shrubs and some herbaceous species. Additional shrubs and trees were added over the years, and by 2006 a dense canopy had developed. In 2006, a wide assortment of shade-loving herbaceous species was planted, with more to be planted in fall 2007. The vision was for this zone to evolve into a coniferous forest, with the overstory in the meantime dominated by aspen. The understory would include a dense and diverse assortment of shrubs and herbaceous species found in Puget Sound Lowland forests.

18

Upper Woodland

Upper Woodland

The eastern portion of the Upper Woodland was planted in 2000 and in subsequent years with an assortment of native trees and shrubs, as well as some herbaceous species. The western portion was not planted the first fall (2000). Planting there was postponed to observe how the various other plantings went, and thereby determine the best approach. The original idea was to plant this area as a meadow that would evolve more gradually into a zone dominated by evergreen trees. Based on experience at Roxhill and at other projects in Seattle, the conclusion was reached that beginning an urban restoration process by planting primarily herbaceous species and using no woodchip mulch was prohibitively expensive, particularly if 100% of the non-native plants that came in were to be removed by hand. Consequently, the Western portion of the Upper Woodland was mulched heavily around 2002 and planted with trees on a 15-foot grid. The following planting season, shrubs and some herbaceous species were added. In subsequent years, additional plants have been added, as in the eastern portion of the Upper Woodland. It is envisioned that the Upper Woodland will develop into a coniferous forest, with some deciduous component at least along the way. The understory would include a dense and diverse assortment of shrubs and herbaceous species found in Puget Sound Lowland forests. In addition there would be native trees, shrubs and herbaceous species that tolerate more light and are associated with edges, as the area includes a large proportion of edge habitat.

19

Maple Woods

Maple Woods

The Maple Woods are divided into two zones: the Phase I Maple Woods (Zone 8) and the Phase II Maple Woods (Zone 7). The Phase I Maple Woods were initially planted in 2000, and the Phase II Maple Woods in 2002. Some planting has continued through 2006, and forest understory herbs will be added to the Phase II Maple Woods in 2007. The overstory of mature London planetrees (Platanus x acerifolia) that existed at the onset of the restoration was maintained. Bigleaf maples were planted to eventually replace the large London planetrees when the latter senesced. In addition evergreen trees were planted as well as a wide variety of native understory and edge shrub and herbaceous species. The site is naturally moist, located above the pipe that collects the headwaters of Longfellow Creek. The London planetree overstory combined with a dense native shrub mid-story creates some pockets of deep shade. As a result of both of these factors, the site is ideal for native herbaceous species found on Western Washington’s moist forest floors.

20

Upper Basin

Upper Basin

The Upper Basin was planted with a variety of native emergent and aquatic species, both graminoid and herbaceous. It was intended to exhibit a diversity of attractive native wetland plants.

21

IV. Plant Community Assessment Methodology A vegetation survey of restored areas within Roxhill Park was conducted in April and May 2007. To accurately assess vegetation conditions within each management zone, Seattle Urban Nature (SUN) and Starflower established linear transects stratified across the entire zone to capture the full variability of conditions present in each area. The line-intercept method was used to evaluate vegetation conditions in Zones 1-14 where intensive restoration activities have taken place (Map 2). A baseline was established running across the entire length of each zone. Linear transects were established at set intervals along the baseline, running perpendicular or diagonal to the baseline (in narrow zones) and spanning the entire zone. Table 1 lists the number of transects established in each surveyed zone, distance between transects and the bearing in degrees of each transect. For each transect, all species of overstory, midstory and regenerating trees, shrubs, vines and groundcovers were recorded where they intersected the transect tape. Data were collected on a TDS Recon PDA and transferred to an Access database for analysis. Collected values were converted to percent cover for each surveyed transect, and averaged to provide percent cover information for the entire zone. Table 1. Transect layout in 14 sampled zones in Roxhill Park.

Zone Number Zone Name Transect

Quantity Transect Bearing Distance Between Transects

1 Peat Cell 1 4 270 15 meters 2 Peat Cell 2 2 180 15 meters 3 Peat Cell 3 4 0 15 meters 4 Peat Cell 4 6 180 15 meters 5 Peat Edge Phase II 20 270, 180, 0 15 meters 6 Street Green 4 225 10 meters 7 Maple Woods Phase

II 7 45 20 meters

8 Maple Woods Phase I 3 45 20 meters 9 Peat Edge Phase I 12 180 15 meters 10 Upper Basin 3 135 20 meters 11 Meadow 5 135 20 meters 12 Aspen Sweep 5 90, 0 20 meters 13 Upper Woodland 6 90, 0 20 meters 14 LATCH Strip 5 135 20 meters

Map 2: Roxhill Park 2007 Survey Transects

(Click on image below to load high-resolution map.)

23

V. Results and Findings Overview A total of 299 native species were planted and seeded in Roxhill Park by Starflower Foundation from 2000 to 2006. During the earlier years of the project, most planting and seeding records were park-wide or encompassed multiple management zones. In some cases, information could be extrapolated to a specific zone. During the later years of the project, planting records were kept by management zone. Table 2 lists the species and quantities of plants planted during 2001, the second year of work in the park, for which there are no management-zone-specific data available. These plantings include six species of trees, 20 species of shrubs and seven species of forbs. Table 3 lists the species of seed sown during 2002, for which there are no management-zone-specific data available. These species include one shrub species, 30 forb species and 23 graminoid species seeded within the park. Appendix A lists species planted during Phase I of the project in 2000, which span management zones 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and13. Appendix B lists species planted during Phase II of the project in 2002, which span management zones 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. For years where management-zone-specific data are available, species planted and seeded are listed in the results discussion for each management zone below. During the 2007 survey, a total of 255 species were recorded: 189 native plants, 55 non-native plants (of which 16 are considered potentially invasive) and 11 plants that were not identified to species. Twelve of the 16 potentially invasive species found showed an average percent cover in zones where they were found of less than 1%, and four an average percent cover of 1%. Appendix C lists all the species identified project-wide during the 2007 survey, as well as the native/non-native status of those species. Species recorded by management zone are listed in the discussion below. Table 2. Species and plant quantities planted parkwide in the years for which no zone-specific records were kept.

Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 Trees

Abies grandis grand fir 2 gallon 30Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple 2 gallon 12Populus tremuloides aspen 2 gallon 12Prunus emarginata bitter cherry 1 gallon 20Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 7' 12Thuja plicata western red cedar 6' 12

24

Table 2. Species and plant quantities planted parkwide in the years for which no zone-specific records were kept.

Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 Shrubs

Acer circinatum vine maple 1 gallon 19Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 gallon 42Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 4" pot 170Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 1 gallon 220Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 2 gallon 20Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn 1 gallon 20Frangula purshiana cascara 1 gallon 20Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 1 gallon 70Lonicera involucrata twinberry 1 gallon 80Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 15Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape 4" pot 300Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 1 gallon 40Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 1 gallon 60Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant 1 gallon 13Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 1 gallon 6Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 1 gallon 30Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 1 gallon 30Rubus spectabilis salmonberry 1 gallon 120Sambucus racemosa red elderberry 1 gallon 40Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry 1 gallon 50

Forbs Corydalis scouleri Scouler's fumewort 1 gallon 27Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 4" pot 40Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 4" pot 172Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 94Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle

rhizome bag (salvage) 5

Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower 4" pot 47Viola glabella stream violet 4" pot 100

Table 3. Species seeded parkwide in the years for which no zone-specific records were kept.

Scientific Name Common Name 2002 Shrubs

Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea X Forbs

Alisma triviale northern water plantain X Armeria maritima thrift sea-pink X Bidens cernua nodding beggartick X Clarkia amoena farewell to spring X Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil X Delphinium menziesii Menzies' larkspur X

25

Table 3. Species seeded parkwide in the years for which no zone-specific records were kept.

Scientific Name Common Name 2002 Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane X Galium trifidum small bedstraw X Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens X Gilia capitata blue-head gilia X Gnaphalium uliginosum marsh cudweed X Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed X Lomatium nudicaule bare-stem desert-parsley X Lomatium utriculatum spring-gold X Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine X Lupinus rivularis riverbank lupine X Microseris laciniata cut-leaf microseris X Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower X Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala yellow pond-lily X Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley X Plagiobothrys figuratus fragrant popcorn flower X Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush X Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil X Rorippa curvisiliqua curved yellowcress X Rorippa islandica northern marsh yellowcress X Sagittaria latifolia wapato X Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod X Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod X Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster X Triantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel X

Graminoid Species Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass X Carex aquatilis var.dives Sitka sedge X Carex aquatilis water sedge X Carex arcta northern cluster sedge X Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge X Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge X Carex obnupta slough sedge X Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge X Carex stipata sawbeak sedge X Carex unilateralis lateral sedge X Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge X Carex vesicaria blister sedge X Eleocharis palustris common spike rush X Glyceria grandis American mannagrass X Glyceria striata tall mannagrass X Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley X Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush X Juncus bufonius toad rush X

26

Table 3. Species seeded parkwide in the years for which no zone-specific records were kept.

Scientific Name Common Name 2002 Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush X Schoenoplectus americanus American bulrush X Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass X Sparganium emersum European bur-reed X Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed X

Zone 1 – Peat Cell 1 Species planted and seeded One species of trees, 24 species of shrubs, 79 species of forbs and 45 graminoid species were planted in Zone 1 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 4). Also, this zone was included in the initial Phase I planting in 2000 (Appendix A). Additionally, 64 forb species and 34 graminoid species were seeded in Zone 1 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 5). Table 4. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 1 – Peat Cell 1 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006

Trees Prunus emarginata bitter cherry 1 gallon 3

Shrubs Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 1 gallon 100 100 4" pot 41 135 100 100Betula glandulosa scrub birch 1 gallon 3 30 40Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 1 gallon 12 Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 1 gallon 4 Empetrum nigrum crowberry 1 gallon 200Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 50 Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 10" plug 4 Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 4" pot 26 20Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 1 gallon 9 10 5 2 gallon 10 4" pot 13 50 Lonicera involucrata twinberry 1 gallon 8 10 Malus fusca western crabapple 1 gallon 4 bare-root 20Menziesia ferruginea rusty Menziesia 1 gallon 8 Myrica gale sweet gale 1 gallon 4 14 20 bare-root 80

27

Table 4. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 1 – Peat Cell 1 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 1 gallon 2 Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 1 gallon 2 Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry 1 gallon 4 bare-root 5Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant 1 gallon 4 Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 1 gallon 8 Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry 1 gallon 20 59 20Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry 4" pot 100Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 42 Vaccinium oxycoccos small cranberry 4" pot 45 50 Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry 1 gallon 8 Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry 1 gallon 45 4" pot 80

Forbs Alisma triviale northern water plantain 10" plug 18 90 150 Allium acuminatum Hooker's onion bare-root 40 Allium cernuum nodding onion 7" plug 80 bare-root 42 Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting 10" plug 130 7" plug 105 Antennaria microphylla rosy pussytoes 4" pot 90 Aquilegia formosa western columbine 10" plug 126 7" plug 64 bare-root 84 Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 10" plug 80 100 200 Armeria maritima thrift sea-pink 7" plug 40 Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard bare-root 25 Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern 4" pot 15 Balsamorhiza deltoidea deltoid balsamroot bare-root 50 Blechnum spicant deerfern 7" plug 21 Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam 4" pot 240 7" plug 82 Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold 4" pot 150 60 50 Caltha palustris yellow marsh marigold 4" pot 11 28 Camassia leichtlinii large camas bulb 103 Camassia quamash small camas bulb 400 110 Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower 7" plug 84 Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster 10" plug 45 7" plug 41 100 Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush 10" plug 100 7" plug 126 Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed bare-root 150 Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 10" plug 293 135 300 196

28

Table 4. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 1 – Peat Cell 1 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006Dichelostemma congestum ookow bulb 25 Dodecatheon hendersonii

Henderson's shooting star rhizome 11

Dodecatheon pulchellum few-flowered shooting star 10" plug 68

2" pot 21 Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew 4" pot 42 108 Erigeron perigrinus subalpine fleabane 7" plug 150 Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane 7" plug 5 bare-root 50 Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane 10" plug 100 7" plug 75 bare-root 75 Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine 10" plug 156 Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 4" pot 20 Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 4" pot 84 Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily bulb 84 Galium trifidum small bedstraw 1 gallon 32 7" plug 40Gentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian 10" plug 100 7" plug 25Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 10" plug 158 Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed 10" plug 202 bare-root 80 Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot 10" plug 44 7" plug 75 Hypericum anagalloides tinker's penny 2" pot 44 3" plug 100 7" plug 109 94 Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris 7" plug 335 Lilium columbianum tiger lily bulb 84 Linnaea borealis twinflower 4" pot 65Lomatium dissectum fern-leaf biscuitroot bare-root 42

Lomatium nudicaule bare-stem desert-parsley bare-root 126

Lomatium utriculatum spring-gold 7" plug 41 Lupinus rivularis riverbank lupine 10" plug 153 Lycopus uniflorus northern bugleweed tuber 9 Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal 4" pot 25 Mentha arvensis wild mint 10" plug 151 Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 10" plug 204 200 49 bare-root 400 75 Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley 10" plug 200 bare-root 50

29

Table 4. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 1 – Peat Cell 1 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006Olsynium douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' grasswidow bare-root 13 50 Penstemon cardwellii Cardwell's penstemon 7" plug 50 Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon 10" plug 160 50 Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush 10" plug 82 2" pot 144 Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 53 Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 10" plug 65 Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup 7" plug 211 125

Rubus pedatus strawberry-leaf raspberry 10" plug 45

Sagittaria latifolia wapato tuber 100 112 100 Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap bare-root 125 208

Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow 10" plug 70

Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass 10" plug 50 100 bare-root 13 Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass bare-root 100 Sium suave hemlock water parsnip bare-root 50 75 Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod bare-root 85 Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod 7" plug 41 Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle bare-root 36 Stachys pilosa hairy hedge-nettle bare-root 150Symphyotrichum chilense California aster 10" plug 100 Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster 10" plug 190 4" pot 36 45 Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster 10" plug 300 45 7" plug 35 bare-root 126 Tellima grandiflora fringecup 10" plug 98 Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue 10" plug 80 Trientalis europaea ssp. arctica arctic starflower 4" pot 1 Veronica americana American Speedwell 7" plug 196 125 bare-root 200 100 400 110Viola adunca early blue violet 4" pot 20 Viola palustris marsh violet 10" plug 140 250 4" pot 213 235 100 200Viola sempervirens evergreen violet 4" pot 392 7" plug 44

30

Table 4. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 1 – Peat Cell 1 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006

Graminoid Species Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge bare-root 150 135 100 50Carex aperta Columbian sedge bare-root 50 Carex aquatilis water sedge 3" plug 150 bare-root 100 200 Carex aquatilis var. dives Sitka sedge 3" plug 150 bare-root 100 200Carex arcta northern cluster sedge bare-root 75 Carex bebbii Bebb's sedge bare-root 350 100 Carex canescens silvery sedge 3" plug 50 4" plug 98 Carex comosa longhaired sedge bare-root 200 67 150 100Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge 10" plug 22 4" plug 154 Carex densa dense sedge bare-root 100 50Carex deweyana Dewey sedge 4" plug 42 bare-root 200 Carex echinata star sedge bare-root 50 140 200Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge 10" plug 150 201Carex lenticularis var. lipocarpa Kellog's sedge 10" plug 22 bare-root 400 Carex mertensii Merten's sedge bare-root 350 100 Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 1001 bare-root 450 Carex ovalis eggbract sedge bare-root 158 200 50Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 10" plug 90 4" plug 86 Carex spectabilis showy sedge 7" plug 100Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 10" plug 149 45 100 100Carex tumulicola split-awn sedge bare-root 25 Carex unilateralis lateral sedge 3" plug 135 4" plug 94 bare-root 120

Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge 4" plug 265

Carex vesicaria blister sedge 10" plug 116 180 200 200 bare-root 225 Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge 4" plug 98 7" plug 100 100Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 10" plug 90 bare-root 100 Eleocharis acicularis needle spikerush bare-root 170 225 200 Eleocharis obtusa blunt spikerush 3" plug 225 4" plug 291

31

Table 4. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 1 – Peat Cell 1 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush 3" plug 200 bare-root 104Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 10" plug 163 45 100 200

Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso's cotton-grass 3" plug 450

4" plug 260 Festuca idahoensis ssp. roemeri Idaho fescue 4" plug 205 Glyceria grandis American mannagrass 10" plug 48 67 75Glyceria striata tall mannagrass 10" plug 147 67 200 Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 10" plug 210 100 40Juncus bolanderi Bolander's rush bare-root 225 156Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 10" plug 159 90 100 40Juncus oxymeris pointed rush bare-root 150Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush bare-root 100 50Juncus tenuis slender rush 10" plug 222 90 bare-root 156Luzula multiflora common woodrush 3" plug 75

Luzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush 3" plug 54

Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush 10" plug 45 bare-root 50 Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 10" plug 61 Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10" plug 181 135 100 40Sparganium emersum European bur-reed 7" plug 54 bare-root 100

Table 5. Species seeded in Zone 1 – Peat Cell 1 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name 2005 2006

Forbs Achillea millefolium yarrow XAlisma triviale northern water plantain X XAngelica genuflexa kneeling angelica X Aquilegia formosa western columbine XArgentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed XArtemisia suksdorfii coastal wormwood XAruncus dioicus goatsbeard XCamassia leichtlinii large camas XCamassia quamash small camas XCampanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower XChamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed X XClarkia amoena farewell to spring X Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce X

32

Table 5. Species seeded in Zone 1 – Peat Cell 1 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name 2005 2006Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce XClaytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce X Collinsia parviflora maiden blue-eyed Mary XComarum palustre marsh cinquefoil XDelphinium menziesii Menzies' larkspur X Downingia elegans elegant calico flower X XEpilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb XErigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane XFragaria vesca woodland strawberry XFritillaria affinis chocolate lily XGentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian X XGeum macrophyllum bigleaved avens XGilia capitata blue-head gilia XHeracleum maximum cow parsley X Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf XIris tenax Oregon iris XLilium columbianum tiger lily XLotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil XLupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine XLupinus lepidus Pacific lupine XMaianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal X

Maianthemum stellatum star-flowered false solomon's seal X

Mentha arvensis wild mint X XMicroseris laciniata cut-leaf microseris XMimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower X XMyosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not XOenanthe sarmentosa water parsley X XOsmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely XPenstemon procerus litte-flower penstemon XPenstemon serrulatus coast penstemon XPetasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot XPlagiobothrys figuratus fragrant popcorn flower XPlagiobothrys scouleri Scouler's popcorn flower X Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush XPotentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil X XRanunculus orthorhynchus straight-beaked buttercup XRorippa curvisiliqua curved yellowcress X Rorippa islandica northern marsh yellowcress X XSagittaria latifolia wapato X XSaxifraga oregana Oregon saxifrage X Sisyrinchium angustifolium narrow-leafed blue-eyed grass XStachys palustris marsh hedge-nettle XSymphyotrichum chilense California aster XSymphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster X

33

Table 5. Species seeded in Zone 1 – Peat Cell 1 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name 2005 2006Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster XTellima grandiflora fringecup XTolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant XTriantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel X XTrifolium eriocephalum wooly-headed clover XTrifolium wormskjoldii Wormskjold's clover XValeriana sitchensis Sitka valerian XVancouveria hexandra inside-out flower X

Graminoid Species Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge X XCarex aquatilis water sedge X Carex aquatilis var. dives Sitka sedge XCarex arcta northern cluster sedge X Carex athrostachya slender-beaked sedge XCarex aurea golden sedge X XCarex comosa longhaired sedge X XCarex cusickii Cusick's sedge XCarex densa dense sedge XCarex deweyana Dewey sedge XCarex echinata star sedge X XCarex lenticularis lakeshore sedge X XCarex mertensii Merten's sedge XCarex obnupta slough sedge X XCarex ovalis eggbract sedge XCarex stipata sawbeak sedge X XCarex tumulicola split-awn sedge XCarex unilateralis lateral sedge X XCarex vesicaria blister sedge X XCarex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge X XDeschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass XEleocharis ovata ovate spikerush X XEleocharis palustris common spike rush X XJuncus acuminatus tapertip rush X XJuncus arcticus ssp. littoralis Baltic rush XJuncus bufonius toad rush X XJuncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush X Juncus falcatus falcate rush XJuncus oxymeris pointed rush XJuncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush XJuncus tenuis slender rush X XLuzula multiflora common woodrush XLuzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush XScirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush X

34

Zone 1 Overstory and regenerating trees The 2007 survey showed that this open peat area has very little canopy cover. Overstory refers to the upper canopy of a forest. The only overstory present in this zone consists of several branches of a London planetree (Platanus x acerfolia) which is extending from the adjacent Street Green (Zone 6). Very small amounts of five native tree species are found in the midstory and regenerating layers in this zone and include shore pine (Pinus contorta) (1% cover), black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa) (1% cover), big-leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) (trace), red alder (Alnus rubra) (trace) and paperbark birch (Betula papyrifera) (trace) (Table 6). Table 6. Overstory and regenerating tree species found in Zone 1 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover1 Native OVERSTORY TREES (Percent Cover)

Platanus x acerfolia London planetree 3 No MIDSTORY AND REGENERATING TREES (Percent Cover)

Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple T Yes Alnus rubra red alder T Yes Betula papyrifera paperbark birch T Yes Pinus contorta shore pine 1 Yes Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa black cottonwood 1 Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 1 Shrubs A total of 23 native species were recorded in Zone 1 during the survey. The shrub layer is quite sparse with an average percent cover of 40%. Willows are the most dominant species, with an average combined cover of 9%, followed by red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea) (7% cover). The willow species are composed of Hooker's willow (Salix hookeriana) (3% cover), Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana) (3% cover), Sitka willow (Salix sitchensis) (2% cover), Pacific willow (Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra) (1% cover) and one willow not identified to species (Salix sp.) (trace). Several of the species in this zone are commonly found in bog habitats in Western Washington. These species include sweet gale (Myrica gale) (4% cover), bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) (3% cover), scrub birch (Betula glandulosa) (2% cover), crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) (2% cover), bog laurel (Kalmia microphylla) (2% cover), Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) (2% cover), dwarf blueberry (Vaccinium caespitosum) (trace) and bog blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) (trace).

35

Table 7. Shrub species found in Zone 1 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name Common Name Average Percent

Cover1 NativeAndromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 3 Yes Betula glandulosa scrub birch 2 Yes Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 7 Yes Empetrum nigrum crowberry 2 Yes Gaultheria shallon salal T Yes Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 2 Yes Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 2 Yes Lonicera involucrata twinberry 5 Yes Malus fusca western crabapple T Yes Myrica gale sweet gale 4 Yes Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark T Yes Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 1 Yes Rosa nutkana Nootka rose T Yes Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 1 Yes Rubus spectabilis salmonberry 1 Yes Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow 3 Yes Salix sp. willow T Yes Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow 1 Yes Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow 3 Yes Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 2 Yes Spiraea douglasii hardhack 1 Yes Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry T Yes Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry T Yes

1 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 1 Herbaceous species A total of 76 herbaceous species were recorded in Zone 1, of which 51 are native, 20 are non-native and five are undetermined (Table 8). Woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus) is the most dominant species (29% cover), followed by various sedges (Carex sp.) (27% total cover), rushes (Juncus sp.) (21% total cover), asters (Aster sp.) (19% cover) and small-seeded bulrush (Scirpus microcarpus) (15% cover). Due to the fact that the survey was completed in early spring, many sedge and aster species were not identified to species. Appendix D contains a list of various sedge and aster species present in the park that were identified later in the year. This zone also contains many other wetland species such as Pacific silverweed (Argentina egedii ssp. egedii) (7% cover), marsh cinquefoil (Comarum palustre) (4% cover), Chamisso's cotton-grass (Eriophorum chamissonis) (1% cover), mannagrass (Glyceria sp.) (1% cover), American speedwell (Veronica americana) (1% cover), white marsh marigold (Caltha leptosepala) (trace), ovate spikerush (Eleocharis ovata) (trace), water parsley (Oenanthe sarmentosa) (trace), wapato (Sagittaria latifolia) (trace) and cattail (Typha latifolia) (trace).

36

Twenty non-native species were recorded in this zone, of which three are considered to be invasive (Table 8). Redtop (Agrostis gigantea) is the most common non-native species, present at an average percent cover of 4%. Invasive species include creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens) (2% cover), nipplewort (Lapsana communis) (trace) and meadow buttercup (Ranunculus acris) (trace). These species do not have a legal designation from the King County Noxious Weed Program at this time. Table 8. Herbaceous species found in Zone 1 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeAgrostis gigantea redtop 4 G No Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass 2 G No

Alisma triviale northern water plantain 4 F Yes

Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 7 F Yes Aster sp. aster 19 F Yes Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern T F Yes Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold T F Yes Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress 2 F No Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge 1 G Yes Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge T G Yes Carex obnupta slough sedge 10 G Yes Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge T G Yes Carex sp. sedge 11 G Yes Carex vesicaria blister sedge 1 G Yes Carex viridula green sedge 3 G Yes coarse woody debris 2 O X Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 4 F Yes Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 1 G Yes Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush T G Yes Elymus repens quackgrass 1 G No Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb 4 F Yes

Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso's cotton-grass 1 G Yes

Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily T F Yes Galium trifidum small bedstraw 12 F Yes Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 4 F Yes Glyceria sp. mannagrass 1 G Yes Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed 3 F Yes Helenium autumnale common sneezeweed T F Yes Holcus lanatus velvetgrass T G No Hypochaeris radicata hairy cat's-ear T F No Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris T F No Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush T G Yes

37

Table 8. Herbaceous species found in Zone 1 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeJuncus effusus soft rush 2 G X Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 6 G Yes Juncus oxymeris pointed rush 1 G Yes Juncus sp. rush 12 G X Lapsana communis** nipplewort T F No Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass 3 G No Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine T F Yes Luzula multiflora common woodrush T G Yes Medicago lupulina black medick T F No Mentha arvensis wild mint T F Yes Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 4 F Yes

Myosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not 1 F Yes

Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley T F Yes Plantago lanceolata lance-leaved plantain T F No Plantago major broad-leaved plantain 3 F No Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush T F Yes Poa sp. bluegrass T G X Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 F Yes Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 1 F Yes Ranunculus acris** meadow buttercup T F No Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup T F Yes Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup 2 F No Rorippa curvisiliqua curved yellowcress T F Yes Rumex acetosella sheep sorel T F No Sagittaria latifolia wapato T F Yes Satureja douglasii yerba buena T F Yes Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue T G No Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 29 G Yes Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 15 G Yes

Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow T F Yes

Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 3 F Yes Solidago sp. goldenrod 1 F Yes Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle T F Yes Taraxacum officinale dandelion 1 F No Tellima grandiflora fringecup T F Yes Trifolium pratense red clover 2 F No Trifolium repens white Dutch clover 1 F No Typha latifolia cattail T G Yes unknown forb species T F X

unknown grass species T G X

38

Table 8. Herbaceous species found in Zone 1 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeVeronica americana American speedwell 1 F Yes

Veronica serpyllifolia thyme-leaved speedwell 1 F Yes

Vicia hirsuta hairy vetch T F No Viola sp. violet T F Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other Zone 2 – Peat Cell 2 Species planted and seeded A total of 15 shrub, 41 forb and 39 graminoid species of were planted in Zone 2 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 9). Also, this zone was included in the initial Phase II planting in 2002 (Appendix B). Additionally, 56 forb species and 31 graminoid species were seeded in this zone during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 10). Table 9. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 2 – Peat Cell 2 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept) Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006

Shrubs Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 1 gallon 100 100 4" pot 82 48 Betula glandulosa scrub birch 1 gallon 4 20 20Empetrum nigrum crowberry 1 gallon 100Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 2 Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 4" pot 50 20Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 1 gallon 28 8 30 15 2 gallon 5 4" pot 22 50 Malus fusca western crabapple 1 gallon 2 bare-root 10Myrica gale sweet gale 1 gallon 8 10 10 bare-root 40Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 1 gallon 2 Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry 1 gallon 2 bare-root 5

39

Table 9. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 2 – Peat Cell 2 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept) Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry 1 gallon 10 60 10Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry 4" pot 50Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 17 Vaccinium oxycoccos small cranberry 4" pot 100 16 100 Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry 1 gallon 16 4" pot 40

Forbs Alisma triviale northern water plantain 10" plug 32 Allium acuminatum Hooker's onion bare-root 20 Allium cernuum nodding onion 7" plug 40 Antennaria microphylla rosy pussytoes 4" pot 30 Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 10" plug 25 100 Armeria maritima thrift sea-pink 7" plug 20 Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam 4" pot 140 Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold 4" pot 50 25 75 Caltha palustris yellow marsh marigold 4" pot 4 10 Camassia leichtlinii large camas bulb 60 Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster 10" plug 16 Castilleja hispida harsh paintbrush 7" plug 100 Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 10" plug 300 48 100 100

Dodecatheon pulchellum few-flowered shooting star 10" plug 60

Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew 2" pot 48 4" pot 10 Erigeron perigrinus subalpine fleabane 7" plug 75 Galium trifidum small bedstraw 1 gallon 50 7" plug 29 20Gentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian 10" plug 75 7" plug 116 24Hypericum anagalloides tinker's penny 2" pot 35 7" plug 201 150 Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris bare-root 340 Lycopus uniflorus northern bugleweed 4" pot 18 43 2Menyanthes trifoliata buckbean 4" pot 12Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 10" plug 75 70 bare-root 150 Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley 10" plug 25 bare-root 50 Penstemon ovatus egg-leaf penstemon 7" plug 75 Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup 7" plug 75

Rubus pedatus strawberry-leaf raspberry 4" pot 16

Sagittaria latifolia wapato tuber 40 Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap bare-root 100 104

Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow 10" plug 26 70 88

40

Table 9. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 2 – Peat Cell 2 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept) Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass 10" plug 100 bare-root 25 Sium suave hemlock water parsnip bare-root 50 Stachys pilosa hairy hedge-nettle bare-root 50Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster 4" pot 16 Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster 10" plug 16 Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue 10" plug 40 Triantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel 7" plug 25 100 Veronica americana American Speedwell bare-root 75 80 200 Viola adunca early blue violet 4" pot 10 Viola palustris marsh violet 1 gallon 32 10" plug 50 100 4" pot 75 90 100Viola sempervirens evergreen violet 4" pot 110

Graminoid Species Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge bare-root 48 50 52Carex aperta Columbian sedge bare-root 25 Carex aquatilis water sedge 10" plug 400 bare-root 50 100Carex arcta northern cluster sedge bare-root 50 Carex bebbii Bebb's sedge bare-root 50 Carex comosa longhaired sedge bare-root 24 Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge 10" plug 8 Carex densa dense sedge bare-root 50 Carex deweyana Dewey sedge bare-root 100 Carex echinata star sedge bare-root 25 60 100Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge 10" plug 80 100Carex lenticularis var. lipocarpa Kellog's sedge 10" plug 8 Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 500 bare-root 150 Carex ovalis eggbract sedge bare-root 56 100 Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 10" plug 40 Carex spectabilis showy sedge 7" plug 100Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 10" plug 16 100 Carex unilateralis lateral sedge 3" plug 16 bare-root 100

Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge 3" plug 22

Carex vesicaria blister sedge 10" plug 64 100 bare-root 150 Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge 7" plug 78 50Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 10" plug 32 Eleocharis acicularis needle spikerush bare-root 80 100

41

Table 9. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 2 – Peat Cell 2 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept) Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006Eleocharis obtusa blunt spikerush 3" plug 80 Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush 3" plug 100 bare-root 52Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 10" plug 16 100 100Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso's cotton-grass 3" plug 160 4" plug 400 Glyceria grandis American mannagrass 10" plug 24 50Glyceria striata tall mannagrass 10" plug 24 50 Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 10" plug 50 20Juncus bolanderi Bolander's rush bare-root 50 Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 10" plug 56 32 150 20Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush bare-root 50 Juncus tenuis slender rush 10" plug 32 bare-root 100Luzula multiflora common woodrush 3" plug 75 Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush 10" plug 16 Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 4" plug 61 Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10" plug 48 20Sparganium emersum European bur-reed bare-root 50

Table 10. Species seeded in Zone 2 – Peat Cell 2 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept)

Scientific Name Common Name 2006 Forbs

Achillea millefolium yarrow X Alisma triviale northern water plantain X Aquilegia formosa western columbine X Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed X Artemisia suksdorfii coastal wormwood X Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard X Camassia leichtlinii large camas X Camassia quamash small camas X Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower X Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed X Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce X Collinsia parviflora maiden blue-eyed Mary X Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil X Downingia elegans elegant calico flower X Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb X Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane X Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry X Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily X

42

Table 10. Species seeded in Zone 2 – Peat Cell 2 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept)

Scientific Name Common Name 2006 Gentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian X Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens X Gilia capitata blue-head gilia X Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf X Iris tenax Oregon iris X Lilium columbianum tiger lily X Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil X Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine X Lupinus lepidus Pacific lupine X Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal X

Maianthemum stellatum star-flowered false solomon's seal X

Mentha arvensis wild mint X Microseris laciniata cut-leaf microseris X Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower X Myosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not X Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley X Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely X Penstemon procerus litte-flower penstemon X Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon X Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot X Plagiobothrys figuratus fragrant popcorn flower X Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush X Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil X Ranunculus orthorhynchus straight-beaked buttercup X Rorippa islandica northern marsh yellowcress X Sagittaria latifolia wapato X Sisyrinchium angustifolium narrow-leafed blue-eyed grass X Stachys palustris marsh hedge-nettle X Symphyotrichum chilense California aster X Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster X Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster X Tellima grandiflora fringecup X Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant X Triantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel X Trifolium eriocephalum wooly-headed clover X Trifolium wormskjoldii Wormskjold's clover X Valeriana sitchensis Sitka valerian X Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower X

Graminoid Species Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge X Carex aquatilis var. dives Sitka sedge X Carex athrostachya slender-beaked sedge X

43

Table 10. Species seeded in Zone 2 – Peat Cell 2 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept)

Scientific Name Common Name 2006 Carex aurea golden sedge X Carex comosa longhaired sedge X Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge X Carex densa dense sedge X Carex deweyana Dewey sedge X Carex echinata star sedge X Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge X Carex mertensii Merten's sedge X Carex obnupta slough sedge X Carex ovalis eggbract sedge X Carex stipata sawbeak sedge X Carex tumulicola split-awn sedge X Carex unilateralis lateral sedge X Carex vesicaria blister sedge X Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge X Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass X Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush X Eleocharis palustris common spike rush X Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush X Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis Baltic rush X Juncus bufonius toad rush X Juncus falcatus falcate rush X Juncus oxymeris pointed rush X Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush X Juncus tenuis slender rush X Luzula multiflora common woodrush X Luzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush X Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush X

Zone 2 Overstory and regenerating trees No overstory trees were found in Zone 2 during the 2007 survey (Table 11). Three species of regenerating trees were recorded, all in very small quantities. These trees are composed of paperbark birch (1% cover), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) (1% cover) and red alder (trace). Table 11. Regenerating tree species found in Zone 2 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name Common Name Average Percent

Cover1 Native

MIDSTORY AND REGENERATING TREES (Percent Cover) Alnus rubra red alder T Yes Betula papyrifera paperbark birch 1 Yes Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 1 Yes

44

1 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 2 Shrubs Fifteen species of native shrubs were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey (Table 12). The most dominant species are sweet gale (25% cover) and willow species (25% combined cover), which are composed of Hooker’s willow (14% cover) and Scouler’s willow (11% cover). Other common species include twinberry (Lonicera involucrata) (12% cover) and American cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus var. americanum) (8% cover). Several of the species in this zone are commonly found in bog habitats in Western Washington. These species include sweet gale (25% cover), scrub birch (7% cover), Labrador tea (5% cover), bog-rosemary (3% cover), crowberry (3% cover), dwarf blueberry (2% cover) and bog laurel (1% cover). Table 12. Shrub species found in Zone 2 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name Common

Name Average

Percent Cover1 Native Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 Yes Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 3 Yes Betula glandulosa scrub birch 7 Yes Empetrum nigrum crowberry 3 Yes Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 1 Yes Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 5 Yes Lonicera involucrata twinberry 12 Yes Malus fusca western crabapple 6 Yes Myrica gale sweet gale 25 Yes

Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry 1 Yes

Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow 14 Yes Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow 11 Yes Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry 2 Yes

Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 Yes

Viburnum opulus var. americanum

American cranberrybush 8 Yes

1 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 2 Herbaceous species A total of 45 species were found during the 2007 survey, of which 29 are native, 12 are non-native and four are not determined (Table 13). The most dominant species in this zone are woolgrass and Pacific silverweed, which are present at an average percent cover of 32% and 29% respectively. Aster and sedge species are also an important component in this zone, and compose 18% and 16% total cover on average throughout the zone. Due

45

to the fact that the survey was completed in early spring, many sedge and aster species were not identified to species. Appendix D contains a list of various sedge and aster species present in the park that were identified later in the year. As this is a peat cell, many wetland and bog species are present in this zone and include: daggerleaf rush (Juncus ensifolius) (9% cover), mannagrass (8% cover), northern water plantain (Alisma triviale) (1% cover), Chamisso's cotton-grass (1% cover), water parsley (1% cover), hard-stemmed bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus) (1% cover), marsh violet (Viola palustris) (1% cover), white marsh marigold (trace) and few-flowered shooting star (Dodecatheon pulchellum) (trace). Twelve non-native species were recorded in this peat cell, with creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) as the most common with an average percent cover of 10%. Three of these species are considered to be invasive. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) is listed as a Non-designated Noxious Weed by the King County Noxious Weed Control Program. These are widespread invasive species for which control is recommended but not required in King County (King County 2007). Nipplewort (Lapsana communis) and creeping buttercup are also present and considered to be invasive species, but do not currently have a legal designation in King County. All three species are present at an average percent cover of 1% (Table 13). Table 13. Herbaceous species found in Zone 2 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeAchillea millefolium yarrow T F Yes Agrostis gigantea redtop 1 G No Elymus repens quackgrass 3 G No Agrostis sp. bentgrass 1 G X Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass 10 G No Alisma triviale northern water plantain 1 F Yes Aster sp. aster 18 F Yes Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress T F No Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold T F Yes Carex obnupta slough sedge 3 G Yes Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 1 G Yes Carex sp. sedge 12 G Yes Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce T F Yes Dactylis glomerata orchardgrass 1 G No Dodecatheon pulchellum

few-flowered shooting star T F Yes

Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb 8 F Yes Eriophorum chamissonis

Chamisso's cotton-grass 1 G Yes

Galium trifidum small bedstraw 3 F Yes Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 3 F Yes

46

Table 13. Herbaceous species found in Zone 2 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeGlyceria sp. mannagrass 8 G Yes Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf 1 F Yes Impatiens capensis jewelweed 1 F No Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris 10 F No Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 9 G Yes Juncus sp. rush 2 G X Lapsana communis** nipplewort 1 F No Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass 1 G No

Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil T F Yes

Luzula multiflora common woodrush 3 G Yes Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley 1 F Yes Phalaris arundinacea* reed canarygrass 1 G No Plantago major broad-leaved plantain 1 F No Poa sp. bluegrass 5 G X Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 29 F Yes Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 13 F Yes Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup 1 F Yes Ranunculus repens* creeping buttercup 1 F No Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush 1 G Yes Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 32 G Yes

Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow 4 F Yes

Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 2 F Yes Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue 1 F Yes Trifolium repens white Dutch clover 1 F No

unknown graminoid species 1 G X

Viola palustris marsh violet 1 F Yes 1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other Zone 3 – Peat Cell 3 Species planted and seeded A total of 144 species were planted in Zone 3 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 14). These species include 24 species of shrubs,

47

78 species of forbs and 42 graminoid species. Also, this zone was included in the initial Phase II planting in 2002 (Appendix B). Additionally, 56 forb species and 31 graminoid species were seeded in Zone 3 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 15). Table 14. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 3 – Peat Cell 3 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006

Shrubs Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 1 gallon 100 100 4" pot 41 117 100 100Betula glandulosa scrub birch 1 gallon 3 20 40Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 1 gallon 12 Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 1 gallon 6 Empetrum nigrum crowberry 1 gallon 200Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 70 Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 10" plug 6 Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 4" pot 26 20Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 1 gallon 8 5 2 gallon 10 4" pot 12 75 Lonicera involucrata twinberry 1 gallon 12 10 Malus fusca western crabapple 1 gallon 4 bare-root 20Menziesia ferruginea rusty Menziesia 1 gallon 12 Myrica gale sweet gale 1 gallon 4 10 20 bare-root 80Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 1 gallon 2 Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 1 gallon 3 Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry 1 gallon 4 bare-root 10Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant 1 gallon 6 Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 1 gallon 12 Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry 1 gallon 20 30 20Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry 4" pot 100Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 42 Vaccinium oxycoccos small cranberry 4" pot 39 Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry 1 gallon 12 Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry 1 gallon 39 4" pot 80

Forbs Agoseris aurantiaca orange agoseris 4" pot 18 7" plug 2 Alisma triviale northern water plantain 10" plug 19 78 Allium acuminatum Hooker's onion bare-root 40 Allium cernuum nodding onion 7" plug 80 bare-root 58

48

Table 14. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 3 – Peat Cell 3 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting 10" plug 130 7" plug 159 Antennaria microphylla rosy pussytoes 10" plug 76 Aquilegia formosa western columbine 10" plug 174 7" plug 89 bare-root 116 Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 10" plug 80 200 Armeria maritima thrift sea-pink 7" plug 40 Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard bare-root 25 Balsamorhiza deltoidea deltoid balsamroot bare-root 50 Blechnum spicant deerfern 7" plug 24 Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam 4" pot 220 7" plug 114 Brodiaea coronaria crown brodiaea bulb 25 Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold 4" pot 125 40 50 Caltha palustris yellow marsh marigold 4" pot 10 24 Camassia leichtlinii large camas bulb 142 Camassia quamash small camas bulb 580 90 Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower 7" plug 114 100 Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster 10" plug 39 7" plug 57 100 Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush 10" plug 100 7" plug 174 Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed bare-root 232 Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 10" plug 151 117 300 196

Dodecatheon hendersonii Henderson's shooting star rhizome 15

Dodecatheon pulchellum few-flowered shooting star

10" plug 70

2" pot 29 Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew 2" pot 58 4" pot 18 Erigeron perigrinus subalpine fleabane 7" plug 125 Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane 7" plug 75 bare-root 75 Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine 10" plug 215 Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 4" pot 29 Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 4" pot 116 Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily bulb 116 Galium trifidum small bedstraw 1 gallon 25 7" plug 40Gentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian 10" plug 100 7" plug 80 25Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 10" plug 219 Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed 10" plug 348

49

Table 14. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 3 – Peat Cell 3 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006 bare-root 116 Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot 7" plug 75 Hypericum anagalloides tinker's penny 2" pot 38 7" plug 102 100 Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris 7" plug 126 Lilium columbianum tiger lily bulb 116 Linnaea borealis twinflower 4" pot 70Lomatium dissectum fern-leaf biscuitroot bare-root 57 Lomatium nudicaule bare-stem desert-parsley bare-root 174 Lomatium utriculatum spring-gold 7" plug 57 Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle 10" plug 20 Lupinus rivularis riverbank lupine 10" plug 213 Lycopus uniflorus northern bugleweed 4" pot 8 Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage 1 gallon 5 Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal 4" pot 25 Mentha arvensis wild mint 10" plug 207 Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 10" plug 215 180 49 bare-root 430 Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley 10" plug 25 bare-root 50 Olsynium douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' grasswidow bare-root 17 50 Penstemon cardwellii Cardwell's penstemon 7" plug 50 Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon 10" plug 120 50 Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush 10" plug 72 Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 72 Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 10" plug 87 Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup 7" plug 291 100 Rubus pedatus strawberry-leaf raspberry 4" pot 39 Sagittaria latifolia wapato tuber 100 98 100 Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap bare-root 208

Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow 10" plug 26 75

Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass 10" plug 100 bare-root 12 50 Sium suave hemlock water parsnip bare-root 51 75 Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod bare-root 116 Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod 7" plug 57 Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle bare-root 15 Stachys pilosa hairy hedge-nettle bare-root 150Symphyotrichum chilense California aster 10" plug 100 Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster 10" plug 263 4" pot 39 Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum

Douglas aster 10" plug 39

50

Table 14. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 3 – Peat Cell 3 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006 7" plug 72 bare-root 173 Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue 10" plug 63 Veronica americana American Speedwell 7" plug 100 bare-root 215 100 400 110Viola adunca early blue violet 4" pot 20 Viola glabella stream violet 4" pot 200 Viola palustris marsh violet 10" plug 110 250 4" pot 216 205 100 200Viola sempervirens evergreen violet 4" pot 95 7" plug 50

Graminoid Species Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge bare-root 153 117 50 50Carex aperta Columbian sedge bare-root 25 Carex aquatilis water sedge 3" plug 200 bare-root 100 200Carex arcta northern cluster sedge bare-root 100 Carex bebbii Bebb's sedge bare-root 150 50 Carex canescens silvery sedge 4" plug 102 Carex comosa longhaired sedge bare-root 200 59 125 104Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge 10" plug 20 4" plug 150 bare-root 70 Carex densa dense sedge bare-root 100 52Carex deweyana Dewey sedge 4" plug 58 bare-root 250 Carex echinata star sedge bare-root 25 100 200Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge 10" plug 100 201Carex lenticularis var. lipocarpa Kellog's sedge 10" plug 20 bare-root 200 Carex mertensii Merten's sedge bare-root 153 100 104Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 1000 bare-root 430 Carex ovalis eggbract sedge bare-root 136 150 50Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 10" plug 115 70 Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 10" plug 152 39 100 100Carex tumulicola split-awn sedge bare-root 25 Carex unilateralis lateral sedge 3" plug 34 4" plug 102 bare-root 115 Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge 3" plug 48 4" plug 255 Carex vesicaria blister sedge 10" plug 119 156 200 200 bare-root 265 Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge 4" plug 102

51

Table 14. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 3 – Peat Cell 3 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006 7" plug 100 100 Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 10" plug 78 bare-root 100 Eleocharis acicularis needle spikerush bare-root 180 195 200 Eleocharis obtusa blunt spikerush 3" plug 195 4" plug 304 Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush 3" plug 200 bare-root 104Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 10" plug 166 39 100 200Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso's cotton-grass 3" plug 282 4" plug 216 Festuca idahoensis ssp. roemeri Idaho fescue 4" plug 290 Glyceria grandis American mannagrass 10" plug 50 59 150 75Glyceria striata tall mannagrass 10" plug 153 59 Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 10" plug 200 70 40Juncus bolanderi Bolander's rush bare-root 225 156Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 10" plug 160 78 120 40Juncus oxymeris pointed rush bare-root 150Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush bare-root 100 50Juncus tenuis slender rush 10" plug 230 78 bare-root 156Luzula multiflora common woodrush 3" plug 75 Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush 10" plug 41 39 Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10" plug 196 117 100 40Sparganium emersum European bur-reed 7" plug 51 bare-root 100

Table 15. Species seeded in Zone 3 – Peat Cell 3 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept).

Scientific Name Common Name 2006 Forbs

Achillea millefolium yarrow X Alisma triviale northern water plantain X Aquilegia formosa western columbine X Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed X Artemisia suksdorfii coastal wormwood X Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard X Camassia leichtlinii large camas X Camassia quamash small camas X Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower X Chamerion angustifolium ssp. fireweed X

52

Table 15. Species seeded in Zone 3 – Peat Cell 3 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept).

Scientific Name Common Name 2006 angustifolium Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce X Collinsia parviflora maiden blue-eyed Mary X Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil X Downingia elegans elegant calico flower X Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb X Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane X Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry X Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily X Gentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian X Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens X Gilia capitata blue-head gilia X Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf X Iris tenax Oregon iris X Lilium columbianum tiger lily X Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil X Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine X Lupinus lepidus Pacific lupine X Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal X

Maianthemum stellatum star-flowered false solomon's seal X

Mentha arvensis wild mint X Microseris laciniata cut-leaf microseris X Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower X Myosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not X Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley X Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely X Penstemon procerus litte-flower penstemon X Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon X Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot X Plagiobothrys figuratus fragrant popcorn flower X Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush X Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil X Ranunculus orthorhynchus straight-beaked buttercup X Rorippa islandica northern marsh yellowcress X Sagittaria latifolia wapato X Sisyrinchium angustifolium narrow-leafed blue-eyed grass X Stachys palustris marsh hedge-nettle X Symphyotrichum chilense California aster X Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster X Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster X Tellima grandiflora fringecup X Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant X Triantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel X

53

Table 15. Species seeded in Zone 3 – Peat Cell 3 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept).

Scientific Name Common Name 2006 Trifolium eriocephalum wooly-headed clover X Trifolium wormskjoldii Wormskjold's clover X Valeriana sitchensis Sitka valerian X Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower X

Graminoid Species Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge X Carex aquatilis var. dives Sitka sedge X Carex athrostachya slender-beaked sedge X Carex aurea golden sedge X Carex comosa longhaired sedge X Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge X Carex densa dense sedge X Carex deweyana Dewey sedge X Carex echinata star sedge X Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge X Carex mertensii Merten's sedge X Carex obnupta slough sedge X Carex ovalis eggbract sedge X Carex stipata sawbeak sedge X Carex tumulicola split-awn sedge X Carex unilateralis lateral sedge X Carex vesicaria blister sedge X Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge X Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass X Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush X Eleocharis palustris common spike rush X Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush X Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis Baltic rush X Juncus bufonius toad rush X Juncus falcatus falcate rush X Juncus oxymeris pointed rush X Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush X Juncus tenuis slender rush X Luzula multiflora common woodrush X Luzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush X Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush X

Zone 3 Overstory and regenerating trees No overstory was present in this open peat area during the 2007 survey (Table 16). Five species of native conifer and deciduous trees were recorded in the midstory and regenerating layer in small amounts. Sitka spruce (2% cover), shore pine (1% cover) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) (trace) compose the conifer component. Black

54

cottonwood (1% cover) and paperbark birch (trace) compose the deciduous component in this zone. (Table 16). Table 16. Overstory and regenerating tree species found in Zone 3 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name Common Name Average Percent

Cover1 Native MIDSTORY AND REGENERATING TREES (Percent Cover)

Betula papyrifera paperbark birch T Yes Pinus contorta shore pine 1 Yes Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 2 Yes Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa black cottonwood 1 Yes Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock T Yes

1 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 3 Shrubs Twenty three native shrub species were recorded in Zone 3 during the 2007 survey (Table 17). The shrub layer is quite open with a total cover of 40%. Sweet gale is the most dominant species in this zone, with an average percent cover of 9%. Other less common species include red-osier dogwood (4% cover), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) (4% cover), Hooker’s willow (3% cover), Pacific willow (3% cover) and twinberry (3% cover). Several of the species in this zone are commonly found in bog habitats in Western Washington. These species include bog-rosemary (2% cover), scrub birch (1% cover), Labrador tea (1% cover), crowberry (1% cover), dwarf blueberry (trace) and bog laurel (trace). Table 17. Shrub species found in Zone 3 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name Common NameAverage Percent

Cover1 Native Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry T Yes Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 2 Yes Betula glandulosa scrub birch 1 Yes Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 2 Yes Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 4 Yes Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn 1 Yes Empetrum nigrum crowberry 1 Yes Gaultheria shallon salal 1 Yes Kalmia microphylla bog laurel T Yes Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 1 Yes Lonicera involucrata twinberry 3 Yes

55

Table 17. Shrub species found in Zone 3 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name Common NameAverage Percent

Cover1 Native Myrica gale sweet gale 9 Yes Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 2 Yes Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry T Yes Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 4 Yes Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow 3 Yes Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow 3 Yes Sambucus racemosa red elderberry 2 Yes Salix sitchensis Sitka willow T Yes Spiraea douglasii hardhack 1 Yes Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry T Yes

Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry T Yes

Vaccinium ovalifolium

oval-leaved blueberry T Yes

1 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 3 herbaceous species A total of 77 species were recorded in Zone 3, of which 54 are native, 19 are non-native and four are undetermined (Table 18). The most dominant species in this zone are composed of various sedges (23% combined cover, of which slough sedge is the most dominant with 15% cover), woolgrass (19% cover), Pacific silverweed (18% cover), various asters (18% cover), fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium) (14% cover) and small bedstraw (Galium trifidum) (14% cover). Due to the fact that the survey was completed in early spring, many sedge and aster species were not identified to species. Appendix D contains a list of various sedge and aster species present in the park that were identified later in the year. As this is a peat cell, many bog and wetland species are present in this zone, such as: various rush species (11% combined cover), marsh cinquefoil (3% cover), common spike rush (Eleocharis palustris) (2% cover), mannagrass (2% cover), American speedwell (2% cover), northern water plantain (trace), American sloughgrass (Beckmannia syzigachne) (trace), white marsh marigold (trace), wapato (trace), hard-stemmed bulrush (trace), small-seeded bulrush (trace) and Idaho blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium idahoense) (trace) (Table 18). Of the 19 non-native species which were recorded in this zone, six are considered to be invasive. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) and English ivy (Hedera helix) are all listed as Non-designated Noxious Weeds in King County by the King County Noxious Weed Control Program (2007). These species were

56

present in very small quantities of trace, 1% cover and trace respectively. Additionally, creeping buttercup (1% cover), nipplewort (trace) and meadow buttercup (Ranunculus acris) (trace) are also considered to be invasive species but do not have a legal designation at this time. Table 18. Herbaceous species found in Zone 3 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common NameAverage Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeAchillea millefolium yarrow 3 F Yes Agrostis gigantea redtop 3 G No Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass 4 G No

Alisma triviale northern water plantain T F Yes

Allium sp. onion T F X Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail 2 G Yes Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting T F Yes Aquilegia formosa western columbine T F Yes Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 18 F Yes Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 1 F Yes Aster sp. aster 17 F Yes

Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass T G Yes

Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold T F Yes

Camassia quamash small camas T F Yes Camassia sp. camas T F Yes Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress T F No Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge 1 G Yes Carex obnupta slough sedge 15 G Yes Carex sp. sedge 5 G Yes Carex viridula green sedge 2 G Yes

Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush 3 F Yes

Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed 14 F Yes Cirsium arvense* Canada thistle T F No Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 3 F Yes Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 3 G Yes Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 2 G Yes Elymus repens quackgrass 1 G No Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii

Watson's willowherb 2 F Yes

Festuca rubra red fescue 1 G Yes Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry T F Yes Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 9 F Yes Galium trifidum small bedstraw 14 F Yes

57

Table 18. Herbaceous species found in Zone 3 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common NameAverage Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeGeranium robertianum* herb Robert 1 F No Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 3 F Yes Glyceria sp. mannagrass 2 G Yes Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed 2 F Yes Hedera helix* English ivy T F No Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley 10 G Yes Iris tenax Oregon iris T F Yes Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 1 G Yes Juncus effusus soft rush T G X Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 3 G Yes Juncus sp. rush 7 G X Lapsana communis** nipplewort T F No Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass 4 G No Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine 1 F Yes Luzula multiflora common woodrush 2 G Yes Medicago lupulina black medick T F No

Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 4 F Yes

Myosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not T F Yes

Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley T F Yes Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon T F Yes

Plantago major broad-leaved plantain 1 F No

Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush T F Yes Poa sp. bluegrass 1 G X Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 F Yes Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 1 F Yes Ranunculus acris** meadow buttercup T F No Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup 1 F Yes Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup 1 F No Sagittaria latifolia wapato T F Yes Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue T G No Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus

hard-stemmed bulrush T G Yes

Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 19 G Yes

Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush T G Yes

Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow T F Yes

Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass T F Yes

Sonchus oleraceus common sowthistle T F No Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle 1 F Yes

58

Table 18. Herbaceous species found in Zone 3 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common NameAverage Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeTaraxacum officinale dandelion T F No

Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue 1 F Yes

Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia starflower 1 F Yes Trifolium pratense red clover T F No Trifolium repens white Dutch clover T F No

Veronica americana American Speedwell 2 F Yes

Vicia sativa garden vetch 1 F No Viola adunca early blue violet T F Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other Zone 4 – Peat Cell 4 Species planted and seeded Fourteen species of shrubs, 19 species of forbs and 29 graminoid species were planted in Zone 4 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 19). Also, this zone was included in the initial Phase I planting in 2000 (Appendix A). Additionally, 14 species were seeded in Zone 4 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 20). These species consist of two shrub species, three forb species and nine graminoid species. Table 19. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 4 – Peat Cell 4 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 2005 2006

Shrubs Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 1 gallon 40 Betula glandulosa scrub birch 1 gallon 10 30 Gaultheria shallon salal 4" pot 200 Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 1 gallon 300 Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 4" pot 250 Lonicera involucrata twinberry 1 gallon 10 Malus fusca western crabapple 1 gallon 60 Myrica gale sweet gale 1 gallon 70 15 Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry 1 gallon 40 bare-root 10

59

Table 19. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 4 – Peat Cell 4 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 2005 2006Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 1 gallon 50 Spiraea douglasii hardhack 1 gallon 75 Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry 1 gallon 50 Vaccinium oxycoccos small cranberry 4" pot 30 Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry 1 gallon 100

Forbs Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 10" plug 252 623Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern 7" plug 10 Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold 4" pot 25

Caltha palustris yellow marsh marigold 4" pot 25

Camassia leichtlinii large camas bulb 40 Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower 7" plug 100 Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 10" plug 200 100 Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew 4" pot 25 Erigeron perigrinus subalpine fleabane 7" plug 150 Hypericum anagalloides tinker's penny 7" plug 50 Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage 1 gallon 49 Mentha arvensis wild mint 10" plug 1300 1300Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 7" plug 443 Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet 4" pot 30 Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap bare-root 75 Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass 10" plug 102 4" pot 50 Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod 4" pot 25 Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster 10" plug 200 4" pot 100 Viola palustris marsh violet 4" pot 75

Graminoid Species Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge bare-root 100 Carex aquatilis water sedge bare-root 150

Carex arcta northern cluster sedge bare-root 75

Carex bebbii Bebb's sedge bare-root 100 Carex canescens silvery sedge 1 gallon 5 Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge 1 gallon 50 4" pot 100 bare-root 50 Carex densa dense sedge bare-root 100 Carex deweyana Dewey sedge 4" pot 64 Carex echinata star sedge bare-root 100 Carex hendersonii Henderson's sedge bare-root 350 Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge 10" plug 170 Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 400 3000 1000Carex ovalis eggbract sedge bare-root 200

60

Table 19. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 4 – Peat Cell 4 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 2005 2006Carex spectabilis showy sedge 7" plug 700 Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 10" plug 200 4" pot 50

Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge 7" plug 350

Carex vesicaria blister sedge 10" plug 300 Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge 10" plug 100 3" plug 90 7" plug 70 Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass bare-root 300 Eleocharis acicularis needle spikerush bare-root 200 Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 10" plug 200 7" plug 200

Glyceria grandis American mannagrass 10" plug 400 100

Glyceria striata tall mannagrass 1 gallon 50 Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 10" plug 100 80 Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 10" plug 580 Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush bare-root 150 Luzula multiflora common woodrush 3" plug 150 Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 4" pot 250 Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10" plug 372 650

Table 20. Species and plant quantities seeded in Zone 4 – Peat Cell 4 (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name 2000 2001 2006

Shrubs Kalmia microphylla bog laurel X Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea X

Forbs Galium trifidum small bedstraw X Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet X Saxifraga oregana Oregon saxifrage X

Graminoid Species Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass X Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge X Carex obnupta slough sedge X Carex stipata sawbeak sedge X Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge X X Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass XGlyceria grandis American mannagrass X Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass X Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed X

61

Zone 4 Overstory and regenerating trees No overstory trees were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey. One native and one non-native species were present in the midstory and regenerating layer in trace amounts. These species were European white birch (Betula pendula) and black cottonwood (Table 21). Table 21. Overstory and regenerating tree species found in Zone 4 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 NativeMIDSTORY AND REGENERATING TREES (Percent Cover)

Betula pendula European white birch T No Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa black cottonwood T Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 4 Shrubs Fifteen species were recorded in Zone 4 during the 2007 survey, of which 14 are native and one is non-native (Table 22). The shrub layer is very open with a total percent cover of 32%. Sitka willow is the most dominant species in the zone (8%, cover), followed by cascara (Frangula purshiana) (7% cover), western crabapple (Malus fusca) (6% cover) and clustered wildrose (Rosa pisocarpa) (5% cover) (Table 22). One non-native species, scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) is classified as a Non-designated Noxious Weed by the King County Noxious Weed Control Program (2007). It was found in this zone at an average percent cover of 1% (Table 22). Table 22. Shrub species found in Zone 4 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 NativeBetula glandulosa scrub birch T Yes Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 1 Yes Cytisus scoparius* scotch broom 1 No Gaultheria shallon salal T Yes Kalmia microphylla bog laurel T Yes Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea T Yes Lonicera involucrata twinberry 1 Yes Malus fusca western crabapple 6 Yes Myrica gale sweet gale 2 Yes

62

Table 22. Shrub species found in Zone 4 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 NativeFrangula purshiana cascara 7 Yes Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry 1 Yes Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 5 Yes Rubus ursinus creeping blackberry T Yes Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow T Yes Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 8 Yes

Zone 4 Herbaceous Species A total of 39 species were recorded in Zone 4 during the 2007 survey, of which 31 are native, four are non-native and four are non-determined (Table 23). Woolgrass, various sedge species and small-seeded bulrush are the most dominant species in the zone with average percent covers of 30%, 25% and 24% respectively. Other common species in this zone include broadfruit bur-reed (Sparganium eurycarpum) (19% cover), mannagrass (11% cover), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa) (8% cover) and blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus) (8% cover). Due to the fact that the survey was completed in early spring, many sedge and aster species were not identified to species. Appendix D contains a list of various sedge and aster species present in the park that were identified later in the year. Wetland and bog species found in this zone include: various rush species (5% combined cover), Pacific silverweed (4% cover), marsh cinquefoil (1% cover), common spike rush (1% cover), wapato (1% cover), soft-stemmed bulrush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani) (1% cover), American speedwell (1% cover), northern water plantain (trace), skunk cabbage (Lysichiton americanus) (trace), water parsley (trace), hard-stemmed bulrush (trace) (Table 23). Of the four non-native species present in this zone, three are considered to be invasive. Creeping buttercup, herb Robert and reed canarygrass are present at average percent covers of 2%, 1% and trace respectively. Table 23. Herbaceous species found in Zone 4 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average

Percent Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeAgrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass 3 G No Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail 4 G Yes Alisma triviale northern water plantain T F Yes Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 4 F Yes Aster sp. aster 6 F Yes Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge 9 G Yes Carex obnupta slough sedge 13 G Yes

63

Table 23. Herbaceous species found in Zone 4 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average

Percent Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeCarex sp. sedge 3 G Yes coarse woody debris T O X Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 1 F Yes Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 8 G Yes Elymus glaucus blue wildrye 8 G Yes Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 1 G Yes Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb 2 F Yes Festuca rubra red fescue 1 G Yes Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 3 F Yes Geranium robertianum* herb Robert 1 F No Glyceria sp. mannagrass 11 G Yes Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed 1 F Yes Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley 4 G Yes Juncus effusus soft rush 2 G X Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 2 G Yes Juncus sp. rush 1 G X Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage T F Yes Mentha arvensis wild mint T F Yes Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley T F Yes Phalaris arundinacea* reed canarygrass T G No Poa sp. bluegrass T G X Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 5 F Yes Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup 2 F No Sagittaria latifolia wapato 1 F Yes Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush T G Yes Scirpus aff. atrocinctus 3 G Yes Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 30 G Yes Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 24 G Yes Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani soft-stemmed bulrush 1 G Yes Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed 19 G Yes unknown grass species T G X Veronica americana American speedwell 1 F Yes Veronica serpyllifolia thyme-leaved speedwell T F Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other

64

Zone 5 - Peat Edge Phase II Species planted and seeded Twenty five species were planted in Zone 5 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 24). These species consist of one tree species, seven shrub species, 15 forb species and two graminoid species. In addition, this zone was included in the initial Phase II planting in 2002 (Appendix B). No species were seeded in this zone. Table 24. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 5 – Peat Edge Phase II (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2004 2005 2006

Trees Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 1 gallon 15

Shrubs Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 4" pot 800 bare-root 150 Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 100 1000 328 10" plug 300 4" pot 487

styroblock plug 1000

Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 66 4" pot 185 Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape 4" pot 378 Mahonia repens creeping barberry 1 gallon 329Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry 1 gallon 10 Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 90 600 66 2" pot 2193

Forbs Anemone multifida cut-leaf anemone 4" pot 50Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 10" plug 400 Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower 10" plug 98 7" plug 302 Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 10" plug 1686 84 4" pot 300 1128 1000Mentha arvensis wild mint 10" plug 150 Olsynium douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' grasswidow bare-root 100 Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon 10" plug 100 Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush 10" plug 200 Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 180 196 bare-root 300 Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup 7" plug 300 Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass bare-root 100

65

Table 24. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 5 – Peat Edge Phase II (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2004 2005 2006Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass 7" plug 83 bare-root 17 Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 10" plug 50 Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod 10" plug 50 Triantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel 7" plug 96

Graminoid Species Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 500 1200 bare-root 2500 850Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 10" plug 200

Zone 5 Overstory and regenerating trees This very open area encompasses the upland edges of Peat Cells 1-3 (Zones 1, 2, 3). The only overstory present in this zone consists of several branches of a London planetree (Platanus x acerfolia) which is extending from the adjacent Street Green (Zone 6) (Table 25). Five species are found in the midstory and regenerating layer, of which four are native and one is non-native. All species were found in very small quantities. Regenerating conifer species consisted of Sitka spruce (1% cover), shore pine (trace) and western hemlock (trace). Deciduous species included red alder (trace) and a non-native species, green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) (trace). Table 25. Overstory and regenerating tree species found in Zone 5 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 NativeOVERSTORY TREES (Percent Cover)

Platanus x acerfolia London planetree 3 No MIDSTORY AND REGENERATING TREES (Percent Cover)

Alnus rubra red alder T Yes Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash T No Pinus contorta shore pine T Yes Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 1 Yes Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock T Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 5 Shrubs A total of 21 shrub species were recorded in Zone 5, of which 20 are native and one is non-native (Table 26). The shrub layer in this zone is sparse, with a total shrub cover of 34%. Salal (Gaultheria shallon) (8% cover), is the most common species found, followed by Nootka rose (Rosa nutkana) (5% cover), evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum) (4% cover), red-osier dogwood (3% cover) and Hooker’s willow (3% cover).

66

One non-native invasive species, Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor), is present in trace amounts. This species is classified as a Noxious Weed of Concern by the King County Noxious Weed Control Program. These are widespread invasive species which threaten native ecosystems by displacing native vegetation and degrading wildlife and plant habitats. Control and containment of existing populations of these species is recommended (King County 2007). Table 26. Shrub species found in Zone 5 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average

Percent Cover2 Native Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 Yes Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 1 Yes Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 3 Yes Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn 1 Yes Gaultheria shallon salal 8 Yes Holodiscus discolor oceanspray T Yes Kalmia microphylla bog laurel T Yes Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 Yes Malus fusca western crabapple 1 Yes Mahonia repens creeping barberry 2 Yes Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 1 Yes Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 2 Yes Frangula purshiana cascara 1 Yes Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry T Yes Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant T Yes Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 5 Yes Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose T Yes Rubus discolor* Himalayan blackberry T No Rubus spectabilis salmonberry T Yes Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow 3 Yes Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 4 Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 5 Herbaceous Species A total of 44 species were recorded in Zone 5 during the 2007 survey, of which 34 are native, eight are non-native and two are undertermined (Table 27). This zone serves as a buffer to the peat cells and abuts numerous paths. As a result, this area has a more landscaped look with vegetation that will not obstruct pedestrian access. Beach strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) is the dominant species in this zone, with an average percent cover of 52%. Sedge (24% cover) and aster species (23% cover) make up an important component of the herbaceous vegetation in this zone, along with meadow

67

barley (Hordeum brachyantherum) (14% cover) and arctic lupine (Lupinus arcticus) (9% cover). Due to the fact that the survey was completed in early spring, many sedge and aster species were not identified to species. Appendix D contains a list of various sedge and aster species present in the park that were identified later in the year. Of the eight non-native species recorded in the zone, Douglas's iris (Iris douglasiana) is the most common, with a 4% average percent cover. This species was extensively planted by Starflower Foundation, however its native range is south of Washington state. None of the non-native species are considered to be invasive. Table 27. Herbaceous species found in Zone 5 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeAchillea millefolium yarrow 6 F Yes Agrostis gigantea redtop 1 G No Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting T F Yes Anemone multifida cut-leaf anemone T F Yes Aquilegia formosa western columbine 1 F Yes Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 7 F Yes Aster sp. aster 23 F Yes Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold 1 F Yes Camassia leichtlinii large camas T F Yes Camassia quamash small camas T F Yes Camassia sp. camas T F Yes Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress T F No Carex obnupta slough sedge 23 G Yes Carex sp. sedge 1 G Yes Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed 3 F Yes Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 3 G Yes Elymus repens quackgrass 1 G No Epilobium ciliatum fringed willowherb 1 F Yes Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb 1 F Yes Festuca rubra red fescue T G Yes Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 52 F Yes Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 6 F Yes Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 3 F Yes Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed 2 F Yes Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley 14 G Yes Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris 4 F No Juncus effusus soft rush T G X Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 1 G Yes

Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil 1 F Yes

Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine 9 F Yes Medicago lupulina black medick T F No

68

Table 27. Herbaceous species found in Zone 5 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeMimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 1 F Yes Nothochelone nemorosa woodland penstemon T F Yes Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon T F Yes Poa annua annual bluegrass T G No Poa sp. bluegrass 1 G X Polystichum munitum sword fern 4 F Yes Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup T F Yes Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 4 G Yes Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 7 G Yes

Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow 1 F Yes

Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod T F Yes Taraxacum officinale dandelion T F No Vicia sativa garden vetch T F No

1 Species in bold are non-native species. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other Zone 6 - Street Green Species planted and seeded Five species of shrubs and one species of forb were planted in Zone 6 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 28). In addition, this zone was included in the initial Phase II planting in 2002 (Appendix B). No species were seeded in this zone. Table 28. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 6 – Street Green (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept).

Scientific Name Common Name Size 2006 Shrubs

Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 gallon 40 Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 260 Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 125 2 gallon 15 Mahonia repens creeping barberry 1 gallon 15 Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 1 gallon 120

Forbs Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 200

Zone 6 Overstory and regenerating trees

69

Two species of non-native trees were recorded in the overstory in Zone 6 (Table 29). The canopy in this landscaped zone is quite open, with a total percent cover of 43% and consisting mostly of horticultural species that existed on the site prior to restoration work. These species include London planetree (25% cover) and green ash (18% cover). In the midstory and regenerating layer five species were recorded, of which four are native and one is non-native (Table 29). The regenerating layer is composed of deciduous trees, consisting of Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) (6% cover), bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata) (5% cover), red alder (3% cover) and paperbark birch (1% cover). One non-native species, green ash was found at an average percent cover of 1%. Table 29. Overstory and regenerating tree species found in Zone 6 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common NameAverage Percent

Cover NativeOVERSTORY TREES (Percent Cover)

Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 18 No Platanus x acerfolia London planetree 25 No

MIDSTORY AND REGENERATING TREES (Percent Cover) Alnus rubra red alder 3 Yes Betula papyrifera paperbark birch 2 Yes Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood 6 Yes Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 1 No Prunus emarginata bitter cherry 5 Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Zone 6 shrubs Eighteen species of native shrubs were recorded in Zone 6 during the 2007 survey (Table 30). The shrub layer in this zone has a combined percent cover of 60%. Red-osier dogwood (9% cover), salal (9% cover), tall Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium) (8% cover), oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor) (7% cover) and snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) (6% cover) are the most dominant species in this zone. Table 30. Shrub species found in Zone 6 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name Common NameAverage Percent

Cover1 Native Acer circinatum vine maple 2 Yes Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 4 Yes Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 1 Yes Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 1 Yes Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 9 Yes Gaultheria shallon salal 9 Yes Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 7 Yes Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 1 Yes Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 8 Yes

70

Table 30. Shrub species found in Zone 6 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name Common NameAverage Percent

Cover1 Native Malus fusca western crabapple 1 Yes

Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 2 Yes

Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant 1 Yes

Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 3 Yes Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry T Yes Rubus spectabilis salmonberry T Yes Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 6 Yes

Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 4 Yes

Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry 1 Yes 1 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 6 Herbaceous Species A total of 19 species were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey, of which 16 are native, two are non native and one is undetermined (Table 31). The dominant herbaceous species in this landscaped zone is beach strawberry, which has an average percent cover of 66%. Sword fern (Polystichum munitum) is the second most dominant species with a percent cover of 24%. Due to the landscaped nature of this area, mulch makes up a considerable component of the understory (7% cover). The northern section of the zone, closer to the street is planted with upland species, whereas the southern section as it nears Peat Cell 1 (Zone 1) has a greater component of wetland species. Table 31. Herbaceous species found in Zone 6 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average

Percent Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeAchillea millefolium yarrow 1 F Yes Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 3 F Yes Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 1 F Yes Aster sp. aster 1 F Yes Carex obnupta slough sedge 3 G Yes Camassia quamash small camas 3 F Yes Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 2 G Yes Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb T F Yes Festuca rubra red fescue T G Yes Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 66 F Yes Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens T F Yes Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed 4 F Yes Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot 1 F Yes Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass 1 G No

71

Table 31. Herbaceous species found in Zone 6 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average

Percent Cover2 Life

Form3 Native mulch 7 O X Poa sp. bluegrass T G X Polystichum munitum sword fern 24 F Yes Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 1 G Yes Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 2 F Yes Taraxacum officinale dandelion 1 F No

1 Species in bold are non-native species. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other Zone 7 - Maple Woods Phase II Species planted and seeded Three species of shrubs and one species of forbs were planted in Zone 7 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 32). Also, this zone was included in the initial Phase II planting in 2002 (Appendix B). An additional 33 forb species and seven graminoid species were seeded in this zone (Table 33). Table 32. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 7 – Maple Woods Phase II (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept).

Scientific Name Common Name Size 2005 Shrubs

Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 240 Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 240 Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 240

Forbs Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 240

Table 33. Species seeded in Zone 7 – Maple Woods Phase II (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept).

Scientific Name Common Name 2006 Forbs

Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf X Adenocaulon bicolor pathfinder X Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica X Aquilegia formosa western columbine X Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard X Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower X Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster X Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce X Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce X

72

Table 33. Species seeded in Zone 7 – Maple Woods Phase II (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept).

Scientific Name Common Name 2006 Cornus unalaschkensis bunchberry X Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart X Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane X Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry X Heracleum maximum cow parsley X Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf X Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal X Maianthemum stellatum star-flowered false solomon's seal X Mentha arvensis wild mint X Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower X Myosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not X Nothochelone nemorosa woodland penstemon X Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley X Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely X Penstemon ovatus egg-leaf penstemon X Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon X Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot X Streptopus amplexifolius clasping twistedstalk X Symphyotrichum chilense California aster X Tellima grandiflora fringecup X Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue X Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant X Valeriana sitchensis Sitka valerian X Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower X

Graminoid Species Carex athrostachya slender-beaked sedge X Carex deweyana Dewey sedge X Carex mertensii Merten's sedge X Carex obnupta slough sedge X Carex tumulicola split-awn sedge X Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge X Luzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush X

Zone 7 Overstory and regenerating trees Four species of non-native trees were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey (Table 34). These trees are horticultural species that existed on the site prior to restoration work. The canopy in this zone is quite open with a total cover of 43%. London planetree is the most dominant species, with an average of 37% cover in the zone. Small amounts of American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) (4% cover), green ash (1% cover) and European white birch (1% cover) are also present. Five species of native trees have been underplanted in this zone, consisting of mostly deciduous species (Table 34). Paperbark birch is the most common species (7% cover),

73

followed by big-leaf maple (3% cover), red alder (2% cover), grand fir (Abies grandis) (trace) and bitter cherry (trace). Table 34. Overstory and regenerating tree species found in Zone 7 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 NativeOVERSTORY TREES (Percent Cover)

Betula pendula European white birch 1 No Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 1 No Liquidambar styraciflua American sweetgum 4 No Platanus x acerfolia London planetree 37 No

MIDSTORY AND REGENERATING TREES (Percent Cover) Abies grandis grand fir T Yes Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple 3 Yes Alnus rubra red alder 2 Yes Betula papyrifera paperbark birch 7 Yes Prunus emarginata bitter cherry T Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 7 Shrubs A total of 30 species were found in Zone 7 during the 2007 survey, of which 29 are native and one is non-native (Table 35). The shrub layer in this zone is very well developed, with a cover of 110%, indicating the presence of multiple strata. The most common species in this upland forested zone are: Nootka rose (14% cover), Pacific ninebark (Physocarpus capitatus) (11% cover), snowberry (11% cover), salal (10% cover) and salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) (10% cover). Less common species include willows (combined cover of 8%), beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta) (7% cover), Indian plum (Oemleria cerasiformis) (7% cover), red-osier dogwood (6% cover) and red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa) (5% cover). One non-native species, Himalayan blackberry was found in trace amounts in this zone (Table 35). Table 35. Shrub species found in Zone 7 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Native Acer circinatum vine maple 2 Yes Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry T Yes Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 7 Yes Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 6 Yes Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn 3 Yes Frangula purshiana cascara T Yes Gaultheria shallon salal 10 Yes

74

Table 35. Shrub species found in Zone 7 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Native Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 2 Yes Lonicera involucrata twinberry 1 Yes Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 3 Yes Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape 1 Yes Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum 7 Yes Oplopanax horridus devil's club 1 Yes Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 11 Yes Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 2 Yes Rhododendron macrophyllum western rhododendron 1 Yes Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 14 Yes Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 4 Yes Rubus discolor* Himalayan blackberry T No Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry T Yes Rubus spectabilis salmonberry 10 Yes Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow 2 Yes Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow 1 Yes Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow T Yes Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 5 Yes Sambucus racemosa red elderberry 5 Yes Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 11 Yes Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 2 Yes Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry T Yes Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry T Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 7 Herbaceous Species A total of 28 species were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey, of which 24 are native, three are non-native and one is undetermined (Table 36). The herbaceous component in this area is dominated by giant horsetail (Equisetum telmateia) with an average percent cover of 22%. Other common species in this zone include Watson's willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii) (10% cover) and coltsfoot (Petasites frigidus var. palmatus) (10% cover). Several species not commonly seen in urban parks in Seattle are present in this zone such as: wild ginger (Asarum caudatum) (trace), Scouler’s fumewort (Corydalis scouleri) (trace), redwood sorrel (Oxalis oregana) (trace) and trillium (Trillium ovatum) (trace).

75

Three non-native species are found in this zone in trace amounts, of which two are considered to be invasive. Deadly nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) is classified as a Noxious Weed of Concern in King County (King County 2007). Creeping buttercup is also present in this zone, but does not have a legal designation at this time. Table 36. Herbaceous species found in Zone 7 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average

Percent Cover2Life

Form3 NativeAquilegia formosa western columbine T F Yes Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard T F Yes Asarum caudatum wild ginger T F Yes Aster sp. aster 3 F Yes Blechnum spicant deerfern 1 F Yes Carex obnupta slough sedge 1 G Yes Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed 3 F Yes coarse woody debris 4 O X Corydalis scouleri Scouler's fumewort T F Yes Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass T G Yes Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 1 F Yes Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells 1 F Yes Dryopteris expansa wood fern 1 F Yes Elymus repens quackgrass T G No Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb 10 F Yes Equisetum arvense common horsetail T F Yes Equisetum telmateia giant horsetail 22 F Yes Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 3 F Yes mulch 2 O X Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel T F Yes Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot 10 F Yes Poa sp. bluegrass T G X Polystichum munitum sword fern 5 F Yes Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup T F No Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass T G Yes Solanum dulcamara* deadly nightshade T F No Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle 2 F Yes Tellima grandiflora fringecup 1 F Yes Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant 1 F Yes Trillium ovatum trillium T F Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other

76

Zone 8 - Maple Woods Phase I Species planted and seeded A total of 49 species including six shrub species, 40 forb species and three graminoid species were planted in Zone 8 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 37). In addition, this zone was included in the initial Phase I planting in 2000 (Appendix A). No species were seeded in this zone. Table 37. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 8 – Maple Woods Phase I (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2002 2004 2005 2006

Shrubs Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 60 30 styroblock plug 435 Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 60 30 10" plug 310 Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape 4" pot 200 Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 1 gallon 8 Rhododendron macrophyllum western rhododendron 1 gallon 10 Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 60 2" pot 60

Forbs Adenocaulon bicolor pathfinder 4" pot 30 Adiantum aleuticum maidenhair fern 4" pot 15 Aquilegia formosa western columbine 4" pot 80 Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 1 gallon 10 10" plug 90 Asarum caudatum wild ginger 4" pot 60 Blechnum spicant deerfern 4" pot 20 Chimaphila menziesii little prince's pine 4" pot 20

Circaea alpina small enchanter's nightshade rhizome 1

Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce 10" plug 100 Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce 7" plug 30 Cornus unalaschkensis bunchberry 4" pot 70 Corydalis scouleri Scouler's fumewort 1 gallon 5 Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 4" pot 80 7" plug 25 Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells 4" pot 80 Dryopteris expansa wood fern bare-root 50 Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily 4" pot 60 Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 4" pot 80 Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern 1 gallon 5 Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot 7" plug 24 Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf 4" pot 65

77

Table 37. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 8 – Maple Woods Phase I (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2002 2004 2005 2006Lilium columbianum tiger lily 4" pot 100 Lonicera ciliosa orange honeysuckle 10" plug 70 Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage 1 gallon 10 Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley 4" pot 125 Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal 10" plug 80

Maianthemum stellatum star-flowered false solomon's seal 4" pot 70

Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel 4" pot 110 Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot 1 gallon 15 Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 60 20 bare-root 120 Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle 10" plug 60

rhizome bag (salvage) 1

Streptopus amplexifolius clasping twistedstalk 4" pot 20 Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus rosy twistedstalk 4" pot 40 Tellima grandiflora fringecup 10" plug 20 Tiarella trifoliata foamflower 4" pot 125 Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant 4" pot 133 Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia starflower 4" pot 40 Trillium ovatum trillium 1 gallon 25 Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower 4" pot 20 Viola glabella stream violet 4" pot 50 Viola sempervirens evergreen violet 4" pot 150

Graminoid Species Carex deweyana Dewey sedge 4" plug 35 bare-root 100 Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 55

Luzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush 7" plug 40

Zone 8 Overstory and regenerating trees Four species of overstory trees were recorded during the 2007 survey, of which two are native and two are non-native horticultural species (Table 38). The horticultural species existed on the site prior to restoration work. London planetree is the most dominant species with an average percent cover of 62%, while the other horticultural species, tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) is present in small quantities (6% cover). The two native overstory species are composed of red alder (16% cover) and paperbark birch (5% cover). A total of nine midstory and regenerating tree species were recorded in this zone. Six of these species are native and three are non-native (Table 38). Red alder is the most

78

dominant species (13% cover), followed by bitter cherry (9% cover) and big-leaf maple (7% cover). Conifers were also underplanted in this zone and include Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (5% cover), shore pine (1% cover) and western hemlock (1% cover). Three non-native species were recorded in the midstory and regenerating layer in Zone 8 (Table 38). Two of these species are horticultural and one is considered to be invasive. English holly (Ilex aquifolium) is classified as a Noxious Weed of Concern in King County (King County 2007). This species was present in trace quantities in the zone. Table 38. Overstory and regenerating tree species found in Zone 8 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Native

OVERSTORY TREES (Percent Cover) Alnus rubra red alder 16 Yes Betula papyrifera paperbark birch 5 Yes Liriodendron tulipifera tulip tree 6 No Platanus x acerfolia London planetree 62 No

MIDSTORY AND REGENERATING TREES (Percent Cover) Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple 7 Yes Alnus rubra red alder 13 Yes Ilex aquifolium* English holly T No Liquidambar styraciflua American sweetgum 4 No Pinus contorta shore pine 1 Yes Prunus emarginata bitter cherry 9 Yes Prunus sp. horticultural cherry species T No Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 5 Yes Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock 1 Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 8 Shrubs Twenty-four native shrub species were recorded in Zone 8 during the 2007 survey (Table 39). The shrub layer in this zone is very well developed with a total percent cover of well over 100%, indicating the presence of multiple shrub strata. Vine maple (Acer circinatum) (22% cover), red elderberry (21% cover), Indian plum (19% cover), salmonberry (18% cover), Pacific ninebark (17% cover), red-osier dogwood (17% cover), beaked hazelnut (15% cover) and cascara (14% cover) are the most dominant species in this zone.

79

Table 39. Shrub species found in Zone 8 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name Common Name Average Percent

Cover1 NativeAcer circinatum vine maple 22 Yes Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 3 Yes Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 15 Yes Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 17 Yes Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn T Yes Gaultheria shallon salal 1 Yes Lonicera involucrata twinberry 5 Yes Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape T Yes Malus fusca western crabapple 2 Yes Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum 19 Yes Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 17 Yes Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 8 Yes Frangula purshiana cascara 14 Yes Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose 1 Yes Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 4 Yes Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 3 Yes Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 5 Yes Rubus spectabilis salmonberry 18 Yes Rubus ursinus creeping blackberry 1 Yes Sambucus racemosa red elderberry 21 Yes Spiraea douglasii hardhack 3 Yes Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 11 Yes Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 Yes Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry 1 Yes

1 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 8 Herbaceous species Seventeen herbaceous species were recorded in Zone 8 during the 2007 survey, of which 15 are native and two are non-native (Table 40). The herbaceous layer in this zone is sparse, with a total percent cover of 38%. Sword fern is the most dominant species, providing 23% out of the 38% total cover. Other less common species in this zone include hedgenettle (Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae) (5% cover), goatsbeard (Aruncus dioicus) (4% cover), fireweed (1% cover), Scouler’s fumewort (1% cover), redwood sorrel (1% cover) and coltsfoot (1% cover). Two non-native invasive species were recorded in this zone in small quantities. Hedge false bindweed (Calystegia sepium) and deadly nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) are both classified as Noxious Weeds of Concern (King County 2007) and are present in trace quantities and 1% average cover respectively.

80

Table 40. Herbaceous species found in Zone 8 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average

Percent Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeAchillea millefolium yarrow T F Yes Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 4 F Yes Calystegia sepium* hedge false bindweed T F No Carex deweyana Dewey sedge T G Yes Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed 1 F Yes Corydalis scouleri Scouler’s fumewort 1 F Yes Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 1 F Yes Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson’s willowherb T F Yes Equisetum telmateia giant horsetail T F Yes Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf T F Yes Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley T F Yes Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel 1 F Yes Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot 1 F Yes Polystichum munitum sword fern 23 F Yes Solanum dulcamara* deadly nightshade 1 F No Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle 5 F Yes Trillium ovatum trillium T F Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other Zone 9 - Peat Edge Phase I Species planted and seeded A total of one tree species, six shrub species and three forb species were planted in Zone 9 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 41). Also, this zone was included in the initial Phase I planting in 2000 (Appendix A). In addition, 24 species of forbs and 23 graminoid species were seeded in the zone during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 42).

81

Table 41. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 9 – Peat Edge Phase I (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2005 2006

Trees Thuja plicata western red cedar 1 gallon 15

Shrubs Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 2 gallon 10 Arctostaphylos columbiana hairy manzanita 1 gallon 20 Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 250 60Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 75 20Malus fusca western crabapple 1 gallon 9 Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 75 20

Forbs Dodecatheon pulchellum few-flowered shooting star bare-root 50Olsynium douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' grasswidow bare-root 150Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 65 20

Table 42. Species seeded in Zone 9 – Peat Edge Phase I (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name 2000 2001

Forbs Achillea millefolium yarrow X XAllium cernuum nodding onion XAnaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting X XAquilegia formosa western columbine XChamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed X XClarkia amoena farewell to spring X XDelphinium nuttallii upland larkspur XErigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane X Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine X XGeum macrophyllum bigleaved avens X XHelenium autumnale common sneezeweed X XLotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil X XLupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine XLupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine X XLupinus rivularis riverbank lupine X Microseris laciniata cut-leaf microseris X Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower X X

Myosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not X

Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley X Plagiobothrys figuratus fragrant popcorn flower XPotentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil XSolidago canadensis Canada goldenrod X XSymphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster X

82

Table 42. Species seeded in Zone 9 – Peat Edge Phase I (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name 2000 2001Veronica americana American Speedwell X

Graminoid Species Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail X XBeckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass X XCarex cusickii Cusick's sedge X XCarex lenticularis lakeshore sedge XCarex obnupta slough sedge X XCarex ovalis eggbract sedge XCarex pachystachya chamisso sedge XCarex stipata sawbeak sedge X XCarex unilateralis lateral sedge X XCarex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge X XDanthonia californica California oatgrass XDeschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass X XEleocharis ovata ovate spikerush XEleocharis palustris common spike rush XElymus glaucus blue wildrye X XFestuca rubra red fescue X XGlyceria grandis American mannagrass X XHordeum brachyantherum meadow barley X XJuncus bufonius toad rush XJuncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush XJuncus tenuis slender rush XRegreen sterile wheat wheatgrass x wheat X Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush X

Zone 9 Overstory and regenerating trees This very open area encompasses the upland edges of Peat Cell 4 (Table 43). No overstory trees were recorded in this zone. Three species of native trees were recorded in this zone in small quantities. These species include red alder (3% cover), Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia) (1% cover) and Sitka spruce (1% cover). Table 43. Regenerating tree species found in Zone 9 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name Common Name Average Percent

Cover Native Alnus rubra red alder 3 Yes Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash 1 Yes Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 1 Yes

83

Zone 9 Shrubs A total of 17 native shrub species were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey (Table 44). The shrub layer in this zone is sparse, with a total cover of 36%. Clustered wildrose is the most common species, with an average percent cover of 9%. Other species present in smaller amounts include sweet gale (5% cover), tall Oregon grape (4% cover), western crabapple (4% cover), serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) (2% cover), cascara (2% cover), salal (2% cover), salmonberry (2% cover) and Sitka willow (2% cover). Table 44. Shrub species found in Zone 9 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name Common NameAverage Percent

Cover1 Native Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 2 Yes Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 1 Yes Betula glandulosa scrub birch T Yes Frangula purshiana cascara 2 Yes Gaultheria shallon salal 2 Yes Lonicera involucrata twinberry T Yes Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 4 Yes Malus fusca western crabapple 4 Yes Myrica gale sweet gale 5 Yes Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry T Yes Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 9 Yes Rosa sp. rose 1 Yes Rubus leucodermis blackcap T Yes Rubus spectabilis salmonberry 2 Yes Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow 1 Yes Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 2 Yes

Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 Yes

1 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 9 Herbaceous Species A total of 45 species were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey, of which 30 species are native, 11 are non-native and four are undetermined (Table 45). The herbaceous layer is dominated by graminoid species, blue wildrye (29% cover) and meadow barley (27% cover) in particular. Other common graminoid species are composed of tufted hairgrass (16% cover), red fescue (Festuca rubra) (16% cover), various sedge species (14% cover), small-seeded bulrush (11% cover) and slough sedge (10% cover). Due to the fact that the survey was completed in early spring, many sedge and aster species were not identified to species. Appendix D contains a list of various sedge and aster species present in the park that were identified later in the year.

84

Of the 11 non-native species recorded in this zone, only one is considered to be invasive. Creeping buttercup was recorded in the zone at an average percent cover of 1% (Table 45). Table 45. Herbaceous species found in Zone 9 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeAchillea millefolium yarrow 3 F Yes Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail T G Yes Alopecurus pratensis meadow-foxtail T G No Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting 1 F Yes Aquilegia formosa western columbine T F Yes Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 3 F Yes Aster sp. aster 5 F Yes Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern T F Yes Bromus sp. brome T G X Camassia quamash small camas 1 F Yes Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress T F No Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge 2 G Yes Carex obnupta slough sedge 10 G Yes Carex sp. sedge 14 G Yes Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush T F Yes Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 1 F Yes Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 16 G Yes Elymus glaucus blue wildrye 29 G Yes Elymus repens quackgrass 1 G No Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb 2 F Yes Festuca rubra red fescue 16 G Yes Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 2 F Yes Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry 3 F Yes Geranium dissectum cutleaf geranium T F No Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 3 F Yes Glyceria sp. mannagrass 1 G Yes Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot 2 F Yes Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley 27 G Yes Juncus effusus soft rush T G X Juncus sp. rush 4 G X Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil 2 F Yes Medicago lupulina black medick T F No Mentha arvensis wild mint 1 F Yes Poa sp. bluegrass 1 G X Polystichum munitum sword fern 4 F Yes Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 7 F Yes Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup 1 F No Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue 1 G No

85

Table 45. Herbaceous species found in Zone 9 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeScirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 12 G Yes Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass T F Yes Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 7 F Yes Taraxacum officinale dandelion T F No Vicia hirsuta hairy vetch T F No Vicia sativa garden vetch T F No Vulpia myuros rat-tail fescue 1 G No

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other Zone 10 - Upper Basin Species planted and seeded Thirteen forb and 11 graminoid species were planted in Zone 10 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 46). Also, this zone was included in the initial Phase I planting in 2000 (Appendix A). In addition, 18 species of forbs and 18 graminoid species were seeded in this zone (Table 47). Table 46. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 10 – Upper Basin (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 2002 2004

Forbs Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold 4" pot 25Caltha palustris yellow marsh marigold 4" pot 38Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster 10" plug 25Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 10" plug 25 100Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 4" pot 40 Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage 1 gallon 10 Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 4" pot 100 bare-root 50Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley 4" pot 50 Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 1 gallon 10 4" pot 25 Sagittaria latifolia wapato 4" plug 20 Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster 4" pot 25Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster 10" plug 25 4" pot 100 Triantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel 4" pot 40

86

Table 46. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 10 – Upper Basin (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 2002 2004

Graminoid Species Carex comosa longhaired sedge 10" plug 200 bare-root 50Carex deweyana Dewey sedge 4" pot 25 Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 386 Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 10" plug 200 4" pot 50 Carex unilateralis lateral sedge 4" pot 175 Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 10" plug 50 Glyceria grandis American mannagrass 10" plug 450 Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 10" plug 100 Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 10" plug 258 Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 4" pot 200 Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10" plug 300

Table 47. Species seeded in Zone 10 – Upper Basin (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name 2000 2001 2004

Forbs Alisma triviale northern water plantain X Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting X Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica X Camassia leichtlinii large camas X Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce X Galium trifidum small bedstraw X Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens X Helenium autumnale common sneezeweed X Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine X Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower X X Myosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not X Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley X X X Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon X Plagiobothrys figuratus fragrant popcorn flower X Rorippa curvisiliqua curved yellowcress X Sagittaria latifolia wapato X Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod X Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant X

Graminoid Species Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass X Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge X X Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge X Carex obnupta slough sedge X X Carex ovalis eggbract sedge X Carex stipata sawbeak sedge X X

87

Table 47. Species seeded in Zone 10 – Upper Basin (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name 2000 2001 2004 Carex unilateralis lateral sedge X X Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge X X Carex vesicaria blister sedge X X Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge X Glyceria grandis American mannagrass X X Glyceria striata tall mannagrass X Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush X Juncus tenuis slender rush X Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass X X Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush X X Sparganium emersum European bur-reed X Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed X

Zone 10 Overstory and regenerating trees This zone consists of an open water channel surrounded by a meadow on the west side (Zone 11) and a forested area on the east side (Zone 12). Although no overstory is present in this zone, a substantial amount of red alder is regenerating on the banks of the channel, and provides 26% cover in the zone. A small amount of aspen (Populus tremuloides) is also present (1% cover) (Table 48). Table 48. Regenerating tree species found in Zone 10 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name Common Name Average Percent

Cover Native Alnus rubra red alder 26 Yes Populus tremuloides aspen 1 Yes

Zone 10 Shrubs A total of seven native shrub species were recorded in Zone 10 during the 2007 survey (Table 49). Willows are the most dominant species in this zone, with a combined percent cover of 47% and are composed of three species: Scouler’s willow (33% cover), Sitka willow (11% cover) and Pacific willow (3% cover). Red-osier dogwood is also a dominant species in this zone, with an average percent cover of 38%. Some less common species include clustered wildrose (14% cover), Pacific nincebark (7% cover) and western crabapple (6% cover).

88

Table 49. Shrub species found in Zone 10 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover Native Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 38 Yes Malus fusca western crabapple 6 Yes Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 7 Yes Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 14 Yes Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow 3 Yes Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow 33 Yes Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 11 Yes

Zone 10 Herbaceous species A total of 27 herbaceous species were found in Zone 10 during the 2007 survey, of which 22 species are native, three species are non-native and two species are undetermined (Table 50). The majority of species in this zone are aquatic and wetland species. The most dominant species include various sedges (24% total cover), broadfruit bur-reed (19% cover), water foxtail (Alopecurus geniculatus) (18% cover), (tufted hairgrass (17% cover) and small-seeded bulrush (15% cover). Less common species include common spike rush (9% cover), woolgrass (9% cover), mannagrass (7% cover), American speedwell (7% cover) and inside-out flower (Vancouveria hexandra) (6% cover). One non-native invasive species, creeping buttercup was recorded in this zone with a cover of 2%. Table 50. Herbaceous species found in Zone 10 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeAgrostis sp. bentgrass 3 G X Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass T G No Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail 18 G Yes Carex obnupta slough sedge 14 G Yes Carex sp. sedge 10 G Yes Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 17 G Yes Eleocharis sp. spike rush 1 G Yes Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 9 G Yes Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb 3 F Yes Galium trifidum small bedstraw T F Yes Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 2 F Yes Glyceria sp. mannagrass 7 G Yes Holcus lanatus velvetgrass 1 G No Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush T G Yes Juncus effusus soft rush 1 G X

89

Table 50. Herbaceous species found in Zone 10 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeJuncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 4 G Yes Juncus tenuis slender rush 2 G Yes Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage 1 F Yes Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley 3 F Yes open water 4 O X Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup 2 F No Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet T F Yes Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush 4 G Yes Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 9 G Yes Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 15 G Yes Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed 19 G Yes Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower 6 F Yes Veronica americana American Speedwell 7 F Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other Zone 11 – Meadow A total of 98 species were planted in this zone during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 51). These plantings are composed of seven tree species, 12 shrub species, 64 forb species and 15 graminoid species. Also, this zone was included in the initial Phase I planting in 2000 (Appendix A). In addition, 43 species of forbs and 23 species of graminoids were seeded in this zone (Table 52). Table 51. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 11 – Meadow (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006

Trees Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple 1 gallon 12 bare-root 4 Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 1 gallon 10 Pinus contorta shore pine 1 gallon 20 Prunus emarginata bitter cherry 1 gallon 2 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 1 gallon 23 7 Thuja plicata western red cedar 1 gallon 5 Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock 1 gallon 10 5

90

Table 51. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 11 – Meadow (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006

Shrubs Acer circinatum vine maple 1 gallon 20 Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 gallon 25Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 4" pot 28 Ceanothus velutinus snowbrush bare-root 100 Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 1 gallon 20 Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 54 10" plug 250 4" pot 100 Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 39 4" pot 42 Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum 1 gallon 30 Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 1 gallon 10 Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry 10" plug 10 Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 1 gallon 100

Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 70 42

Forbs Achillea millefolium yarrow 10" plug 400 4" pot 500 Allium cernuum nodding onion 4" pot 200 bare-root 50 Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting 10" plug 200 4" pot 50 bare-root 250 Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica 7" plug 22 Antennaria microphylla rosy pussytoes 10" plug 15 bare-root 250 600 Aquilegia formosa western columbine 10" plug 356 151 4" pot 200 7" plug 43 bare-root 150 Armeria maritima thrift sea-pink 7" plug 462 Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 10" plug 100 Blechnum spicant deerfern 7" plug 65 bare-root 60 Camassia quamash small camas 4" pot 200 216 bulb 200 Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower 4" pot 10 7" plug 97 Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster 10" plug 185 7" plug 150 Castilleja hispida harsh paintbrush 4" pot 100

Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush 10" plug 300

4" pot 100

91

Table 51. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 11 – Meadow (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed bare-root 318

Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce 7" plug 146

Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells 1 gallon 18

Dodecatheon hendersonii Henderson's shooting star 4" pot 50

rhizome 10 Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew 4" pot 84 Dryopteris expansa wood fern 4" pot 50 Erigeron perigrinus subalpine fleabane 10" plug 98 Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane 7" plug 199 Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane 4" pot 150 7" plug 54 Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine 1 gallon 150 10" plug 74 Erythronium oregonum white fawn lily bulb 50 Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily bulb 100 Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry 4" pot 800 7" plug 458 Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily 10" plug 150 Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 10" plug 98 4" pot 80 Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 4" pot 300 Gilia capitata blue-head gilia 7" plug 72

Goodyera oblongifolia western rattlesnake plantain 4" pot 10

Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot 10" plug 400

Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris bare-root 471 Iris tenax Oregon iris 10" plug 209 Lilium columbianum tiger lily 4" pot 320 500

Lithophragma parviflorum small-flowered woodland star 4" plug 400

7" plug 400 Lomatium utriculatum spring-gold 7" plug 99 Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle 10" plug 50 Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine 10" plug 122 Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine 4" pot 100 Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 4" pot 100 Olsynium douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' grasswidow 4" pot 100

Penstemon procerus litte-flower penstemon 10" plug 16

Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush 10" plug 62 Polemonium pulcherrimum showy Jacob's ladder 7" plug 8 Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 25

92

Table 51. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 11 – Meadow (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 2" pot 300 Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup 7" plug 98 Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet 4" pot 9

Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow bare-root 108

Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass 4" pot 150

Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass bare-root 75

Sisyrinchium idahoense var. macounii

Macoun's blue-eyed grass 10" plug 25

bare-root 375 Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 10" plug 675 100 4" pot 200 bare-root 400 Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod 10" plug 400 220 Symphyotrichum chilense California aster 7" plug 100 bare-root 100 Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster 4" pot 111 Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster 1 gallon 153 10" plug 227 20 Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue 1 gallon 20 Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue 7" plug 155 Trillium ovatum trillium 4" pot 10 Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower 4" pot 20 Viola adunca early blue violet 10" plug 210 4" pot 20 Viola praemorsa canary violet 4" pot 75 Viola sempervirens evergreen violet 4" pot 100

Graminoid Species Carex deweyana Dewey sedge 4" plug 138 Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge 10" plug 150 Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 445 4" pot 405 bare-root 150 Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 1 gallon 75 Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 4" pot 54 Carex vesicaria blister sedge 10" plug 100 Cinna latifolia drooping woodreed 10" plug 200 Danthonia californica California oatgrass 4" pot 25 Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 4" plug 500 4" pot 400 Elymus glaucus blue wildrye 10" plug 240

Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso's cotton-grass 4" plug 200

93

Table 51. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 11 – Meadow (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006Festuca idahoensis ssp. roemeri Idaho fescue 10" plug 40 4" pot 400 Festuca rubra red fescue 4" plug 600 4" pot 50 Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 10" plug 100 235 4" plug 265

Luzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush 4" plug 200

Table 52. Species seeded in Zone 11 – Meadow (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name 2000 2001 2003

Forbs Achillea millefolium yarrow X X Allium acuminatum Hooker's onion XAllium cernuum nodding onion X Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting X X XAquilegia formosa western columbine X Artemisia suksdorfii coastal wormwood XCamassia quamash small camas XCastilleja hispida harsh paintbrush XCastilleja miniata common red paintbrush XChamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed X X XClarkia amoena farewell to spring X X Delphinium menziesii Menzies' larkspur XDelphinium nuttallii upland larkspur X Dodecatheon hendersonii Henderson's shooting star XErigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane X XEriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine X X XErythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily XGeum macrophyllum bigleaved avens X X Gilia capitata blue-head gilia XHelenium autumnale common sneezeweed X X Lathyrus japonicus beach pea XLilium columbianum tiger lily XLomatium nudicaule bare-stem desert-parsley XLomatium utriculatum spring-gold XLotus crassifolius big deer-vetch XLotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil X X XLupinus arcticus arctic lupine XLupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine X XLupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine X X Lupinus rivularis riverbank lupine X

94

Table 52. Species seeded in Zone 11 – Meadow (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name 2000 2001 2003Microseris laciniata cut-leaf microseris X XMimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower X X Myosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not X Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley X Olsynium douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' grasswidow XPlagiobothrys figuratus fragrant popcorn flower X Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil X Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod X X XSolidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod XSymphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster X XTrifolium eriocephalum wooly-headed clover XVeronica americana American Speedwell X Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea giant vetch X

Graminoid Species Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail X X Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass X X Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge X X Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge X Carex obnupta slough sedge X X XCarex ovalis eggbract sedge X Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge X XCarex stipata sawbeak sedge X X Carex unilateralis lateral sedge X X Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge X X Danthonia californica California oatgrass X Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass X X Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush X Eleocharis palustris common spike rush X Elymus glaucus blue wildrye X X Festuca rubra red fescue X X Glyceria grandis American mannagrass X X Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley X X Juncus bufonius toad rush X Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush X Juncus tenuis slender rush X Regreen sterile wheat wheatgrass x wheat X Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush X

95

Zone 11 Overstory and regenerating trees No overstory trees were present in this open meadow area during the 2007 survey. Four native species of regenerating trees were recorded, of which red alder is the most common with an average percent cover of 10%. The remaining three species were present at 1% cover and include: big-leaf maple, Douglas fir and western red cedar (Table 53). Table 53. Regenerating tree species found in Zone 11 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name Common Name Average Percent

Cover Native Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple 1 Yes Alnus rubra red alder 10 Yes Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 1 Yes Thuja plicata western red cedar 1 Yes

Zone 11 Shrubs A total of 19 species of shrubs were recorded in Zone 11 during the 2007 survey, of which 18 are native and one is non-native (Table 54). The shrub layer is very sparse in this open zone, with a total cover of 33%. The most common species are clustered wildrose (8% cover) and Scouler’s willow (6% cover). Several other species present in smaller amounts include salmonberry (3% cover), serviceberry (2% cover), red-osier dogwood (2% cover), salal (2% cover) and tall Oregon grape (2% cover). One non-native invasive species, scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) was recorded in this zone in trace amounts. Scotch broom is considered to be a Non-designated Noxious Weed in King County (King County 2007). Table 54. Shrub species found in Zone 11 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Native Acer circinatum vine maple T Yes Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 2 Yes Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 1 Yes Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 2 Yes Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn 1 Yes Cytisus scoparius* scotch broom T No Gaultheria shallon salal 2 Yes Lonicera involucrata twinberry 1 Yes Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 2 Yes Myrica gale sweet gale 1 Yes Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 1 Yes

96

Table 54. Shrub species found in Zone 11 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Native Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant T Yes Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 8 Yes Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 1 Yes Rubus spectabilis salmonberry 3 Yes Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow 6 Yes Salix sitchensis Sitka willow T Yes Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 1 Yes Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 11 Herbaceous species A total of 53 herbaceous species were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey, of which 29 are native, 19 are non-native and five are undetermined (Table 55). Blue wildrye is the most dominant species and composes 51% cover in this zone. Other important species include meadow barley (29% cover), American bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus unifoliolatus) (22% cover) and red fescue (21% cover). This zone is dominated by meadow species, some of which include: Canada goldenrod (Solidago Canadensis) (6% cover), common red paintbrush (Castilleja miniata) (1% cover), large-leaved lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) (1% cover), graceful cinquefoil (Potentilla gracilis) (1% cover), Henderson's checker-mallow (Sidalcea hendersonii) (1% cover), small camas (Camassia quamash) (trace), Henderson's shooting star (Dodecatheon hendersonii) (trace), Oregon sunshine (Eriophyllum lanatum) (trace), Oregon iris (Iris tenax) (trace) and arctic lupine (trace) (Table 55). Of the 19 non-native species recorded in this zone, three are considered to be invasive and were all found in trace quantities. Common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) is classified as a Non-designated Noxious Weed in King County (King County 2007), whereas meadow buttercup and creeping buttercup do not have a legal designation at this time.

97

Table 55. Herbaceous species found in Zone 11 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeAchillea millefolium yarrow 15 F Yes Elymus repens quackgrass 1 G No Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass 2 G No Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting T F Yes Aster sp. aster 6 F Yes Bellis perennis English daisy T F No Bromus sp. brome T G X Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold T F Yes Camassia quamash small camas T F Yes Camassia sp. camas T F Yes Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress T F No Carex obnupta slough sedge 1 G Yes Carex sp. sedge T G Yes Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush 1 F Yes Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 9 G Yes Dodecatheon hendersonii Henderson's shooting star T F Yes Elymus glaucus blue wildrye 51 G Yes Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb 1 F Yes Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine T F Yes Erythronium oregonum white fawn lily T F Yes Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily T F Yes Festuca rubra red fescue 21 G Yes Galium aparine cleavers T F Yes Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 2 F Yes Glyceria sp. mannagrass T G Yes gravel 2 O X Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley 29 G Yes Holcus lanatus velvetgrass T G No Iris tenax Oregon iris T F Yes Juncus effusus soft rush T G X Lotus corniculatus bird's-foot trefoil T F No Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass 11 G No Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil 22 F Yes Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine T F Yes Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine 1 F Yes Plantago lanceolata lance-leaved plantain T F No Poa sp. bluegrass 2 G X Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 1 F Yes Ranunculus acris** meadow buttercup T F No Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup T F No

98

Table 55. Herbaceous species found in Zone 11 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeSanguisorba officinalis official burnet T F Yes Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue 1 G No Schedonorus pratensis meadow fescue 1 G No Senecio vulgaris* common groundsel T F No

Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow 1 F Yes

Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 6 F Yes Taraxacum officinale dandelion T F No Trifolium angustifolium narrowleaf crimson clover T F No Trifolium repens white Dutch clover 1 F No unknown grass species T G X Vicia sp. vetch 1 F X Vicia hirsuta hairy vetch 2 F No Vicia sativa garden vetch 5 F No Vulpia myuros rat-tail fescue T G No

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other Zone 12 - Aspen Sweep Forty-nine species consisting of one tree, four shrub, 36 forb and eight graminoid species were planted in this zone during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 56). In addition, this zone was included in the initial Phase I planting in 2000 (Appendix A). In particular, that is when the aspen were planted there. No species were seeded in this zone. Table 56. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 12 – Aspen Sweep (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2004 2005 2006

Trees Prunus emarginata bitter cherry 1 gallon 10

Shrubs Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 100 styroblock plug 450 Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 30 10" plug 200 Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape 1 gallon 50 Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 50

99

Table 56. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 12 – Aspen Sweep (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept).

Forbs Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf 4" pot 50Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting bare-root 100Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica 10" plug 50Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 7" plug 50Asarum caudatum wild ginger 4" pot 50Blechnum spicant deerfern 2" pot 50Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam 7" plug 100Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold 4" pot 82Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush 10" plug 100Cerastium arvense field chickweed 10" plug 20Cornus unalaschkensis bunchberry 7" plug 92Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 10" plug 171

Goodyera oblongifolia western rattlesnake plantain 4" pot 100

Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern 4" pot 104Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot 4" pot 25 7" plug 39Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf 10" plug 100 bare-root 100Iris tenax Oregon iris 7" plug 200Lomatium nudicaule bare-stem desert-parsley 7" plug 200Lonicera ciliosa orange honeysuckle 10" plug 50Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle 10" plug 50Lupinus rivularis riverbank lupine 10" plug 50Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley 4" pot 50Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal 4" pot 37Mitella petandra five-stamened miterwort 7" plug 50Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel 4" pot 200Penstemon cardwellii Cardwell's penstemon 10" plug 58Penstemon ovatus egg-leaf penstemon 7" plug 196Polemonium pulcherrimum showy Jacob's ladder 7" plug 100Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 50 bare-root 350 Prunella vulgaris common self heal bare-root 100Symphyotrichum chilense California aster bare-root 100Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster bare-root 100Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue 7" plug 98Trillium chloropetalum giant wake-robin bulb 50Trillium ovatum trillium 4" pot 50Viola adunca early blue violet 10" plug 240

Graminoid Species Carex bebbii Bebb's sedge bare-root 100Carex deweyana Dewey sedge bare-root 270Carex inops long-stoloned sedge bare-root 100Carex mertensii Merten's sedge bare-root 200

100

Table 56. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 12 – Aspen Sweep (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 10" plug 50Carex tumulicola split-awn sedge bare-root 50Luzula multiflora common woodrush 3" plug 94Luzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush 10" plug 72

Zone 12 Overstory and regenerating trees This young forested zone is composed of a thick layer of regenerating trees, and a small amount of mature overstory that was present prior to the restoration project. One horticultural pine species (Pinus sp.) was recorded in the overstory at an average percent cover of 8% (Table 57). Thirteen tree species were recorded in the midstory and regenerating layer, of which nine are native and four are non-native. Aspen is the most dominant species with an average percent cover of 61%. This zone contains both a deciduous and a conifer regenerating component. The deciduous component consists of red alder (10% cover), Oregon ash (2% cover), big-leaf maple (1% cover) and bitter cherry (trace). Conifer species include shore pine (2% cover), grand fir (1% cover) and Douglas fir (1% cover) (Table 57). Of the four non-native species recorded in this zone, two are considered to be invasive. Both one-seed hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and English holly were found in very small quantities (1% cover and trace respectively) and are spread by birds that often drop seeds into natural areas.

101

Table 57. Overstory and regenerating tree species found in Zone 12 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 NativeOVERSTORY TREES (Percent Cover)

Pinus sp. pine 8 No MIDSTORY AND REGENERATING TREES (Percent Cover)

Abies grandis grand fir 1 Yes Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple 1 Yes Alnus rubra red alder 10 Yes Crataegus monogyna** one-seed hawthorn 1 No Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash 2 Yes Ilex aquifolium* English holly T No Pinus contorta shore pine 2 Yes Pinus sp. pine 3 No Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 1 Yes Populus tremuloides aspen 61 Yes Prunus emarginata bitter cherry T Yes

Prunus sp. horticultural cherry species T No

Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 1 Yes 1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 12 shrubs A total of 30 shrub species were recorded during the 2007 survey in this zone, of which 27 are native, two are non-native and one is undetermined (Table 58). The shrub layer in this zone is very well developed, with a total cover of 128% indicating the presence of multiple strata. The most dominant species are composed of clustered wildrose (19% cover), snowberry (15% cover), Nootka rose (14% cover), thimbleberry (13% cover) and Sitka willow (11% cover). Other common species include tall Oregon grape (8% cover), oceanspray (7% cover), Pacific ninebark (6% cover), Pacific hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii) (5% cover), salal (5% cover), Lewis’ mock-orange (Philadelphus lewisii) (4% cover), salmonberry (4% cover) and creeping blackberry (Rubus ursinus) (3% cover) (Table 58).

102

Table 58. Shrub species found in Zone 12 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 NativeAcer circinatum vine maple T Yes Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 2 Yes Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 1 Yes Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 4 Yes Cotoneaster simonsii** Simons cotoneaster T No Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn 5 Yes Cytisus scoparius* scotch broom T No Gaultheria shallon salal 5 Yes Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 7 Yes Lonicera involucrata twinberry 2 Yes Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 8 Yes Malus fusca western crabapple T Yes Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape T Yes Myrica gale sweet gale T Yes Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum T Yes Oplopanax horridus devil's club T Yes Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 6 Yes Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 4 Yes Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant T Yes Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 14 Yes Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 19 Yes Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 13 Yes Rubus spectabilis salmonberry 4 Yes Rubus ursinus creeping blackberry 3 Yes Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 11 Yes Spiraea douglasii hardhack 2 Yes Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 15 Yes unknown shrub species 1 X Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry T Yes Viburnum opulus var. americanum American cranberrybush 2 Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 12 Herbaceous species A total of 59 species were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey, of which 46 are native, 11 are non-native and two are undetermined (Table 59). Although a substantial amount of diversity is present in this zone, most species are found in trace amounts, with the total herbaceous cover in this zone equaling 49%. Bigleaf avens (Geum

103

macrophyllum) (9% cover), sword fern (8% cover) and beach strawberry (7% cover) are the most common species present. Woodland and wetland species present in small amounts in this zone include: white marsh marigold (1% cover), coast penstemon (Penstemon serrulatus) (1% cover), vanilla leaf (Achlys triphylla) (trace), kneeling angelica (Angelica genuflexa) (trace), western columbine (Aquilegia Formosa) (trace), coastal brookfoam (Boykinia occidentalis) (trace), small enchanter's nightshade (Circaea alpine) (trace), marsh cinquefoil (trace), Hooker’s fairybells (Disporum hookeri) (trace), western rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera oblongifolia) (trace), western oakfern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris) (trace), small-flowered alumroot (Heuchera micrantha) (trace), common woodrush (Luzula multiflora) (trace), Brewer's miterwort (Mitella breweri) (trace), woodland penstemon (Nothochelone nemorosa) (trace), Davidson's penstemon (Penstemon davidsonii) (trace) and showy Jacob's ladder (Polemonium pulcherrimum) (trace). Of the 11 non-native species found in this zone, five are considered to be invasive and were all present in trace amounts. These species include hedge false bindweed, Canada thistle, herb Robert, English ivy and creeping buttercup (Table 59). Table 59. Herbaceous species found in Zone 12 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeAchlys triphylla vanilla leaf T F Yes Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass T G No Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail T G Yes Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting T F Yes Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica T F Yes Aquilegia formosa western columbine T F Yes Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard T F Yes Aster sp. aster 2 F Yes Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam T F Yes Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold 1 F Yes Calystegia sepium* hedge false bindweed T F No Camassia sp. camas T F Yes Carex deweyana Dewey sedge T G Yes Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 2 G Yes Carex sp. sedge 1 G Yes Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed 3 F Yes

Circaea alpina small enchanter's nightshade T F Yes

Cirsium arvense* Canada thistle T F No Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil T F Yes Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 1 F Yes Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells T F Yes

104

Table 59. Herbaceous species found in Zone 12 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeElymus repens quackgrass T G No Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb 1 F Yes Equisetum telmateia giant horsetail T F Yes Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 7 F Yes Galium aparine cleavers T F Yes Geranium robertianum* herb Robert T F No Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 9 F Yes

Goodyera oblongifolia western rattlesnake plantain T F Yes

Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern T F Yes Hedera helix* English ivy T F No Hesperis matronalis dames rocket T F No Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot T F Yes Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf 1 F Yes Iris tenax Oregon iris 1 F Yes Lapsana communis nipplewort 3 F No Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass T G No Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle T F Yes Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine 1 F Yes Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine T F Yes Luzula multiflora common woodrush T G Yes Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley T F Yes Mentha sp. mint 2 F X Mitella breweri Brewer's mitrewort T F Yes Nothochelone nemorosa woodland penstemon T F Yes Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely T F Yes Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel T F Yes Penstemon davidsonii Davidson's penstemon T F Yes Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon 1 F Yes Plantago major broad-leaved plantain T F No Poa sp. bluegrass 1 G X Polemonium pulcherrimum showy Jacob's ladder T F Yes Polystichum munitum sword fern 8 F Yes Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup T F No

Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow 1 F Yes

Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster 2 F Yes Tellima grandiflora fringecup T F Yes Trillium ovatum trillium T F Yes Viola adunca early blue violet 1 F Yes

105

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other Zone 13 - Upper Woodland A total of 81 species consisting of four trees, 19 shrubs, 52 forb species and six graminoid species were planted in this zone during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 60). No species were seeded in this zone. Table 60. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 13 – Upper Woodland (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2002 2004 2005 2006

Trees Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple 1 gallon 24Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash 1 gallon 20 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 1 gallon 24Thuja plicata western red cedar 1 gallon 24

Shrubs Acer circinatum vine maple 1 gallon 60 Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 gallon 20 20 4" pot 36 Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 900 50 4" pot 370

styroblock plug 720

Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 1 gallon 66 10 Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 20 270 30 10" plug 130 630 Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape 1 gallon 450 Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum 1 gallon 70 10 10" plug 30 Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 1 gallon 15 10 4" pot 4 Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 1 gallon 5 Rhododendron macrophyllum western rhododendron 1 gallon 10 Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant 1 gallon 90 15 Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose 1 gallon 10 Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 1 gallon 50 10 Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 1 gallon 10 Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 1 gallon 50 10" plug 50 Sambucus racemosa red elderberry 1 gallon 10 Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 1 gallon 40 4

106

Table 60. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 13 – Upper Woodland (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2002 2004 2005 2006 10" plug 30 Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 450 2" pot 820 Viburnum opulus var. americanum American cranberrybush 1 gallon 26 4" pot 24

Forbs Allium cernuum nodding onion 7" plug 100 Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting 10" plug 100 Antennaria microphylla rosy pussytoes 4" pot 100 Armeria maritima thrift sea-pink 7" plug 75 Arnica amplexicaulis streambank arnica bare-root 100 Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold 4" pot 50 Camassia leichtlinii large camas bulb 100 Camassia quamash small camas 4" pot 50 bulb 550 Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush 10" plug 450 Delphinium menziesii Menzies' larkspur 7" plug 20 Delphinium nuttallii upland larkspur bulb 110 Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 10" plug 50 Dodecatheon hendersonii Henderson's shooting star rhizome 70 Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane 10" plug 100 Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine 10" plug 100 Erythronium oregonum white fawn lily bulb 100 Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry 10" plug 75 Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 10" plug 75 Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily bulb 150 Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot 10" plug 50 Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris bare-root 200 Iris tenax Oregon iris 10" plug 100 Lilium columbianum tiger lily bulb 50

Lithophragma parviflorum small-flowered woodland star 7" plug 200

Lomatium utriculatum spring-gold 7" plug 50 Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle 10" plug 25 Lupinus albicaulis sickle-keeled lupine 10" plug 25 Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine 10" plug 75 Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine 4" pot 50 Lupinus lepidus Pacific lupine bare-root 75 Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine 4" pot 75 Lupinus rivularis riverbank lupine 10" plug 100 Mentha arvensis wild mint 10" plug 51 Oplopanax horridus devil's club 1 gallon 10Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely 7" plug 27 Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel 2" pot 100 4" pot 50

107

Table 60. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 13 – Upper Woodland (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept). Scientific Name Common Name Size 2002 2004 2005 2006Penstemon cardwellii Cardwell's penstemon 10" plug 150 Penstemon procerus litte-flower penstemon 7" plug 100 Polemonium pulcherrimum showy Jacob's ladder 7" plug 52 Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 40 450 30 4" pot 120 bare-root 100 Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 7" plug 100 Pyrola asarifolia liver-leaf wintergreen 1 gallon 4 4" pot 5 Pyrola picta white-veined wintergreen 1 gallon 10 Rubus pedatus strawberry-leaf raspberry 10" plug 100 Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 10" plug 50 Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod 10" plug 100 Symphyotrichum chilense California aster 10" plug 300 Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster 4" pot 100 Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster 10" plug 100 Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia starflower 1 gallon 4 4" pot 36 Viola adunca early blue violet 4" pot 350 Viola sempervirens evergreen violet 4" pot 157 275

Graminoid Species Carex deweyana Dewey sedge 10" plug 107 Carex lenticularis var. lipocarpa Kellog's sedge 10" plug 50 Carex ovalis eggbract sedge bare-root 100 Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 10" plug 100 Carex tumulicola split-awn sedge bare-root 50 Luzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush 3" plug 200

Zone 13 Overstory and regenerating trees This young forested zone contains a thick layer of regenerating trees, and a small amount of mature horticultural overstory trees that were present prior to the restoration project. Two species, American sweetgum and London planetree compose the overstory layer with average percent cover of 5% and 3% respectively (Table 61). Fourteen species were recorded in the midstory and regenerating tree layer, of which 11 are native and three are non-native (Table 61). Decidous species are most dominant in this zone and include red alder (18% cover), bitter cherry (14% cover), black cottonwood (6% cover), aspen (2% cover), Oregon ash (1% cover) and big-leaf maple (trace). A conifer component is also present in this zone and is composed of Douglas fir (7% cover), western red cedar (5% cover), grand fir (1% cover) and Sitka spruce (trace). In addition,

108

a small amount of Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), an evergreen broadleaf species, is present in the zone (1% cover). Of the three non-native species recorded in the zone, one is considered to be invasive. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) is a common invasive species in the urban setting, which is spread by birds from horticultural trees. This species was present in trace quantities (Table 61). Table 61. Overstory and regenerating tree species found in Zone 13 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 NativeOVERSTORY TREES (Percent Cover)

Liquidambar styraciflua American sweetgum 5 No Platanus x acerfolia London planetree 3 No

MIDSTORY AND REGENERATING TREES (Percent Cover) Abies grandis grand fir 1 Yes Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple T Yes Alnus rubra red alder 18 Yes Arbutus menziesii Pacific madrone 1 Yes Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash 1 Yes Pinus sp. pine 2 No Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce T Yes Populus nigra black poplar T No Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa black cottonwood 6 Yes Populus tremuloides aspen 2 Yes Prunus avium** sweet cherry T No Prunus emarginata bitter cherry 14 Yes Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 7 Yes Thuja plicata western red cedar 5 Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 13 Shrubs A total of 24 shrub species were recorded in this zone, of which 22 are native and two are non-native (Table 62). Roses, consisting of Nootka rose (22% cover) and clustered wildrose (3% cover) are the most dominant species in this zone, followed by thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) (16% cover), Pacific ninebark (14% cover), Lewis’ mock-orange (13% cover) and willow species (13% combined cover). Some less common species include tall Oregon grape (7% cover), snowberry (7% cover), Pacific hawthorn (5% cover) and salal (5% cover).

109

Two non-native invasive species, Himalayan blackberry and Simons cotoneaster (Cotoneaster simonsii) were recorded in this zone, both in trace amounts (Table 62). Simons cotoneaster, along with other common horticultural cotoneaster species, is often spread in natural areas by birds. Table 62. Shrub species found in Zone 13 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 NativeAcer circinatum vine maple 2 Yes Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 Yes Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood T Yes Cotoneaster simonsii** Simons cotoneaster T No Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn 5 Yes Gaultheria shallon salal 5 Yes Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 3 Yes Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 7 Yes Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape T Yes Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum 2 Yes Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 13 Yes Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 14 Yes Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 22 Yes Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 3 Yes Rubus discolor* Himalayan blackberry T No Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 16 Yes Rubus ursinus creeping blackberry T Yes Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow 8 Yes Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow 5 Yes Salix sitchensis Sitka willow T Yes Sambucus racemosa red elderberry T Yes Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 7 Yes Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 2 Yes Viburnum opulus var. americanum American cranberrybush 2 Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 13 Herbaceous Species A total of 45 herbaceous species were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey, and include 33 native species, 11 non-native species and one undetermined species (Table 63). The herbaceous layer is fairly dense in this zone (total percent cover of 64%). However, most species are present in trace quantities, with only a few prominent

110

species such as fireweed (20% cover), common horsetail (Equisetum arvense) (11% cover) and sword fern (7% cover) making up over half the cover in this zone (Table 63). The majority of the remaining species in this zone are a combination of meadow and wetland species similar to those found in Zones 11 and 12 which are adjacent to this area. Of the 11 non-native species recorded in this zone, three are considered to be invasive. The majority of non-native species in this zone are present in trace amounts. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) has the highest cover, 3%. Invasive species found include hedge false bindweed, English ivy and deadly nightshade which all have a legal designation in King County (King County 2007) and were all recorded in trace amounts. Table 63. Herbaceous species found in Zone 13 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeAchillea millefolium yarrow 2 F Yes Agrostis gigantea redtop T G No Aquilegia formosa western columbine T F Yes Aster sp. aster 1 F Yes Blechnum spicant deerfern T F Yes Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold T F Yes Calystegia sepium* hedge false bindweed T F No Camassia quamash small camas 1 F Yes Camassia sp. camas T F Yes Carex deweyana Dewey sedge T G Yes Carex sp. sedge T G Yes Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush T F Yes Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed 20 F Yes coarse woody debris T O X Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass T G Yes Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart T F Yes Elymus glaucus blue wildrye 1 G Yes Elymus repens quackgrass 1 G No Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson’s willowherb T F Yes Equisetum arvense common horsetail 11 F Yes Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry T F Yes Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry 1 F Yes Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry T F Yes Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 3 F Yes Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed T F Yes Hedera helix* English ivy T F No Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf T F Yes Hypochaeris radicata hairy cat's-ear T F No Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris T F No

111

Table 63. Herbaceous species found in Zone 13 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeLolium perenne perennial ryegrass 3 G No Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine 2 F Yes Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine 1 F Yes Mycelis muralis wall-lettuce T F No Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel 1 F Yes Penstemon davidsonii Davidson's penstemon T F Yes Plantago major broad-leaved plantain T F No Poa sp. bluegrass T G X Polystichum munitum sword fern 7 F Yes Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil T F Yes Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 4 G Yes

Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow 1 F Yes

Solanum dulcamara* deadly nightshade T F No Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 2 F Yes Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster 2 F Yes Taraxacum officinale dandelion T F No Viola adunca early blue violet T F Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other Zone 14 - LATCH Strip Two shrub species, one forb species and one graminoid species were planted in this zone during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 64). No species were seeded in this zone. Table 64. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 14 – LATCH Strip (In the years for which zone-specific records were kept).

Scientific Name Common Name Size 2005 Shrubs

Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 500Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 300

Forbs Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 300

Graminoid Species Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 1000

112

Zone 14 Overstory and regenerating trees This zone was designed to provide a landscaped buffer between the park boundary and an adjacent housing complex, while providing residents in the complex with a view of the park. It overlies utility pipes which were excavated and serviced in 2002. Seattle Public Utitlities re-planted the area in 2003. No trees were planted in this zone and the majority of vegetation in this zone consists of shrubs and groundcovers. No overstory trees were present in the zone during the 2007 survey. Three species of trees were recorded in the midstory and regenerating layer; two native and one non-native (Table 65). The regenerating layer is sparse, with a total cover of 6% due to the reasons stated above. Red alder is the most common species with a 6% cover. Black cottonwood was recorded in trace amounts. One horticultural pine species was also present at 1% cover. Table 65. Regenerating tree species found in Zone 14 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Native MIDSTORY AND REGENERATING TREES (Percent Cover)

Alnus rubra red alder 6 Yes Pinus sp. pine 1 No Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa black cottonwood T Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). Zone 14 Shrubs Eighteen species of shrubs were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey, of which 17 are native and one is non-native (Table 66). Roses and willows are the most dominant species in this zone. The rose species consist of clustered wildrose (22% cover) and Nootka rose (18% cover), while the willow species are composed of Pacific willow (10% cover), Scouler’s willow (8% cover) and Sitka willow (6% cover). Other common species include Pacific ninebark (12% cover), snowberry (11% cover), salal (9% cover), evergreen huckleberry (8% cover), tall Oregon grape (7% cover), thimbleberry (7% cover) and hardhack (6% cover) (Table 66). One non-native invasive species, Himalayan blackberry, was present in small quantities in this zone (1% cover) (Table 66).

113

Table 66. Shrub species found in Zone 14 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover NativeArctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 1 Yes Gaultheria shallon salal 9 Yes Lonicera involucrata twinberry 4 Yes Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 7 Yes Malus fusca western crabapple 4 Yes Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 12 Yes Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange T Yes Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant 10 Yes Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 18 Yes Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 22 Yes Rubus discolor* Himalayan blackberry 1 No Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 7 Yes Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow 10 Yes Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow 8 Yes Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 6 Yes Spiraea douglasii hardhack 6 Yes Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 11 Yes Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 8 Yes

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. Zone 14 Herbaceous Species A total of 15 species were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey, of which 11 are native, three are non-native and one is undetermined (Table 67). Slough sedge is the most dominant plant in the zone, with an average percent cover of 26%. Species present in smaller quantities include: sword fern (9% cover), Canada goldenrod (5% cover), woolgrass (4% cover) and bigleaved avens (Geum macrophyllum) (4% cover). Of the three non-native species found in this zone, two are considered to be invasive. Herb Robert was recorded at 1% average cover and common groundsel was found in trace amounts (Table 67).

114

Table 67. Herbaceous species found in Zone 14 in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average Percent

Cover2 Life

Form3 NativeAthyrium filix-femina ladyfern 1 F Yes Carex obnupta slough sedge 26 G Yes Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed 1 F Yes Epilobium ciliatum fringed willowherb T F Yes Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb 1 F Yes Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry 1 F Yes Geranium robertianum* herb Robert 1 F No Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 4 F Yes Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 1 G Yes Poa sp. bluegrass T G X Polystichum munitum sword fern 9 F Yes Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 4 G Yes Senecio vulgaris* common groundsel T F No Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 5 F Yes Taraxacum officinale dandelion T F No

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 3 F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other Park-wide Vegetation Trends A total of 300 species were seeded and/or planted in Roxhill Park by the Starflower foundation from 2000-2006. Appendix E lists all the species that were planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 vegetation survey in the park. Of the 300 species that were seeded and/or planted, 165 were found in the park during the 2007 survey. Table 68 lists the species, their average percent cover in transects where they were present, and zones in which they were planted and/or seeded. These 165 species are composed of 12 tree species, 44 shrub species, 84 forb species and 25 graminoid species. Of the tree species that were planted, aspen is the most dominant, with an average percent cover of 16% where present. Other common tree species include red alder (7% cover), bitter cherry (5% cover) and paperbark birch (3% cover) (Table 68). Of the shrub species that were planted, Nootka rose (10% cover), clustered wildrose (9% cover), Scouler’s willow (9% cover) and snowberry (9% cover) are the most

115

dominant. Other prevalent species include red-osier dogwood (8% cover), sweet gale (7% cover), Indian plum (7% cover), Pacific ninebark (7% cover), red elderberry (7% cover), vine maple (5% cover), beaked hazelnut (5% cover), cascara (5% cover), thimbleberry (5% cover), salmonberry (5% cover) and Hooker’s willow (5% cover). Of the planted and/or seeded forb species, beach strawberry is the most dominant with an average percent cover of 21%. Pacific silverweed (10% cover), sword fern (9% cover), small bedstraw (7% cover), fireweed (6% cover), American bird's-foot trefoil (6% cover), inside-out flower (6% cover), coltsfoot (5% cover) and wild strawberry (5% cover) compose a smaller component of the understory. Aster species were not included in this analysis, as they were not identified to species at the time of the survey. Please refer to Appendix D for a list of all aster species found in the park during the growing season. Blue wildrye (22% cover) and meadow barley (17% cover) are the most dominant planted and/or seeded graminoid species, followed by woolgrass (14% cover) and broadfruit bur-reed (13% cover). Other common graminoid species include slough sedge (11% cover), small-seeded bulrush (10% cover), red fescue (7% cover) and tufted hairgrass (6% cover). Many sedge species were not included in this analysis, as they were not identified to species at the time of the survey. Please refer to Appendix D for a list of all sedge species found in the park during the growing season. Table 68. Planted and seeded species that were found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys. Values represent average percent cover where present.

Scientific Common Name

Average Percent Cover1 Zones2

Trees Abies grandis grand fir 1 Phase II,PW Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple 2 11,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW Alnus rubra red alder 7 Phase I Betula papyrifera paperbark birch 3 Phase II Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash 1 13 Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 1 5,11,Phase I,Phase II Pinus contorta shore pine 1 11,Phase I,Phase II Populus tremuloides aspen 16 Phase I,PW Prunus emarginata bitter cherry 5 1,11,12,Phase I,Phase II,PW Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 2 11,13,Phase I,PW Thuja plicata western red cedar 2 9,11,13,Phase I,PW Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock 1 11,Phase I,Phase II

Shrubs Acer circinatum vine maple 5 11,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 6,9,11,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 2 1,2,3,4,11,Phase II Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 1 5,Phase II,PW Betula glandulosa scrub birch 2 1,2,3,4,Phase II Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 8 1,3,Phase I,Phase II,PW

116

Table 68. Planted and seeded species that were found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys. Values represent average percent cover where present.

Scientific Common Name

Average Percent Cover1 Zones2

Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 5 1,3,11,Phase I,Phase II,PW Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn 2 Phase I,Phase II,PW Empetrum nigrum crowberry 2 1,2,3 Frangula purshiana cascara 5 Phase I,Phase II,PW

Gaultheria shallon salal 4 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,Phase I,Phase II

Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 4 1,3,13,Phase II,PW Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 1 1,2,3,4,Phase I,Phase II Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 2 1,2,3,4,Phase I,Phase II,PW Lonicera involucrata twinberry 3 1,3,4,Phase I,Phase II,PW

Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 4 5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW

Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape T 5,8,12,13,Phase II,PW Mahonia repens creeping barberry 2 5,6 Malus fusca western crabapple 3 1,2,3,4,9,Phase I,Phase II Myrica gale sweet gale 7 1,2,3,4,Phase II Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum 7 11,13,Phase I,Phase II Oplopanax horridus devil's club T 13,Phase I,Phase II Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 4 1,2,3,8,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 7 1,3,11,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW Rhododendron macrophyllum western rhododendron 1 8,13,Phase II Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry T 1,2,3,4,5,11,Phase II Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant 2 1,3,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose 1 13,Phase I Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 10 13,Phase I,Phase II,PW Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 9 1,3,4,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 5 13,Phase I,Phase II,PW Rubus spectabilis salmonberry 5 Phase I,Phase II,PW Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow 5 Phase I,Phase II Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow 9 Phase I Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 4 Phase I,Phase II Sambucus racemosa red elderberry 7 13,Phase I,Phase II,PW Spiraea douglasii hardhack 3 4 Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 9 6,11,13,Phase I,Phase II Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry 1 1,2,3,4 Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry T 1,2,3,Phase I,Phase II,PW

Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 2 1,2,3,5,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,Phase I,Phase II

Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry 1 1,3,4,Phase I,Phase II Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry T 1,2,3,Phase I,Phase II Viburnum opulus var. americanum

American cranberrybush 4 13,Phase II

117

Table 68. Planted and seeded species that were found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys. Values represent average percent cover where present.

Scientific Common Name

Average Percent Cover1 Zones2

Forbs Achillea millefolium yarrow 4 1,2,3,9,11 Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf T 7,12,Phase II

Alisma triviale northern water plantain 1 1,2,3,10,PW

Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting T 1,3,9,10,11,12,13 Anemone multifida cut-leaf anemone T 5 Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica T 1,7,10,11,12 Aquilegia formosa western columbine T 1,2,3,7,8,9,11,Phase II Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 10 1,2,3,4,5,Phase II Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 1 1,2,3,7,8,11,12,Phase I,Phase II Asarum caudatum wild ginger T 8,12,Phase II Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern 1 1,4 Blechnum spicant deerfern T 1,3,8,11,12,Phase II Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam T 1,2,3,12 Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold T 1,2,3,4,10,12,13 Camassia leichtlinii large camas T 1,2,3,4,10,13,Phase II Camassia quamash small camas 1 1,2,3,11,13,Phase II

Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush 1 1,3,11,12,13

Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed 6 1,2,3,9,11

Circaea alpina small enchanter's nightshade T 8,Phase II

Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce T 1,7,8,11,Phase II

Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 4 1,2,3,4,10,Phase II,PW Corydalis scouleri Scouler's fumewort T 8,PW Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 1 7,8,12,13,Phase II,PW Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells T 8,11,Phase II

Dodecatheon hendersonii Henderson's shooting star T 1,3,11,13

Dodecatheon pulchellum few-flowered shooting star T 1,2,3,9

Dryopteris expansa wood fern 1 8,11,Phase II Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb 3 1,2,3 Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine T 1,3,9,11,13 Erythronium oregonum white fawn lily T 11,13 Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily T 8,11,Phase II Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 21 1,3,5,Phase II,PW Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry 2 1,2,3,7,11,13,Phase II Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 5 1,3,13 Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily T 1,2,3,11,13

118

Table 68. Planted and seeded species that were found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys. Values represent average percent cover where present.

Scientific Common Name

Average Percent Cover1 Zones2

Galium trifidum small bedstraw 7 1,2,3,4,10,Phase II,PW Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 3 1,2,3,8,9,10,11,Phase II,PW

Goodyera oblongifolia western rattlesnake plantain T 11,12

Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed 2 1,3,PW Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern T 8,12,Phase II Helenium autumnale common sneezeweed T 9,10,11

Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot T 1,3,8,11,12,13,Phase II

Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf 1 1,2,3,7,8,12,Phase II Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris 4 1,2,3,11,13 Iris tenax Oregon iris 1 1,2,3,11,12,13 Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle T 3,11,12,13

Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil 6 1,2,3,9,11

Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine 3 11,13 Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine 1 1,2,3,9,10,11,13,PW Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine 1 9,11,13 Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage 1 3,4,8,10,Phase I,Phase II Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley T 8,12,Phase II Mentha arvensis wild mint T 1,2,3,4,5,7,13 Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 3 1,2,3,7,9,10,11,Phase II,PW

Mitella pentandra five-stamened miterwort T 12

Myosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not 1 1,2,3,7,9,10,11

Nothochelone nemorosa woodland penstemon T 7

Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley 1 1,2,3,7,9,10,11,Phase I,Phase II,PW

Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely T 1,2,3,7,13 Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel T 8,12,13,Phase II Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon 1 1,2,3,5,7,10 Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot 5 1,2,3,7,8,Phase II Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush T 1,2,3,5,11,PW Polemonium pulcherrimum showy Jacob's ladder T 11,12,13

Polystichum munitum sword fern 9 1,3,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,Phase I,Phase II,PW

Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 2 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,13,PW Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup 1 1,2,3,5,11 Rorippa curvisiliqua curved yellowcress T 1,10,PW Sagittaria latifolia wapato 1 1,2,3,10,Phase I,Phase II,PW Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet T 4,11,Phase I

119

Table 68. Planted and seeded species that were found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys. Values represent average percent cover where present.

Scientific Common Name

Average Percent Cover1 Zones2

Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow 1 1,2,3,11

Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass T 1,5,11 Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 3 1,3,5,9,10,11,13,PW Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle 2 1,3,8,Phase I,Phase II,PW Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster 2 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,12,13,Phase I,PW Tellima grandiflora fringecup T 1,2,3,7,8,Phase II Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue 1 1,2,3,7,11,12 Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant 1 1,2,3,7,8,10,Phase I,Phase II Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia starflower 1 8,13,Phase II Trillium ovatum trillium T 8,11,12,Phase II Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower 6 1,2,3,7,8,11,Phase II,PW Veronica americana American Speedwell 3 1,2,3,9,11,Phase II Viola adunca early blue violet T 1,2,3,11,12,13 Viola palustris marsh violet 1 1,2,3,4,Phase II

Graminoid Species Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail 4 9,11 Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass T 4,9,10,11,PW Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge 3 1,2,3,4,Phase I

Carex deweyana Dewey sedge T 1,2,3,4,7,8,10,11,12,13,Phase I,Phase II

Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge T 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase I,PW

Carex obnupta slough sedge 11 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,14,Phase I,Phase II,PW

Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 1 1,2,3,9,11,12,13,Phase II,PW Carex vesicaria blister sedge 1 1,2,3,4,10,11,Phase I,PW Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 6 1,2,3,4,5,9,11,Phase II Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush T 1,2,3,9,11

Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 4 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase I,Phase II,PW

Elymus glaucus blue wildrye 22 9,11

Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso's cotton-grass 1 1,2,3,11

Festuca rubra red fescue 7 9,11 Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley 17 9,11,Phase II,PW Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush T 1,2,3,4,10,Phase II,PW

Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 4 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase I,Phase II,PW

Juncus oxymeris pointed rush 1 1,2,3 Juncus tenuis slender rush 2 1,2,3,9,10,11

120

Table 68. Planted and seeded species that were found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys. Values represent average percent cover where present.

Scientific Common Name

Average Percent Cover1 Zones2

Luzula multiflora common woodrush 1 1,2,3,4,12 Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush 2 1,2,3 Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 14 1,2,4,10,Phase I,Phase II,PW Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase I Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed 13 4,10,PW

1 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%). 2 Phase I = PW=Park Wide (no specific management zone was assigned to this species). Phase I spans management zones 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and13. Phase II spans management zones 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. A total of 135 species that were planted and/or seeded in the park were not found during the 2007 survey. Table 69 lists these species, whether they were planted or seeded, and the management zones in which they were planted and/or seeded. Many plants of the genuses Carex, Aster and Erigeron were present but not identified to species during the survey due to lack of flowers and/or seeds in early spring. Please consult Appendix D for a full list of plants of those genuses found later in the growing season. Table 69. Planted and seeded species that were not found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys.

Scientific Name Common Name Planted Seeded Zones1 Shrubs

Arctostaphylos columbiana hairy manzanita X 9 Ceanothus velutinus snowbrush X 11,Phase II Ledum glandulosum smooth Labrador tea X Phase I Menziesia ferruginea rusty Menziesia X 1,3,Phase II Vaccinium oxycoccos small cranberry X 1,2,3,4,Phase I

Forbs Adenocaulon bicolor pathfinder X X 7,8,Phase II Adiantum aleuticum maidenhair fern X 8,Phase II Agoseris aurantiaca orange agoseris X 3 Allium acuminatum Hooker's onion X X 1,2,3,11 Allium cernuum nodding onion X X 1,2,3,9,11,13 Antennaria microphylla rosy pussytoes X 1,2,3,11,13 Armeria maritima thrift sea-pink X X 1,2,3,11,13,PW Arnica amplexicaulis streambank arnica X 13 Artemisia suksdorfii coastal wormwood X 1,2,3,11 Balsamorhiza deltoidea deltoid balsamroot X 1,3 Bidens cernua nodding beggartick X PW Brodiaea coronaria crown brodiaea X 3 Caltha palustris yellow marsh marigold X 1,2,3,4,10 Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower X X 1,2,3,4,5,7,11

121

Table 69. Planted and seeded species that were not found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys.

Scientific Name Common Name Planted Seeded Zones1 Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster X X 1,2,3,7,10,11,Phase II Castilleja hispida harsh paintbrush X X 2,11 Cerastium arvense field chickweed X 12 Chimaphila menziesii little prince's pine X 8 Clarkia amoena farewell to spring X 1,9,11,PW Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce X X 1,2,3,7,8,10,Phase II Collinsia parviflora maiden blue-eyed Mary X 1,2,3 Cornus unalaschkensis bunchberry X X 7,8,12,Phase II Delphinium menziesii Menzies' larkspur X X 1,11,13,PW Delphinium nuttallii upland larkspur X X 9,11,13 Dichelostemma congestum ookow X 1 Downingia elegans elegant calico flower X 1,2,3

Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew X 1,2,3,4,11,Phase I,Phase II

Erigeron perigrinus subalpine fleabane X 1,2,3,4,11 Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane X 1,11 Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane X X 1,2,3,7,9,11,13,PW Gentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian X X 1,2,3 Gilia capitata blue-head gilia X X 1,2,3,11,PW Gnaphalium uliginosum marsh cudweed X PW Heracleum maximum cow parsley X 1,7 Hypericum anagalloides tinker's penny X 1,2,3,4 Lathyrus japonicus beach pea X 11 Lilium columbianum tiger lily X X 1,2,3,8,11,13,Phase II Linnaea borealis twinflower X 1,3

Lithophragma parviflorum small-flowered woodland star X 11,13

Lomatium dissectum fern-leaf biscuitroot X 1,3

Lomatium nudicaule bare-stem desert-parsley X X 1,3,11,12,PW

Lomatium utriculatum spring-gold X X 1,3,11,13,PW Lonicera ciliosa orange honeysuckle X 8,12,Phase II Lotus crassifolius big deer-vetch X 11 Lupinus albicaulis sickle-keeled lupine X 13 Lupinus lepidus Pacific lupine X X 1,2,3,13

Lupinus rivularis riverbank lupine X X 1,3,9,11,12,13,Phase II,PW

Lycopus uniflorus northern bugleweed X 1,2,3 Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal X X 1,2,3,7,8,12,Phase II

Maianthemum stellatum star-flowered false solomon's seal X X 1,2,3,7,8,Phase II

Menyanthes trifoliata buckbean X 2 Microseris laciniata cut-leaf microseris X 1,2,3,9,11,PW Nephrophyllidium crista-galli deercabbage X Phase II Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala yellow pond-lily X PW

122

Table 69. Planted and seeded species that were not found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys.

Scientific Name Common Name Planted Seeded Zones1 Olsynium douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' grasswidow X X 1,3,5,9,11 Penstemon cardwellii Cardwell's penstemon X 1,3,12,13 Penstemon ovatus egg-leaf penstemon X X 2,7,12 Penstemon procerus litte-flower penstemon X X 1,2,3,11,13 Plagiobothrys figuratus fragrant popcorn flower X 1,2,3,9,10,11,PW

Plagiobothrys scouleri Scouler's popcorn flower X 1

Prunella vulgaris common self heal X 12 Pyrola asarifolia liver-leaf wintergreen X 13

Pyrola picta white-veined wintergreen X 13

Ranunculus orthorhynchus straight-beaked buttercup X 1,2,3

Rorippa islandica northern marsh yellowcress X 1,2,3,PW

Rubus pedatus strawberry-leaf raspberry X 1,2,3,13

Saxifraga oregana Oregon saxifrage X 1,4 Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap X 1,2,3,4

Sisyrinchium angustifolium narrow-leafed blue-eyed grass X 1,2,3

Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass X 1,2,3,4,5,11,Phase II, Sisyrinchium idahoense var. macounii

Macoun's blue-eyed grass X 11

Sium suave hemlock water parsnip X 1,2,3 Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod X X 1,3,4,5,11,13,PW Stachys palustris marsh hedge-nettle X 1,2,3 Stachys pilosa hairy hedge-nettle X 1,2,3 Streptopus amplexifolius clasping twistedstalk X X 7,8,Phase II Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus rosy twistedstalk X 8,Phase II Symphyotrichum chilense California aster X X 1,2,3,7,11,12,13 Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster X X 1,2,3,10,11,13 Tiarella trifoliata foamflower X 8,Phase II Triantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel X X 1,2,3,5,10,Phase II,PW Trientalis europaea ssp. arctica arctic starflower X 1 Trifolium eriocephalum wooly-headed clover X 1,2,3,11 Trifolium wormskjoldii Wormskjold's clover X 1,2,3 Trillium chloropetalum giant wake-robin X 12 Valeriana sitchensis Sitka valerian X 1,2,3,7 Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea giant vetch X 11 Viola glabella stream violet X 3,8,Phase I,Phase II,PW Viola praemorsa canary violet X 11 Viola sempervirens evergreen violet X 1,2,3,8,11,13,Phase II

123

Table 69. Planted and seeded species that were not found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys.

Scientific Name Common Name Planted Seeded Zones1 Graminoid Species

Carex aperta Columbian sedge X 1,2,3 Carex aquatilis water sedge X X 1,2,3,4,Phase II,PW Carex aquatilis var. dives Sitka sedge X 1,2,3 Carex arcta northern cluster sedge X X 1,2,3,4,PW Carex athrostachya slender-beaked sedge X 1,2,3,7 Carex aurea golden sedge X 1,2,3 Carex bebbii Bebb's sedge X 1,2,3,4,12 Carex canescens silvery sedge X 1,3,4 Carex comosa longhaired sedge X X 1,2,3,10,Phase I

Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge X X 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase I,Phase II,PW

Carex densa dense sedge X X 1,2,3,4 Carex echinata star sedge X X 1,2,3,4 Carex hendersonii Henderson's sedge X 4 Carex inops long-stoloned sedge X 12 Carex lenticularis var. lipocarpa Kellog's sedge X 1,2,3,13,Phase II Carex mertensii Merten's sedge X X 1,2,3,7,12 Carex ovalis eggbract sedge X X 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,13 Carex spectabilis showy sedge X 1,2,4

Carex stipata sawbeak sedge X X 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase I,Phase II,PW

Carex tumulicola split-awn sedge X X 1,2,3,7,12,13

Carex unilateralis lateral sedge X X 1,2,3,9,10,11,Phase I,PW

Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge X X

1,2,3,4,10,Phase I,Phase II,PW

Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge X X 1,2,3,4,7,9,10,11,Phase ICinna latifolia drooping woodreed X 11 Danthonia californica California oatgrass X X 9,11 Eleocharis acicularis needle spikerush X 1,2,3,4 Eleocharis obtusa blunt spikerush X 1,2,3 Festuca idahoensis ssp. roemeri Idaho fescue X 1,3,11

Glyceria grandis American mannagrass X X 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase I,Phase II,PW

Glyceria striata tall mannagrass X X 1,2,3,4,10,Phase II,PW Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis Baltic rush X 1,2,3 Juncus bolanderi Bolander's rush X 1,2,3, Juncus bufonius toad rush X 1,2,3,9,11,PW Juncus falcatus falcate rush X 1,2,3 Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush X X 1,2,3,4

Luzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush X X

1,2,3,7,8,11,12,13,Phase II

Regreen sterile wheat wheatgrass x wheat X 9,11

124

Table 69. Planted and seeded species that were not found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys.

Scientific Name Common Name Planted Seeded Zones1 Schoenoplectus americanus American bulrush X PW Sparganium emersum European bur-reed X X 1,2,3,10,Phase II,PW

Non-vascular species

Polytrichum juniperinum juniper polytrichum moss X Phase I

1 Phase I = PW=Park Wide (no specific management zone was assigned to this species). Phase I spans management zones 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and13. Phase II spans management zones 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. A total of 91 species were found in the park during the 2007 survey which were not planted or seeded in the park. These species are composed of 14 tree species, 9 shrub species, 43 forb species and 25 graminoid species (Table 70). The majority of these species are either non-native, horticultural or those which were not identified to species. Many of those not identified to species are natives which likely were planted or seeded. Of the 14 recorded tree species that were not seeded or planted in the park, only two, Pacific dogwood and black cottonwood are native, while 12 are non-native. Three of the non-native species are considered to be invasive and include one-seed hawthorn (1% cover), English holly (trace) and sweet cherry (trace). Of the 9 shrub species that were not seeded or planted, five are native, three are non-native and one is undetermined (Table 70). All three of the non-native species are considered to be invasive and consist of Simons cotoneaster (trace), scotch broom (trace) and Himalayan blackberry (trace). The 43 forb species consist of 10 native, 28 non-native and five undetermined species (Table 70). The most dominant of these species are various aster species, giant horsetail and common horsetail, which were recorded at an average percent cover of 9%, 7% and 6% respectively in zones where they were measured. Please refer to Appendix D for a list of all aster species found in the park during the growing season. Nine of the recorded non-native species are considered to be invasive, and include herb Robert (1% cover), nipplewort (1% cover), creeping buttercup (1% cover), hedge false bindweed (trace), Canada thistle (trace), English ivy (trace), meadow buttercup (trace), common groundsel (trace) and deadly nightshade (trace). Twenty-five graminoid species that were not planted or seeded were recorded in the park during the 2007 survey. Of these species, seven are native, 12 are non-native and six are undetermined (Table 70). Various sedge and rush species are the most dominant in this zone, with average percent covers of 5% in the zones where they were measured. Please refer to Appendix D for a list of all sedge species found in the park during the growing season. One grass species, reed canarygrass is considered to be invasive and was present in trace amounts in the zones where it was found (Zone 2 & Zone 4).

125

Table 70. Species recorded in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys, which were not planted or seeded. Values represent average percent cover where present.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average

Percent Cover2 NativeTrees

Arbutus menziesii Pacific madrone 1 Yes Betula pendula European white birch 1 No Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood 6 Yes Crataegus monogyna** one-seed hawthorn 1 No Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 5 No Ilex aquifolium* English holly T No Liquidambar styraciflua American sweetgum 4 No Liriodendron tulipifera tulip tree 6 No Pinus sp. pine 2 No Platanus x acerfolia London planetree 22 No Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa black cottonwood 1 Yes Populus nigra black poplar T No Prunus avium** sweet cherry T No Prunus sp. horticultural cherry species T No

Shrubs Cotoneaster simonsii** Simons cotoneaster T No Cytisus scoparius* scotch broom T No Rosa sp. rose 1 Yes Rubus discolor* Himalayan blackberry T No Rubus leucodermis blackcap T Yes Rubus ursinus creeping blackberry 1 Yes Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow T Yes Salix sp. willow T Yes unknown shrub species 1 X

Forbs Allium sp. onion T X Aster sp. aster 9 Yes Bellis perennis English daisy T No Calystegia sepium* hedge false bindweed T No Camassia sp. camas T Yes Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress T No Cirsium arvense* Canada thistle T No Epilobium ciliatum fringed willowherb T Yes Equisetum arvense common horsetail 6 Yes Equisetum telmateia giant horsetail 7 Yes Galium aparine cleavers T Yes Geranium dissectum cutleaf geranium T No Geranium robertianum* herb Robert 1 No Hedera helix* English ivy T No Hesperis matronalis dames rocket T No Hypochaeris radicata hairy cat's-ear T No

126

Table 70. Species recorded in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys, which were not planted or seeded. Values represent average percent cover where present.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average

Percent Cover2 NativeImpatiens capensis jewelweed 1 No Lapsana communis** nipplewort 1 No Lotus corniculatus bird's-foot trefoil T No Medicago lupulina black medick T No Mentha sp. mint 2 X Mycelis muralis wall-lettuce T No Penstemon davidsonii Davidson's penstemon T Yes Plantago lanceolata lance-leaved plantain T No Plantago major broad-leaved plantain 1 No Ranunculus acris** meadow buttercup T No Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup 1 No Rumex acetosella sheep sorel T No Satureja douglasii yerba buena T Yes Senecio vulgaris* common groundsel T No Solanum dulcamara* deadly nightshade T No Solidago sp. goldenrod 1 X Sonchus oleraceus common sowthistle T No Taraxacum officinale dandelion T No Trifolium angustifolium narrowleaf crimson clover T No Trifolium pratense red clover 1 No Trifolium repens white Dutch clover 1 No unknown forb species T X Veronica serpyllifolia thyme-leaved speedwell T Yes Vicia hirsuta hairy vetch 1 No Vicia sativa garden vetch 2 No Vicia sp. vetch 1 X Viola sp. violet T Yes

Graminoid Species Agrostis gigantea redtop 2 No Agrostis sp. bentgrass 2 X Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass 3 No Alopecurus pratensis meadow-foxtail T No Bromus sp. brome T X Carex sp. sedge 5 Yes Carex viridula green sedge 3 Yes Dactylis glomerata orchardgrass 1 No Eleocharis sp. spike rush 1 Yes Elymus repens quackgrass 1 No Glyceria sp. mannagrass 4 Yes Holcus lanatus velvetgrass 1 No Juncus effusus soft rush 1 X Juncus sp. rush 5 X

127

Table 70. Species recorded in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys, which were not planted or seeded. Values represent average percent cover where present.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Average

Percent Cover2 NativeLolium perenne perennial ryegrass 3 No Phalaris arundinacea* reed canarygrass T No Poa annua annual bluegrass T No Poa sp. bluegrass 1 X Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue 1 No Schedonorus pratensis meadow fescue 1 No Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani soft-stemmed bulrush 1 Yes Scirpus aff. atrocinctus 3 Yes Typha latifolia cattail T Yes unknown grass species T X Vulpia myuros rat-tail fescue T No

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%).

128

VI. Stewardship Recommendations Over the years, the natural areas at Roxhill Park will require some stewardship. We have summarized the needs we foresee into the following general categories: Trails Regenerating Conifers Tree/Shrub Islands Trees Colonizing the Peat Cells Invasive Plants Trails and Service Roads As much as possible, plantings along trails and service roads do not include trees, shrubs and larger perennials that tend to grow out and impede passage and views. In some cases trees are developing near these passageways, and will need to be periodically pruned up until their limbs are high enough to be out of the way. Bushy shrubs and perennials may move into these zones; removal of these plants is recommended to keep access along the paths and site lines from the paths clear. Lower growing evergreen plants such as slough sedge, salal and sword fern have been planted in these zones, and it is intended that eventually these species will prevent trees and bushier shrubs and perennials from colonizing them. Regenerating Conifers It is a widely held restoration goal in Seattle to reestablish a native forest overstory where possible. While mature forests in our region have historically been dominated by conifers, the regenerating forests of Seattle tend to be overwhelming dominated by broadleaf deciduous trees. Native conifers have been planted throughout the park. It would be worthwhile to periodically encourage the regenerating conifers by cutting back vegetation that is crowding them out, and mulching small trees. Some native conifers are growing on the edges of the peat cells (Zones 5 & 9), but it was not planned for these narrow zones to become densely forested. In the Street Green (Zone 6) conifers are intentionally low to maintain the view from Barton Street, and no conifers were planted in the LATCH Strip (Zone 14) because of the utility pipes that underlie the zone. Management zones where the percent cover of regenerating conifers was found to be low during the 2007 survey and where additional conifer planting is encouraged include Zones 7 (Phase II Maple Woods) and 11 (Meadow). Tree/Shrub Islands Clusters of native trees and shrubs (tree/shrub islands) have been planted throughout the Meadows (Zone 11). Weeding and mulching these islands annually would help the islands create a foothold, speeding the succession of these meadow areas into forested areas.

129

Trees Colonizing the Peat Cells Pacific willow and black cottonwood are two native tree species that regularly self-seed into the Peat Cells. In order to prevent these open areas from becoming dominated by trees, annual sweeps should be made to remove pacific willow and black cottonwood seedlings from the Peat Cells. Note: In 2007, all the Pacific willows growing in Zones 1, 2 and 3 (Peat Cells 1, 2 and 3) were removed, as well as a large amount of Pacific willow that was beginning to colonize the southern portion of Zone 4 (Phase I Peat Cell 4). A mixture of native wetland shrubs and herbaceous species was planted in the spaces created by removing the willows. A dense stand of Pacific willow in the north central portion of the Phase I Peat Cell 4 was left. Invasive Plants There are currently no well-established concentrations of invasive plants in any of the management zones. However, various invasive species seed themselves in regularly, and many were recorded during the 2007 survey (see Results and Findings). While the site continues to mature and become established at the understory, midstory and overstory levels, it would be beneficial to sweep for invasive plants annually. Invasive plants of concern are listed below. For all non-native and invasive plants observed during the 2007 survey, see Appendix C. See the results section for more information on invasive plants by management zone. English ivy English holly Herb Robert Nipplewort One-seed hawthorn Reed canarygrass Scotch Broom VII. Monitoring Photo-monitoring Starflower began a photo-monitoring program in fall of 2003. Thirteen photopoint locations were established and digital photos were taken quarterly. The resulting pictures have been archived and are accessible through the Washington Native Plant Society’s website at wnps.org/restoration/index.html. The photo-monitoring protocols, including photopoint locations, are also available at http://wnps.org/restoration/index.html. Plant Community Composition Monitoring This report provides plant community composition data for each management zone as of 2007. Future surveys following the methodology outlined in Section IV could provide useful data regarding shorter and longer term changes to the native plant communities present at Roxhill Park today.

130

References Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Recommendations; King County Wastewater Treatment Division – Department of Natural Resources; March 2000 Westwood Neighborhood Council website: www.scn.org/westwood/roxhill King County Noxious Weed Control Program. 2007. King County Noxious Weed List. Seattle, WA.

131

Appendix A. Species and plant quantities planted in Roxhill Park during Phase I of the project which spanned management zones 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13. Scientific Name Common Name Size 2000

Trees Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple 2 gallon 6 5 gallon 6Alnus rubra red alder 2 gallon 25Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 2 gallon 24Pinus contorta shore pine 5 gallon 12Populus tremuloides aspen 5 gallon 90Prunus emarginata bitter cherry 1 gallon 3 2 gallon 21 5 gallon 3Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 2 gallon 15 5 gallon 15Thuja plicata western red cedar 2 gallon 12 5 gallon 12Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock 2 gallon 12

Shrubs Acer circinatum vine maple 5 gallon 30Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 gallon 56 2 gallon 15 5 gallon 15Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 1 gallon 120 2 gallon 120Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 1 gallon 62 ball and burlap 18Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn 1 gallon 48Frangula purshiana cascara 1 gallon 30 2 gallon 20Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 13Gaultheria shallon salal 4" pot 150Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 1 gallon 23 4" pot 14Ledum glandulosum smooth Labrador tea 1 gallon 80Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 1 gallon 14Lonicera involucrata twinberry 1 gallon 40Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 70 2 gallon 70Malus fusca western crabapple 1 gallon 80Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum 1 gallon 70Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 1 gallon 60Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 1 gallon 153Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant 1 gallon 110 2 gallon 6Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose 1 gallon 40Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 1 gallon 148

132

Appendix A. Species and plant quantities planted in Roxhill Park during Phase I of the project which spanned management zones 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13. Scientific Name Common Name Size 2000Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 1 gallon 30Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 1 gallon 78 2 gallon 60Rubus spectabilis salmonberry 1 gallon 150Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow 1 gallon 12Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow 1 gallon 12Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 1 gallon 12Sambucus racemosa red elderberry 1 gallon 49Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 1 gallon 140Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry 1 gallon 16Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 45 2 gallon 45Vaccinium oxycoccos small cranberry 4" pot 15Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry 1 gallon 24Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry 1 gallon 100

Forbs Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 4" pot 30Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew 4" pot 5Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage 1 gallon 30 4" pot 20Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley bare-root 150Oplopanax horridus devil's club 1 gallon 12Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 110 2 gallon 110Sagittaria latifolia wapato bare-root 60Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet 4" pot 2

Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle rhizome bag (salvage) 3

Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster bare-root 300Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant 4" pot 240Viola glabella stream violet 4" pot 200

Graminoid Species Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge bare-root 500Carex comosa longhaired sedge 10" plug 100Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge 4" pot 400Carex deweyana Dewey sedge bare-root 200Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge 10" plug 440Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 1100 bare-root 2000Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 2" pot 86 4" pot 208Carex unilateralis lateral sedge 4" pot 200Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge 1 gallon 50 5 gallon swatch 4 bare-root 1500

133

Appendix A. Species and plant quantities planted in Roxhill Park during Phase I of the project which spanned management zones 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13. Scientific Name Common Name Size 2000Carex vesicaria blister sedge 10" plug 227Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge 1 gallon 250Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 10" plug 400Glyceria grandis American mannagrass 10" plug 450Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 10" plug 900Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 10" plug 100 4" pot 330Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10" plug 700

Nonvascular Species Polytrichum juniperinum juniper polytrichum moss flat 11

134

Appendix B. Species and plant quantities planted in Roxhill Park during Phase II of the project which spanned management zones 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. Scientific Name Common Name Size 2002

Trees Abies grandis grand fir 2 gallon 14Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple 2 gallon 16Betula papyrifera paperbark birch 5 gallon 9Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 2 gallon 12Pinus contorta shore pine 2 gallon 12Prunus emarginata bitter cherry 1 gallon 12Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock 1 gallon 12

Shrubs Acer circinatum vine maple 1 gallon 65Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 gallon 56Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 1 gallon 100 4" pot 270Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 10" plug 300 4" pot 70Betula glandulosa scrub birch 1 gallon 60Ceanothus velutinus snowbrush 4" pot 10Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 1 gallon 252 10" plug 56Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 2 gallon 35Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn 1 gallon 29Frangula purshiana cascara 1 gallon 20Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 300 4" pot 915Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 1 gallon 37Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 1 gallon 1275 4" pot 25Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 1 gallon 200 4" pot 36Lonicera involucrata twinberry 1 gallon 50Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 20 10" plug 311Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape 1 gallon 50 10" plug 25 4" pot 25 7" plug 10Malus fusca western crabapple 1 gallon 48Menziesia ferruginea rusty Menziesia 1 gallon 15 2 gallon 6Myrica gale sweet gale 1 gallon 71Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum 1 gallon 80 10" plug 40Oplopanax horridus devil's club 1 gallon 30

135

Appendix B. Species and plant quantities planted in Roxhill Park during Phase II of the project which spanned management zones 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. Scientific Name Common Name Size 2002Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 1 gallon 18 4" pot 38Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 1 gallon 50Rhododendron macrophyllum western rhododendron 1 gallon 10Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry 1 gallon 50Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant 1 gallon 80 10" plug 32Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 1 gallon 112Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 1 gallon 40Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 1 gallon 10 10" plug 10Rubus spectabilis salmonberry 1 gallon 100Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow 1 gallon 68Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 1 gallon 8Sambucus racemosa red elderberry 1 gallon 15 10" plug 9Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 1 gallon 40 10" plug 40Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry 1 gallon 26 2 gallon 4 5 gallon 5Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 120Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry 1 gallon 20Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry 4" pot 40Viburnum opulus var. americanum American cranberrybush 1 gallon 6 4" pot 4

Forbs Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf 4" pot 75Adenocaulon bicolor pathfinder 4" pot 98Adiantum aleuticum maidenhair fern 4" pot 100Aquilegia formosa western columbine 4" pot 100Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 10" plug 100Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 10" plug 180 4" pot 50Asarum caudatum wild ginger 4" pot 500Blechnum spicant deerfern 1 gallon 120 bare-root 180Camassia leichtlinii large camas bulb 200Camassia quamash small camas bulb 300Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster 10" plug 500Circaea alpina small enchanter's nightshade 4" pot 200

rhizome bag (salvage) 3

Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce 10" plug 400Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce 7" plug 400

136

Appendix B. Species and plant quantities planted in Roxhill Park during Phase II of the project which spanned management zones 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. Scientific Name Common Name Size 2002Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 1 gallon 25 4" pot 22Cornus unalaschkensis bunchberry 4" pot 500Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 4" pot 400Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells 4" pot 160Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew 4" pot 350Dryopteris expansa wood fern bare-root 450Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily 4" pot 140Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 4" pot 270Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry 4" pot 200Galium trifidum small bedstraw 7" plug 22Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 10" plug 100 4" pot 180Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern 1 gallon 20 4" pot 35Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot 7" plug 184Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf 1 gallon 50 4" pot 250Lilium columbianum tiger lily 4" pot 380Lonicera ciliosa orange honeysuckle 10" plug 37Lupinus rivularis riverbank lupine 10" plug 400Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage 1 gallon 30Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley 4" pot 400Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal 10" plug 200

Maianthemum stellatum star-flowered false solomon's seal 4" pot 180

Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 10" plug 50 2" pot 300 4" pot 300 7" plug 50Nephrophyllidium crista-galli deercabbage 4" pot 400Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley 10" plug 100 4" pot 179Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel 4" pot 690Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot 1 gallon 42Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 400 4" pot 220Sagittaria latifolia wapato 4" plug 350Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass 4" plug 452Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle 10" plug 40

rhizome bag (salvage) 4

Streptopus amplexifolius clasping twistedstalk 4" pot 96Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus rosy twistedstalk 4" pot 100Tellima grandiflora fringecup 10" plug 95 4" pot 305

137

Appendix B. Species and plant quantities planted in Roxhill Park during Phase II of the project which spanned management zones 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. Scientific Name Common Name Size 2002Tiarella trifoliata foamflower 4" pot 543Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant 4" pot 400Triantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel 4" pot 192 bulb 25Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia starflower 4" pot 610Trillium ovatum trillium 1 gallon 40 4" pot 50Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower 4" pot 325Veronica americana American Speedwell 10" plug 50Viola glabella stream violet 4" pot 400Viola palustris marsh violet 4" pot 1525 7" plug 75Viola sempervirens evergreen violet 4" pot 333 7" plug 100

Graminoid Species Carex aquatilis water sedge 10" plug 380Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge 10" plug 100 4" pot 282Carex deweyana Dewey sedge 4" plug 300Carex lenticularis var. lipocarpa Kellog's sedge 10" plug 780Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 2960 4" plug 660Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 4" pot 70Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 10" plug 200 4" plug 95 4" pot 210Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge 10" plug 225 4" plug 800Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 4" plug 200Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 10" plug 600Glyceria grandis American mannagrass 10" plug 800Glyceria striata tall mannagrass 4" plug 200Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley 3" plug 600Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 10" plug 100Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 10" plug 800 4" plug 200Luzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush 7" plug 590Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 4" plug 515Sparganium emersum European bur-reed 10" plug 380

138

Appendix C. All species found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey.

Scientific Name1 Common Name Strata2 Native Abies grandis grand fir T Yes Acer circinatum vine maple S Yes Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple T Yes Achillea millefolium yarrow F Yes Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf F Yes Agrostis gigantea redtop G No Agrostis sp. bentgrass G X Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass G No Alisma triviale northern water plantain F Yes Allium sp. onion F X Alnus rubra red alder T Yes Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail G Yes Alopecurus pratensis meadow-foxtail G No Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry S Yes Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting F Yes Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary S Yes Anemone multifida cut-leaf anemone F Yes Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica F Yes Aquilegia formosa western columbine F Yes Arbutus menziesii Pacific madrone T Yes Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick S Yes Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed F Yes Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard F Yes Asarum caudatum wild ginger F Yes Aster sp. aster F Yes Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern F Yes Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass G Yes Bellis perennis English daisy F No Betula glandulosa scrub birch S Yes Betula papyrifera paperbark birch T Yes Betula pendula European white birch T No Blechnum spicant deerfern F Yes Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam F Yes Bromus sp. brome G X Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold F Yes Calystegia sepium* hedge false bindweed F No Camassia leichtlinii large camas F Yes Camassia quamash small camas F Yes Camassia sp. camas F Yes Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress F No Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge G Yes Carex deweyana Dewey sedge G Yes Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge G Yes Carex obnupta slough sedge G Yes

139

Appendix C. All species found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Scientific Name1 Common Name Strata2 Native

Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge G Yes Carex sp. sedge G Yes Carex vesicaria inflated sedge G Yes Carex viridula green sedge G Yes Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush F Yes Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed F Yes Circaea alpina small enchanter's nightshade F Yes Cirsium arvense* Canada thistle F No Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce F Yes Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil F Yes Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood T Yes Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood S Yes Corydalis scouleri Scouler's fumewort F Yes Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut S Yes Cotoneaster simonsii** Simons cotoneaster S No Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn S Yes Crataegus monogyna** one-seed hawthorn T No Cytisus scoparius* scotch broom S No Dactylis glomerata orchardgrass G No Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass G Yes Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart F Yes Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells F Yes Dodecatheon hendersonii Henderson's shooting star F Yes Dodecatheon pulchellum few-flowered shooting star F Yes Dryopteris expansa wood fern F Yes Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush G Yes Eleocharis palustris common spike rush G Yes Eleocharis sp. spike rush G Yes Elymus glaucus blue wildrye G Yes Elymus repens quackgrass G No Empetrum nigrum crowberry S Yes Epilobium ciliatum fringed willowherb F Yes Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb F Yes Equisetum arvense common horsetail F Yes Equisetum telmateia giant horsetail F Yes Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso's cotton-grass G Yes Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine F Yes Erythronium oregonum white fawn lily F Yes Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily F Yes Festuca rubra red fescue G Yes Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry F Yes Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry F Yes Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry F Yes Frangula purshiana cascara S Yes Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash T Yes

140

Appendix C. All species found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Scientific Name1 Common Name Strata2 Native

Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash T No Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily F Yes Galium aparine cleavers F Yes Galium trifidum small bedstraw F Yes Gaultheria shallon salal S Yes Geranium dissectum cutleaf geranium F No Geranium robertianum* herb Robert F No Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens F Yes Glyceria sp. mannagrass G Yes Goodyera oblongifolia western rattlesnake plantain F Yes Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed F Yes Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern F Yes Hedera helix* English ivy F No Helenium autumnale common sneezeweed F Yes Hesperis matronalis dames rocket F No Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot F Yes Holcus lanatus velvetgrass G No Holodiscus discolor oceanspray S Yes Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley G Yes Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf F Yes Hypochaeris radicata hairy cat's-ear F No Ilex aquifolium* English holly T No Impatiens capensis jewelweed F No Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris F No Iris tenax Oregon iris F Yes Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush G Yes Juncus effusus soft rush G X Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush G Yes Juncus oxymeris pointed rush G Yes Juncus sp. rush G X Juncus tenuis slender rush G Yes Kalmia microphylla bog laurel S Yes Lapsana communis** nipplewort F No Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea S Yes Liquidambar styraciflua American sweetgum T No Liriodendron tulipifera tulip tree T No Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass G No Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle F Yes Lonicera involucrata twinberry S Yes Lotus corniculatus bird's-foot trefoil F No Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil F Yes Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine F Yes Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine F Yes Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine F Yes Luzula multiflora common woodrush G Yes Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage F Yes

141

Appendix C. All species found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Scientific Name1 Common Name Strata2 Native

Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape S Yes Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape S Yes Mahonia repens creeping barberry S Yes Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley F Yes Malus fusca western crabapple S Yes Medicago lupulina black medick F No Mentha arvensis wild mint F Yes Mentha sp. mint F X Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower F Yes Mitella pentandra five-stamened miterwort F Yes Mycelis muralis wall-lettuce F No Myosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not F Yes Myrica gale sweet gale S Yes Nothochelone nemorosa woodland penstemon F Yes Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum S Yes Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley F Yes Oplopanax horridus devil's club S Yes Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely F Yes Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel F Yes Penstemon davidsonii Davidson's penstemon F Yes Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon F Yes Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot F Yes Phalaris arundinacea* reed canarygrass G No Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange S Yes Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark S Yes Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce T Yes Pinus contorta shore pine T Yes Pinus sp. pine T No Plantago lanceolata lance-leaved plantain F No Plantago major broad-leaved plantain F No Platanus x acerfolia London planetree T No Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush F Yes Poa annua annual bluegrass G No Poa sp. bluegrass G X Polemonium pulcherrimum showy Jacob's ladder F Yes Polystichum munitum sword fern F Yes Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa black cottonwood T Yes Populus nigra black poplar T No Populus tremuloides aspen T Yes Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil F Yes Prunus avium** sweet cherry T No Prunus emarginata bitter cherry T Yes Prunus sp. horticultural cherry species T No Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir T Yes Ranunculus acris** meadow buttercup F No

142

Appendix C. All species found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Scientific Name1 Common Name Strata2 Native

Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup F Yes Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup F No Rhododendron macrophyllum western rhododendron S Yes Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry S Yes Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant S Yes Rorippa curvisiliqua curved yellowcress F Yes Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose S Yes Rosa nutkana Nootka rose S Yes Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose S Yes Rosa sp. rose S Yes Rubus discolor* Himalayan blackberry S No Rubus leucodermis blackcap S Yes Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry S Yes Rubus spectabilis salmonberry S Yes Rubus ursinus creeping blackberry S Yes Rumex acetosella sheep sorel F No Sagittaria latifolia wapato F Yes Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow S Yes Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow S Yes Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow S Yes Salix sitchensis Sitka willow S Yes Salix sp. willow S Yes Sambucus racemosa red elderberry S Yes Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet F Yes Satureja douglasii yerba buena F Yes Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue G No Schedonorus pratensis meadow fescue G No Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush G Yes Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani soft-stemmed bulrush G Yes Scirpus aff. atrocinctus G Yes Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass G Yes Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush G Yes Senecio vulgaris* common groundsel F No Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow F Yes Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass F Yes Solanum dulcamara* deadly nightshade F No Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod F Yes Solidago sp. goldenrod F Yes Sonchus oleraceus common sowthistle F No Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed G Yes Spiraea douglasii hardhack S Yes Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle F Yes Symphoricarpos albus snowberry S Yes Symphyotrichum subspicatum Douglas aster F Yes

143

Appendix C. All species found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Scientific Name1 Common Name Strata2 Native

var. subspicatum Taraxacum officinale dandelion F No Tellima grandiflora fringecup F Yes Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue F Yes Thuja plicata western red cedar T Yes Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant F Yes Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia starflower F Yes Trifolium angustifolium narrowleaf crimson clover F No Trifolium pratense red clover F No Trifolium repens white Dutch clover F No Trillium ovatum trillium F Yes Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock T Yes Typha latifolia cattail G Yes unknown forb species F X unknown grass species G X unknown shrub species S X Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry S Yes Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry S Yes Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry S Yes Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry S Yes Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry S Yes Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower F Yes Veronica americana American Speedwell F Yes Veronica serpyllifolia thyme-leaved speedwell F Yes Viburnum opulus var. americanum American cranberrybush S Yes Vicia hirsuta hairy vetch F No Vicia sativa garden vetch F No Vicia sp. vetch F X Viola adunca early blue violet F Yes Viola palustris marsh violet F Yes Viola sp. violet F Yes Vulpia myuros rat-tail fescue G No

1 Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given a legal designation at this time. 2 T=Tree, S=Shrub, F=Forb, G=Graminoid

144

Appendix D. Species observed in Roxhill Park during spring/summer 2007 not found on survey transects or not identified to species when transect data was collected. Scientific Name Common Name Zones Observed Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster 11 Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge 1,3,4 Carex deweyana Dewey sedge 12 Carex echinata star sedge 9,10,12

Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge 1,3,4 Carex mertensii Merten's sedge 12 Carex obnupta slough sedge 1,2,3,4,5,10 Carex ovalis eggbract sedge 1,12 Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 3, 5 Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 1,2,3,4,10,12 Carex unilateralis lateral sedge 1,2,3,4,9,10 Carex vesicaria blister sedge 1,2,3 Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge 1,2,3,4,9,10,12 Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane 9 Juncus bufonius toad rush 4 Juncus falcatus falcate rush 4,10 Ranunculus sceleratus celery-leaved buttercup 4 Sagittaria latifolia wapato 1,2,3,4,10 Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass 1 Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster various

145

Appendix E. All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey in Roxhill Park.

Scientific Name Common Name Strata1 Planted Seeded Survey 2007

Abies grandis grand fir T X X Acer circinatum vine maple S X X Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple T X X Achillea millefolium yarrow F X X X Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf F X X X Adenocaulon bicolor pathfinder F X X Adiantum aleuticum maidenhair fern F X Agoseris aurantiaca orange agoseris F X Agrostis gigantea redtop G X Agrostis sp. bentgrass G X Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass G X

Alisma triviale northern water plantain F X X X

Allium acuminatum Hooker's onion F X X Allium cernuum nodding onion F X X Allium sp. onion F X Alnus rubra red alder T X X Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail G X X Alopecurus pratensis meadow-foxtail G X Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry S X X Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting F X X X Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary S X X Anemone multifida cut-leaf anemone F X X Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica F X X X Antennaria microphylla rosy pussytoes F X Aquilegia formosa western columbine F X X X Arbutus menziesii Pacific madrone T X Arctostaphylos columbiana hairy manzanita S X Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick S X X Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed F X X X Armeria maritima thrift sea-pink F X X Arnica amplexicaulis streambank arnica F X Artemisia suksdorfii coastal wormwood F X Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard F X X X Asarum caudatum wild ginger F X X Aster sp. aster F X Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern F X X Balsamorhiza deltoidea deltoid balsamroot F X Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass G X X Bellis perennis English daisy F X Betula glandulosa scrub birch S X X

146

Appendix E. All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey in Roxhill Park.

Scientific Name Common Name Strata1 Planted Seeded Survey 2007

Betula papyrifera paperbark birch T X X Betula pendula European white birch T X Bidens cernua nodding beggartick F X Blechnum spicant deerfern F X X Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam F X X Brodiaea coronaria crown brodiaea F X Bromus sp. brome G X Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold F X X Caltha palustris yellow marsh marigold F X Calystegia sepium hedge false bindweed F X Camassia leichtlinii large camas F X X X Camassia quamash small camas F X X X Camassia sp. camas F X Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower F X X Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster F X X Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress F X Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge G X X X Carex aperta Columbian sedge G X Carex aquatilis water sedge G X X Carex aquatilis var. dives Sitka sedge G X Carex arcta northern cluster sedge G X X Carex athrostachya slender-beaked sedge G X Carex aurea golden sedge G X Carex bebbii Bebb's sedge G X Carex canescens silvery sedge G X Carex comosa longhaired sedge G X X Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge G X X Carex densa dense sedge G X X Carex deweyana Dewey sedge G X X X Carex echinata star sedge G X X Carex hendersonii Henderson's sedge G X Carex inops long-stoloned sedge G X Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge G X X X Carex lenticularis var. lipocarpa Kellog's sedge G X Carex mertensii Merten's sedge G X X Carex obnupta slough sedge G X X X Carex ovalis eggbract sedge G X X Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge G X X X Carex sp. sedge G X Carex spectabilis showy sedge G X Carex stipata sawbeak sedge G X X Carex tumulicola split-awn sedge G X X Carex unilateralis lateral sedge G X X

147

Appendix E. All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey in Roxhill Park.

Scientific Name Common Name Strata1 Planted Seeded Survey 2007

Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge G X X

Carex vesicaria blister sedge G X X X Carex viridula green sedge G X Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge G X X Castilleja hispida harsh paintbrush F X X

Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush F X X X

Ceanothus velutinus snowbrush S X Cerastium arvense field chickweed F X Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed F X X X Chimaphila menziesii little prince's pine F X Cinna latifolia drooping woodreed G X

Circaea alpina small enchanter's nightshade F X X

Cirsium arvense Canada thistle F X Clarkia amoena farewell to spring F X Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce F X X

Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce F X X X

Collinsia parviflora maiden blue-eyed Mary F X

Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil F X X X Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood T X Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood S X X Cornus unalaschkensis bunchberry F X X Corydalis scouleri Scouler's fumewort F X X Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut S X X Cotoneaster simonsii Simons cotoneaster S X Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn S X X Crataegus monogyna one-seed hawthorn T X Cytisus scoparius scotch broom S X Dactylis glomerata orchardgrass G X Danthonia californica California oatgrass G X X Delphinium menziesii Menzies' larkspur F X X Delphinium nuttallii upland larkspur F X X Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass G X X X Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart F X X X Dichelostemma congestum ookow F X Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells F X X

Dodecatheon hendersonii Henderson's shooting star F X X X

Dodecatheon pulchellum few-flowered shooting star F X X

148

Appendix E. All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey in Roxhill Park.

Scientific Name Common Name Strata1 Planted Seeded Survey 2007

Downingia elegans elegant calico flower F X Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew F X Dryopteris expansa wood fern F X X Eleocharis acicularis needle spikerush G X Eleocharis obtusa blunt spikerush G X Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush G X X X Eleocharis palustris common spike rush G X X X Eleocharis sp. spike rush G X Elymus glaucus blue wildrye G X X X Elymus repens quackgrass G X Empetrum nigrum crowberry S X X Epilobium ciliatum fringed willowherb F X Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb F X X Equisetum arvense common horsetail F X Equisetum telmateia giant horsetail F X Erigeron perigrinus subalpine fleabane F X Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane F X Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane F X X

Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso's cotton-grass G X X

Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine F X X X Erythronium oregonum white fawn lily F X X Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily F X X X Festuca idahoensis ssp. roemeri Idaho fescue G X Festuca rubra red fescue G X X X Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry F X X Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry F X X X Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry F X X Frangula purshiana cascara S X X Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash T X X Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash T X Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily F X X X Galium aparine cleavers F X Galium trifidum small bedstraw F X X X Gaultheria shallon salal S X X Gentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian F X X Geranium dissectum cutleaf geranium F X Geranium robertianum herb Robert F X Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens F X X X Gilia capitata blue-head gilia F X X Glyceria grandis American mannagrass G X X Glyceria sp. mannagrass G X

149

Appendix E. All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey in Roxhill Park.

Scientific Name Common Name Strata1 Planted Seeded Survey 2007

Glyceria striata tall mannagrass G X X Gnaphalium uliginosum marsh cudweed F X

Goodyera oblongifolia western rattlesnake plantain F X X

Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed F X X X Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern F X X Hedera helix English ivy F X Helenium autumnale common sneezeweed F X X Heracleum maximum cow parsley F X Hesperis matronalis dames rocket F X

Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot F X X

Holcus lanatus velvetgrass G X Holodiscus discolor oceanspray S X X Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley G X X X Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf F X X X Hypericum anagalloides tinker's penny F X Hypochaeris radicata hairy cat's-ear F X Ilex aquifolium English holly T X Impatiens capensis jewelweed F X Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris F X X Iris tenax Oregon iris F X X X Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush G X X X Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis Baltic rush G X Juncus bolanderi Bolander's rush G X Juncus bufonius toad rush G X Juncus effusus soft rush G X Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush G X X X Juncus falcatus falcate rush G X Juncus oxymeris pointed rush G X X X Juncus sp. rush G X Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush G X X Juncus tenuis slender rush G X X X Kalmia microphylla bog laurel S X X X Lapsana communis nipplewort F X Lathyrus japonicus beach pea F X Ledum glandulosum smooth Labrador tea S X Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea S X X X Lilium columbianum tiger lily F X X Linnaea borealis twinflower F X Liquidambar styraciflua American sweetgum T X Liriodendron tulipifera tulip tree T X

150

Appendix E. All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey in Roxhill Park.

Scientific Name Common Name Strata1 Planted Seeded Survey 2007

Lithophragma parviflorum small-flowered woodland star F X

Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass G X Lomatium dissectum fern-leaf biscuitroot F X

Lomatium nudicaule bare-stem desert-parsley F X X

Lomatium utriculatum spring-gold F X X Lonicera ciliosa orange honeysuckle F X Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle F X X Lonicera involucrata twinberry S X X Lotus corniculatus bird's-foot trefoil F X Lotus crassifolius big deer-vetch F X

Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil F X X

Lupinus albicaulis sickle-keeled lupine F X Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine F X X X Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine F X X X Lupinus lepidus Pacific lupine F X X Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine F X Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine F X X X Lupinus rivularis riverbank lupine F X X Luzula multiflora common woodrush G X X X

Luzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush G X X

Lycopus uniflorus northern bugleweed F X Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage F X X Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape S X X Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape S X X Mahonia repens creeping barberry S X X Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley F X X Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal F X X

Maianthemum stellatum star-flowered false solomon's seal F X X

Malus fusca western crabapple S X X Medicago lupulina black medick F X Mentha arvensis wild mint F X X X Mentha sp. mint F X Menyanthes trifoliata buckbean F X Menziesia ferruginea rusty Menziesia S X Microseris laciniata cut-leaf microseris F X Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower F X X X

Mitella pentandra five-stamened miterwort F X X

Mycelis muralis wall-lettuce F X

151

Appendix E. All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey in Roxhill Park.

Scientific Name Common Name Strata1 Planted Seeded Survey 2007

Myosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not F X X

Myrica gale sweet gale S X X Nephrophyllidium crista-galli deercabbage F X Nothochelone nemorosa woodland penstemon F X X Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala yellow pond-lily F X Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum S X X Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley F X X X Olsynium douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' grasswidow F X X Oplopanax horridus devil's club S X X Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely F X X X Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel F X X Penstemon cardwellii Cardwell's penstemon F X Penstemon davidsonii Davidson's penstemon F X Penstemon ovatus egg-leaf penstemon F X X Penstemon procerus litte-flower penstemon F X X Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon F X X X Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot F X X X Phalaris arundinacea reed canarygrass G X Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange S X X Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark S X X Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce T X X Pinus contorta shore pine T X X Pinus sp. pine T X

Plagiobothrys figuratus fragrant popcorn flower F X

Plagiobothrys scouleri Scouler's popcorn flower F X

Plantago lanceolata lance-leaved plantain F X Plantago major broad-leaved plantain F X Platanus x acerfolia London planetree T X Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush F X X X Poa annua annual bluegrass G X Poa sp. bluegrass G X Polemonium pulcherrimum showy Jacob's ladder F X X Polystichum munitum sword fern F X X

Polytrichum juniperinum juniper polytrichum moss N X

Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa black cottonwood T X Populus nigra black poplar T X

152

Appendix E. All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey in Roxhill Park.

Scientific Name Common Name Strata1 Planted Seeded Survey 2007

Populus tremuloides aspen T X X Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil F X X X Prunella vulgaris common self heal F X Prunus avium sweet cherry T X Prunus emarginata bitter cherry T X X

Prunus sp. horticultural cherry species T X

Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir T X X Pyrola asarifolia liver-leaf wintergreen F X

Pyrola picta white-veined wintergreen F X

Ranunculus acris meadow buttercup F X Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup F X X Ranunculus orthorhynchus

straight-beaked buttercup F X

Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup F X Regreen sterile wheat wheatgrass x wheat G X Rhododendron macrophyllum western rhododendron S X X Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry S X X Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant S X X Rorippa curvisiliqua curved yellowcress F X X

Rorippa islandica northern marsh yellowcress F X

Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose S X X Rosa nutkana Nootka rose S X X Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose S X X Rosa sp. rose S X Rubus discolor Himalayan blackberry S X Rubus leucodermis blackcap S X Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry S X X

Rubus pedatus strawberry-leaf raspberry F X

Rubus spectabilis salmonberry S X X Rubus ursinus creeping blackberry S X Rumex acetosella sheep sorel F X Sagittaria latifolia wapato F X X X Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow S X X Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow S X Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow S X X Salix sitchensis Sitka willow S X X Salix sp. willow S X Sambucus racemosa red elderberry S X X Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet F X X X Satureja douglasii yerba buena F X

153

Appendix E. All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey in Roxhill Park.

Scientific Name Common Name Strata1 Planted Seeded Survey 2007

Saxifraga oregana Oregon saxifrage F X Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue G X Schedonorus pratensis meadow fescue G X Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush G X X Schoenoplectus americanus American bulrush G X Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani soft-stemmed bulrush G X Scirpus aff. atrocinctus G X Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass G X X X Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush G X X X Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap F X Senecio vulgaris common groundsel F X

Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow F X X

Sisyrinchium angustifolium

narrow-leafed blue-eyed grass F X

Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass F X Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass F X X Sisyrinchium idahoense var. macounii

Macoun's blue-eyed grass F X

Sium suave hemlock water parsnip F X Solanum dulcamara deadly nightshade F X Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod F X X X Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod F X X Solidago sp. goldenrod F X Sonchus oleraceus common sowthistle F X Sparganium emersum European bur-reed G X X Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed G X X Spiraea douglasii hardhack S X X Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle F X X Stachys palustris marsh hedge-nettle F X Stachys pilosa hairy hedge-nettle F X Streptopus amplexifolius clasping twistedstalk F X X Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus rosy twistedstalk F X Symphoricarpos albus snowberry S X X Symphyotrichum chilense California aster F X X Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster F X X Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum Douglas aster F X X X Taraxacum officinale dandelion F X Tellima grandiflora fringecup F X X X

154

Appendix E. All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey in Roxhill Park.

Scientific Name Common Name Strata1 Planted Seeded Survey 2007

Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue F X X X Thuja plicata western red cedar T X X Tiarella trifoliata foamflower F X Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant F X X X Triantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel F X X Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia starflower F X X Trientalis europaea ssp. arctica arctic starflower F X

Trifolium angustifolium narrowleaf crimson clover F X

Trifolium eriocephalum wooly-headed clover F X Trifolium pratense red clover F X Trifolium repens white Dutch clover F X Trifolium wormskjoldii Wormskjold's clover F X Trillium chloropetalum giant wake-robin F X Trillium ovatum trillium F X X Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock T X X Typha latifolia cattail G X unknown forb species F X

unknown grass species G X

unknown shrub species S X

Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry S X X Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry S X X Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry S X X Vaccinium oxycoccos small cranberry S X Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry S X X Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry S X X Valeriana sitchensis Sitka valerian F X Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower F X X X Veronica americana American Speedwell F X X X

Veronica serpyllifolia thyme-leaved speedwell F X

Viburnum opulus var. americanum

American cranberrybush S X X

Vicia hirsuta hairy vetch F X Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea giant vetch F X Vicia sativa garden vetch F X Vicia sp. vetch F X Viola adunca early blue violet F X X Viola glabella stream violet F X Viola palustris marsh violet F X X

155

Appendix E. All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey in Roxhill Park.

Scientific Name Common Name Strata1 Planted Seeded Survey 2007

Viola praemorsa canary violet F X Viola sempervirens evergreen violet F X Viola sp. violet F X Vulpia myuros rat-tail fescue G X

1 T=Tree, S=Shrub, F=Forb, G=Graminoid