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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

Lecture #4: One Island, Two Peoples, Two Histories:The Dominican Republic and Haiti

Ross Salawitch & Brian Bennettrjs@atmos.umd.edu bbennet1@umd.edu

Class Web Site: http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~rjs/class/honr229L

ELMS Page: https://myelms.umd.edu/courses/1201356

19 September 2016

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• Please provide a brief description of your paper, including:a) the topicb) which reading or readings will serve as the starting point for the paperc) how you will expand upon the reading material (i.e., critical analysis of the reading; or, connecting multiple readings; or, relating a reading to the overall objectives of the class)d) any other source material that you envision using

• This paper is 6 to 10 pages and is designed to give you experience assembling cogent thoughts "on paper". If submitted by Mon, 7 Nov, you will have a chance to get instructor feedback prior to the final deadline on Mon, 21 Nov

• Here, you are asked to simply describe what you intend to write about ... you are not being asked to actually write the paper

• While you may change topic after completion of this essay, please speak with Ross or Brian if you intend to change topic

• Various stages for first paper:– Wed, 21 Sept: description of paper due– https://myelms.umd.edu/courses/1201356/quizzes/1178554

First Paper

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and GovernancePlease provide a brief description of your paper, including:

a) the topic

b) which reading or readings will serve as the starting point for the paper

c) how you will expand upon the reading material (i.e., critical analysis of the reading; or, connecting multiple readings; or, relating a reading to the overall objectives of the class)

d) any other source material that you envision using

This paper is 6 to 10 pages and is designed to give you experience assembling cogent thoughts "on paper". If submitted by Mon, 7 Nov at 5 pm (class time), you will have a chance to get instructor feedback prior to the final deadline on Mon, 21 Nov (midnight).

Here, you are asked to simply describe what you intend to write about ... you are not being asked to actually write the paper

While you may change topic after completion of this essay, please speak with Ross if you do intend to change topic

Copyright © 2016 University of Maryland. This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Ross Salawitch. 4

HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and GovernancePlease provide a brief description of your paper, including:

a) the topic

b) which reading or readings will serve as the starting point for the paper

c) how you will expand upon the reading material (i.e., critical analysis of the reading; or, connecting multiple readings; or, relating a reading to the overall objectives of the class)

d) any other source material that you envision using

This paper is 6 to 10 pages and is designed to give you experience assembling cogent thoughts "on paper". If submitted by Mon, 7 Nov at 5 pm (class time), you will have a chance to get instructor feedback prior to the final deadline on Mon, 21 Nov (midnight).

Here, you are asked to simply describe what you intend to write about ... you are not being asked to actually write the paper

While you may change topic after completion of this essay, please speak with Ross if you do intend to change topic

This is an excellent idea for a paper. Please try to complement the arguments put forth by Diamond in these 3 chapters with new information from other sources, rather than repeat (or synthesize) the information provided in these 3 chapters of the reading. In other words, fine for the readings to serve as the "starting point" for a paper, Would like a significant amount of the source material to be provided by other sources. I am happy to discuss with you other, potential sources of information.

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

AT 3, Q 1:

This chapter focuses on three examples of societal success that occurred in New Guinea, Tikopia, and Japan. State the two vastly different types of political structures employed on these three islands, briefly (sentence or two) state what each structure means, then identify which structure was used on each island

Diamond identifies two political structures at play in the societies: bottom-up management, in which each inhabitant is familiar with the problems of the entire area and can work together to make and implement solutions, and top-down management, in which a central authority figure orders solutions because each individual may not be aware of problems elsewhere in the region or is unwilling to participate in the solution.

In New Guinea and Tikopia, the bottom-up approach was used, whereas the top-down approach was used in Japan.

Nice reply!

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

AT 3, Q 2:

Define silviculture and briefly summarize how the people of New Guinea used innovative approaches for the both silviculture and agriculture. Can keep your answer to 2 to 3 sentences :)

Silviculture derives from the Latin words silva, ager, and culture, respectively meaning woodland, field, and cultivation. Therefore, as the name suggests, silviculture is a method of agriculture involving trees instead of archetypal field crops. The Highlanders were extremely innovative, open to experimenting with new techniques. The method of silviculture allowed for this tree-dependent society to have an ample supply of wood via the advantageous casuarina tree despite having deforested other native tree species for gardens. But that wasn't all! The Highlanders also invented vertical drains, crop rotation principles, and terraces independent of other cultures (even without the aid of the "far superior" Europeans).

Like the lead with the root of the word, then the summary, with the deserved dig at the end,

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

AT 3, Q 2:

Define silviculture and briefly summarize how the people of New Guinea used innovative approaches for the both silviculture and agriculture. Can keep your answer to 2 to 3 sentences :)

Silviculture is defined as "the growing of trees instead of field crops as in conventional agriculture" (p. 282). The highlanders transplant seedlings of Casuarina oligodon that have sprouted naturally along stream banks and once it is grown the leaf-fall increases the soil's fertility and the roots reduce erosion. They added compost to the soil, garbage, ash and more onto the soil surface. They invented crop rotation, used vertical drains under highland rain and soil conditions as opposed to horizontal which prevented water buildup, dug ditches to prevent waterlogging.

Appreciate the tight writing and attention to detail.

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

AT 3, Q 3:

What two specific problems did the people of Tikopia have to overcome, in order to keep their 1.8sq mile habitat continuously populated for 3000 years? Think about that for a moment ... 1,8 sqmiles for 3000 years!

The Tikopia had to have an emergency food supply for the dry or cyclone season. The food supply consists of mashed fruit and resorting to eating less preferred, wild fruit from jungle trees. Another challenge was preventing overpopulation of the small Tikopia island, so they developed a zero population growth strategy, ....

Emergency food supply likely decisive in the long-term survival of this society.

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

AT 3, Q 4:Around 1700, the Shogun of Japan adopted a multi-staged, elaborate approach for woodland management. The responses are described as "negative responses" and "positive responses" enacted in a multi-staged approach. Briefly, in 2 to 3 sentences, summarize how the ruling class was able to manage the woodlands of Japan.In your answer, state which of the two political structures described in your reply to Q1 was used.Finally, in another sentence or two, state whether you think the other political structure would have worked.

The top-down measures used by Japan for its negative responses (reducing deforestation) and positive responses (planting trees) were very effective. The ruling class had an overall leader (shogun) and many smaller leaders (daimyo) which helped create an ordered central government. The shogun could create orders which were then followed and copied by the daimyo as additional policies to protect the forests.

I do not believe that the bottom-up approach would have been effective for Japan. With such a large population (100,000 times that of Tikopia), it would be very hard for every citizen to be aware of what was going on with every other person living in Japan. This required a strong central government in order to preserve the environment.

Interesting to consider whether our global society’s development of a green economy, coupled with steep reduction in the use of fossil fuels, will require a strong “top down” approach *or*whether a combination of “top down” and “bottom up” will be needed.

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

AT 3, Q 4:Around 1700, the Shogun of Japan adopted a multi-staged, elaborate approach for woodland management. The responses are described as "negative responses" and "positive responses" enacted in a multi-staged approach. Briefly, in 2 to 3 sentences, summarize how the ruling class was able to manage the woodlands of Japan.In your answer, state which of the two political structures described in your reply to Q1 was used.Finally, in another sentence or two, state whether you think the other political structure would have worked.

The ruling class of Japan, in a top-down system, was able to manage their rapidly disappearing woodlands by implementing ...

I do think the other political structure (bottom-up management) would have worked, but I don't think its implementation would have resulted in the same level as success as did Japan's top-down system. Because of Japan's size, a unified effort to combat deforestation was necessary. Pockets of bottom-up management would work in those areas, but in order to have national success, a central organization should have some overarching power.

Interesting to consider whether our global society’s development of a green economy, coupled with steep reduction in the use of fossil fuels, will require a strong “top down” approach *or*whether a combination of “top down” and “bottom up” will be needed.

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

What do you have at your disposal, for implementation of bottom-up policy measures, thatJapan lacked during the Tokugawa shogunate era?

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

What do you have at your disposal, for implementation of bottom-up policy measures, thatJapan lacked during the Tokugawa shogunate era?

What major policy measure related to this class, clearly traceable to bottom-up leadership,has taken place in the past year?

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

What do you have at your disposal, for implementation of bottom-up policy measures, thatJapan lacked during the Tokugawa shogunate era?

What major policy measure related to this class, clearly traceable to bottom-up leadership,has taken place in the past year?

http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/education/bs-md-usmf-divestment-20160628-story.html

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

What do you have at your disposal, for implementation of bottom-up policy measures, thatJapan lacked during the Tokugawa shogunate era?

What major policy measure related to this class, clearly traceable to bottom-up leadership,has taken place in the past year?

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

Tikipoa essay #1:

Human population has grown at a completely unprecedented level in the past several decades,and, to maintain a sustainable society, the modern population growth must be curbed. As theTikopians experienced after European intervention starting in the 20th century, population growthleading to overpopulation spells disaster for society. Today, the world’s poorest countries, such asthose in sub-Saharan Africa, contribute the highest amount of population growth, and, from 2011 to2012, developing countries accounted for 97% of the population growth. Tikopians had anintimate understanding of the carrying capacity of their homeland, and successfully managedtheir population at a sustainable level, while making great use of all of the land available. However,population growth control, though in some cases was morbid, was absolutely essential for theirpersistence. Though, the human carrying capacity of the Earth is debated, unchecked growthis simply not sustainable. In such poor countries that have the lowest standards of living, anincreased population can only decrease the living conditions. Some countries, like China, haveexperimented with legislation to limit birth rates, but such measures as educating women andproviding access to contraceptives and birth control to both sexes will have significantalleviating effects. As a society, we should learn from the example of success given by theTikopians in order to maintain a sustainable population size that will benefit individuals all over theworld.

Very thoughtful essay about population

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

Tikipoa essay #2:

The key similarity between Tikopia and our modern society is how disaster knows no country.Diamond discussed how there are a handful of tribes on the island, each with their own rituals,lineage, and chief. However, when a cyclone hits the island, they band together to sustain theirpopulation, regardless of the strife between clans. This should be how we look at climate changeas a species, because when we start to really feel the effects, it will not matter where theborders lie.

I’m sure we could spend a lot of time discussing this provocative reply.

Personally, I am fond of the sentiment ... but with respect to climate change, there could actually be “winners” as well as many “losers”, which greatly complicates the building of a global consensus.

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

Tikipoa essay #3:

There are several parallels that can be drawn between Tikopia and modern, global society;specifically, the necessity of reliable resources and the importance of not overpopulating the areain which you live.Today, in many countries, we do not face famine and starvation. We do however, face the problemof sustainable energy. We use fossil fuels (which future generations will probably view in thesame light that we today view swidden agriculture - primitive) but only partially look into what ismore sustainable (green energy). Tikopia realized that primitive methods wouldn't work, so they didwhat they had to do in order to maintain sustainable resources.Another similarity between our modern society is that of population control. China officially endedtheir "one child policy" on January 1, 2016, according to BBC. Families may now request twochildren. This is similar to the population controls put into place on Tikopia. Both groups recognizedthat they faced going over their carrying capacity (maximum capacity that a specific land area cansupport) and made the decisions that they felt were necessary in order to not destroy theirecological system by over-extracting precious resources.

Like replacing Tikopia’s necessity to produce food in a sustainable manner, with our need to produce energy in a sustainable manner.

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

Tikipoa essay #4:

Tikopia can be seen as an remarkable analog to the global society today, in terms of a stabilizingpopulation and the use of natural resources. First, just as on Tikopia, the rate of population growthis slowing down and will most likely stabilize before the carrying capacity of the Earth, which isabout 10 billion. The yearly population growth rate is 1.13%, which is a little less than the rate onTikopia, and has been decreasing since 1962. Thus, it is possible to keep a stable, non-growingpopulation as they needed to on Tikopia in order to conserve resources. Second, we have startedto see the uses for different materials all around the world. On Tikopia, almost every plantspecies has a purpose, such as mulch or even food sources. We have recently developed newways to use the sun, wind, and water for energy. If we continue to use these sources andincrease our use of them, we would not be wasting any of our natural resources, just like theislanders. Thus, Tikopia and modern society are very similar and if we continue to use ournatural resources as they did, we can sustain ourselves for many years to come.

Nice to end on a positive note!

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

19

One Island, Two Peoples, Two Histories:The Dominican Republic and Haiti

Dash Yeatts-Lonske

19 September 2016

20

21

• The variation in forest cover between the Dominican Republic and Haiti is paralleled by differences in what?

• Compare and contrast the difference in land area and population of the Dominican Republic and Haiti

• Basic differences in their geography?

Differences between Haiti and the Dominican Republic

22

• Review how the presence of gold and the suitability of being a good locale for the growth of sugar cane affected the people of Hispaniola, following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492.

• The Haitian side of the island had fewer environmental advantages than the Dominican side of the island, but developed a rich agricultural economy before the Dominican side. Why?

The History of Hispaniola

23

Dictators

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Why were the outcomes so different?

• Differences in geography• Differences in colonial history • Differences in how the were treated by European powers • Differences in leadership • What was the largest factor?

25

• Environmental Determinism: the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular development trajectories

• Possibilism: the environment sets certain restraints and limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions

• Diamond writes “The contrast between Haiti and the Dominican Republic discussed in this chapter..., provides the clearest illustrations that a society’s fate lies in its own hands and depends substantially on its own choices.”

Environmental Determinism vs. Possibilism

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In the News

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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance

One Island, Two Peoples, Two Histories:The Dominican Republic and Haiti

Ross Salawitch

http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/haiti-and-dominican-republic-true-colour-satellite-image-news-photo/129381987

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Global Carbon Emission, Population, & Per-Capita Carbon Emission

Per-Capita Carbon Emission = Carbon Emission divided by PopulationGt C = giga tonne of carbon = 109 tonne of carbon

1 tonne = 1000 kg http://grammarist.com/spelling/ton-tonnetCpp = tonnes of carbon per person per year

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Global Carbon Emissions Nearly 10 Gt C

How can we visualize 10×109 tonnes of carbon ?

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Global Carbon Emissions Nearly 10 Gt C

How can we visualize 10×109 tonnes of carbon ?

Mazda Miata weighs about 1 tonne (2200 lbs)

10 Gigatons C ≈ 10 billion Miatas

Miata is about 13 feet long

Earth’s circumference is ~25,000 miles⇒ 10 million Miatas placed end-to-end

10 Gigatons C is equivalent to a series of Miatas,placed end-to-end, encircling the Earth 1000 times !

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Japan, DR, Haiti, PNG: Population

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Japan, DR, Haiti, PNG: Carbon Emission

Gt C = giga tonne of carbon = 109 tonne of carbon1 tonne = 1000 kg http://grammarist.com/spelling/ton-tonne

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Japan, DR, Haiti, PNG: Carbon Emission

Per-Capita Carbon Emission = Carbon Emission divided by PopulationtCpy = tonnes of carbon per person per year

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US, Japan, DR, Haiti, PNG: Carbon Emission

Per-Capita Carbon Emission = Carbon Emission divided by PopulationtCpy = tonnes of carbon per person per year

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US, Japan, DR, Haiti, PNG: Carbon Emission

tCO2-eq py = tonnes of carbon per person per yearCO2 – eq = 44/12 × C emission in CO2 + 28 × CH4 emission + × 265 × N2O emission +

CO2 emission due to land use change