rotational motion theory

8/14/2019 rotational motion theory

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ON THE ROTATIONAL MOTION THEORY

Rotational Motion Theory (RMT), a product of 33-year work (from December 1972 toDecember 2005), may also be named as Spin Theory in a larger sense. As known,spin term numerically identifies the rotation of subatomic particles aroundtheir axes (in Quantum Theory). For example, proton spin is . According to

Rotational Motion Theory this term, except for its numerical aspect, is only usedas a term explaining the rotation of particles around their axes. To illustrate,the rotation of an atomic nucleus, an atom, a planet, a star, a stellar system ora galaxy around their axes is described by spin term according to the theory.Therefore, RMT is a Spin Theory in this aspect.

Based on the detailed investigations of energy motion, RMT is a theory describinghow the cosmos built from micro- to macroscale and worked, and hence presents ortries to present. Energy motions are divided by two as linear and rotational(rotation around its axis) motion. We measure energy effect as work in linearmotion and as mass in rotational motion.

RMT assumes the inference that matter is a volume being that there are two forms

of energy. One of these is qualitative/material energy with a volume property(Figure 1), other is quantitative/numerical energy with an imaginary volumeproperty. The matter must have been derived from qualitative energy. According tothe theory, black holes must have been composed of qualitative/material energyleaps. Energy particles, broken as chips by rotating around their axes from thesurface of these energy leaps, are material particles rotating around their axesdistributed through the cosmos (Figure 2). The properties these material particleshave show they are neutrinos (Figure 3). Due to rotations around their axes,they have twin geographic poles as north and south like the Earth. Mentionedparticles interact with each other as two forms, compatible and incompatible(Figures 4 and 5). First compound matter forms by the alignment of smallneutrinos[1] between two poles of a big neutrino (electron neutrino) (Figure 6).Its structure is understood by a magnetic structure shown in Figure 6. Small

neutrino alignments characterized by a force field enable geographic poles of abig neutrino as a nucleus to give magnetic pole properties. Therefore, firststructure in the cosmos had taken place as a magnetic structure. Also, this wasthe first space of and the first space obliquity of the cosmos. That manyparticles bearing a spin constitute a magnetic field in the space with respect totheir spin directions (Turgut and pekolu, 2000) or particles

Figure 1. Qualitative/material energy ball (Black hole?). NTEL ENERJTOPU=Qualitative energy ball, izgisel devinim=Linear motion, Girdap(=Vortex)=Dnme devinim (=rotational motion).

Figure 2. Conversion of energy chips, broken from by rotating around its axis fromthe surface of energy ball (at the left), to material particles rotating aroundtheir axes (at the right). Nitel enerji topu=Qualitative energy ball, Uzayasalan enerji yongalar=Energy chips scattered into the space,Dnm=Conversion, Uzaya salm madde paracklar (ntrinolar)=Material


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particles (neutrinos) scattered into the space.

Figure 3. Neutrino. Gidi yn=Travel direction, Dnme ekseni=Rotation axis,Vida=Screw, K=North, G=South.

Figure 4. Harmonious interaction of neutrinos (the most fundamental interaction).K=North, G=South.

Figure 5. Disharmonious interaction of neutrinos (the most fundamentalinteraction). K=North, G=South.

Figure 6. Internal structures of electron and positron. Kk tekilmaddeler=Small individual matters (small neutrinos), Byk tekil madde=Bigindividual matter (big neutrino-nucleus). K=North, G=South.

with spin have a magnetic momentum (Wikipedia, 2007) or resulted from the spin ofmagnetic momentum electron has (Altn, 2006) is a known phenomenon. In this

context, spin motion creates a magnetic field to electron (Turgut, 2002).

In addition to rotating around their axes, small neutrino alignments, i.e. forcefields rotate around nucleus (a big neutrino). If the rotational direction ofthese force fields is same as that of nucleus, this compound particle is called asstable (Figure 7/A), and vice versa is unstable (Figure 7/C). Stability and/orunstability of a particle is resulted from all (large and

Figure 7. A:Electron (P-Positive rotational Neutrino matter), B:Neutral electron(S-Zero rotational Neutrino matter), C:Positron (N-Negative rotational Neutrinomatter) ( spin=Internal spin, D spin=External spin, K=North, G=South.).

small) neutrinos with same spin angular momentum. The accompaniment of twoneutrinos is stable in Figure 8/A and unstable in Figure 8/B.

The nucleus rotating around its axis forms internal spin, and the rotationalmovement of force fields around the nucleus forms external spin. These twoparticles, internal spins of which are situated as the same, rotate around theiraxes in reverse directions (Figure 7/A and 7/C). That electron and positron,magnetic moments of which are situated as same, rotate around their axes inreverse directions is a known physical reality. Internal spin corresponds tomagnetic moment and external spin to particle spin in this relationship.


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Results of this identification are: a) Of two compound particles formed byneutrinos (according to RMT), the particle with same internal and external spinsis electron, other one with reverse spins is positron. b) It is necessary that apositron is unstable and c) It is revealed that how no natural antimatter foundin the cosmos.

Figure 8. Interaction of two various sized particles. Particles bearing same spinangular velocity at A are stable (electron), at B are unstable (positron). Ifangular velocity of the small particle at B is increased by an outer effect, twoparticles become stable; if there is no outer effect, small particle returns tothe initial rotation velocity and accompaniment/interaction of the particles endin (unstability case). K=North, G=South.

Electrons, with respect to rotational/rotation locations, are both pull (Figure9) and push each other (Figure 10). The first (same charged particles pullingeach other) is an evidenced scientifical phenomenon (Figure 9/B). These

interactions of electrons are magnetic because of their magnetic structures(micromagnetic).

Figure 9. Harmonious interactions of electrons and pull phenomenon (lowerfigure: pull interaction of two magnets). EKME=PULL, Mknatslarn ekmeetkileimleri=Pull interactions of magnets, K=North, G=South.

Figure 10. Inharmonious interactions of electrons and push phenomenon (lowerfigure: push interaction of two magnets). TME=PUSH, Mknatslarn itmeetkileimleri=Push interactions of magnets, K=North, G=South.

RMT presents that the electrons, magnetically interacted with each other in bothlateral (equatorial) and vertical (polar) directions, formed a network and thenhow formed mesons and hadrons (Figure 11). Because, in the succession of material

growth, there are only neutrinos and electrons as stable particles in the cosmosduring this stage. Of a number of particles formed by electrons, only one stableis proton[2] (Figure 12). RMT also explains that how the proton is only onestable particle by adding with the reasons. The fact that

Figure 11. A:Mesons; B:Hadrons. M:Central electron chain, 1:1st Orbit, 2:2ndOrbit, :Adjacent (orbital) electron chain, Mikromanyetik alan=Micromagneticfield, P-dnmeli=Positive rotational, S-dnmeli=Zero rotational, N-


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dnmeli=Negative rotational, K=North, G=South.

Figure 12. Proton. Kk tekil (evrensel) maddelerden (kk ntrinolardan) yaplkuvvet izgileri=Force lines built from small individual (universal) matters(small neutrinos) Micromagnetic field. K=North, G=South.

protons are collided with each other in the particle accelerators turning topions, pions are broken up and demolished to muons, and the muons are broken upand demolished to an electron is a scientific/experimental result. The nature mayexplain mesons and hadrons constituting electrons and neutrinos by a suchphenomenon. Validity of magnetic interaction in these occurrences has beenunderstood by means of RMT. It is clear to abolish the basic law of cosmos relatedwith gravity for non-existed quarks, that is reverse square (force) law, and tocompel the nature by the rules[3] we imagine is not true. This case shows us thereis no strong nuclear force.

Magnetic interaction of a proton and an electron with respect to spin locationsmakes hydrogen atom (Figure 13). As seen in the figure, there is no photon

exchange or won't be

Figure 13. Hydrogen atom. K=North, G=South.

an exchange.[4] Magnetic interaction of more than one hydrogen atom in respect tospin cases also forms other atom types bearing a neutron nucleus (Figure 14).Figure (14) presents neutron is a minimized hydrogen atom. Negative beta decay,K-capture and decay of free neutron are clear evidences for this. When an unstablenucleus transmitted an electron, a neutron in the nucleus turns to proton(negative beta decay), a proton in the nucleus turns to neutron (K-capture) by thetime it gets an electron from the innermost shell (K-shell). There is no freeneutron but for the nucleus. Remained free, a neutron is divided as an electron

and a proton in about 13 minutes. It is not accidental that hydrogen atom iselectrically neutral and neutron is neutral. The first is an ordinary hydrogenatom, and the latter is hydrogen atom minimized by volume; i.e., neutron is not ahadron (nucleon), is an atom-like.[5]

Figure 14. Deuterium. Yrnge elektronu=Orbital electron, Ntron=Neutron,ekirdek=Nucleus, K=North, G=South.

During negative beta decay, forces enabling the electron to break from neutron andthrow outside the nucleus are pressure forces of micromagnetic field of thenucleus enclosing it in a small volume within the nucleus. These pressure forcesare accumulated as kinetic energy in the electron, and if proton/neutron imbalancein the nucleus is favor of neutron, electron is broken from neutron (in fact fromproton). According to Quantum Theory, a matter particle compressed into a smallvolume has more kinetic energy. Based on this fact, it is concluded that there isno weak nuclear force responsible for intranuclear radioactive decays.

Larger compound material types called as molecule form by magnetic interactionsof orbital electrons of all atoms with respect to their spin locations. Molecular


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network of atoms is composed of two end structures (Figure 15) and infinitestructures among these. One of these two end structures is magnetic (Figure15/A), other is gravitational (Figure 15/B). If

Figure 15. A: Magnetic structure; B: Gravitational structure. K=North, G=South.

the magnetic structure of atomic and subatomic particles is called asmicromagnetic structure (Figures 6, 9, 10, 12 and 13), magnetic structure ofatoms forming may be called as macromagnetic structure (Figures 15/A, 16 and17). Hence, in the cosmos, gravitation (Figures 15/B, 18) and macromagnetic

structure take place at this stage. Contemporaneous with these structures,electrical/electrostatical structure (Figure 19) and electrical field also occur(Figures 20 and 21).

As it is seen, neither quarks nor strong and weak nucleas forces are notmentioned until now, and electric charge until atom formation, too.

RMT clarifies the formation of celestial bodies as well as body formation.

Figure 16. Internal and external magnetic fields. manyetik alan=Internal

magnetic field, D manyetik alan=External magnetic field, K=North, G=South.

Figure 17. Bar magnet (Dipole). K=North, G=South.

Figure 18. Gravity structure on the body and gravitational area around (apolar).

Alan atomlar=Field atoms, Ktleekimi alan=Gravity field, CSM=BODY, Cisimatomlar=Body atoms.

Figure 19. A:Electrical zone in an electrically charged body (); B:Atomicpositioning on the electrical zone in a positive electrically charged body;C:Atomic positioning on the electrical zone in a negative electrically chargedbody. Elektriksel blge=Electrical zone, Snr=Boundary, Ntr blge=Neutral zone,Eksik elektron=Deficit electron, Fazla elektron=Excess electron.


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Figure 20. Positive electrical field. POZTF ELEKTRK (ELEKTROSTATK)ALAN=Positive electricity (Electrostatic) field, NTR BLGE=Neutral zone, Cisimatom elektronu=Body atom electron, Alan atom elektronu=Field atom electron,Gereksinim duyulan elektron=Required electron, Elektron kayma yn=Electron shiftdirection.

Figure 21. Negative electrical field. Cismin yzeyinde ykl olanelektronlar=Charged electrons on the surface of body, NEGATF ELEKTRK

(ELEKTROSTATK) ALAN=Negative electricity (Electrostatic) field, Alanatomlarndaki fazla elektronlar=Excess electrons on field atoms, Ntrblge=Neutral zone, Cisim atomu elektronu=Body atom electron, Alan atomuelektronu=Field atom electron, Required electron, Elektron kayma yn=Electronshift direction.


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RMT explains which cases of energy show a mass property and how the matteracquires mass and requires no Higgs particle to do for this (see Drops fromRotational Motion Theory-1; Energy-Mass). According to the theory, whatevervelocity of a body moving by an acceleration is under the effect of an externalforce, unless the kinetic energy deposited on acquires a mass property, there isno constraint on body velocity; so, RMT predicts the cosmos has not a velocitylimit (see Drops from Rotational Movement Theory-3; Relativity of Light Velocity)(A bicycle model shown in Figure 22 gets a mass property owing to the rotationalmovement of kinetic energy loaded on wheels, however kinetic energy loaded onother parts of the bicycle maintains making work feature due to its linearmovement, and so not acquiring a mass property).

Figure 22: Ek1:Kinetic energy in linear motion, Ek2: Kinetic energy in rotationalmotion.

RMT also explains how electrons flow in a conductor wire and form a magnetic fieldaround the wire. These particles do not move in a conductor wire as a bullet do;contrary to the known facts, they move on the surface forming a ring and rotatingaround their axes (Figure 23) [6]. These motion forms enable electrons tomagnetically interact with other (out of the wire) atoms around the conductor wire(Figure, 25. Hence, force fields built from atoms occur around the wire (Figures25 and 26). The theory, based on this, also brings to clear on the relationship

between electrical field and magnetic field. Figure 27 indicates how electronsflow from a negative electrically charged body to a positive one connected to eachother on a conductor wire, how magnetic field formed and there is no relationshipbetween this (magnetic) field and electrical fields loaded on bodies.

RMT also explains the formation of magnetic waves. In Figures 23 and 25, let'sconsider electrons moving in both directions or oscillating on the wire. In thiscase, because atoms out of the wire interacted with electrons rotate in twodirections around their axes, their poles also displace by each oscillation ofelectrons. Therefore, a magnetic wave motion takes place in the space around thewire (Figure 28).

Figure 23. Electron flow on a conductor wire. Elektron ak yn=Electron flowdirection; K=North.


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Figure 24. The evidence of electron flow style by means of a graphine predicted byRMT in an electricity current phenomenon. Elektron ak yn=Electron flowdirection. K=North

Figure 25. Field force and magnetic field generation around a conductor wire.Elektron ak yn=Electron flow direction, Manyetik alan yn (H)=Magnetic fielddirection, Dnel Devinim Kuramnn pusula ibresi=Compass needle of RotationalMotion Theory, lk kuvvet izgisi=Primary force line, kinci kuvvetizgisi=Secondary force line, K=North, G=South.

Figure 26. Magnetic field generation around a circular wire. Elektron akyn=Electron flow direction, blm=Inner part, H:Magnetic field direction,K=North, G=South.

Figure 27. The relationship between electric field and magnetic field. Elektronak yn=Electron flow direction, Manyetik alan yn (H)=Magnetic fielddirection, Negatif elektrik alan=Negative electrical field, Elektron=Electron,Manyetik alan atomlar=Magnetic field atoms, Manyetik alan kuvvet izgileri=Force

lines of magnetic field, Pozitif elektrik alan=Positive electrical field.

Figure 28. Magnetic waves.

RMT also explains magnetism on the celestial bodies.

RMT explains the wave, especially light phenomenon by pressure forces (Z, X, Y)(Figures 29, 30 and 31), and declares light waves will not be pure latitudinalwaves (Figures 32 and 33). Of all wave types formed by three-dimensional pressureforces, one of which is

Figure 29. z longitudinal force axis, x and y latitudinal force axes.

Figure 30. Around a swelling and contracting ball longitudinal waves develop inthe direction of longitudinal pressure force (Z) because latitudinal pressureforces (X;Y) compensate each other. YYKK:High density spherical shell, DYKK:Lowdensity spherical shell, Z:Longitudinal force, X and Y:Latitudinal force, Basnkuvvetlerinin aktif olduu yn (kinetik kuvvet)=The direction of active pressureforces (kinetic force), :Movement direction of adjacent particles, Basn kuvvetlerinin pasif olduu yn (potansiyel kuvvet)=The direction of passivepressure forces (potential force).


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Figure 31. A:Prograding waves; B:Polarized waves; C-D-E-F-G:Spreading form ofunpolarized waves behind the divide; H: Prograding latitudinal waves in elasticenvironment behind the divide Dalga yaylm yn=Wave spreading direction, Ortamtaneciklerinin devinimini salayan aktif (kinetik) kuvvet=Active (kinetic) forceenabling the motion of adjacent particles, Pasif (potansiyel) kuvvet=Passive(potantial) force, Ortam taneciklerinin salnm dorultu ve yn=Oscillational

trend and direction of adjacent particles, Z:Longitudinal force, X andY:Latitudinal force, :Flow direction of the environment.

Figure 32. The generation of latitudinal waves. These waves take place at theintersection planes of different environments. Because latitudinal pressure forcesperpendicular to intersection plane at two environments have asymmetric sizes,

environment of greater latitudinal force penetrates into the smaller until theyare symmetrical. HAVA=AIR, SU=WATER, YYKK:High density spherical shell, DYKK:Lowdensity spherical shell, Z:Longitudinal force, Y:Latitudinal force, :Movement direction of adjacent particles, v: Flow direction of air and water on the shells,Basn kuvvetlerinin aktif olduu yn (kinetik kuvvet)=Direction of activepressure forces (kinetic force), Basn kuvvetlerinin pasif olduu yn (potansiyelkuvvet)=Direction of passive pressure forces (potential force).

Figure 33. Z: Longitudinal; X and Y: Latitudinal pressure forces. Kout=Parallel.

in one dimension (Z: longitudinal force) and other two are in two dimensions (X-Y:latitudinal forces), light waves are that's why polarized and other mechanicalwaves are not polarized like sound waves is also explained. Waves with alongitudinal and a latitudinal force perpendicular to this (X or Y) are fullypolarized waves (Figures 31/B and 33). Compton phenomenon indicates light wavesincluding both latitudinal and longitudinal forces. The photon colliding with anelectron causes an electron displacement (Compton phenomenon). The component forcein the direction photon moves is a longitudinal pressure (Z) force. Two componentforces perpendicular to this and each other are latitudinal pressure (X, Y)forces. Longitudinal force (Z) constitutes longitudinal waves together with atleast one latitudinal force (X or Y) (Figure 33; Z1X and Z2Y). Latitudinal

pressure forces make up latitudinal waves (Figures 31/H and 32). Hence, a photon,i.e. light waves are not pure latitudinal waves. If both latitudinal pressureforces are demolished, a longitudinal pressure force does not constitute anylongitudinal wave, and if there is no longitudinal pressure force, latitudinalpressure forces do not constitute any latitudinal wave. Figure 34 displays how thelight diffracted and interfered at a sharp edged barrier.

Figure 34. Diffraction and interference phenomena at a sharp edge. Keskin kenarlengel=Sharp-edged barrier, Geometrik glge=Geometric shadow, Geometrik glgesnr=Boundary of geometric shadow, A:Light zone, Y:High density wave shell,


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E:Screen, K:Dark zone, D:Low density wave shell.

Explaining the fact that energy does not change to mass under any circumstance(see Drops from RMT-1; Energy-Mass), Special Relativity Theory is involved in RMT.Hence, the relativity of light velocity, too. Taking into consideration Michelson-Morley and Fizeau experiments, it is concluded that light velocity in all systems

are not same (see Drops from RMT-3; Relativity of Light Velocity). As a result ofthis, it is deduced that time being variable is irrespective of the velocity. RMTreveals that the acceleration is time making variable or in other words thefactor which changes time flow velocity instead of constant velocity (see Dropsfrom RMT-3; Relativity of Light Velocity). Whatever the velocity is greater, if itis not accelerated, i.e. constant, it has no effect on time flow velocity; if itwere so, the conservation principle of energy would be invalid. Because, there isno force effect for changing time in constant velocity like in static state (infact there is no static state) and so energy consumption. For instance, both astatic system and a constant - linear system with light velocity in respect tothe ground have no force effect for changing time flow velocity; both systems arealike in view of the internal activity. So, time flows with same velocity in bothsystems, excluding hours working in light velocity displays later time than those

in static systems do. This resulted from the system with light velocity subjectedto an acceleration process until it reached this velocity. Because hours are underthe effect of any force in an accelerated process (there are energy consumptionand any force application in acceleration process), they work slower than staticsystems do. All hours in this system work are as same as static systems do butdelayed until required velocity (below light velocity, light velocity or abovelight velocity) is reached and force application ended, i.e. the time when passedto constant velocity process. Such a result was also experimentally proved. Thatatomic hour designed in the plane has been more delayed than one designed on theground is not resulted from velocity, but going up and landing of planeexperienced an accelerated process. According to this, time is a function ofacceleration not velocity.

If there may be a kinetic energy effect resulting from system velocity when timeis expanded, this case leads us to an inference that a photon should not be pulledby a gravitational area (see Drops from RMT-4; Relativity of Time). This is alsocontrary to General Theory of Relativity.

Similar case is also valid for the conversion of energy to mass (see Drops fromRotational Motion Theory-1; Energy-Mass). Energy has no force effect in everydirections, i.e. mass, by the time it moves linear together with any system in asystem. It has multidirectional force effects, i.e. mass, only the moment when itpasses to rotational motion (and a special case of rotational motion oscillational case) . In this reason, whatever the kinetic energy and hencevelocity of a system (a body) are gone up, when energy is in linear motiontogether with any system, it has no massive resistance against a force

accelerating system, i.e. force creating itself. In a such case, developing forceagainst a force creating or causing itself is contrary to its nature of existence.An energy trying to demolish a force existing itself may not grow; waning forcemay not increase system velocity either.

It is concluded that when a force is continued to be applied, there are bothenergy growth and velocity rise in linear motion. Such a result is clearlycontradicted to the assumption of Special Relativity Theorys energy mass isinfinite in light velocity; so applied force for any velocity rise never enables avelocity rise; therefore light velocity is the upper limit of velocity in thecosmos


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RMT explains how neutrinos attached to each other or how binding energy connectingthem formed in order to constitute an electron or positron (Figure 6) (the problemmentioned at Book Preface and partially explained on 42 p. and 63 p. of the Book).Lets consider a bicycle. The bicycle immediately topples while it is static. Ifwe start to rotate their legs, toppling is more difficult due to acceleratingvelocity. As if the bicycle attaches to travel direction by a greater force, itsvelocity rises (in fact its momentum) Here, attachment phenomenon is based on

this. When linear momentum converts to angular momentum, attachment phenomenontakes place in the rotational axis trend (gyroscope example). In this context, thegreater spin angular momentums neutrinos have, the greater attachment forces tothat trend. Therefore, it is conceived that attachment force or binding energyof neutrinos making up an electron is resulted from their spin angular momentums.

As it is seen, unexplained or misinterpreted physical phenomena are successfullyidentified by means of RMT.

REFERENCES

Altn, V., 2006, Kuantum lm. Tbitak Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, C.39, S.466,Yeni Ufuklara Eki, 15s., Ankara.

zpineci, A., 2007, Standart Model ve tesi. Tbitak Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi,C.40, S.473, Yeni Ufuklara, 15 s., Ankara.

Turgut, S., 2002, Spintronik. Tbitak Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, S.418, ss.54-58,Ankara.

Turgut, S. ve pekolu, Y., 2000, Kuantum Fiziinin Garip Sylemleri. TbitakBilim ve Teknik Dergisi, S.395, ss.46-49, Ankara.

Wikipedia, 2007, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki.

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[1] Neutrinos may be various sized as large and small. Larger neutrinos can bedetected by recent techniques and named as electron neutrino, muon neutrinoand tau neutrino. Smaller ones can not be detected by recent techniques.

[2] Protons are also formed in particle accelerators. In electron experimentsloaded sufficient energy and collided, protons also take place together with otherheavy particles (zpineci, 2007). In this experiment, kinetic energy loaded onelectrons enable neutrinos in the environment electrons collided (neutrinicenvironment; see Drops from Rotational Motion Theory-5; Space Environment) toconstruct a regular structure and make them to give binding energy. Thus, protonand other particles occur.


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[3] According to Quantum Theory, contrary to other forces (gravity, magnetic andelectrical forces), the farther distance between quarks, the more gravity isbetween them (assumed law).

[4] In this interaction, electron is just as an individual of magnetic forcefields of proton (like small neutrinos). Again in this interaction, electron isin equilibrium of energy with proton, not electrical. Total energy of electron

divided by massive and kinetic energy is in equilibrium with magnetic field energyof proton. If this equilibrium changes for one, physical phenomena called aselectricity occur.

[5] That strong nuclear force is an imaginary interaction or force form is thereply of how each proton not demolished in an atomic nucleus, however required topush each other because of plus charges. If it were so, neutrons would not berequired within the nucleus. If the nucleus had had only protons, strong nuclearforce would have been and then protons would have been held. As seen in Figure14, proton and neutron or minimized hydrogen atom interact with and pull eachother.

[6] This prediction or conclusion reached by RMT is confirmed by the matter called"graphine". Electrons flow or move on an electrical current in a graphine just asshown in Figure 23 (Photo shown in Figure 24) (ahin and Senger, 2008).

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