Roundtable C - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation - Liquid? Gas? Electric?
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Transcript of Roundtable C - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation - Liquid? Gas? Electric?
THINKTANK ROUNDTABLE C
NATURAL GAS USES IN TRANSPORTATION: LIQUID? GAS? ELECTRIC?Organised by:
Institute for the Analysis of Global Security (IAGS)
Dr. Gal LuftSenior Adviser, United States Energy Security CouncilCo-director, Institute for the Analysis of Global Security
Mary PetersFormer Sec. of Transportation
William PerryFormer Sec. of Defense
George ShultzFormer Sec. of State
William ClarkFormer Sec. of Interior
Robert C. McFarlaneFormer National Security Advisor
Sen. Gary Hart
R. James WoolseyFormer Director Central Intelligence
Sen. Bennett Johnston
Boyden GrayFormer White House Counsel
Prof. George OlahNobel Laureate
John BlockFormer Sec. of Agriculture
Norm AugustineFormer CEO Lockheed Martin
John LehmanFormer Sec. of Navy
John HofmeisterFormer Pres. Shell Oil
William BallFormer Sec. of Navy
Michael LevenPresident, Las Vegas Sands
WWW.USESC.ORG
V. Admiral Dennis McGinn
Alan GreenspanFormer Chairman Federal Reserve
Geoffrey BibleFormer Chairman Kraft Foods
Harold BrownFormer Sec. of Defense
James RocheFormer Sec. of Air Force
Stephen HadleyFormer National Security Advisor
Gov. Tom RidgeFormer Sec. of Homeland Security
Gen. Wesley Clark James Hachett, CEOAnadarko Petroleum
Gen. Barry McCaffrey
Gen. Carlton Fulford
Biofuels
Natural Gas
Electricity
Methanol
Fuel Choices/Commodity arbitrage
BRENDA SMITHMANAGING DIRECTOR, GAS ADVISERS, HONG KONG
BOARD MEMBER, INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF NATURAL GAS VEHICLES
VICE PRESIDENT, ASIA PACIFIC NATURAL GAS VEHICLES ASSOCIATION
SIEW 2012NATURAL GAS USES IN TRANSPORTATION
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS
TRADITIONAL LNG INFRASTRUCTURE- LARGE SCALE LNG
GAS ADVISERS SIEW 201212
EXPLORATION &PRODUCTION
LIQUEFACTION
SHIPPINGSTORAGE & REGASIFICATION
25-OCT-2012
TRUCK LOADING FACILITIES
GAS ADVISERS SIEW 201213
25-OCT-2012
DISTRIBUTION BY ROAD, RAIL & SMALL MARINE VESSELS
GAS ADVISERS SIEW 201214
25-OCT-2012
LNG IS NOW AVALABLE TO THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR
GAS ADVISERS SIEW 201215 25-OCT-2012
LNG IS TAKING OFF AROUND THE WORLD
16GAS ADVISERS SIEW 2012 25-OCT-2012
OFF ROAD VEHICLES
• Very heavy fuel use
• Fewer weight restrictions
• Potential fuel savings of millions of dollars for operators
17GAS ADVISERS SIEW 2012 25-OCT-2012
MARINE
25-OCT-2012GAS ADVISERS SIEW 201218
RAIL
25-OCT-2012GAS ADVISERS SIEW 201219
AVIATION
25-OCT-201220
GAS ADVISERS SIEW 2012
KEY BENEFITS
25-OCT-2012
GAS ADVISERS SIEW 2012
21
EMISSION BENEFITS THE SAME AS CNGCAN BE STORED ON BOARD IN A RELATIVELY
SMALL SPACE, SIMILAR TO DIESEL, THUS PROVIDING GOOD VEHICLE RANGE
BECOMING WIDELY AVAILABLE IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD
EASILY DISTRIBUTED BY ROAD AND OTHER FORMS OF TRANSPORT
PRICING IS VERY COMPETITIVE WITH EXISTING FUELS IN MANY LOCATIONS
INHERENTLY SAFER THAN MANY OTHER FUELS
ENGINE TECHOLOGIES
13-SEP-2012
GAS ADVISERS22
1.SPARK IGNITION2. DUAL FUEL – 45% to 75% DIESEL SUBSTITUTION3. HIGH PRESSURE DIRECT INJECTION
THE NATURAL GAS ISINJECTED AT HIGH PRESSURE DIRECTLY INTO THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER LATEIN THE COMPRESSION CYCLE IGNITION IS BY PILOT DIESEL FUEL<5% OF FUEL CONSUMPTION IS DIESELNO MINIMUM PRESSURE BUT THE LNG IS PREFERRED TO BE “COLD” - 3 BAR / -153OC
LNG VEHICLE TANKS
25-OCT-2012GAS ADVISERS SIEW 201223
REFUELLING STATIONSLNG, LCNG OR BOTH
25-OCT-2012GAS ADVISERS SIEW 201224
LNG & LCNG REFUELLING STATION
GAS ADVISERS SIEW 201225 25-OCT-
2012
DISTRIBUTED LNG
GAS ADVISERS SIEW 201226
PRODUCTION LNG available for distribution from main LNG terminals Small scale LNG plants produce wherever suitable feed gas is available
DISTRIBUTION LNG distributed to points of use by road, rail or small marine vessels LNG can be supplied to wherever there is a demand
STORAGE Fuel can be stored at central storage terminals and at points of use
ADVANTAGES Not dependant on pipeline infrastructure Full supply coverage to match demand Can take advantage of cheap and / or renewable feeds Cost savings can be made by producing warm gas due to short supply
chain
25-OCT-2012
DISTRIBUTED LNG FOR THE TRANSPORT SECTOR
GAS ADVISERS SIEW 201227
Abundant supply from truck and ship loading facilities at base load LNG facilities
Broad-based production infrastructure through small-scale production
Utilisation of various feeds enhances environmental benefits and reduces costs
Short distribution distances reduces costsFuel can be available wherever there is a
demand Reliable, flexible and cost effective supply for
NGVs
25-OCT-2012
THANK YOU
GAS ADVISERS SIEW 2012
29 25-OCT-2012
Methanol Fuels: Safe, Efficient, Affordable, and Mature
Dom LaVigneDirector, Government & Public Affairs (AP/ME)
Methanol InstituteSingapore
Overview
Methanol Basics
Methanol as a Transportation FuelGlobal Public Policy Experiences
About MI
Met
hano
l Bas
ics About MI
About MI
• Members include:– World’s leading methanol producers;– Distributors; and – Technology companies.
• Provides market support:– To traditional markets & derivatives;– Leads the development of new emerging
markets and applications; and– Delivers safe handling tools to global
distribution chain.
33
Raymond James ForumOctober 6, 2009
3434
About MI: 2012 Members
METOMETORR
OmanOmanMethanoMethanollCompanCompanyy
34
Met
hano
l Bas
ics Methanol Basics
Met
hano
l Bas
ics
The simplest of all alcohols CH3OH A pure clean burning liquid fuel with the highest
available hydrogen to carbon ratio A high octane blending component for gasoline A globally marketed commodity with a distribution
system similar to gasoline A fuel made from non-petroleum feedstocks, such as
natural gas, coal and residue/biomass/renewable A much less flammable fuel than gasoline A fuel competitive with gasoline, and a biofuel
competitive with ethanol
Methanol Basics: Physical Properties
• Name: Methanol• Chemical Family: Aliphatic
Alcohol• Synonyms: Carbinol;
Methyl Alcohol; Wood Alcohol; Wood Spirits
• Formula: CH3OH• CAS #: 67-56-1• Form: Colorless Liquid• pH: 7.2• Solubility: 100%
• Odor: Faintly sweet alcohol• Boiling Point: 148o
• Freezing Point: -144o
• LEL/UEL: 6% and 36%by volume in air
• Vapor Density: 1.11 (@60o)• Vapor Pressure: 1.86 psia (@68o)• Density: 6.63 lb per gallon• Flammable and Toxic
37
Methanol Basics: Must Knows of Methanol
Flammable
Burns with a clear, low heat flame
Difficult to see during daylight
Impact confined to size of spill
Biodegrades quickly
Soluble in water
Toxic
Readily absorbed into the body
38
Methanol Basics: Polygeneration
Natural Gas
Coal
Synthesis Gas
Methanol
Methanol
Gasoline
Fuels DME
Chemicals Formaldehyde
Acetic Acid
Olefins
Chemicals
MTBE
Fuels
CO2
Biomass
39
Methanol Basics: Chemical Applications
40
Methanol as a Transportation Fuel
Methanol Basics: Transportation Fuel Applications
Direct Fueling•Blended with gasoline (M3 – M85)•8 million metric ton annual demand (2.6 billion gallons)•BioMethanol is 2nd Generation biofuel
Dimethyl Ether•Either DME or BioDME•Can be used neat or blended with propane•Low-carbon, no-sulfur, diesel replacement•Transport market is emerging with partners like
Volvo and Nissan. Pilots in EU, Japan and China
Biodiesel•Key ingredient in esterfication•Renewable methanol can make ultra-clean biodiesel•Roughly 15-20% of oil source by mass
42
Methanol Basics: Transportation Fuel Applications
MTBE/BioMTBE•Extensive world markets remain for MTBE•Up to 15% MTBE content allowed in EU, compliance with Renewable Energy Directive with BioMTBE attractive
Methanol-to-Olefins•A 600,000 tonnes/year MTO project requires 1.8m tonnes/year of methanol•MTO eases burden of petroleum supply by diversifying feedstocks for light olefins
Methanol-to-Gasoline•ExxonMobil MTG technology produces sulfur-free 92 Research Octane drop in gasoline•Better yields than Fischer-Tropsch fuels at lower costs
43
Achieving Transportation Energy Policies Two Basic Approaches
• Useable in existing engines/FFV’s• Biomass limit/food vs fuel/ILUC• Wide LCA GHG emissions reduction variations• Better yields expected with second generation
biofuels
• Very expensive vehicle cost• Low energy density of batteries and hydrogen• High distribution system cost for electricity• Very high costs for hydrogen infrastructure
Change Fuel &
Feedstock
Methanol Biomethanol
• Useable in existing engines/FFV’s • Cost competitive with gasoline/ethanol• Biomethanol - High LCA GHG emission
reduction /no competition with food
Renewable Synthetic Methanol
• Useable in existing engines/FFV’s • From atmospheric CO2 and water • Carbon-neutral status reached• Integration with renewable power
Ethanol Biodiesel
Change Technolog
y
Electric Cars Fuel Cells
44
Met
hano
l Bas
ics
Gasoline: US$3.69 / gasoline gallon equivalent (gge)
M-85: $3.26 ggeE-85: 4.28 gge
Met
hano
l Bas
icsGlobal Public Policy Initiatives
Open Fuel Standard Act
• Requires starting in 2014, 50% of all new cars warranted to operate on non-petroleum fuels.
• Goes up to 80% by 2016, and 95% by 2017.
• Includes alcohol FFVs, and vehicles running on CNG, propane, plug-in battery electrics, and fuel cells.
•Introduced in the House by Reps. Shimkus (R-IL), Engel (D-NY), Bartlett (R-MD) and Israel (D-NY).
•Introduced in the Senate by Sens. Cantwell (D-WA) and Lugar (R-IN).
•Supporters: MI, RFA, US Energy Security Council, Growth Energy, National Biodiesel Board.
•Detractors: Chamber of Commerce, American Petroleum Institute, Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers.
U.S. Policy Drivers
47
OCTAMIX Waiver
• In 1988, EPA granted Clean Air Act waiver to Texas Methanol Company for OCTAMIX blend of 5% methanol and 2.5% co-solvent (ethanol, butanol, pentanols)
• Considered “substantially similar” to gasoline and will not cause or contribute to failure of any emission control device
• Recognition that low-level methanol fuel blends are allowed under U.S. law
• For commercial introduction, fuel blend must be registered with EPA
• Given constraints of RFS, finding a niche market may be difficult
In 2012, U.S. EPA approved two petitions for the use of corrosion inhibitors with OCTAMIX methanol fuel waiver.•Spirit of 21st Century•Baker Hughes
48
European fuel standards allow up to 3% methanol in gasoline with stabilizing agents
Low concentration methanol blends sold in Iceland, UK, Netherlands
Use of methanol in “E85 Flex Fuel Vehicles” (FFV’s) being tested
~27 million FFV’s globally
Lotus Tri-fuel Exige 270E
Global Methanol Fuel ExperienceEuropean Union
Flower of Scotland Streamliner
49
China Methanol Demand2000 to 2011 (Source: CMAI)
0
5
10
15
20
25
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
MIL
LIO
NS
OF
ME
TRIC
TO
NN
ES
(MM
T)
• Methanol helps China reduce fuel price inflation and be less dependent on foreign energy
• M-85 and M-100 standards went into effect on December 1, 2009. M-15 standard in final stages of review, and may be released in Q1 2013.
• Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) has launched methanol fuel trials in Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces and the municipality of Shanghai
Energy DemandEnergy Demand
Traditional Chemical Demand Traditional Chemical Demand
Global Methanol Fuel ExperienceChina
50
• Israel M15 demonstration underway
• ~100kMTA methanol used in Korean fuel additive CENOX
• Pakistan govt. and oil companies evaluating M15 to reduce fuel costs
• Discussions with govt. on methanol fuels introduction underway in Egypt
• M2-M3 trials in Iran
• Australia looking at methanol, 10-year excise tax-free holiday
Global Methanol Fuel ExperienceAsia and Middle East
51
Thank you!Dom LaVigneDirector of Government & Public Affairs (AP/ME)Methanol Institute
[email protected]+65 6325 6300
François BOLLONFRMB-Consulting
DME A sustainable alternative fuel for
transportation
[email protected] Tel. +33-686075937
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012What is Dimethyl Ether (DME)?
Dimethyl Ether (DME) is the simplest ether. Its formula is CH3-O-CH3A clean, colorless gas that is easy to liquefy and
transport
An environmentally compatible propellant for spray cans
A foaming agent for polystyrene insulating materialA low-boiling solvent, a refrigerant, a fuel for the
production of ultra-pure glass
Close to LPG but with a good cetane number, DME is considered as a low CO2 fuel, which can be used as a clean burning alternative to LPG, LNG and diesel.
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012
DME properties and benefits
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012
DME properties and benefits
On net energy content basis:1.6 kg of DME is equivalent to 1kg of LPG, 1.25 m3 of DME is equivalent to 1 m3 of LPG1.2 m3 of DME is equivalent to 1 m3 of diesel
Liquefies at -25°C or under 6 atmospheres ► Can be stored and transported just like LPG
Higher cetane number than diesel ► Can be used in diesel enginesCompletely safe with no adverse impact on healthHazard equivalent to LPGDecomposes in the atmosphere in several ten of hours
►No concern over ozone layer depletion (alternative to CFCs)
No sulfur content
No direct carbon bonds (CH3-O-CH3)Lower temperature catalytic reforming than gasoline
► Better fuel for fuel cells
No problems expanding use
No particulate matter (PM) or soot emission from combustion
►
►
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012
DME production
DME can be produced By methanol dehydration - 2 CH3OH → CH3OCH3 + H2O – the two-steps process (1,4 tons of methanol to produce 1 ton of DME)Or through direct synthesis – the one-step process.
Wide range of resource utilization
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012DME industry and development
Many companies are interested in DME: Methanex, Total, Volvo truck, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical, ENN, China Energy, Kogas, Aygas, … but China represents most of the DME capacities in the world for DME as fuel.
First use as an aerosol propellant
(Akzo Nobel)
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012
DME usages
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012
DME as automotive fuelAs an automotive fuel, DME demonstrates a number of significant benefits:
Ultra low exhaust emissionsNo particulate matter (PM); very low NOx; no SOx)Low CO2 emissionsLow engine noiseHigh fuel economyHigh well-to-wheel efficiencyThermal efficiency equivalent to diesel engine performanceIgnition characteristics equivalent to diesel engine performance
The reduction or elimination of particulate emissions, also commonly known as “soot” or black smoke, is an important benefit.
A high cetane rating of 60 and a boiling point of -25ºC provide fast fuel/air mixing, reduced ignition delay, and excellent cold starting properties
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012Japanese DME vehicle tests
The Japanese performed some tests of DME for transportation from 2003 to 2007 with 4 DME filling stations. At this period, they made 1,000 km with DME trucks.
They created the DME Vehicle Promotion Committee organized by 13 private companies – whose Iwatani, Isuzu, Total Japan, Toyota Tsusho, JFE, Idemitsu Kosan, Japan DME – in March 2006 in order to develop and research DME vehicles operation, DME fuel supply infrastructure and DME distributions and logistics.
From 2009, they launched some demonstration of DME Truck for commercial transport operation covering the full chain from production of DME to the utilisation in DME vehicles in Niigata and Kanto regions. Isuzu and Nissan Diesel made DME trucks for commercial use.
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012Japanese DME vehicle tests
DME Vehicles Demonstration (commercial use)
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012
Chinese DME vehicle testsDME buses tests in Shanghai: the line #147
In 2010
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012The European Bio-DME project
The project was launched in 2008 and is coming to an end in December this year.
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012The European Bio-DME project
A consortium of Chemrec, Haldor Topsøe, Volvo, Preem, Total, Delphi and ETC.
The project is supported by the Swedish Energy Agency and the EU's Seventh Framework Programme.
The total budget is: €28.4 million including EU funding for €8.2 million and the Swedish Energy Agency for €9.5 million.
DME produced from black liquor from the paper and pulp mill of Smurfit Kappa in Piteå (North of Sweden)
a fleet consisting of 10 Volvo trucks four DME filling stations: Stockholm, Jönköping,
Göteborg and Piteå The four-year project has already demonstrated that
DME works in daily commercial operations, with 10 Volvo trucks in use by a number of haulage firms already having driven 400,000 km on bio-DME
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012
The Spireth project
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012
The Spireth projectObjectives
identify the best and most effective way for the shipping industry to comply with the upcoming regulations regarding emissionsDevelop and install an onboard process for the conversion of methanol to DMEInstall auxiliary engine adopted for operation on DMEVerify rule compliance, function and endurance
BenefitsMethanol can be made available in principle everywhereMethanol energy cost lower than for Marine Gas OilMethanol-DME operation will fulfill tier 3 NOx requirements without after treatmentThe cost for conversion and/or adaption to methanol is a fraction of the comparable cost for LNG
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012Future of DME for transportation
Opportunities
a high cetane number, a quiet combustiona clean burning fuel (no soot, no smoke, no particles and 100% SOx reduction)can be used in conventional diesel engines with a modified fuel injection system. storage tanks same as the ones of LPG for vehicles with small modificationsa large market.
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012Future of DME for transportation
Challenges
Some technical and regulatory hurdles remainrequires some appropriated lubricating agentneed probably a specific lubricantviscosity is lower than the one of diesel, we must prevent possible leakageLPG-like infrastructure, which must be set up most of the time from scratchneeds governments appropriated government support and regulations.
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012Future of DME for transportation
Driver for DME
The big driver for DME today is the tighter emissions control. DME is one of the lowest cost ways to meet the tighter emissions regulations (like the Spireth project). Besides the low cost of the fuel it also allows vehicles, power plants, ships to meet the tighter emission regulations without expensive exhaust gas after-treatment devices.
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012DME: the cleanest diesel alternative
DME
Cetane No.
High
Cleanness (PM, S, NOx)
DME
Methanol
CNGLPG
Ethanol
Diesel
Biodiesel
GTL Diesel
High Octane Gasoline
RegularGasoline
For gasoline type engines
For diesel engines
Low High
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012DME investments and costsDME production costs are presently
around USD 540 to 595 per metric ton (whose USD 490 to 545 come from the methanol cost)
DME plants: around 15 millions Euro for a capacity of 80,000 tons of DME per year (Europe, Japan or USA - cheaper in China)
In the bio-DME project, the cost of a filling station was around €200,000 (instead of €120,000 for a filling station with diesel)
Regarding DME trucks, injection equipment and fuel tanks are more expensive but we gain on the lower pressure and the exhaust after-treatment. The real challenge is to get through the “valley of death” (i.e. the initial low volumes)
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012
DME and natural gasAs the investments for DME production
are much lower than the ones of a LNG chain and as it can be easily stored in LPG storage with few modifications, DME is a good solution for stranded gas
DME requires limited capital investment versus LNG, less costs for liquefaction and re-gas, can be used in small quantities and does not need a large consumption base to support the supply.
As there is no methane slip compared to LNG so there is less GHG impact
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012
DME versus CNG
CNG vehicles suffer from:
Reduced compression ratio with lower thermal efficiencyHigh unburned CH4 emissions
Combination of high CH4 emissions and reduced efficiency eliminates the H/C ratio benefit of CNG over diesel fuel with respect to CO2 eqv emissions
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012
DME versus CNGWhy consider DME for transportation instead of CNG?
Because it makes sense on many levels
Higher energy density than CNGWill not vent due to evaporation over timeDoes not need cryogenic storageEase of refueling (no venting, no
compressors)Diesel engine efficiencyUltra low emissions with simple emissions
controlsRepresents in most cases an increase in
the value of natural gas
[email protected] –Tel. +33-686075937
SIEW - Natural Gas Uses in Transportation – 25 October 2012
François BOLLONFRMB-CONSULTING
Contact:[email protected]. +33-686075937
C. Melchers GmbH & Co. CNG presentation
Singapore International Energy WeekNatural Gas Uses in Transportation:
Liquid? Gas? Electric?
25th Oct 2012
C. Melchers CNG References• Melchers opened the first dedicated conversion workshop in Singapore
• About 60% market share in converted vehicles using Italian conversion technology
• >1600 Taxis passed the 200,000 km mark.
• First company to introduce Type 4 (light-weight) cylinders for mass conversion
• Engineered and built world’s largest CNG station at Toh Tuck
• Currently supplying of CNG systems to Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Myanmar.
Singapore – CNG study As of Sep 2012: 25,192 Diesel Taxis, 2,643 CNG Taxis
Study undertaken in 2011 to illustrate environmental benefits of CNG taxis vs. diesel taxis.
Cost of CNG: ~ USD 0.85/litre equivalent (incl USD 0.16 government duty).
Cost of Diesel: ~ USD 1.30/litre
Types of taxis compared: Toyota Wish 1800cc CNG/Petrol Toyota Wish 2000cc CNG/Petrol Toyota Crown Euro 2 Diesel Chevrolet Epica Euro 4 Diesel Hyundai Sonata Euro 4 Diesel
Comparison of Toxic Emissions
Note: Even though Particulate Matter (PM) emissions from Euro 4 vehicles has been reduced considerably by the DPF, it can create new toxic emissions in the process by creating NO2:
PM accumulates in DPF → Passive regeneration by oxidizing NO to NO2 → NO2 reacts with carbon to burn off as CO2. If NO2 slip occurs, excess NO2 emission results.
Vehicle PM Emissions PM Emissions from 1000 taxis PM emissions from 1000 taxis on annual basisg/km g/km at 208,000 km/Annum
Kg/Annum
Toyota Crown Euro 2 diesel 0.1 - 0.2 100 - 200 20,800 - 41,600
Chevrolet Epica Euro 4 diesel 0.001 1 208
Toyota Wish CNG Not detectable 0 0
CO2 comparison between Diesel & CNG TaxisVehicle Description F.E. Fuel CO2 CO2 if 20% petrol CO2 for 1000 taxis CO2 Savings by
L/100 km g/km and 80% CNG g/km on annual basis Using CNGKilotonnes/Annum Kilotonnes/Annum
Toyota Crown Diesel 10 Diesel 260 54.08Toyota Wish CNG 1800cc v1 9.73 Petrol 49
CNG 131 180 37.44 16.64
Toyota Epica Euro 4 diesel, 6 spd auto 7.6 Diesel 210 43.68Toyota Wish CNG 2000cc v2 6.25 Petrol 31
CNG 85 116 24.13 19.55
Hyundai Sonata Euro 4 diesel auto 7.3 Diesel 191 39.73Hyundai Sonata CNG 4 spd auto - not taxi 7.9 Petrol 39
CNG 106 145 30.16 9.57
CNG Transport markets
Thank you!
Gilbert von der AueHead of Department, Oil & GasC. Melchers GmbH & Co., Singapore BranchTel: +65 6259 9288Email: [email protected]
China Energy LimitedChina Energy Limited
DME as Transportation Fuel October 2012
DME as Transportation Fuel October 2012
HK000NMN
HK000NMN
China Energy Limited
86
CEL – pioneered DME as alternative energy in PRC
Patented Technology – efficient & economical
DME – wide applications with easy adoption
HK000NMN
DME
87
Cost Efficient Production & Distribution
* 70% Butane + 30% Propane by volumeSources: Purvin & Gertz DME Market Study (2006), Green Car Congress
MethanolMethanolDME Production
Process DMEDME
Natural Gas
Coal
Biomass
Colourless, odourless & non-toxic gas Similar properties to LPG
CH3 OCH3
Physical Properties of DME vs. Other Fuels
Properties DME
China
Typical
LPG*
Methane
(Natural
Gas)
Diesel
Fuel
Boiling Point
(ºC)-25.1 -42.0 -161.5
180-
370
Liquid density
(g/cm3, 20ºC)0.67 0.49 - 0.84
Cetane number 55-60 5 0 40-55
HK000NMN
DME – Dimethyl Ether
88
Viable Alternative Energy
Favourable Characteristics
Wide Applications
Favourable Supply Dynamics
High Adaptability
“Clean” & safe
Lower smoke emission rates
Characteristics similar to LPG
Blend stock or substitute for fuel
Expanding applications
Methanol can be derived from coal, natural gas or biomass
– Abundance of coal: cost adv
Can be transported & stored like LPG
Minimal modifications to existing fuel system required
HK000NMN
DME
89
Clean Energy For the Future
Emissions from Diesel Engine
Emissions,
g/k Whr
DME Field
Test Results
DME Lab
Test
Results
Euro 4 Diesel
Fuel Standard
Nitrogen Oxide
Gases (NOx)
3.30 2.99 3.50
Hydrocarbon
(HC)
0.26 0.25 0.46
Carbon
Monoxide (CO)
0.03 0.12 1.50
Particulate
Matter (PM)
n/a <0.02 0.02
Lower Emissions – Environmental Friendly
Meets the most stringent emission regulations in
Europe (EURO5), U.S. (U.S. 2010), & Japan (2009 Japan)
http://www.japantransport.com/conferences/2006/03/dme_detailed_information.pdf
HK000NMN
DME
90
Easy Adoption; Wide Applications
* 70% Butane + 30% Propane by volumeSources: Purvin & Gertz DME Market Study (2006), Green Car Congress
Commercially Proven Market
Developing Market Potential Market
DMEDME
Power Generation
Fuel
Fuel Substitute
(e.g. LPG, LNG)
LPG – Blendstock
Chemicals(e.g. Aerosol Propellant)
Transportation Fuel
(e.g. diesel)
Blend LPG with
20-25% DME to
reduce costs
HK000NMN
MNCs To Further Drive Application of DME
91
http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo+group/ourvalues/environment/info_material/dme/dme.htm
http://www.cider.as/biodme/doc/080923_Volvo_FINAL.pdf
Endorsing DME as alternative
energy
http://www.biodme.eu/
HK000NMN
1.5 parts DME to 1 part diesel
Good substitute for diesel
China – Running DME-Powered Buses
92
Joint Study with JiaoTong University
HK000NMN93 9
393
TRANSPORTATION FUEL
HK000NMN
TRANSPORTATION FUEL
JANUARY 2005- JIUTAI ENRGY WAS TASKED BY CHINESE SCIENCE MINISTRY TO CARRY OUT DME AUTOMOTIVE CLEAN FUEL PROGRAM. THE PROGRAM SUCCESSFULLY CONCLUDED IN JUNE 2007.
R&D COLLABORATION WITH WEICHAI POWER, ZHONG TONG BUS, DME PUBLIC BUSES NOW OPERATING ON ROAD 19, LINYI FOR 5 YEARS WITH 200,000 KM MILEAGE. OPERATION SATISFACTORY.
WITH 7 YEARS EXPERIENCE OF OPERATING MORE THAN 10 DME BUSES FOR EMPLOYEES, ACCUMULATED WEALTH OF PRACTICAL DATA AND KNOWHOW, ON 7 DECEMBER 2008, JIUTAI CHEMICAL WAS AWARDED “MODEL COMPANY FOR ETHER TRANSPORTATION CLEAN FUEL” BY ETHER TRANSPORTATION CLEAN FUEL ASSOCIATION.
TRANSPORTATION FUEL
JANUARY 2005- JIUTAI ENRGY WAS TASKED BY CHINESE SCIENCE MINISTRY TO CARRY OUT DME AUTOMOTIVE CLEAN FUEL PROGRAM. THE PROGRAM SUCCESSFULLY CONCLUDED IN JUNE 2007.
R&D COLLABORATION WITH WEICHAI POWER, ZHONG TONG BUS, DME PUBLIC BUSES NOW OPERATING ON ROAD 19, LINYI FOR 5 YEARS WITH 200,000 KM MILEAGE. OPERATION SATISFACTORY.
WITH 7 YEARS EXPERIENCE OF OPERATING MORE THAN 10 DME BUSES FOR EMPLOYEES, ACCUMULATED WEALTH OF PRACTICAL DATA AND KNOWHOW, ON 7 DECEMBER 2008, JIUTAI CHEMICAL WAS AWARDED “MODEL COMPANY FOR ETHER TRANSPORTATION CLEAN FUEL” BY ETHER TRANSPORTATION CLEAN FUEL ASSOCIATION.
DME AS TRANSPORTATION FUELDME AS TRANSPORTATION FUEL
HK000NMN95
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