Roundtable for ASEAN Chief Justices on Environment Dr. Thomas Panella
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Transcript of Roundtable for ASEAN Chief Justices on Environment Dr. Thomas Panella
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Roundtable for ASEAN Chief Justices on Environment
Dr. Thomas PanellaPrincipal Water Resource Specialist Asian Development Bank
7 December 2011Jakarta, Indonesia
Citarum River Basin and Water Resources Challenges
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CITARUM AT GLANCEThe biggest and the longest river in West Java Province
Catchment Area: 6,614 Km2
River basin management area:13,000 Km2
Average rainfall: 2,300 mm/year
Average flow: 5.7 billon/m3/year
Citarum covers : 9 districts (1)Kab. Bandung,(2)Kab.Bandung Barat, (3)Kab.Cianjur (4)Kab.Purwakarta, (5)Kab.Karawang, (6) Kab.Bekasi, (7)Kab.Subang , (8)Kab.Indramayu, and (9) Kab.Sumedang and 3 cities:
(1)Kota Bekasi, (2)Kota Bandung, and (3)Kota Cimahi
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Population along the river over 10 million(50% Urban and growing rapidly)
Total population in the basin: 15,303,758 (50% Urban) (Data BPS 2009)
Total Population in West Java41,483,729 (Gov. West Java Statistic)
Supplies water for 80% of Jakarta citizens (16 m3/s)
Irrigated area: +300,000 Ha
Reservoirs:- Saguling 982 million m3
- Cirata 2,165 million m3
- Jatiluhur 3,000 million m3
Electricity output: 1,400 Mwatt
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum
CITARUM AT GLANCE
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Specific Challenges
Population Growth and Urbanization
Watershed Degradation, Erosion & Sedimentation
Flooding and Water-Related Disasters
Water Pollution(industrial, domestic, organic and solid waste)
Excessive Groundwater Exploitation
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum
Coastal Degradation
Water Allocation, infrastructure and climate change
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Wayang Mount 5
Watershed Degradation, Erosion and Sedimentation
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum
Solutions include:• Improved spatial planning, zoning regulation and enforcement • Conservation, land rehabilitation and reforestation• Sustainable farming practices and provision of alternative sources of
livelihoods
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum
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Severe and Recurrent Flooding
Flood in DayeuhkolotKab. Bandung (Pikiran Rakyat, Friday, 19 Feb 2010)
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Subsidence is severe and basin wide:
• From 1988 more than 3-4 meter subsidence in some places
• Severe impact on river hydraulics (and flooding)
• Irreversible aquifer damageProfile Transect of Subsidence Annual Average, 1994-2009
Solutions include:
• Improved groundwater regulation , licensing and enforcement
• Ground water pricing• Groundwater recharge• Increase surface water supply
especially for industry
Excessive Groundwater Exploitation
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INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC POLLUTION• 1,500 industries in Bandung and surrounding area: • 280 ton of chemical waste dump into Citarum
everyday• Lack of sanitation and waste water treatment
facilities • Water quality monitoring in the late 1990s shows
that annual average of BoD concentrations as high as 300 mg/liter.
Solution Include:
Law enforcementIndustrial and domestic waste water treatment plantsProvision of sanitation facilities
Low cost water treatment technologyPhoto Doc: Cita-Citarum
Solutions Include:• Improved regulation, licensing and
enforcement of water quality standards• Improved monitoring• Industrial and domestic waste water
treatment plants• Provision of sanitation facilities• Low cost water treatment technology
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ORGANIC WASTE
190 Tons of organic waste from farmingdump into the river everyday(8,000 cows produce 24 kg of waste each)
Solutions include:
• Organic fertilizer production to supply downstream farms
• Biogas generation• Improved waste
management
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum
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SOLID WASTE
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum
The annual uncollected garbage that invariably ends up accumulating in the drainage system and rivers amounts 500,000 m3/year
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Solutions Include:• Improved solid waste management regulation ,
zoning and enforcement • Development of solid waste facilities and
collection services• Recycle, Reuse, Reduce (3R) facilities• Behavioral changes
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Citarum Tributary, Citepus river, Bale Endah, 2010
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Photo by: Adhi Wicaksono/Doc Cita-Citarum
Ciwalengke Village, Majalaya, 2011
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• Coastal abrasion• Biodiversity
degradation• Increased flooding
Solutions include:• Mangrove rehabilitation and improved coastal ecosystems • Flood control • Coastal protection through dykes and coastal infrastructure
COASTAL DEGRADATION
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Urban water (local need) = 0,3%
Industriy= 2,0%
Irrigation= 86,7%
Others = 5,0% Drinking waterFor Jakarta = 6,0%
Utilized7,5 billion m3/year = 57,9%
(Citarum ± 6 billion m3/year And other rivers ± 1.5 billion m3/year
Potential for utilization± 5,45 billion m3/year
= 42,1%
WATER USAGE
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THREE CASCADES RESERVOIR OPERATIONS
Saguling and Cirata dams operated by Indonesia power and Juanda dam operated by PJTII
• Greater coordination required• Updating of the operation procedures for flood and
drought
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Photo by: Diella Dachlan/Doc Cita-Citarum
Photo by: Ng Swan Ti/Doc Cita-Citarum
Walahar Weir, Karawang District, 2010
Jatiluhur reservoir, Purwakarta District, 2010
Klari Weir, Karawang District, 2011
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Asia – Water Insecurity and Climate Change
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THANK YOU
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum